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Enterprise Networking,  /  Single-Area OSPFv2 Concepts /  Module Practice and Quiz

Security, and Automation

Single-Area OSPFv2
Module Practice and Quiz
1 
Concepts

1.4.1
1.0 Introduction 

1.1
OSPF Features and

What did I learn in this module? 
Characteristics

1.2 OSPF Packets 

OSPF Features and Characteristics

1.3 OSPF Operation  Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) is a link-state routing protocol that was developed as an alternative
for the distance vector Routing Information Protocol (RIP). OSPF has significant advantages over RIP
in that it offers faster convergence and scales to much larger network implementations. OSPF is a
1.4 Module Practice and Quiz  link-state routing protocol that uses the concept of areas for scalability. A link is an interface on a
router. A link is also a network segment that connects two routers, or a stub network such as an
1.4.1 What did I learn in this module? Ethernet LAN that is connected to a single router. All link-state information includes the network
prefix, prefix length, and cost. All routing protocols use routing protocol messages to exchange route
Module Quiz - Single-Area information. The messages help build data structures, which are then processed using a routing
1.4.2
OSPFv2 Concepts algorithm. Routers running OSPF exchange messages to convey routing information using five types
of packets: the Hello packet, the database description packet, the link-state request packet, the link-
state update packet, and the link-state acknowledgment packet. OSPF messages are used to create
Single-Area OSPFv2 and maintain three OSPF databases: the adjacency database creates the neighbor table, the link-
2 
Configuration state database (LSDB) creates the topology table, and the forwarding database creates the routing
table. The router builds the topology table using results of calculations based on the Dijkstra SPF
(shortest-path first) algorithm. The SPF algorithm is based on the cumulative cost to reach a
3 Network Security Concepts  destination. In OSPF, cost is used to determine the best path to the destination. To maintain routing
information, OSPF routers complete a generic link-state routing process to reach a state of
convergence:
4 ACL Concepts 
1. Establish Neighbor Adjacencies
2. Exchange Link-State Advertisements
3. Build the Link State Database
5 ACLs for IPv4 Configuration 
4. Execute the SPF Algorithm
5. Choose the Best Route

6 NAT for IPv4  With single-area OSPF any number can be used for the area, best practice is to use area 0. Single-
area OSPF is useful in smaller networks with few routers. With multiarea OSPF, one large routing
domain can be divided into smaller areas, to support hierarchical routing. Routing still occurs between
7 WAN Concepts  the areas (interarea routing), while many of the processor intensive routing operations, such as
recalculating the database, are kept within an area. OSPFv3 is the OSPFv2 equivalent for exchanging
IPv6 prefixes. Recall that in IPv6, the network address is referred to as the prefix and the subnet mask
8 is called the prefix-length.
VPN and IPsec Concepts 

OSPF Packets

9 QoS Concepts  OSPF uses the following link-state packets (LSPs) to establish and maintain neighbor adjacencies and
exchange routing updates: 1 Hello, 2 DBD, 3 LSR, 4 LSU, and 5 LSAck. LSUs are also used to forward
OSPF routing updates, such as link changes. Hello packets are used to:
10 Network Management 
Discover OSPF neighbors and establish neighbor adjacencies.
Advertise parameters on which two routers must agree to become neighbors.
11 Elect the Designated Router (DR) and Backup Designated Router (BDR) on multiaccess networks
Network Design 
like Ethernet. Point-to-point links do not require DR or BDR.

12 Some important fields in the Hello packet are type, router ID, area ID, network mask, hello interval,
Network Troubleshooting 
router priority, dead interval, DR, BDR and list of neighbors.

OSPF Operation
13 Network Virtualization 
When an OSPF router is initially connected to a network, it attempts to:

14 Network Automation  Create adjacencies with neighbors

Exchange routing information
 Calculate the best routes
Reach convergence

The states that OSPF progresses through to do this are down state, init state, two-way state, ExStart
state, Exchange state, loading state, and full state. When OSPF is enabled on an interface, the router
Enterprise Networking, must determine if there is another OSPF neighbor on the link by sending a Hello packet that contains
Security, and Automation its router ID out all OSPF-enabled interfaces. The Hello packet is sent to the reserved All OSPF
Routers IPv4 multicast address 224.0.0.5. Only OSPFv2 routers will process these packets. When a
neighboring OSPF-enabled router receives a Hello packet with a router ID that is not within its
neighbor list, the receiving router attempts to establish an adjacency with the initiating router. After
Single-Area OSPFv2
1  the Two-Way state, routers transition to database synchronization states, which is a three step
Concepts
process:

1.0 Introduction  1. Decide First Router

2. Exchange DBDs
OSPF Features and 3. Send an LSR
1.1
Characteristics 
Multiaccess networks can create two challenges for OSPF regarding the flooding of LSAs: the
creation of multiple adjacencies and extensive flooding of LSAs. A dramatic increase in the number of
1.2 OSPF Packets 
routers also dramatically increases the number of LSAs exchanged between the routers. This flooding
of LSAs significantly impact the operation of OSPF. If every router in a multiaccess network had to
1.3 OSPF Operation  flood and acknowledge all received LSAs to all other routers on that same multiaccess network, the
network traffic would become quite chaotic. This is why DR and BDR election is necessary. On
multiaccess networks, OSPF elects a DR to be the collection and distribution point for LSAs sent and
1.4 Module Practice and Quiz 
received. A BDR is also elected in case the DR fails.

1.4.1 What did I learn in this module?

Module Quiz - Single-Area

1.4.2
OSPFv2 Concepts 1.4.2

Single-Area OSPFv2 Module Quiz - Single-Area OSPFv2 

2 
Configuration
Concepts
3 Network Security Concepts  1. What is a function of OSPF hello packets?

to ensure database synchronization between routers

4 ACL Concepts 
to discover neighbors and build adjacencies between
them

5 ACLs for IPv4 Configuration  to request specific link-state records from neighbor
routers

to send specifically requested link-state records

6 NAT for IPv4 
2. Which OSPF packet contains the different types of link-state
advertisements?
7 WAN Concepts 
DBD

hello
8 VPN and IPsec Concepts 
LSR

LSU
9 QoS Concepts 
LSAck

3. Which three statements describe features of the OSPF

10 Network Management 
topology table? (Choose three.)

Its contents are the result of running the SPF algorithm.

11 Network Design 
 The table can be viewed via the show ip ospf database
command.

12 Network Troubleshooting   When converged, all routers in an area have identical

topology tables.

 It is a link-state database that represents the network

13 Network Virtualization  topology.

The topology table contains feasible successor routes.

14 Network Automation  After convergence, the table only contains the lowest
cost route entries for all known networks.
 4. What does an OSPF area contain?

routers whose SPF trees are identical

routers that share the same process ID

Enterprise Networking, routers that share the same router ID

Security, and Automation
routers that have the same link-state information in their
LSDBs

Single-Area OSPFv2 5. A router is participating in an OSPFv2 domain. What will

1 
Concepts always happen if the dead interval expires before the router
receives a hello packet from an adjacent DROTHER OSPF
1.0 Introduction  router?

OSPF Features and A new dead interval timer of 4 times the hello interval will
1.1
Characteristics  start.

SPF will run and determine which neighbor router is

1.2 OSPF Packets  "down".

OSPF will run a new DR/BDR election.

1.3 OSPF Operation  OSPF will remove that neighbor from the router link-state
database.
1.4 Module Practice and Quiz 
6. What is the order of packet types used by an OSPF router to
1.4.1 What did I learn in this module? establish convergence?

Module Quiz - Single-Area Hello, DBD, LSR, LSU, LSAck

1.4.2
OSPFv2 Concepts LSAck, Hello, DBD, LSU, LSR

LSU, LSAck, Hello, DBD, LSR

Single-Area OSPFv2
2  Hello, LSAck, LSU, LSR, DBD
Configuration

7. What is a feature of the OSPF routing protocol?​

3 Network Security Concepts 
It scales well in both small and large networks.

OSPF authentication is configured in the same way on

4 ACL Concepts  IPv4 and IPv6 networks.​

Routers can be grouped into autonomous systems to

support a hierarchical system.
5 ACLs for IPv4 Configuration 
The SPF algorithm chooses the best path based on 30-
second updates​.

6 NAT for IPv4 

8. What is used to create the OSPF neighbor table?

link-state database
7 WAN Concepts 
forwarding database

routing table
8 VPN and IPsec Concepts 
adjacency database

9 QoS Concepts  9. What is identical on all OSPF routers within a single area?

static routes

10 Network Management  neighbor table

routing table

11 link-state database
Network Design 

10. What function is performed by the OSPF designated router?

12 Network Troubleshooting 
redistribution of external routes into OSPF

dissemination of LSAs
13 Network Virtualization 
maintaining the link-state database

summarizing routes between areas

14 Network Automation 
 11. What are two reasons for creating an OSPF network with
multiple areas? (Choose two.)

to simplify configuration

Enterprise Networking,  to reduce SPF calculations

Security, and Automation to ensure that an area is used to connect the network to
the Internet

to provide areas in the network for routers that are not

Single-Area OSPFv2 running OSPF
1 
Concepts
 to reduce use of memory and processor resources

1.0 Introduction  12. At which OSPF state are neighbor routers converged and
able to exchange routing updates?
OSPF Features and
1.1
Characteristics 
Two-Way

Exchange
1.2 OSPF Packets 
Full

1.3 OSPF Operation  ExStart

13. The OSPF hello timer has been set to 15 seconds on a router

1.4 Module Practice and Quiz 
in a point-to-point network. By default, what is the dead
interval on this router?
1.4.1 What did I learn in this module?
30 seconds
Module Quiz - Single-Area
1.4.2 60 seconds
OSPFv2 Concepts
15 seconds

Single-Area OSPFv2 45 seconds

2 
Configuration
14. What happens immediately after two OSPF routers have
exchanged hello packets and have formed a neighbor
3 Network Security Concepts  adjacency?

They request more information about their databases.

4 ACL Concepts 
They exchange abbreviated lists of their LSDBs.

They exchange DBD packets in order to advertise

5 parameters such as hello and dead intervals.
ACLs for IPv4 Configuration 
They negotiate the election process if they are on a
multiaccess network.
6 NAT for IPv4 
15. Which statement is correct about multiarea OSPF?

7 WAN Concepts  OSPF multiarea increases the frequency of SPF

calculation.

Arranging routers into areas partitions a large

8 VPN and IPsec Concepts  autonomous system in order to lighten the load on
routers.
Check
OSPF can consolidate a fragmented OSPF area into one
9 QoS Concepts  large area.
Show Me
All routers are in one area called the backbone area (area
10 0).
Network Management  Reset

11 Network Design 

 OSPF Operation 
1.3 2.0
Introduction

12 Network Troubleshooting 

13 Network Virtualization 

14 Network Automation 