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INTRODUCTION TO 1

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY:
HYDROCARBONS (PART 1) ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Organic Molecules for BS Biology

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ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• is a compound made from
carbon atoms.
• has one or more C atoms.
• has many H atoms.
• may also contain O, S, N,
and halogens.

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REPRESENTATION OF CARBON REPRESENTATION OF CARBON
COMPOUNDS COMPOUNDS
• Hydrocarbons
• Organic compounds consisting of C and H only
• Carbon atoms cam only form up to 4 bonds only

Saturated hydrocarbon: all the bonds in the molecule are single bonds
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Identify each of the following as a formula Identify each of the following
of an organic or inorganic compound. For properties as more typical of an
an organic compound, indicate if organic or inorganic compound:
represented as molecular formula,
expanded, or condensed structural a. is soluble in water
formula:
EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
b. has a low boiling point

c. contains carbon and hydrogen

d. contains ionic bonds

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Match each of the following
physical and chemical properties
with ethane, C2H6, or sodium
bromide, NaBr:
a. boils at -89 0C
EXAMPLE 3
ALKANES
b. burns vigorously in air

c. is a solid at 250 °C

d. d. dissolves in water

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ALKANES
• A type of hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are connected
only by single bonds (saturated hydrocarbons)
• Named based on the number of carbons in a continuous
chain.
• Follows the rules set by the International Union for Pure
and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)

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SAMPLE
• Draw the expanded, condensed structural, and line-angle
formulas for pentane.

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• Write the IUPAC name for each of
CYCLOALKANES the following alkanes and
• Cycloalkanes – cyclic cycloalkanes:
and ring structures of
single-bonded
hydrocarbons EXAMPLE 4
• Naming: just add the
prefix cyclo

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Draw the condensed structural
formula for alkanes or the line angle
formula for cycloalkanes for each of
the following:
a. propane
EXAMPLE 5
ALKANES WITH SUBSTITUENTS
b. Hexane

c. heptane

d. cyclohexane

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ISOMERS SUBSTITUENT IN ALKANES
•have the same molecular • A carbon branch is called an alkyl group.
formula. • An alkane missing a hydrogen
•have different atom • Replace –ane with –yl
arrangements. • Cannot exist on its own – must be attached to a carbon
chain
•Example
• Halogen substituents – halo group
•of butane (C4H10) are a
• Fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo
straight chain and a
branched chain.

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NAMING ALKANES

4-bromo-2,4-dimethylhexane

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NAMING CYCLOALKANES WITH
NAMING ALKANES SUBSTITUENTS

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NAMING HALOALKANES DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS
Draw the condensed structural formula
for 3-bromo-1-chlorobutane.

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DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS
Draw the condensed structural formula Draw the condensed structural formula
for 3,5-dichloro-3-methylheptane for methylcyclobutane

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Indicate whether each of the
DRAWING ALKANES FROM FORMULAS following pairs represent structural
Draw the condensed structural formula isomers or the same molecule:
for chlorocyclopentane
EXAMPLE 6

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Write the IUPAC name for each of Draw the condensed structural
the following: formula for each of the following
alkanes:
a. 3,3-dimethylpentane
EXAMPLE 7 EXAMPLE 8
b. 2,3,5-trimethylhexane

c. 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyloctane

d. 1-bromo-2-chloroethane

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Draw the line-angle formula for
each of the following:
a. 3-methylheptane

EXAMPLE 9 b. 1-chloro-3-ethylcyclopentane
PROPERTIES OF ALKANES
c. Bromocyclobutane

d. 2,3-dichlorohexane

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SOME USES OF ALKANES MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
• Methane, ethane, propane, • ↑Molecular weight : ↑ melting point and ↑ boiling point
butane
• Gases at room temperature
• Used as heating fuels
• Pentane, hexane, heptane,
octane
• Gasoline components
• Organic solvent
• C-9 to C-17
• Kerosene, diesel, jet fuels
• C-18 up
• Waxy solid at room
temperature
• aka paraffin

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MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
• ↑degree of branching: ↓ melting point and ↓ boiling point

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COMBUSTION OF ALKANES SOLUBILITY AND DENSITY
• C-C bonds are hard to • Alkanes are nonpolar
break, making alkanes the molecules  insoluble in
least reactive class of water
organic compound • Most alkanes have densities
• However, alkanes burn lower than water.
readily in oxygen to
produce carbon dioxide,
water, and energy.

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In each of the following pairs of Heptane, used as a solvent for rubber
hydrocarbons, which one would you cement, has a density of 0.68 g/mL
expect to have the higher boiling and boils at 98 °C.
point? a. Draw the condensed structural and
a. pentane or heptane line-angle formulas for heptane.
EXAMPLE 10 EXAMPLE 11 b. Is heptane a solid, liquid, or gas at
room temperature?
b. propane or cyclopropane
c. Is heptane soluble in water?
d. Will heptane float on water or sink?
c. hexane or 2-methylpentane e. Write the balanced chemical
equation for the complete
combustion of heptane.

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Write the balanced chemical
equation for the complete
combustion of each of the following
compounds:
a. Ethane
EXAMPLE 12
b. Cyclopropane

c. 2,3-dimethylhexane

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