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Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal

Plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines

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RESEARCH ARTICLE

Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field

Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants in the
Zamboanga Peninsula, Mindanao, Philippines
GENELYN GABRINEZ MADJOS*
KAY PIOCNACIA RAMOS
Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao,
Philippines

Author for correspondence: Genelyn G. Madjos, Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science and Mathematics, Western Mindanao
State University, Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines. Email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT KEYWORDS:
ethnobotany; snow-ball
With the recent resurgence towards phytotherapy, ethnobotany plays a crucial role. sampling; systematic review;
This study documents the ethnobotanical practices of the different ethnolinguistic Zamboanga Peninsula
groups in the Zamboanga Peninsula (ZamPen), Mindanao, Philippines, with a thorough
systematic review and a defined field mapping. ZamPen is regarded as a center of ARTICLE HISTORY:
floral diversity and is rich in ethnic diversity. Eight ethnolinguistic groups (Chavacano, Received 27 July, 2020
Visayan, Tausug, Bajau, Sama, Yakan, Subanen, and Subanon) were purposively chosen Accepted 03 January, 2021
Published 27 April, 2021
as representatives from the five cities and three provinces of ZamPen. A total of 330
respondents were interviewed through a snowball sampling method, with at least 30
DOI:
key informants per tribe. For the systematic review on ethnobotanical studies conducted
10.5455/jcmr.2021.12.01.05
in the Zamboanga Peninsula, four published articles were recorded. Results revealed
208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74 families utilized by the ethnolinguistic
VOLUME: 12
groups with 18 species from Family Fabaceae. Among the different ethnolinguistic
ISSUE: 1
groups based on ethnobotanical studies and systematic reviews, the Visayans of Ipil
ISSN: 2146-8397
and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, and the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur
obtained the highest number of medicinal plants utilized (50 species in 32 families and
89 species in 41 families, respectively). Among the 10 DOH-approved medicinal plants,
Blumea balsamifera (sambong) of the Family Asteraceae is the most frequently utilized
herbal plant used by all studied ethnic tribes. Leaves are the topmost utilized plant
parts through the process of decoction. Physical relapse (bughat) is the commonly
cited illness among locally termed diseases. Field samplings attested the availability of
medicinal plants as the second topmost health-seeking behavior of the key informants
to ethnobotanical practices after having experienced its effectiveness. Literature
reviews of the plant’s bioactivities and bio isolates validate its medicinal use. However,
there are some which need further studies supporting its claim. Documentation of this
traditional knowledge and practices provides a framework for future drug discovery,
promotes culture preservation, and offers opportunities for community biodiversity
management.
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 22

INTRODUCTION The southernmost part of the Philippines that includes

Subanen lumads; Tausug, Sama, and Yakan Muslim tribes;
The use of folkloric medicinal plants has been an integral
and the Chavacano and Cebuano natives are regarded as a
part of history and culture throughout the globe.1–5
center of floral diversity and possess rich ethnic diversity. Each
These folkloric practices are inherent in many indigenous
of this indigenous community has a wealth of knowledge and
communities like the Philippines and have formed the basis
practices on folkloric medicinal plants which are passed on
of most novel medicines by laying down the foundation for
from one generation to another.23
drug discovery through its natural products.1,2,6–11According
to the World Health Organization,12 80% of some Asian and However, some undocumented issues on its safety, efficacy,
African countries depend on traditional herbal medicine quality, and rational use pose a challenging scientific
as their primary health care due to economical and task.15,25Further, many of their bioactive natural products are
geographical constraints. Their effectiveness, diversity, still unidentified.26 Therefore, a need to conduct a literature
relatively low cost, and low side effects versus modern review on the folkloric usage of medicinal plants as it plays a role
synthetic drugs make it popular in both developed and in the primary health care of local communities. With an ever-
developing countries.2,11,13–15 increasing plethora of studies being published in the health
sciences,27 literature reviews will provide a strategic guide for
Philippines, considered as one of the 18 megadiverse
scientific validation of the medicinal plants’ efficacy. A detailed
countries,16–18 is home to many rare plants. With 45% to 60%
and comprehensive search strategy in systematic reviews also
flowering plant endemism, their contribution to phytotherapy
aimed to synthesize all relevant ethnobotanical studies in
and prevention is still enormous. Recently, 11/252 drugs
ZamPen.28 Field mapping involve specifying the geographical
of a flowering plant origin are considered essential.12,19
location of these medicinal plants for substantiation of
This makes the Philippines favorable for drug discovery
necessary conservation for sustainable utilization.
initiatives.20,21Further, the country is also rich in cultural
diversity,7,16,22 with 110 indigenous communities and more This current study generally aimed to conduct an
than 170 ethnolinguistic groups,23 including the Zamboanga ethnobotanical study, systematic review, and field mapping
Peninsula. Formerly known as Western Mindanao, ZamPen on folkloric medicinal plants in the Zamboanga Peninsula,
is politically divided into three provinces and five cities – the Mindanao, Philippines as a framework for the “Tuklas Lunas”
provinces of Zamboanga del Norte, Zamboanga Sibugay, and (Drug Discovery) Program of the government for further
Zamboanga del Sur and as well as the cities of Zamboanga, identification of bioactive natural products for drug discovery
Dapitan, Dipolog, Pagadian, and Isabela.17,24 initiatives in the country (Fig. 1).

Figure 1 The Tuklas Lunas Program Framework of the DOST.

 23 Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

Figure 2  Map of Zamboanga Peninsula, showing the administrative boundaries of the three provinces and five cities (modified from google.
com images).

METHODS of these indigenous or local communities possesses a unique

body of traditional knowledge and practices which have been
STUDY DESIGN
developed throughout centuries of use and passed down to
This study employed a descriptive survey research design, succeeding generations.23
which includes documentation of the indigenous healing
This study selected the following ethnolinguistic tribes to be
practices and ethnopharmacological knowledge of the folkloric
part of ethnobotanical survey and field mapping:
groups in ZamPen. A thorough ethnohistorical background
of the tribe in the form of the semi-structured interview was
Chavacanos of Zamboanga City
recorded following the tabular format by the Department
of Science and Technology – Philippine Council for Health Zamboanga City is in the southernmost part of the Philippines
Research Development (DOST-PCHRD). and is the third-largest city in the country that is considered
highly urbanized. The people speak one of the Spanish-based
oldest creole languages in the world called Chavacano. Some
DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY POPULATION AND
of its barangays are in remote and mountainous areas, thus
STUDY SITE
agriculture is the maximum shared land use. The barangays
The purposive sampling design was employed in choosing the purposively chosen for this study include (a) La Paz of the
study population. Figure 2 shows the map of the study site. West Coast (7.0201, 121.9707 GPS coordinates; 600mASL
Eight ethnolinguistic groups were purposively chosen as elevation), an urban barangay that is 18.5 km from the city
representatives from the five cities and three provinces proper with a population size of 7557 in 2015. It is considered
of the Zamboanga Peninsula. According to Hapalla,29 the the little Baguio of Zamboanga City since its temperature
Zamboanga Peninsula is inhabited by a group of lumads called can drop up to 18°C. (b) Sibulao in the East Coast (7.3169,
the Subanen, which comprise the following linguistic groups: 122.2064 GPS coordinates; 185.5mASL elevation), a rural
(1) the Subanon of Malayal, Sibuco (Zamboanga del Norte), barangay with a population size of 4244 people in 2015. (c)
Labuan, and Patalon which are influenced by Chavacano Capisan (6.9815, 122.0416 GPS coordinates; 491.5mASL),
language; (2) the Subanon of the Baliguian, Malayal, Sibuco located in the mountainous part around 15km from the city
and Siocon, being influenced by Cebuano language, (3) the proper. It is also a rural barangay with a 1408 population size
Subanen of Sindangan, Tuboy, Salug, Manukan, and Siayan; (4) in 2015.
the Subanen in Tambulig and Dumingag, Zambonga del Sur
Area; and (5) the Subanen of Dumalinao, Lakewood, Sibugay Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau village, Maasin, Zamboanga City
dialect, which is in use in the Lapuyan-Margosatubig-Dinas Ayuda Bajau Village (6.9751, 122.0071 GPS coordinates;
and the Buug-Kabasalan areas. Further, the area selected is 6mASL) in Maasin, Zamboanga City, is one of the indigenous
comprised of Muslim indigenous cultural communities such cultural communities (ICCs) officially declared by the National
as the Tausug, Yakan, Badjao, and Sama.23Visayans were Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP). The population of
also included in the study population since they are also rich this ICC is around 302 individuals in 144 Families. These people
in ethnobotanical knowledge as manifested in their practice lived in lepa or houseboats and are replacing them with houses
known as “binisayang tambal”.30,31 Chavacanos in Zamboanga on stilts.33However, most of their occupation relies on fishing
City are also known for their unique traditional practices.32 Each and fish vending.
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 24

Visayans of Barangay, Cawa-cawa, Dapitan City Its capital is Ipil. Siay is 38 kilometers away from Ipil. These
One of the coastal barangays in Dapitan City (8.6623, 123.4255 GPS; municipalities are dominated by the Visayan tribe.
4.1mASL elevation) is dominated by the Visayan ethnolinguistic
tribe and has a population of 2746 people in 2015 census. Subanens of Siay and Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay
The Bisaya or Visayans are Austronesian people who originated Barangay Camanga (Longitude: 122.5920, Latitude: 7.8389)
from the central and southern regions of the Philippines. The in Titay, Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines is one of the
sole reason for their presence in Mindanao is migration looking inhabited barangays by several Subanen indigenous people.
for livelihood. Of late Bisaya, refer to the one who comes from The municipality of Diplahan is a third-class municipality
Mindanao – not born or raised in the Visayas but speaks any of the in Zamboanga Sibugay, Philippines. It is exactly located at
Visayan languages like Ilonggo, Waray, or Cebuano.34 7°45'21.3"N, 122°57'04.4"E. In the 2015 census, it had a
population of 32,428 people. Farming is the primary source
Visayans of Dipolog City of livelihood. Eighty-seven percent of the population relies on
Dipolog City is geographically located at 8° 35' north and 123° farming, 8% in mining, and 5% are government employees or
20' east with an estimated elevation of 10.8 mASL. It is the others.223,224
coastal component of the province Zamboanga del Norte that Subanen tribe in the Philippines is one of the largest among the
serves as the provincial capital. Its population determined by the ethnic groups in the country.225 The term “Subanen” is derived
2015 Census was 130,759. The Visayan tribe dominates this city. from the word “suba” meaning river or mouth of the river, or
upstream, and the Subanen people are referred to generally
Tausugs of Isabela City, Basilan as the “gbansa Subanen,” meaning the Subanen nation.29 The
Basilan is one of the island provinces that make up the Philippine Subanen group are dispersed all over Zamboanga Peninsula.216
archipelago located in the Autonomous Region of Muslim
Mindanao (ARMM) across the southern tip of Zamboanga Subanens of Margosatubig, Zamboanga del Sur
Peninsula (Region 9). It is bounded on the north by Basilan Margosatubig  is a coastal municipality in the province
Strait, on the east by Moro Gulf, on the southeast by the Celebes of Zamboanga del Sur. Its GPS coordinates are 7° 35' North,
Sea, and on the west by the Sulu Sea. The province is subdivided 123° 10' East with elevation of 26.5 mASL. Its population
into 11 municipalities and two cities (Isabela City which is part based on 2015 Census is 37,873.
of the ZamPen region and Lamitan City under ARMM).222 Isabela
City (GPS 6° 42' North, 121° 58' East; 15.7 mASL elevation) is a Subanon of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte
coastal component of the island province of Basilan that also
Sibuco is a coastal municipality in the province of Zamboanga
serves as the provincial capital. Its population determined by
del Norte. Its population as determined by the 2015 Census was
the 2015 Census was 112,788. It is also a home for several
34,620. The municipal center of Sibuco is situated at approximately
Tausugs. The area possesses several medicinal plants like
7° 18' North, 122° 4' East, in the island of Mindanao. Elevation
coconut, rubber trees, mangroves, and other plants.35
at these coordinates is estimated at 11mASL. According to an
interview with the tribal chieftain (Timuay), the Subanon of
Yakans of Isabela City, Basilan
Sibuco belongs to Western Subanon based on geographical
Yakans in Isabela City are indigenous Muslim tribes concentrated division. They have almost the same culture and tradition like
in Tipo-Tipo, Lamitan, Sumisip, and Tuburan. Scattered the Subanen, but the root word of their name is “subang” which
populations are also present in some barangays of Isabela City.36 means first born or first moon. They assert that they are the first
people to populate Zamboanga Peninsula.
Sama of Isabela City, Basilan
Another indigenous people group of the Isabela City in Basilan
DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURES
is the Sama. The Sama was originally located in the islands and
coastal areas separating southwestern Mindanao from the Ethnobotanical survey
northeastern islands of Sulu. It is thought that they first began A snowball sampling method was used in choosing the
to disperse sometime in the first millennium A.D. because of respondents. The sample size for each folkloric group in each
expanding Chinese trade. This southward migration accelerated area was at least 30 representative key informants. The first
in the 15th century with the founding of a Sulu sultanate key informant was the barangay captain, who later referred
and increased maritime trade. From bases, particularly on the other informants.
Balangingi Island, Sama slave traders carried out annual raids
This ethnobotanical survey employed a semistructured
on coastal settlements from Luzon to the central Moluccas.
questionnaire that involves three parts. About 10-15 min was
allocated for each key informant:
Visayans of Ipil and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay
Ipil and Siay are two municipalities located in the second Part I. General information – Includes the interview date,
district and eastern part of the Zamboanga Sibugay province time, province, city or municipality, specific barangay, and
in the Zamboanga Peninsula region in Mindanao, Philippines. description of the area (urban/rural, the major language
 25 Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

used, tribe, population size, and land-use systems). were deposited at the Western Mindanao State University
This was filled by the interviewer before conducting the (WMSU)/CSM mini herbarium.
interview.

Part II. Demographic profile – This includes the age bracket in DATA PROCESSING AND ANALYSIS
the listed life stage, years of utilizing medicinal plants in
SPSS software tools were used for the descriptive statistics. The
treating some diseases, gender, civil status, educational
results were synthesized in a tabular form by tribes in an area. This
attainment, livelihood, and ethnic tribe livelihood, and the
was systematically categorized by Family in alphabetical order
gender of the key informant and the experience (in years)
containing a complete overview in terms of the medicinal plants’
on folkloric usage on medicinal plant use.
scientific name (including authority), English name/Tagalog name
Part III. Folkloric knowledge on medicinal plant use – This and native vernacular term (as the common names), the parts
involves documentation of the various folkloric knowledge used, folkloric use, preparation, and the mode of application.
on medicinal plant use (including plant part used, mode Institutions performing the published research or unpublished
of preparation, folkloric use, and user groups). It also theses were emphasized. From the in-depth review of literature,
included an open-ended question on the reasons for using bioactivities of the medicinal plants (including uses from other
medicinal plants to cure diseases. countries) as well as the bioactive isolated natural products and
their associated purported applications were also reflected.

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
An ethics clearance from the Western Mindanao State University RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
– Research Ethics Oversight Committee (WMSU-REOC) was There are only four published researches on ethnobotanical
obtained. Since this study involved interviews of indigenous studies in Zamboanga Peninsula based on systematic reviews
people, a corresponding ‘Clearance Pre-implementation’ from – the Subanens of Dumingag, ZDS by Morilla et al.;39 Subanens
the NCIP was obtained. A memorandum of agreement was of Lapuyan, and ZDS by Pizon et al.;40 Traditional practitioners
signed with every ICC leader. Needed permits were also taken of Ramon Magsaysay, ZDS by Morilla and Demayo;41 and Tribal
into consideration through the directors, municipal/provincial healers of Pagadian City by Agapin.30 An additional of 11
LGU in charge, and barangay captains. A requirement related ethnobotanical studies were taken in consideration, to include
to clearance procurement from the National Commission on other unexplored ethnic tribes in Zamboanga Peninsula to look
Muslim Filipinos (NCMF) was also accomplished. into possible variations and similarities of plants being used in
treating diseases- Chavacanos and Bajaus of Zamboanga City;
DATA MINING (SYSTEMIC REVIEW) Tausugs, Yakan and Sama of Isabela City, Basilan; Subanen
of Titay and Diplahan, Zamboanga Sibugay; Visayans of Ipil
Data mining in systematic reviews was employed as patterned
and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay; Subanen of Margosatubig,
in the study of Alebie et al.37 The search strategy included a
Zamboanga del Sur; Subanon of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte,
web-based systematic research literature technique. Ethno-
Visayans of Dipolog City; and Visayans of Dapitan City.
botanical/ethnomedicinal journal articles reporting on medicinal
plants used for traditional practices were gathered through A total of 208 medicinal plant species belonging to 74
different search approaches, 1. search for published MSc/Ph.D. families were found to be used across all groups studied.
thesis research reports or funded studies using Google search Family Fabaceae comprised the highest number of species
engine and local university websites. 2. search for published used (19), followed by Euphorbiaceae (11), and the Families
journal articles using international scientific databases, including of Lamiaceae, Malvaceae, and Asteraceae with 10 species.
PubMed, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google scholar. Table 1 shows the ethnobotanical practices and literature
review on medicinal plants utilized by the different tribes in the
Screening of search outputs was performed in two stages: first,
Zamboanga Peninsula.
the title and abstract of identified journal articles/theses were
overviewed. After that, suitable prospects were downloaded Almost all ethnic tribes utilized one or more of the 10 DOH-
and critically inspected for inclusion. approved medicinal plants, as supported by the Philippine
Institute of Traditional and Alternative Health Care (PITAHC;
FIELD MAPPING R.A. No. 8423). These include: Vitex negundo (lagundi), Mentha
cordifelia (yerba buena), B. balsamifera (sambong), Carmona
The exact location of the medicinal plants was accomplished
retusa (tsaang gubat), Quisqualis indica L. (niyug-niyogan),
through actual field samplings. Field mapping projects are
Psidium guajava L. (guava), Cassia alata (akapulko), Pepperoma
carried out as patterned by Njue.38 A short reconnaissance
pellucida (ulasimang bato), Allium sativum (garlic), and
field trip was included with a local translator. Photographs, GPS
Momordica charantia (ampalaya). Among these, B. balsamifera
coordinates, and elevation was recorded.
(sambong) is the most frequently utilized herbal plant (100%
Sample medicinal plants were collected and preserved in all ethnolinguistic groups) in treating common diseases
following herbarium techniques. These specimens later served such as cough and colds, stomachache, postpartum care,
as vouchers of the plants identified as medicinal plants and urinary tract infection, dysmenorhhea and amenorrhea. This
Table 1.  Ethnobotanical practices and literature review on medicinal plants utilized by the different tribes in the Zamboanga Peninsula.

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Acanthaceae

Hemigraphis colorata – Subanen: Kuyanap Leaves Crushed and applied Inflammation –

directly as poultice.

Justicia gendarussa Tuhod manok/ Vis: Mandalasan Leaves Poultice Stomach-ache, bloating, Anticancer, anti bacterial, Flavonoids, alkaloids, Sri Ramachandra
Burn.f. Water willow Subanen: Tuhod Decoction fracture hepato protective, steroids, terpenoids, University,
manok/ Diarrhea antioxidant, anti helmintic, saponins, phenolic India42
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Mandalusa anti angiogenic activities compounds

Acoraceae

Acorus verus (L.) Raf. Sweetflag/ Subanen: Labigan Leaves Apply directly. Toothache Anti spasmodic, anti Glycosides, flavonoids Imam et al.43
Lubigan helminthic

Anacardiaceae

Mangifera indica L. Manga/Mango Vis:Manga Yakan: Leaves Decoction Hyperten-sion, swelling Anticancer, anti inflamma- Poly phenols, Ediriweera et al.44
Mampalam tory, anti diabetic, terpenes, sterols,
antioxidant, anti bacterial carote-noids,
vitamins, amino
acids

Spondias purpurea Sineguelas/ Bajau: Sirigwelas Leaves Decoction Cough, fever Anti oxidant, antiulcer Flavonoids, Universidade
Linn. Spanish plum Bark Steam Mouth sore, diarrhea caffeic acid, Federal de
Stem Scrape and applied Gum lesions epigallocatechin Pernambuco,
directly. Recife, Brazil45

Annonaceae

Annona muricata L. Guyabano/ Chav: Sabana Leaves Decoction (Boil 7 leaves Hepatitis, diabetes, flatulence, Tranquili-zing effect, cancer Alkaloid, annona- University of
Soursop Bajau: Labanos in a glassful of water, UTI, cancer, hypertension, cells inhibitor, anti ceous acetogenin, Malaya46
Subanen: then drink). ulcer inflamma-tory, anti flavonol,
Labana/ Leaves Infusion Coughs, fever, colds, diabetic triglycosidephenoli-
Malabanos/ headache, nervous cyclo peptide
Yabana disorders, digestive
problems, tuberculosis
Leaves Steam, by heating the Headache, hypertension
leaves then apply
directly to forehead.
Young Pound seven leaves Tetanus, arthritis
leaves and apply around the
wound as poultice.
Fruits Direct eating. Cancer, overall health
Roots Decoction Cancer

Friesodielsa latifolia – Subanen: Mhemot Roots Wash a small root and Prevents hypertension –
(Hook &Thomson) balu chew.
26

Steeris
Amaranthaceae
27

Amaranthus Kolitis/Thorny Kulitis Roots Decoction (Boil 1g in 2 Antirabies Cytotoxic, apoptotic Secondary Prajitha and
spinosus L. amaranthus glasses of water) metabolites Thoppil47

Amaranthus viridis L. Kolitis/Green Subanen: Kadiapa Roots Decoction Fever Potent anti inflammatory, Saponins, tannins Reyadul-Ferdous
amaranth anti hepato toxic, phenols, flavonoids, et al.48
antiulcer antiallergic, alkaloids, cardiac
antiviral actions glycoside, steroid,
triterpenoids

Amaryllidaceae

Allium cepa L. Sibuyas/Onion Vis: Sibuyas Bulb Decoction Cough, arthritis Anti oxidant, anti diabetic, Flavonoids, Bora and
Chav: Sibolyon Pounding/poultice anti inflamma-tory, organo sulphur Sharma49
anticancer, anti microbial, compounds
immuno-modulatory

Allium sativum L. Ahos/Garlic Ahos Cloves Pound and apply directly Toothache, anti-rabies Anti bacterial, antiviral, Allicin Jayaraj & Lal50
Direct chewing or Hyperten-sion antifungal, anticancer
blanched in boiled
water for 15min

Allium Kusay/Chives Ganda Whole Hyper acidity Poultice Anticancer, anti oxidants, Organo sulfur Yunnan Academy
schoenoprasum plant anti microbial, immuno- compound, of Agricultural
logical effects quercetin, Sciences,
flavonoids, saponins China51

Allium tuberosum Chinese chives Ganda Whole Poultice Fever Anti bacterial, antioxidant Phenol, 3-methyl- Lawthienchai et
plant cyclo pentanol al.52

Eurycles amboinensis – Abod Leaves, Poultice (crushed and UTI, inflamma-tion –

roots applied directly)

Apiaceae

Angelica keiskei Ashitaba Asetaba Leaves Decoction Use for aching of hips and Cytotoxic, antidiabetic Coumarins, University of
Pounding urinary tract infection. antiobesity, antioxidant, flavanones North Carolina53
Toothache anti inflamma-tory

Centella asiatica Pennyworth Chav: Yahong- Leaves Infusion Fatigue, sun stroke, colds, Hypo tensive, wound Collagen, saponins Gohil et al.54
yahong and flu healing, vascular effects
Tausug: Panggagah Leaves Decoction Fever, cough
Subanen: Jaong Whole Decoction(boil plenty Diabetes
jaong plant of “jaong jaong” with
enough water)

Daucas carota L. Carrot Carrot Leaves Decoction Tumor Anti oxidant, anti inflamma- Phenolics, Ahmad et al.55
tory, plasma lipid carotenoids
modifica-tion, antitumor
properties

Hydrocotyle vulgaris – Gotu kola Whole Decoction Cough, kidney stones –

plant
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

(Continued)
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Apocynaceae

Alstonia scholaris L. Dita/White Subanen: Bark Decoction Kidney diseases Anti inflammatory, Novel alkaloids Chinese Academy
cheese wood Malogatas Trunk Infusion (Scrape the Hyper tension analgesic bioactivity of Sciences,
outer layer (7x). Add China56
1/2 glass of water.
Drink twice a day for
3 days)
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Decoction (Scrape the

outer layer (7x). Boil
the scraped pieces
with 3 glasses of water.
Drink thrice a day for
3 days)

Asclepias curassavica Tropical Subanen: Gapas Bark, roots Extraction Difficulty in child labor Anti bacterial Secondary Wollega
L. milkweed gapas Roots Decoction (Boil enough Amoebiasis metabolites University,
roots with ample Ethiopia57
amount of water. Drink
as often as needed.

Catharantus roseus Tsitsirika/ Vis: Kumintang Leaves Decoction Diabetes Anti diabetic, Terpenoid indole Almagro et al.58
(L.) G. Don Periwinkle bactericide,antihyper alkaloids (TIAs)
tensive

Rauvolfia serpentina Serpentina/ Bajau: Pait-pait Leaves Decoction Hyper tension, “kabuhi” Anti Hyper tensive, Flavonoids University School
(L.) Kurz Snakeroot Subanen: tranquilizer of Environment
Ampion Infusion Stomach ache, diarrhea Management,
New Delhi,
India59

Voacanga - Subanen: Thepalak Roots Juice (Pound enough To abate bleeding of a fresh Analgesic, anti microbial, Indole alkaloids University of
megacarpa Merr. Mebagal roots and squeeze and wound antiulcer, cytotoxic, Santo Tomas,
apply the squeezed antioxidant, antimalarial Manila,
plant material) Philippines60

Araceae

Alocasia Elephant ear Subanen: Biga Rhi-zome Slice, pound and apply Early stage of inflam-mation Antihyper glycemic, Flavonoids, International
macrorrhizos (L.) on the affected part. antioxidant, cytotoxic cynogenetic Islamic
G.Don glycosides University
Bangladesh61

Colocasia esculenta L. Gabi/Taro Chav: Gabi Leaves Rub the fresh leaves to Scabies Anti inflammatory, Orientin & vitexin Pawar et al.62
Vis: Badyang the affected area. analgesic
Decoction Bronchitis
Poultice Athlete’s foot
28
Homalomena Alipayo Subanen: Phayaw Stem Slice into pieces, pound, Colds –
29

rubescens (Roxb.) and smell often.

Kunth

Araliaceae

Osmoxylon – Subanen: Gulo-ulo Stem Decoction (Scrape stem Dysme-norrhea, menno- –

diversifolium (7x) down ward. Boil rhagia
with enough water.
Drink 1/2 glass thrice a
day for 3 days

Panax ginseng Ginseng/ Bajau: Langkawas Fruits Decoction Muscle pain Antiaging, anti diabetic, Ginse nosides, Ru et al.63
Korean anticancer, wound and peptides, poly
ginseng ulcer healing acetylenic alcohols,
fatty acids

Arecaceae/Palmae

Calamus sp. – Subanen: Dlebie Stem Cut stem, gather juice, Shingles caused by Herpes –
Juice and apply on the zoster
wound often.

Cocos nucifera L. Niyog/ Bajau:Coco Fruit Oil Oil Extract Muscle Pain, wounds in the Anti oxidant, anti Phenols, flavonoids, Jaipur National
Coconut Tausug: Lahing head inflammatory glycosides, tannins, University,
Vis:Butong Flower Infusion for bath Measles alkaloids, saponins Jaipur,
(white) Rajasthan,
Bark Decoction Abdominal pain India64,65
Flower, Steam Measles
leaves
Flesh and Direct eating and Detoxifying for urinary tract
the drinking infection.
juice
Root, bark Decoction Kidney stones

Corypha elata Roxb. Talipot palm Vis:Buli Roots Decoction Physical relapse –

Aristolochiaceae

Aristolochia Puso-pusoan Subanen: Barubo Leaves Decoction “Bughat”, body pains –

philippinensis
Warb.

Asparagaceae

Cordyline fruticosa Baston de San Vis: Makilala Leaves Decoction Bloody stools, menstrual Antioxidant Phenolic compounds Fouedjou et al.66
(L.) A. Chev. Jose Yakan: Kilale cramps, dysme-norrhea
Subanen: Guilala Young leaf Eat the leaves often until Hyper tension
needed.

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Dracaena trifasciata Cylindrical snake Spada Leaves Direct chewing Tetanus Antioxidant Tannins, saponins, Universiti Sains
plant terpenoids, Malaysia67
cardiac glycosides,
quinones

Sansevieria spp. – Espada-espada Whole Crushed and applied Wound –

plant directly
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Sansevieria – Tigre-tigre Leaves Infusion Fever –

trifasciata Prain (in efficas-cent oil)

Asphodelaceae

Aloe barbadensis M. Aloe vera Chav: Aloe vera Leaves Extraction Wounds, dry hair, inflamma- Antifungal, antioxidant Lignin and saponins Raksha et. al.68
(Syn. Aloe vera (L.) tion, burns
Burm.f) Scraping Bleeding, ulcer
Decoction Cancer, parasitic worms

Asteraceae/Compositae

Artemisia sp. – Barogbarog Leaves Decoction Stomach ache –

Artemisia vulgaris L. Damong maria/ Chav:Yerba Sta. Leaves Infusion Coughs and colds, asthma, Analgesic, hyper lipidemic Terpenoids, Abad et al.69
Maiden wort Maria fever, pain relief, ulcer, activity flavonoids,
Vis:Herba Buena hyper tension, hyper coumarins
Yakan:Sta. Maria acidity
Subanen: Leaves Decoction Menstrual abnorma-lities,
Hilbas stomach ache, “panuhot”,
cough
Whole Infusion Infusion
Plant

B. balsamifera (L.) DC Sambong/B. Chav: Lengua de Leaves Decoction (drink) Coughs and colds, “pasmo Anti microbial, anti Flavonoids Chinese Academy
camphor baka sa kusog”, UTI and kidney inflamma-tory, anti of Tropical
Bajau: Sambon stones, physical relapse, spasmodic Agriculture
Vis: Gabon hyper tension, measles Sciences 70
Tausug: Daklan- stomach ache, dysmenor-
bulan rhea & amenor-rhea
Yakan: Lakad-bulan Leaves Decoction (bath) Post-partum care
Subanen: Bubulan Leaves Pound the leaves and put Fever
in the forehead.
Leaves Pound the leaves then High fever, cough, urinary
drink the extract. tract infection, stomach-
ache
Leaves Poultice Body pain, “panuhot”, aching
due to “piang”
Leaves Infusion Cough
30

Roots Decoction Bleeding

Chromolaena Hagonoy/Devil Vis: Hagonoy Leaves Crush and apply directly. Wound Kerati nocyte prolifera-tion Flavonoid, phyto Sirinthipaporn
31

odorata (L.) R.M Weed Tausug: Lahunay prostane and

King & H.Rob Yakan: Lahuney compound Jiraungkoor-
Subanen: Gunoy including chromo- skul71
Subanon: moric acid
Sunggonoy

Chrysanthemum sp. Mums or Chrysan-themum Roots Direct applica-tion Toothache Cytotoxic, anti bacterial, Secondary Central Institute
chrysanths inhibitory metabolites of Medicinal
and Aromatic
Plants, India72

Emellia sonchiflolia Red Tassel Pisaw-pisaw Leaves Decoction Fever, cough Antimicrobial Secondary Couto et al.73
Flower Leaves Pounding Constipation, “kabag” metabolites 2011
Leaves Extraction (Drink the Cough, colds, and kid’s fever
extract)

Pseudelephantopus Dilang-aso/Dog’s Vis:Dila-dila sa iro Roots, Decoction Hyper acidity, physical Antiacne, antioxidant, Hydroxyl groups, Lalisan et al.74
spicatus (B. Juss. tongue Vis: Kukug-banog stem, relapse cytotoxic phenolic
ex Aubl.) Rohr. ex Subanen: Kokog and compound,
C/F. Baker banog leaves flavonoids and
tannins

Sphagneticola Trailing daisy – Leaves Extract Toothache Analgesic, anti microbial, Tannin, saponins, SV University,
trilobata  (L.) anti inflamma-tory flavonoids, phenol, India75
Pruski properties terpenoids

Spilanthes acmella – Subanen: Dilag- Flower Applied directly Toothache Anti microbial Phytochemicals Prachayasitti-
dilag kul et al.76

Tridax procumbens – Subanen: Kanding- Leaves Crushed and applied Wound Wound healing, anti Secondary Mir et al.77
Linn. kanding directly. coagulant, antifungal metabolites

Balsaminaceae

Impatiens balsamina Kamantigue/ Chav: Kamanti-gue Leaves, Extraction Inflamma-tion, joint pains Anti microbial, antidiabetic Glycosides Su et al.78 2012
Rose balsam Tausug: Saunggah stems Decoction Urinary tract infection
Leaves
and
stem

Basellaceae

Basella alba Malabar spinach/ Chav: Alugbati Leaves Pound and apply directly. Wounds and boils, fever Anticancer, antioxidant Saponin, xanthones Kumar et al.79
Malabar Leaves Decoction Hyper tension
nightshade

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Brassicaceae

Brassica rapa subsp. Pechay Pechay Leaves Cook directly Overall health Anti hyper tensive Secondary Raiola et al.80
chinensis metabolites

Begoniaceae (1)

Begonia sp. Angel-wing Begonia Flower Poultice Burns, sores Anti prolifera-tive activity Cucurbitacins Swiss Federal
begonia towards tumor Institute of
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Technology
(ETH) Zurich,
Switzerland 81

Bignoniaceae

Crescentia cujete Common Calabash tree Fruit Direct eating Diarrhea, colds, Anti bacterial, antidiabetic Alkaloids, cardiac Billacura and
calabash tree Fruit Decoction Bronchitis glycosides, Laciapag
Fruit Juice Extraction Cough, asthma, urethritis flavonoids, 201782
Leaves Decoction Hyper tension phytosterol,
reducing sugars,
saponins, tannins,
triterpenes

Oroxylum indicum Indian trumpet Subanen: Bnenloy Young Pound enough leaves Body pain, fever Anti microbial, anti diabetic, Flavonoids (chrysin, Jamia Hamdard,
(L.) Benth. ex Kurz flower leaves and add little amount hepatoprotective, anti oroxylin-A, India 83
of water. Put on the inflamma-tory scutellarin,
head or affected area baicalein, quercitin)

Radermachera sp. – Subanen: Phelebo- Trunk Decoction (Boil enough Diabetes, hyper tension, –
nayan size with ample amount cough
of water. Drink often.)

Bixaceae

Bixa orellana Achiote Chav: Atsuetes Leaves Infusion Nausea, vomiting, fever Phyto therapeutic Phyto chemicals Vilar et al.84
Yakan: Achuete Leaves & Decoction “Ugam” (thrush), cough and
roots colds, lean body mass (LBM)

Bombacaceae

Durio zibethinus Murr. Durian/Civet fruit Durian Bark Decoction Itchy genitals Antiproliferative effect Flavonoids (flavanols, Universiti Sultan
antho cyanins), Zainal Abidin,
ascorbic acid, Malaysia85
carotenoids

Boraginaceae

Carmona retusa Tsaang gubat/ Tsaang gubat Leaves Decoction Diarrhea, stomach ache Anti Secondary Shridevi Institute
(Vahl.) Masam.  Scorpion bush Inflamma-tory, anti metabolites of Engineering
32

bacterial, analgesic and Technology,

Tumkur, India86
Cordia dichotoma Anonang/Soap Anonang Bark Submerge in hot water “Bughat” Anti bacterial, antiviral, Betulin, octacosanol Jamkhande et
33

berry and drink antitussive al.87

Heliotropium Trompang Elepante Leaves Decoction Physical relapse, wound Wound healing Collagen Institute of
indicum L. elepante/ healing Pharmacy and
Indian heliotrope Stem and Decoction Technology,
roots India88

Bromeliaceae

Ananas comosus Pineapple Pinya Fruit Juice Extraction Hyper tension Anti oxidant, anti bacterial Phenolic compounds Putri et al.89
Shoot Extraction (Mix with oil Sprain
then apply as poultice)

Cactaceae

Opuntia Cactus/Cochineal Busay-busay Leaves Grilled Tetanus –

cochenillifera nopal cactus)

Cardiopteridaceae

Citronella mucronata Citronella Citronella Leaves Get the extract and mix Dandruff, ringworm Anti inflammatory, Citral, vitro on Bhavaniram-ya
it with coconut oil then anticancer, antioxidant, 5-lipoxy-genase, et al.90
apply it to affected anti proliferative, anti caspase-3, a- and
areas microbial b- unsaturated
aldehyde groups

Caricaceae

Carica papaya L. Papaya Chav: Papaya Leaves Juice Extraction Dengue fever, malaria Anti bacterial, cytotoxic Chymo papain, Madjos and
Bajau: Kapaya Fruit Direct eating LBM, constipation quercitin Luceno91
Vis: Kapayas Flower Decoction Dengue fever

Chenopodiaceae

Dysphania Wormseed/ Chav: Apasote Leaves Decoction “Kabag” (Gas pain) Laxative properties Ascaridole,cymene, Koba et al.92
ambrosiaides (L.) Epazote geraniol 
Mosyakin and
Clemants

Combretaceae

Quisqualis indica L. Niyug-niyogan Niyug-niyogan Seeds Direct eating two hours Parasitic worms Anti oxidant, anti helminthic Flavonoids, phenolic Shah et al.93
after supper components

Terminalia cattapa Indian almond Talisay Dead Decoction Sepsis Anti microbial Secondary Nair and Chanda
94
leaves metabolites

Convolvulaceae

Ipomea aquatica Kangkong/Water Kangkong Leaves Decoction and mixed Fever, overall health Carmina-tive agent, anti Flavonoids Manvar and
Forsk. spinach with “kayuma-nis” and inflamma-tory Desai95
“kambal-simang-ko”

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Ipomoea batatas L. Kamote/Sweet Chav: Kamote Leaves Decoction Fever, anemia Hypo tensive, hypo lipidemic Isoflavones Dewijanti et al.96
potato Cooking

Jacquemontia – Himag Roots Pounding, mixing Wounds Laxative, antioxidant Alkaloids, flavonoids, Clemeña and
paniculata saponins, steroids, Galarpe97
tannins, anthrax-
quinones
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Commelinaceae

Rhoeo spathacea Klapa-klapa/ Kapal-kapal Leaves Extract Toothache, headache Anti oxidant, anti bacterial Phenolic content, Tan et al.98
(Swartz) Stearn Bangka- and flavonoid
bangkaan roots components

Costaceae

Chamaecostus Costus or spiral Insulin plant Leaves Decoction Diabetes, hyper tension Anti diabetic properties Secondary Chalapathi
cuspidatus flag metabolites Institute of
Pharmaceu-
tical Sciences,
Guntur99

Costus igneus Insulin plant Insulin Leaves Wash the leaves and Diabetes, anemia, stroke, Anti oxidant, anti diabetic, Triterpe-noid, Hedge et al.100
Plant and shoots then directly hyper tension hypo lipidemic, diuretic, alkaloids, tannins,
shoots consume it anti microbial saponins,
flavonoids, steroid,
appreciable
amounts of trace
elements

Clusiaceae/Guttiferae

Garcinia mangostana Mangostan/ Bajau: Mangis Fruit peels, Decoction Tubercu-losis, diabetes, Anti oxidant, anti prolifera- Xanthones, flavonoids, Failla and
L. Mangosteen Yakan: Mangostan bark diarrhea, stomach ache, tive, pro apoptotic, anti triterpenoi-dand- Gutierrez–
anemia inflammatory, anti carcino benzo phenones Orozco101
genic, anti microbial

Crassulaceae

Bryophyllum Kataka-taka/ Chav: Handalika/ Leaves Smash the leaves and Wounds and inflamma-tion, Stringent, antiseptic, Alkaloids, triterpenes, Gupta et al102;
pinnnatum Lam. Miracle plant Siempre viva apply on the affected boils hemostatic, anti glycosides, Fernandes et
(Syn. Kalanchoe Vis: Kataka-taka area. Inflammatory flavonoids, steroids al.103
pinnata) Yakan: Karitana Leaves Infusion Toothache
Subanen: Hanlilika Leaves Decoction Physical relapse

Cucurbitaceae

Momordica charantia Ampalaya/Bitter Bajau: Paliya Leaves Decoction and drink Diabetes, Fever, LBM Anti diabetic, hypogly- Triterpene, proteid, Budrat and
34

L. gourd Subanen: Palya Leaves Wash in hygienic part Postpartum care caemic effect steroid, alkaloid, Shotipruk104
Fruits Cooking (viand) Anemia, diabetes phenolic compounds
Lagenaria siceraria – Miracle Plant Leaves Decoction Cancer, kidney stone Emetic, purgative, diuretic Sterols, terpenoids, Prajapati et al.105
35

(Molina) Standl. Fruits Direct eating Hyper tension flavonoids,

saponins

Luffa acutangula Patola/Sponge Subanen: Tikwa Leaves Heat enough leaves Early stage of inflamma-tion Anti diabetic, hepato Flavonoids, anthrax- School of
Roxb. gourd until burnt. Apply and protective, antiulcer, quinones, proteins, Pharmacy and
change when dry. anticancer, anti microbial, fatty acids, saponin, Technology
analgesic, anti inflamma- triterpene, volatile Management,
tory components India106

Sechium edule Chayote Vis: Sayote Leaves Decoction Hyper tension Antioxidant Poly phenols, Vieira et al.107
(Jacq.) Sw. carotenoids

Cyperaceae

Cyperus kyllingia Mutha/Nut grass Subanen: Kukemot Whole Infusion Diarrhea, fever Anti inflamma-tory, anti Starch, alkaloids, Bajpay et al.108
plant diabetic, analgesic flavonoids

Kyllinga Bosikad Bosikad Stem and Soaking in water during Headache, muscle pain, fever Analgesic Flavonoids, tannins, Amor et al.109
monocephala leaves night-time and drink phenolic
the water in the compounds
morning

Dilleneaceae

Dillenia philippinensis Katmon/ Subanen: Leaves Decoction (boil seven Diarrhea and vomiting Anti microbial Triterpenes De La Salle
Rolfe Elephant Dlhembog leaves with 1.5 glass of University110
apple water. Once lukewarm,
drink a half-glass once)

Dipterocarpaceae

Shorea astylosa Yakal Yakal Bark decoction Physical relapse (“bughat”) –

Euphorbiaceae

Breynia cernua (Poir.) – Subanen: Thetulog Stem Use a thin section of the Toothache prevention –
Mull. Arg. stem as a toothpick.
Leaves Pound handful of leaves. Open wound
Squeeze the juice on
the affected area.

Euphorbia hirta L. Tawa- Chav: Tawa-tawa Whole Decoction Dengue fever, cough, Anti bacterial, antifungal, Gallic acid, quercetin, Ghosh et al.111
tawa/Asthma Bajau: Patik-patik plant stomach ache, physical anti malarial, anti alkaloids, essential
plant Yakan: Patik-patik relapse (“bughat”), malaria, spasmodic, hemostatic oils, phenols, sterol,
Vis: Mangaw-ngaw measles flavones and fatty
Subanen: Tematik Leaves Juice extraction Wounds, tumor, pus acids
Sap Direct applica-tion Sore eyes

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Euphorbia Christmas flower Poinsettia Leaves Extraction Fever Anti bacterial Terpenoids, Bayero University,
pulcherrima Willd. flavonoids, Kano, Nigeria
112
alkaloids, saponin,
steroids

Codiaeum San Francisco San Francisco Leaves Poultice Swelling Anti inflamma-tory Alkaloids, glycosides, Bijekar and
variegatum (L.) steroids, flavonoids Gayatri 113
Rumph.ex. A. Juss
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Jatropa curcas Tuba-tuba/Physic Tuba-tuba Leaves Poultice/Smoking Flatulence, sprain, stomach Anti microbial, anticancer Alkaloids Patil et al.114
nut tree (“hampol “or applied ache, “kabag”, fever
as poultice)
Roots and Decoction Diarrhea, insect repellent,
leaves “panuhot”
Leaves Pound and use like a Fractured bone, body aches,
bandage or are directly sprain
applied on skin like a
liniment;
Steam and poultice

Jatropha podagrica – Ginseng Roots Crushed and applied Wound –

directly

Macaranga tanarius  Binunga/ Subanen: Binunga Leaves Extraction Wounds Anti oxidant, anti microbial, Flavonoids Magadula115
(L.) Muell.-Arg Elephant’s ear  anti inflamma-tory

Mallotus floribundus Tula-tula/Blue Subanen: Tula-tula Roots Decoction Kidney diseases –

(Blume) Muell.-Arg. blade

Manihot esculenta Kamoteng Chav: Kamanting Leaves Decoction Swelling Anti-inflamma-tory, anti Flavonoids, saponins Tao et al.116
Crantz kahoy/ Subanen: Tubers Decoction Furuncle microbial and vitamin C
Cassava Balanghoy

Melanolepis Alim Vis: Alom Leaves Decoction Parasitic worms Anti helminthic Taraxeryl fatty acid Apostol et al.117
multiglandulosa Subanen: Ghalem Leaves Poultice Flatulence esters, squalene
Reinw. Ex Blume Bark Poultice Sore throat

Ricinus communis L. Tangan- Tangan-tangan Leaves Steam Injuries Anti inflammation, Alkaloids Patil et al.114
tangan/Castor anticancer
bean
36
 37

Fabaceae/Leguminosae

Afzelia rhomboidea Malacca teak Subanen: Glonghigi Trunk Juice extraction (Scrape To get rid of lice –
(Blanco) Vidal trunk (3x) and squeeze
the juice. Apply on the
head after shampoo.
Leave for half an hour.
Rinse.)

Arachis hypogaea Mani/Peanut Mani Seeds Crushed and applied Sore Anti bacterial Flavonoids, phenols, Al-Azawil and
directly alkaloids, tannins Hassan118

Caesalpinia sappan L. Sappan wood Sibukaw Bark Decoction Diarrhea, fever, rheumatism Anti inflamma-tory Haematein, Jeong et al.119
arthritis, anemia flavonoids
Roots Decoction (drink as Physical relapse, cough,
needed) tuberculosis
Bark Infusion with coconut oil Fractures, muscle pain,
physical relapse, flu
Leaves Decoction Tubercu-losis

Cassia alata L. Acapulco Tausug: Andalan Leaves Pounding Scabies, fungal infection, Anti mutagenic, antifungal, Secondary Villaseñor et al.120
Yakan: Kwit Roots, Decoction athlete’s foot, Tinea flava, analgesic, anti inflamma- metabolites
subong/pitsubo leaves ringworm tory, hypogly-cemic
Subanen: Asunting Cyst, fungal infections

Clitoria ternatea L. Pukingan/ Yakan: Balogbalog Leaves Poultice Swollen joints Anti microbial, antipyretic, Alkaloids, flavonoids, Al-Snafi121
Butterfly pea Roots and Infusion Kidney disease anti inflamma-tory, free amino acids,
flower Bark analgesic, diuretic, glycosides, phenols,
Flower Extraction Hyper tension anesthetic, anti hyper proteins, reducing
glycemic, anti hyper sugars, steroids,
lipidemic  and tannins

Derris elliptica (Wall.) Tubli/Tuba root Subanen: Thoba Leaves Pound plenty leaves and Itchiness Cytotoxic Rotenone Zubairi et al.122
Benth. apply until itchiness
subsides.

Desmodium – Mani-mani Leaves Apply directly in the For pregnant women –

capitatum stomach

Desmodium – Gaan-gaan Leaves Decoction Physical relapse Cytotoxic Alkaloids Institute of

pulchellum Nationality
Medicine,
China123

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Flemingia strobilifera Panapana- Subanen: Kolipes Roots Decoction(boil with water Tuberculosis Anti microbial New flavanone Hamdard
(L.) W. F. Alton rahan/Wild and Take regularly. University,
hops Taking fresh water is India124
prohi-bited).
Roots Decoction (pound Diabetes
enough roots and
boil with half glass of
water. Drink thrice a
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

day for 3 days.)

Leaves Pound 7 leaves and apply Inflammation
on the inflamed area.

Gliricidia sepium Madre de cacao/ Chav: Madre de Stem Extraction Swollen wound, “panuhot” Anti microbial, antiscabies, Formosin, formono- Kumar and
(Jacq.) Walp. St. Vincent cacao Leaves Pounding Scabies, fungal infection, antiviral netin Simon125
Plum Tausug: Madri rashes
kakao Leaves Decoction Skin allergy, “panuhot”,
Vis: Kakawate swelling
Leaves Poultice (pound the Convulsion due to high fever
leaves, add vinegar
then rub all over the
body)

Leucaena – Ipil-ipil Leaves Chewing Parasitic worms Anti helminthic Flavonoids King Saud
leucocephala University,
(Lam.) de Wit Riyadh, Saudi
Arabia126

Mimosa pudica L. Makahiya/ Tausug: Sipug-sipug Roots Decoction Fertility, myoma, abdominal Analgesic, anti Flavonoids, alkaloids, Ahmad et al.
Sensitive plant Subanen: Selom- pain depressant,anti asthmatic, non-protein amino 2012 127
patay/Maharlika Leaves Decoction UTI, physical relapse, “pasmo” aphrodisiac acid (mimosine)
and .
roots Toothache
Roots Direct application

Premna Alagaw/Fragrant Abgau Leaves Bathing “Panuhot” Anti microbial, antioxidant, Flavonoids, iridoid Universiti
odorata Blanco Premna Roots Decoction Myoma, tumor anti inflamma-tory, glycosides, Kebangsaan
cytotoxic diterpenoid Malaysia,
Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia128

Pterocarpus indicus Narra/Burmese Narra Bark Decoction (drink on an Post-partum care, LBM, Anti microbial Terpenoids De La Salle
rose-wood empty stomach) hemorrhage University,
Philippines129

Phyllodium Payang-payang/ Subanen: Gaan- Roots Decoction Physical relapse Anti helmintic, anti diarrhea Alkaloids, bufotenin Cai et al.123
pulchellum Angel locks gaan
38
Senna alata (L.) Roxb. – Asunting Leaves Decoction Kidney problems Anti bacterial, antioxidant, Secondary Oladeji et al.130
39

Leaves Steam Tinea versicolor antifungal, anticancer, metabolites

antiviral (tannins, alkaloids,
flavonoids,
anthrax-quinone,
saponins, phenolics

Sesbania grandiflora Katuray/West Subanen: Thori Trunk Infusion (Scrape the Diarrhea Thrombo-lytic and Secondary Laboni et al.131
(L.) Pers. indian pea trunk (7x) and boil membrane stabilizing metabolites
with enough water. activities
Drink the infusion often
until well)

Tamarindus indica Sampalok/ Vis: Sambag Leaves Decoction of the leaves Measles Anti diabetic, anti microbial, Essential amino acids, Kuru132
Tamarind for taking a bath. anti venomic, antioxidant, potassium, malic
Fruit and Direct eating/Extraction Gastro intestinal system and laxative, amelio rative acid, tartaric acid
leaves related disorders

Vigna radiata (L.) Monggo/Mongo Monggo Fruits Cooking Anemia Anti hyperten-sive, anti Polyphenol (vitexin Hou et al.133
R.Wilczek bean cancer, immuno and isovitexin)
modulatory activities

Lamiaceae

Callicarpa tomentosa Malabar Subanen: Tigau Young Apply directly. Toothache Analgesic, diuretic Glycosides, flavonoids, Shankar et al.134
hoary/Tigaw leaves tannins

Coleus blumei (Syn. Mayana/Coleus Chav: Lampuya Leaves Pounding and direct Swelling, boils Analgesic, anti inflamma- Alkaloids Obena135
Plectranthus application tory, anti microbial
scutellarioides (L.) Leaves Decoction Fever, cough
R.Br.) Steam and applied as Fever
Leaves poultice.
Leaves Extraction Wounds, post-partum
cleansing, boils

Gmelina arborea Gmelina Gmelina Leaves Direct application. Fever, colds Anti bacterial, antioxidant, Ethanol, n-butanol, Nayak et al.136
Roxb. Tausug: Jibilina Leaves Poultice Arthritis, inflammation, antidiabetic ethyl acetate
flatulence
Leaves Heat leaves then apply Headache, fracture,
directly to the affected “panuhot”
area.
Young Put 3 leaves on the area. Back pain
leaves Always change when
dried.

Mentha cordifelia Yerba buena Yerba buena Leaves Sap extraction, then Headache, muscle pain, Analgesic Mentha-lactone UP-Diliman,
massage to affected arthritis, rheumatism Philippines137
part with eucalyptus.

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Ocimum africanum Balanoy/Sweet Chav: Albahaca Leaves Decoction Skin diseases Analgesic, anti inflamma- Alkaloids, phenols, Pandey et al.138
Basil Bajau: Sulase/ Leaves Extraction Fever, polio, newborn care tory, anti microbial tannins, saponins,
Mamba-wing Roots Decoction Asthma flavonoids, steroids,
Subanen: Sangig Roots and Decoction Post-partum care terpenoids
leaves

Origanum vulgare Oregano Chav: Marjoram Leaves Decoction Asthma, cough, colds Anti microbial activity Methanol, dichloro Singletary139
L. (Syn. Coleus Vis: Kalabo Leaves ExtractionSteam Pneumonia methane and cyclo
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

aromaticus Benth.) Tausug: Origano Young Pound enough leaves Kid’s cough hexane, phenolic
Subanen: Gliganu leaves and extract the juice. compounds
Give half tsp to a child
twice a day.

Orthosiphon Cat’s whiskers Chav: Barbas de gato Leaves Infusion Pains, diabetes, urinary tract Anti inflammatory Ursolic acid Hsu et al.140
aristatus Vis:Balbas pusa infection, kidney stones
Subanen: Leaves Decoction Cough
Wachichao

Pogostemon Cat’s tail Buntot pusa Leaves Decoction UTI Cytotoxic Alkaloids, tannin, PG and
auricularis Subanen: Buntot sa and glycosides, Research Dept
iring flowers saponins, phenolic, of Botany,
flavonoids, flavon Tiruchirap-
glycosides palli-1, Tamil
nadu, South
India141

Premna odorata – Alagaw Roots Decoction Myoma, tumor Cytotoxic, antihyper Flavonoids, Dianita and
Blanco Leaves Bathing “Panuhot” glycemia, anti microbial, diterpenoid Jantan, 2017128
antioxidant, anti
inflammatory, immune
modulatory

Vitex negundo L. Lagundi/Five- Lagundi Leaves Decoction (Boil 7 leaves Cough, asthma, fever, Anti inflamma-tory, Phyto chemical Sri Sathya Sai
leaved chaste with one glass of stomach ache, headache, analgesic, cytotoxic secondary University,
tree water) fever effects metabolites India142
Young Pound and extract the Cough
leaves juice. Drink 1 tbsp.
often.

Lauraceae

Cinnamomum Cinnamon Litik-litik Shoots Get the extract and filter Cough for kids Anti bacterial, antioxidant 1,1-diphenyl-2- Kumar et al.143
mercadoi it, then drink. picrylhydrazyl
Cover the leaves with (DPPH)-radical
banana leaves, place it scavenging phenols
in a mild fire then get
the extract from it.
40
Litsea glutinosa Puso- Yakan: Pusoh baih Leaves, Decoction LBM, post-partum care Cytotoxic, anti Phenolic,  flavonoids, Khwaja Yunus
41

(Lour.) C. B. Rob. puso/Indian Sama: Lakdan stem Helminthic, antioxidant    tannin  Ali University,
laurel bulan Bangladesh144

Persea americana Abokado/ Abokado Leaves Decoction LBM, stomach ache, cough, Anti-oxidant, anti-inflam- Ethanol, phenolic Owolabi et al.145
Mill. Alligator Pear UTI matory com-pounds
Fruits Shake (blend) Hyper tension, diabetes
Leaves Poultice Fever

Lecythidaceae

Barringtonia Fish poison tree Bitoon-bitoon Leaves  Heated and externally Wounds, stomach ache, Anti microbial, analgesic Amides, alkaloids, Umaru et al.146
Asiatica applied as poultice rheumatism lignans, flavones

Liliaceae

Allium ascalonicum – Sibujing Whole Decoction Fever –

plant

Lilium sp. – Subanen: Niyog- Bulb Decoction(Slice into 7 Kidney trouble, internal –
niyog pieces and boil with 3 illness, tuber-culosis,
glasses of water. vomits blood
Drink the decoction often
until needed.)

Lythraceae

Lagerstroemia Banaba/Queen’s Banaba Leaves Infusion, Decoction Diabetes and kidney disorder Anti Hyper lipidemic, Corosolic acid, gallic Dept. of
speciosa Flower Trunk & Decoction Body aches, UTI antioxidant, antiviral acid, ellagic acid  Pharmaceu-
roots activity tical Chemistry,
Leaves & Mixing of extracts Overall health Vignan
bark Pharmacy
College,
India147,148 Chan
et al., 2018)

Malvaceae

Abelmoschus Okra/Lady’s Okra Fruits Decoction Stomach Cardio protective, renal Flavonoids, polysac- Durazzo et al.149
esculentus (L.) fingers Leaves Decoction ache LBM protective, neuro charides, vitamins
Moench. protective, anticancer,
analgesic, anti ulcer, anti
bacterial, anti fatigue

Bidens pilosa L. Beggar- Vis: Tuway-tuway Roots Decoction High fever, over fatigue, Anti microbial, cytotoxic, Phenolic compounds Singh et al.150
ticks/Spanish Subanen: Tulay- physical relapse antioxidant
needle tulay

Camptostemon - Gapas-gapas Leaves Decoction Diabetes -

philippinense
(Vidal) Becc.

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Ceiba pentandra (L.) Kapok Tausug: Kapuk Bark Infusion Fever Analgesic, anti microbial, Flavonoids, Osuntokun et
Gaertn. Yakan: Kayo Leaves Decoction Arthritis, hyper tension diuretic, aphrodisiac isoflavones al.151
Leaves Pound 7 leaves and apply Inflammation
on the inflamed area.

Corchorus olitorius Jute mallow Saluyot Leaves Get the leaves and dry Hyper tension Anticancer, antioxidant, anti Polyphenol, butanol Hasan and
it. After drying, pour inflamma-tory, analgesic, extract, ethyl Kadhim152
hot water to the dried antipyretic, anti microbial acetate, coumaric
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

leaves like a tea acid, ferulic, vanillic,

Leaves Decoction Hyper tension, diabetes hydroxyl-benzoic,
Leaves Cooking Fever vanillic acids

Hibiscus rosa- Gumamela/ Gumamela Flower Extraction through Headache, boils, swelling and Anti bacterial, antioxidant, Flavonoids, pro Singh et al.153
sinensis Hibiscus pounding (Apply as coughs, wounds antipyretic anthocya-nidins
poultice)

Pachira aquatica Malabar Money tree plant Leaves Decoction “Pasmo” –(only to seeds)
chestnut

Pterocymbium Taloto Subanen: Thelloto Trunk Poultice (Scrape the Fresh wound –
tinctorium Merr. trunk thrice, put on
the wound and secure
with a bandage or
cloth)

Sida acuta Burm. f. Escobang haba/ Vis:Siligon Leaves Poultice Stomach ache Anti asthma, anti inflamma- Alkaloids and Karou et al.154
broom weed Subanen: Eskubang Roots Decoction Physical relapse tion, antiulcer steroidal
mayawis compounds

Theobroma cacao L. Cacao Cacao Leaves Poultice Boils Anti inflamma-tory, Secondary Baharum et al.155
Young Crushed and applied Inflammation anticancer metabolites
fruit directly

Meliaceae

Lansium Lansones Yakan: Bulahan Fruit peels Decoction UTI Anticancer, cytotoxic, Secondary metabo- Chiang Mai
domesticum Subanen: Buwahan Bark Decoction Malaria apoptotic lites University,
Correa Trunk Infusion (Scrape the Hyper tension Chiang Mai,
trunk 3x and put ¾ Thailand156
glass water and let it
stay for half an hour.
Drink 3x a day with or
without meal. Do this
as needed.)

Sandoricum koetjape Santol Vis:Santol Bark & Decoction Diarrhea, washing genitals Anti inflamma-tion Limonoids Pancharoen et
(Burm.f.) Merr. Tausug: Santul leaves during post-partum care al.157
42

Fruit peels Decoction LBM

Leaves Decoction Swelling
Swietenia Mahogany Tausug: Mahugani Seeds Decoction & taken orally Cough, stomach ache Anti microbial, anti Limonoids and its University of
macrophylla King inflamma-tory, derivatives Malaya, Kuala
43

antioxidant, anti Lumpur

mutagenic, anticancer, Malaysia158
antitumor, antidiabetic

Menispermaceae

Tinospora rumphii Makabuhay/ Bajau: Pitawali Stem/ Decoction Birth control, hepatitis, –
Boerl Heavenly elixir Yakan: Pait-pait Vines diabetes, fever, “bughat”,
Vis: Panyawan “pasmo” malaria,
Subanen: Patawali cough, prostate cancer,
tuberculosis
Get the extract then Arthritis, skin allergies, hyper
mix it with candle tension, stroke
wax to make it like
an ointment, then
massage the body
using it.
Decoction LBM, diabetes
Pounding Stomach ache, headache,
dog bites
Poultice Eczema

Tiliacora tiandra Yanang Tausug: Jannang Roots Decoction Mouth ulcer, fever Antioxidant Carotenoid, phenolic Ubon Ratchathani
compounds University,
Thailand159

Moraceae

Artocarpus Jackfruit Nangka Leaves Decoction Hyper acidity, asthma Anti Flavonoids Universiti
heterophyllus Lam. Leaves Poultice Sore Inflamma-tory Teknologi
Bark Sap extraction Wounds Malaysia,
Malaysia160

Ficus elastica Roxb. – Balite na dako Leaves, Poultice, decoction Cough, rashes, cancer Antitumor, antioxidant, Flavonoids Hawary et al.161
ex Hornem. Yakan: Goma roots cytotoxic

Ficus benjamina L. Balete/weeping Balite na gamay Roots Poultice/pounding/ Broken bones Anti microbial, antioxidant Phenolic compounds Imran et al.162
fig Subanen: Nunok crushing/pulveri-zing

Ficus heteropoda Miq – Subanen: Thetanek Trunk Infusion (Scrape the trunk Tubercu-losis –
many times and put in
a glass of water. Take
the infusion regularly.)
Infusion (Soak small Antibiotic after bleeding
slices in a glass of
water for several
minutes. Drink only
once.)

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Ficus pumila L. – Balite na sanga Roots Decoction Impotence, menstrual - (leaves only)
disorders

Ficus septica Burm.f. Hauili Lagnob Leaves Decoction Physical relapse, stroke Cytotoxic, analgesic Secondary De La Salle
metabolites University163

Ficus sp. – Subanen: Menaol Leaves Poultice Mild fractures, flatulence –

Moringaceae
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Moringa oleifera Lam. Malunggay/ Vis: Kamung-gay Leaves Pounding/crushing/ Lumps, bruises, contusion, Anti inflammation, cytotoxic Vitamins, phenolic Vergara-Jimenez
Horse raddish pulveri-zing when antifungal acids, flavonoids, et al.164
Leaves dried Wound isothio cyanates,
Leaves Fever, hyper tension, arthritis, tannins, saponins
hyper choleste-rolemia,
diabetes, cancer
Bark Dog bites, wounds
Fruits Diabetes
Seeds Headache, toothache

Muntingiaceae

Muntingia calabura L. Aratiles/Cherry Datiles Leaves Decoction Bleeding, kidney infection, Cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti Flavonoids, phenolic De La Salle
tree Subanen: ulcer, myoma, UTI, hyper inflamma-tory, antipyretic compounds University,
Mansanitas tension tuberculosis Philippines
Fruits Direct Eating Diabetes (Ragasa et
al.165)

Musaceae

Musa spp. Saging/Banana Saging Leaves Chewing, poultice Open wounds –(only to flowers, peels, and trunk)
Tausug: Saying

Musa acuminata Banana Saying Sap, bract Extraction Fever –

Musa sapientum Saging/Banana Saging Young Wrap around the child’s High grade fever in children –(only to flowers, peels & trunk)
leaves body. Change when
dry.

Musa sapientum L. Latundan/ Subanen: Solibadyu Fruit Eat including the fiber Heart failure –
var. cinerea (Blco.) Banana Leaves Pound plenty leaves and Shingles
Teod. apply on the affected
part often.

Musa textilis Nee Abaka/Manila Abaka Trunk Watery sap extraction Wounds –
hemp Stem Heat a small portion of Paralysis
the stem and roll over
on the paralyzed part.
44
Myrtaceae
45

Psidium guajava L. Bayabas/Guava Bayabas Leaves Pound and apply directly, Wounds, Rashes, toothache Anti diarrheal, antiseptic, Alkaloids, flavonoids, University of
decoction anti spasmodic, glycosides, Granada,
Leaves Prepared as quid through Induce proper digestion antioxidant, anti microbial, saponins and Spain166
oral mastication anti inflamma-tory tannins
Leaves Decoction & direct Diarrhea, post-partum care,
drinking LBM, fever, cough, rashes
Fruits Direct eating LBM

Syzygium cumini (L.) Indian berries Lomboy Young Direct eating Type II Diabetes Diastatic conversion of Antho cyanins, Ayyanar &
Skeels leaves starch into sugar glucoside, alkaloid, Subash-Babu167
Seeds Decoction Gastro enteritis jambosine,
glycoside, jambolin,
antimellin

Syzgium malaccense Makopa/Malay Subanen: Tual Trunk Wash the inner part and Cough Antioxidant  Phenolics, antho Nunes et al.168
(L.) apple eat until needed. cyanins  (cyanidin
Chew a ortion of the 3-glucoside)
inner part of the trunk.
Swallow the juice.

Ochnaceae

Ochna serrulata Mickey mouse Tausug: Santing Leaves Decoction Physical relapse Anti microbial Biflavonoid Dongguk
bush  University,
Korea169

Oleaceae

Jasminum sambac L. Sampaguita/ Sampaguita Stem Decoction Birth control Anti inflamma-tory, Secondary Jaya Prakkash et
Arabian anticancer, antioxidant, metabolites al.170
jasmine antidiabeticanti microbial

Oxalidaceae

Averrhoa bilimbi L. Kamias/ Iba Fruits Decoction Arthritis Anti microbial Aliphatic acids, oxalic Alhassan and
Cucumber Vis: Balimbing Fruits Direct eating/Juice Chronic headache, fever, acid, vitamin C  Ahmed171
tree extraction cough, gastro enteritis

Biophytum - Subanen: Guyeng- Leaves Spread and mix leaves Ritual on planting and Anti ulcer, anti bacterial, Secondary Bharati and
sensitivum (L.) DC ham with the seedlings prior harvesting rice antioxidant antitumor, metabolites Sahu172
to planting. antipyretic, immuno-
Spread the leaves all over modulatoryantidiabetic
the field and crops
prior to harvest.

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Pandanaceae

Pandanus Pandan Pandan Leaves Decoction can be used Rheuma-tism, hyper tension, Anti inflamma-tory, Panda marine B Cheng173
amaryllifolus Tausug: Pangdan and for bath pain reliever antioxidant and pandalizine C
magih roots and D

Pandanus sp. Fragrant screw Romlon Leaves Decoction Fever Anti oxidant Phenolic content Jimtaisong and
pine Krisdaphong174
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

Pedaliaceae

Sesamum indicum L. Linga/Sesame Bajau: Lunga Seeds Extraction and applied as Skin itch, wounds Anti-oxidant, chelating Proteins (lysine, Miraj and Kiani175
poultice capacity tryptophan &
methionine)

Phyllanthaceae

Phyllanthus niruri L. Sampa- Sambag-sambag Leaves Extraction Burns –

sampalukan/ Subanen: Tulog- Roots Decoction High fever
Gale of the tulog
wind

Piperaceae

Piper aduncum L. Spiked pepper Subanen: Thalon- Roots Decoction(Boil 3 pieces Toothache Anti microbial Essential oils Monzote et al.176
thalon of 7 inches roots with
enough water. Gargle
some and drink the
remaining
Young Pound and squeeze the Fresh wound
leaves juice on the wound
only once.

Piper betle L. (Syn. Betel Buyo Leaves Chewing Dental caries Anticancer, Alkaloids, tannins,  Dwivedi and
with Piper betel Yakan: Tekkey Leaves Poultice “Panuhot” Anti bacterial steroids, chavibetol, Tripathi177
Blanco) Subanen: Thalon Leaves Extraction and mix “Binat”, cancer chavicol
with rubbing alcohol,
applied directly

Piper interruptum - Subanen: Thalon Leaves Pound leaves, mix with Ringworm Emollient, anti rheumatic, Alkaloids Gutiérrez et al.178
gekbek lime powder and apply diuretic, stimulant, anti
on the affected area inflamma-tory, anti
often. bacterial, antifungal

Peperomia pellucida Ulasimang bato Chav: Alumbre Leaves Extraction & direct Wound dressing, headache, Anti microbial, antioxidant, Alkaloids, flavonoids, Raghavendra &
Vis: Sinaw-sinaw applica-tion toothache anti inflamma-tory, saponins, Prashith179
Tausug: Lansang- analgesic terpenoids, steroids
46

lansang and glycosides

Poaceae
47

Bambusa bambos Kauayan-tinik/ Chav:Kania Leaves Burn the leaves and the Scabies Anti Alkaloids, steroids, Thapa et al.180
(L.) Voss. Spiny Bamboo ashes will be applied Inflamma-tory, anti tannins, glycosides,
on the affected area microbial flavonoids
as poultice

Cymbopogon citratus Lemon grass Chav: Tanglad Stem and Decoction Nausea, hyper-tension; sore Anti inflamma-tory, Essential oil MSU-IIT181–184
Bajau: Saiy leaves throat anticancer, anti bacterial, components
Tausug: Sai analgesic activity
Yakan: Saley
Subanen: Thenlad

Cynodon dactylon - Bermuda Whole Decoction Hair fall, kidney stones -

plant

Eleusine indica (L.) Paragis/Goose Bila-bila Leaves/ Decoction Myoma, cysts, cancer, fever Antibiotic and anticancer Saponins, cyanogenic Al-Zubairi et al.185
Gaertn grass Subanen: Roots glycosides,
Sulapid/Shelapid unsaturated
lactones, glucosino
lates

Imperata cylindrica Cogon grass Kugon Roots Decoction Nosebleed –

(L.) Raeusch. Subanen: Gegi

Saccharum Sugarcane Tubo Stem Roasted and eaten Cough Anti inflamma-tory, Fatty acid, alcohol, Taylor186
officinarum L. Subanen: Thebu analgesic, antihyper phytosterol,
glycemic, diuretic, and higher terpenoids,
hepato protective flavonoids,
glycosides, phenolic
acids

Saccharium Tubo/Sugar cane Subanen: Thebu Stem Eat the stem/fruit often. Hepatitis Antioxidant activity, Various fatty acid, Singh et al.187
violaceium Tussac menubo cholesterol-lowering alcohol, phytosterol,
properties higher terpenoids,
flavonoids, -O-
and -C-glycosides,
phenolic acids

Zea mays Mais/Corn Mais Fruit Direct Cooking Diabetes Hypo glycemic, antioxidant Phenolic content Fabila-Garca et
grains (TPC), antho al.188
cyanins

Polypodiaceae

Asplenium sp. Bird’s nest fern Kabkabon Frond Infusion/Decoction Labor pains, “bughat” Anticancer, antioxidant, anti Flavonoids Jarial et al.189
extract (physical relapse) microbial

Rubiaceae

Coffea arabica L. Coffee Kape Seeds Decoctionpounding Lung cancer Anti microbial, antioxidant Chloro-genic acid and University of
caffeine Phayao, Phayao,
Thailand190
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

(Continued)
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Morinda citrifolia L. Apatot/Noni fruit Bajau: Bangkoro Leaves, Decoction Fractures, cancer –
fruit

Psychotria velutina - Subanen: Dlebalud Trunk Decoction (Scrape the Hemor-rhage –

Elmer inner part and boil
with water. Drink until
the bleeding stops.
Roots Wash a small root and eat. Hemor-rhage
Repeat the procedure
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

until the bleeding stops.

Rutaceae

Citrofortunella Calamansi Kalamansi Leaves Decoction Diabetes Anti microbial, antioxidant Flavonoid, vitamin C De La Salle
microcarpa Fruits Juice extraction of fruit Lowers blood cholesterol, University191
and mix with warm cough
water

Citrus maxima Pomelo Boongon Leaves Decoction Gas pain, “panuhot” Anti-dermato-phytic and Essential oils Vijaylakshmi&
(Burm.) Merr. fungicidal activity Radha192

Citrus limon (L.) Lemon Lemon Fruits Infusion, Extraction Cancer, bacterial infections, Anti oxidant, anti microbial Essential oils Hojjati &
Osbeck cough (limonene, geranial, Barzegar193
and neral)

Citrus microcarpa Calamansi Kalamansi Fruits Juice extraction Cough Anti oxidant, anti microbial Flavonoid, vitamin C De La Salle
Bunge University191

Sapotaceae

Chrysophyllum Star apple Caimito Leaves Decoction Diabetes, excessive bleeding, Anti oxidant, anti inflamma- Poly phenolic anti Lou et al.194
cainito L. LBM tory, hypo tensive, anti oxidants, quercetin,
microbial myricitrin

Synsepalum Miracle fruit Magic fruit Fruit Direct eating Kidney diseases Anti oxidant, glucosidase Acarbose, MFP-S, Jian et al.195
dulcificum inhibition MFP-L, poly
saccharides

Schizaeaeceae

Lygodium sp. – Subanen: Nitoan Roots Wash roots and eat “Pagan” –
miha regularly

Selaginella delicatula – Subanen: Leaves Heat enough leaves until Severe wound on the breast, –
(Desv. ex. Poir.) Dendunay burnt. Apply powder shingles
around the wound.

Simaroubaceae

Eurycoma longifolia Tongkat Yakan: Tungkat ali Leaves Decoction Headache Ergogenic effect Alkaloids Universiti Sains
48

ali/Longjack Malaysia196
Smilaceae
49

Smilax bracteata Sarsaparilla vine Subanen: Banag Roots Decoction(Boil with “Pagan” –
Presl. enough roots and drink
often)

Solanaceae

Capsicum annuum L. Sili Sili Fruits Pounding Toothache Anti oxidant, analgesic Capsai-cin, carote- Anand and Bley197
noids lutein,
ascorbic acid

Capsicum frutescens Sili/Red pepper Sili Leaves Steam Fever Analgesic, antioxidant Lutein, ascorbic Anand and Bley197
L. acid, capsaicin,
carotenoids

Datura metel L. Katsu- Subanen: Ginte- Seeds Heat the seeds in a pot Toothache -
bong/Thorn long covered with coconut
apple shell with a hole. Sip
the fume through a
straw and spit on a
paper afterwards

Lycopersicon Kamatis/Tomato Kamatis Leaves Direct Chewing Cough Anti oxidative, anti prolifera- Flavonoids Chaudhary et
esculentum Mill. tive, anticancer, anti al.198
inflamma-tory

Solanum melongena Talong/ Chav: Patong- Entire Infusion Pain reliever, muscle relaxer, Anti inflamma-tory, Alkaloids, solanine Department of
Nightshade patong plant cough antioxidant Physiology and
Pharma-cology,
Rome, Italy199
(Di Sotto et al.,
2018)

Solanum nigrum Black nightshade Tausug: Antutu- Whole Infusion of the whole Fever Anti oxidant, anti inflamma- Glyco-alkaloids Jain et al.200
ngaw plant young plant tory, antipyretic agent, (solamar gine,
anti tumorigenic solasonine,
solanine)

Tiliaceae

Triumfetta bartramia – Subanen: Dalupang Flower Crushed and applied Furuncle –

L. directly

Urticaceae (3)

Leucosyke capitellata – Subanen: Stem Eat a small portion until Cough –

(Poir) Wedd. Glombilan/Alagasi needed

Pipturus asper Dalunot Subanen: Handala- Leaves Poultice Allergy –

may

(Continued)
Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants
Table 1. (Continued)

Family/Scientific Common Plant Literature review Research done

name (Incl. name(local + part by Institution
Author) English) Indigenous name used Mode of preparation Folkloric use Bio-activities Active isolates (References)

Urtica dioica Stinging nettle Alingatong Leaves Decoction For some cancer ailments, Anti-oxidant, anti microbial, Essential amino Adhikari et al.201
and “hilo” anti inflamma-tory, acids, fatty
roots antiviral, antiulcer acids, carotenes,
terpenoids,
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos

poly phenolic
compounds

Verbenaceae

Lantana camara L. Koronitas/Stink Vis:Warak/Baho- Leaves Decoction LBM Anticancer Essential oils Zandi-Sohani et
grass baho al.202
Subanen: Kanding-
kanding

Stachytarpheta Kandila- Yakan: Bilu-bilu Leaves Decoction Breast cyst Anti microbial, antifungal  Verbas-coside Liew and Yong203
jamaicensis (L.) kandilaan/Blue Subanen: Dlompe-
Vahl porter weed reng

Vitaceae

Tetrastigma Ayo/Alupidan Subanen: Taparak Bark, sap Pound, poultice Wound Rheuma-tism, hepatitis Alkaloids, phyto Krishna et al.204
hemsleyanum steroids

Zingiberaceae

Costus speciosus (J. Spiral ginger Subanen: Tiwasi Leaves Decoction(Boil 2 glasses Cough, diabetes –
Koenig) Sm. of leaves with ample
water. Drink often.)

Curcuma longa L. Turmeric Dulaw Rhi-zomes Decoction Myoma, hepatitis, physical Anti-oxidant, anti-ulcer Alkaloids, terpenoids, Department of
Subanen: Dluya Use the infusion as relapse curcumi-noids Medicine, The
Thembaga eyedrops Sore eyes, stye University of
Arizona, Tucson,
AZ205

Kaempferia galanga Gisol/Resurrec- Subanen: Gisol Rhi-zomes Poultice Deeply punctured –

L. tion lily

Zingeber officinale Ginger Luy-a Rhi-zomes Decoction Sore throat, headaches, colds, Anti oxidant, anti inflamma- Phenolic compounds Mao et al.206
Roscoe Subanen: Tawasi nausea, emesis tory, anti microbial, (gingerols and
anticancer, antiemetic shogaols), terpenes,
activities
50
 51 Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

Figure 2  Graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the species and families of medicinal plants
utilized based on ethnobotanical studies.

Figure 3  Graphical variations among the different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the species and families of medicinal plants
utilized based on systematic reviews.

is followed by V. negundo (Family Lamiaceae) and P. guajava species and families of medicinal plants utilized based on
(Family Mrytaceae). On the other hand, Annona muricata ethnobotanical studies and systematic reviews, respectively.
(guyabano) of the Family Annonaceae, is the most frequently
utilized plant in treating diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. In terms of the ethnobotanical practices, the Visayans of Ipil
and Siay, Zamboanga Sibugay, comprised the highest number
The leaf part is the most frequently utilized plant part in
of utilized medicinal plants (50) from 32 families being.
a decoction process since they are easily collected and
According to De Guzman et al.,31 Visayans are resourceful
stored.31Leaves are also the sites of production and storehouse
enough to utilize plants as alternative medicine (commonly
of many chemical compounds (tannins, alkaloids and
called “Binisayang tambal”). B. tambal practice serves as the
flavonoids) generating important phytochemicals for effective
local primary health care, especially in rural areas and patients
healing ability .39 In terms of the mode of preparation, the
claimed that it is effective. In terms of systematic reviews,
decoction is the most common process in preparing herbal
the Subanens of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, comprised
medicines. This preparation involves the boiling of the plant
the highest number of medicinal plant species (89) from 41
materials for an extended period, so the hard material of the
families. Bellen,207 in their study wrote that “they regard that
plants will soften and release its active components.207
the knowledge on the use of plants for medicines are bestowed
Figures 2 and 3 show the graphical variations among the through a dream and the practice of utilizing these medicinal
different ethnolinguistic groups per area in terms of the plants are passed on throughout generations.”
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 52

Table 2  Variations in terms of locally termed diseases and associated rituals among the different ethnolinguistic groups. [AQ2]

Ethnolinguistic groups
Locally termed Total per locally-
diseases termed disease 1 2* 3 4 5 6 7 8* 9 10 11* 12# 13# 14 # 15 #

1. Bughat 9 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √

2. Butod sa tiyan 2 √ √

3. Kabuhi 1 √

4. Hilo 2 √ √

5. Panuhot 5 √ √ √ √ √

6. Pasmo 6 √ √ √ √ √ √

7. Piang 2 √ √

Total per tribe 3 1 3 2 1 1 – 3 – 5 3 – 1 1 3

Legend: 1 – Chavacanos of ZC 8 – Visayans of Ipil & Siay, Zambo. Sibugay
2 – Bajaus of ZC 9 – Subanens of Titay & Diplahan, Zambo. Sibugay
3 – Visayans of Dapitan City 10 – Subanens of Margosatubig, Zambo. Sur
4 – Visayans of Dipolog City 11 – Subanons of Sibuco, Zamboanga del Norte
5 – Tausugs of Isabela City, Basilan 12 – Subanens of Dumingag, ZDS39
6 – Yakans of Isabela City, Basilan 13 – Subanens of Lapuyan, Zambo. Sur 40
7 – Sama of Isabela City, Basilan 14 – Traditional practitioners of RM41
15 – Tribal healers of Pagadian City, ZDS30
* With unique traditional ritual related to folkloric medicinal use.
#
Based on systematic reviews.
√ Observed in the tribe

Literature reviews from the different published research reveal from physical relapse feels weak, very tired, and sometimes
important bioactivities and bioisolates of the medicinal plants has flu-like symptoms. According to Millondaga,208 “bughat” is
utilized. Among all ethnolinguistic groups, the following 52 often perceived as a natural reaction of women to pregnancy
medicinal plants need further investigations for their active and childbirth in some rural areas of the Philippines. However,
bioisolates and bioactivities: P. aquatica, O. cochenillifera, the word "relapse," refers to the state of deterioration of health
T. rumphii, M. citrifolia, kayumanis and kambal-simangko, C. utan, after recovery.31
S. trifasciata, Artemisia sp., I. cylindrica, C. philippinse, Ficus sp., F.
pumila, M. acuminata bract, S. astylosa bark, F. latifolia, H. rubescens, BUTOD SA TIYAN (GAS PAIN DUE TO
O. diversifolium, Calamus sp., Radermachera sp., B. cernua, A. ABDOMINAL DISTENTION)
rhomboidea, Lilium sp., P. tinctorium, F. heteropoda, M. textilis,
Symptoms include bloating and irritable bowel syndrome.
M. sapientum, M. sapientum L. var. cinerea, P. velutina, Lycodium
The pathophysiology of bloating and abdominal distention
sp., S. delicatula, S. bracteata, D. metel, S. tarpheta jamaicensis,
is complicated and incompletely understood.209On the other
C. speciosus, K. galanga, C. elata, A. philippinensis, M. floribunchus,
hand, butod sa tiyan caused by “impasto” (indigestion) may
P. ninuri, H. colorata, E. ambionensis, H. vulgaris, Sansevieria spp., P.
lead to infantile colic. According to Sung,210infantile colic refers
spicatus, J. podagrica, M. floribunda, D. capitatum, A. ascalohicum,
to excessive crying of unknown causes in infants.
C. dactylon, T. bertramia, and L. capitellata.

While all the ethnolinguistic groups utilized medicinal plants KABUHI

to cure common respiratory diseases to critical diseases, they
This is an indescribable feeling in the epigastric region of the
also have unique traditional practices in treating locally termed
abdomen. The symptoms include rapid palpitation that causes
conditions. Table 2 shows the variations in terms of the seven
dizziness and cold sweats. The remedy according to folkloric
locally termed conditions and associated rituals among the
treatment, is to apply pressure at the point of origin. There are
different ethnolinguistic groups.
many other treatments from different regions of the Philippines,
Among the locally termed diseases of the different but historically they just apply pressure on the gastric area and
ethnolinguistic groups, “bughat” occupies the topmost (9), wrap the waist with a piece of cloth, making it like a belt.
followed by “pasmo” (6), and “panuhot” (5). The Subanens
of Margostubig exhibits the highest of these locally termed HILO
diseases, five of which are: bughat, kabag, panuhot, pasmo,
The Visayans of Dapitan and Subanen believed in “hilo.”
and piang that lack scientific support yet. Many locals believe
According to Elago et al.,23 some folks died or were sick
in these even today. In the preceding discussions, these are
because of saled (hilo). Feelings of physical malaise,
described based on literature reviews:
indescribable overfatigue, with untreated cough are often
experienced by folks diagnosed with hilo. Saled or poison is
BUGHAT (PHYSICAL RELAPSE)
a practice to make someone ill or die. This is still in practice,
This condition is usually experienced by women who perform by the all the folks. In an interview with a “timuay,” the
heavy physical activity post pregnancy. The woman suffering transmission of “hilo” can either be accidental or intentional.
 53 Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

Table 3  Factors influencing the health-seeking behavior of the key

informants to ethnobotanical practices (N=330).

Factors Total Percentage (%)

Effectiveness of treatment based on 330 100

personal experience

Testimony from other users (pass on) 228 69.09

Availability/accessibility 313 94.85

Figure 4  (a) Medicinal plant (gua) used to fight against hilo. (b)The Affordability 36 10.91
lana made by a balian (traditional healer).
Nil side effects 18 5.45

Accidental is through food while intentional is done by an

expert “manghiloay.” 211
Only a manghihilot (masseur) can treat this condition;
midwives or physicians are not capable of managing “piang.”
They conspire because they are jealous of somebody’s growth,
“Piang” as a significant cause of cough is widespread in many
or do not want others to be ahead of them in terms of wealth,
areas of the Philippines.213
wisdom, or even in physical appearance. Saled is also a way of
defending oneself from enemies or possible allies and is not All the locally termed diseases among different ethnic groups
advisable as it is dangerous. are diagnosed based on their local traditional healers, which
can be influenced by the individual’s health-seeking behavior
Figure 4 shows the medicinal plant used to fight against “hilo”
and the healer choices. Table 3 shows the factors influencing
and the “lana” made by a “balian” (traditional healer).
the health-seeking behavior of the key informants to
The medicinal plant known as “gua” is used by the Subanon to ethnobotanical practices.
fight hilo. Their root parts are directly chewed as medicine. The
The outcomes of Table 3 show that all the respondents (100 %)
individual attacked by a “manghiloay,” will feel the following
revealed that the effectiveness of the treatment based on their
symptoms: sore throat, cough, muscle pain, vomiting, fatigue,
personal experiences influenced their health-seeking behavior
fever, and the indescribable feeling of malaise. Chewing this
to ethnobotanical practices. Effectiveness refers to the extent
medicinal root will counteract the effect of hilo. If the individual
to which specific treatments can relieve or cure certain
feels a bitter taste, this confirms the attack by hilo and vice versa.
ailments. This is followed by the availability/accessibility of the
In a similar manner, the “lana”, made by a balian can cure medicinal plants within the locality (94.85%). This is attested
“hilo” and is considered as a “sulukupan” (multi-purpose by the defined field sampling conducted. A fact sheet of the
medicinal plant). This comprises the roots of 3 medicinal plants WHO (dated December 2015) stated that one of the topmost
that are under molecular analyses for their identification. This reasons why 80% of the population in some Asian and
root mixture is infused with coconut oil and applied on the African countries depends on traditional medicine is because
head or any areas that need treatment or a teaspoonful of it of the easy availability of medicinal plants and geographical
can also be orally taken. The folks caution that a not properly constraints versus health care facilities.
stored mixture can be ineffective.
Some folkloric groups perform rituals before the use of the
medicinal plant for enhanced effective disease treatment.
PANUHOT
According to them a ritual is a communicative means for uniting
“Panuhot” is another illness reported by the Visayans, which spiritual and material, scientific and special, daily expectations,
occurs when wind enters the body’s nerves and tissues, causing past and present, and other principle structures contributing to
pain and swelling in areas where they have consolidated.211 the development of an individual’s life.214 Only few studies are
reported with rituals because of the challenges encountered to
PASMO sustain these practices.215The present study has documented
the rituals performed by the three ethnolinguistic tribes (the
“Pasmo” occurs when a person is over working beyond his
Subanon of Zamboanga del Norte, Bajau of Zamboanga City,
physical capacities without adequate rest. The symptoms
and Visayan of Ipil, Zamboanga Sibugay) with photo and video
are body malaise, muscle jerking, and spasms evident on the
evidences.
extremities, accompanied by headache and dizziness.212
Subanon (same with Subanen but different pronunciation) is
PIANG one of the tribal groups in Mindanao, the Philippines, which
performs various rituals,218 their traditional folkloric healing
“Piang” is a sprain or dislocation of nerves or tissues, affecting
knowledge in the Zamboanga Peninsula area is minimal. The
any part of the body brought about by a fall or mishandling of
challenges encountered to sustain these practices include the
the child. 211 These result in cough mainly when they affect the
barrier in transmitting this tradition to the next generation.
chest, back, or underarm.
The link https://youtu.be/WO2OQ62tGIw documents the video
The folk etiology also reports that, cold wind can enter the performed by the “balian” of Subanon in Sibuco, Zamboanga
“piang” site causing the cough termed “gipanuhot ang piang.” del Norte, with medicinal plant usage. Imbing220mentioned
Gabrinez Madjos and Piocnacia Ramos 54

In the study of Mabini et al.215 the “balian” usually uses the

eggs in identifying the disease by performing “Tigi-tigi” in
treating or healing such diseases. In this process, the egg are
placed for few minutes on the particular r part of the person’s
body that has the illness, ache, or discomfort. The white egg
is a primary ingredient in performing different rituals since it is
believed to attract spirits.

In the Subanen tribe of Lapuyan, Zamboanga del Sur, some

medicinal plants such as E. indica (paragis), Lygodium sp., and
S. bracteata (banag) are used for “pagan” meaning folkloric
use. This is a religious belief that in the goddesses of the sea/
god of the land.

Unique to the Visayans is the practice of “toob” especially

during fever which utilizes smoke from certain medicinal plants
and that are inhaled by the patient in a closed compartment
Figure 5  Rituals performed by a “balian” of Subanon in Sibuco, .31 In the study of Bucol,216 “toob” is practiced by folk healers
Zamboanga del Norte. or herbolarios in Siquijor Island in Central Philippines for curing
toothache. Mansueto et al.,212 showed that the management
of certain diseases through “toob.” Here a heated pot was
this ritual as “Gbeklug Mangenawa” which is performed for placed under the chair and the person sits down covered with
healing of the ill. blanket including the head. Later, the pot would be slowly
opened. The person uncovers his/her head from time to time
Informed consent was obtained from the “Timuay” or tribal
during the treatment process. However, the practice of “toob”
chieftain to document it, and was approved by the “Gulang
in treating diseases are not yet scientifically explored.31 Figure 6
gokum” (highest among chieftain among the seven rivers
shows the ritual done by a Visayan herbolario (faith healer).
based on political subdivision/eldest timuay). The NCIP was
also informed before publishing the evidence. Figure 5 shows Figure 7 shows the materials used during the healing ritual with
the rituals performed by a balian of Subanon in Sibuco, medicinal plants among the Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau Village,
Zamboanga del Norte, while Table 4 summarizes the materials Maasin, Zamboanga City. Here, medicinal plants with liniment
used in the traditional healing ritual of the Subanon of Sibuco are applied to a patient’s body. On the other hand, the use
and its symbolism. of kamangyan (incense) and a musical instrument made of
goat’s skin were utilized by the Bajaus during the healing ritual.
Balians are the only ones who can perform the tribal ritual. They
are also believed to be the one who can see and communicate In summary, ethnolinguistic groups of the country play an
with supernatural entities or creatures, both good and evil.29 essential role because they possess broad knowledge of their
The ritual is usally performed on a full moon day because it localities.217Exploring and documenting their knowledge and
enhances their abilities to see and communicate with the practices on ethnobotany may enlighten other people about
supernatural entities. their way of life and their customary beliefs or culture on

Table 4  Materials used in the traditional healing ritual of the Subanon of Sibuco and its symbolism.

Material
(native term) English term Symbolism

Itlog bisaya Native white egg To attract spirits and serves as viand for the spirits. They are placed on top of a large leaf.

Bugas Rice This serves as the food to the spirits/gods/goddesses; A fistful of it is also placed on top of the
leaf with the native egg.

Kamangyan Incense Used to call the attention of the spirits and transmit their messages to them; are lighted
during the actual offering of prayers.

Sinsilyo Coins To return the favor asked, it should be hard as old coins; A cupful of coins is placed below the
leaf as seen in Figure 5.

Tabako Tobacco To attract mercy and to strengthen the effect of herbal practice; they are placed on the sides
of the rice and native egg.

Sulunsang (kahoy na -– To provide a venue for praying which should be facing in the East direction (sun rises). In their
ibugsok sa silangan) tradition and belief, this direction is the creator. It is made up of 4 poles strategically placed.

Kilala plant – To recognize good spirits; a type of plant with leaves (Fig. 5 right image).

Puti nga tela White cloth To attract good spirits as they only recognize cleanliness.
 55 Ethnobotany, Systematic Review and Field Mapping on Folkloric Medicinal Plants

Almost all ethnic tribes utilized one or more of the 10 DOH-

approved medicinal plants, with B. balsamifera (sambong) as
the most frequently utilized herbal plant (100%) in treating
common diseases such as cough and colds. Leaves are the
topmost utilized plant parts through the process of decoction.
Physical relapse (bughat) is the commonly cited illness among
the locally termed diseases of the different ethnolinguistic
groups. Having documented some tribal rituals related
to ethnobotanical practices preserves intangible cultural
heritage. Field samplings attested the availability of medicinal
plants as the second topmost health-seeking behavior of the
key informants to ethnobotanical practices.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The researchers are grateful for the funding assistance of
Western Mindanao State University through the Research
Development and Evaluation Center (RDEC) under the office
Figure 6  Ritual performed by a Visayan herbolario (faith healer).
of the Vice President for RESEL (Research, Extension Services
and External Linkages). The authors also extend their gratitude
to the National Research Council of the Philippines for the
publication fee assistance through its Research Dissemination
in Local and International Platforms (RDLIP) program.

FUNDING
This research was supported by the Research Development and
Evaluation Center of the Western Mindanao State University,
Zamboanga City, Mindanao, Philippines.

Figure 7  Materials utilized during the ethnobotanical healing ritual CONFLICT OF INTEREST
among the Bajaus of Ayuda Bajau Village, Maasin, Zamboanga City.
The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest.

folkloric medicinal plants. As supported by Elmedulan Jr.,218

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