Appreciation of

Unit
Computing in Different
2 Fields
Lesson 1. Biology, Sociology, Environment, Gaming etc.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the unit, the students must have:

1. Identified the computing in different fields
2. Described the application of computing in different fields

INTRODUCTION
Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to Doctors, Students,
Teachers, and Government Organization they all use computers to perform specific tasks, for
entertainment or just to finish office work. Computers have made our life easier. With greater
precision and accuracy and less time taking computers can do a lot in short time while that
task can take a lot of time while doing manually. Computers have taken industries and
businesses to a whole new level. They are used at home for work and entertainment purposes,
at office, in hospitals, in government organizations. Here we are going to discuss some of the
uses of computers in various fields.

LEARNING CONTENT
The computer is the luminous invention of modern science and now it is a part of our daily
work. The importance/uses of computers in various fields are gradually increasing. The word
& logic of the computer is very old. If we go back about 50-years, there was no awareness of
the uses of computers, and none of us known about the computer and its role in our daily
work. But its importance and role are gradually increased. Difficult tasks have been done by
a computer. So, it turns into an essential tool for our work.

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Importance/Uses of Computer in Various Fields
COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY
Computational Biology is concerned with solutions to issues that have been raised by studies
in bioinformatics. In many cases, the phrases “bioinformatics” and “computational biology”
are used interchangeably, particularly in job descriptions or position titles. This is due, in part,
to the fact that the two fields have been around for only a few short decades.
Computational biology has been used to build highly-detailed models of the human brain, map
the human genome, and assist in modeling biological systems. Computational biology
researches, develops, and implements algorithms or tools that address biological questions,
concerns, or challenges that have been raised by bioinformatics analyses.
Computational biology, a branch of biology involving the application
of computers and computer science to the understanding and modeling of the structures and
processes of life. It entails the use of computational methods (e.g., algorithms) for the
representation and simulation of biological systems, as well as for the interpretation of
experimental data, often on a very large scale.
Bioinformatics is the process by which biological problems posed by the assessment or study
of bio data are interpreted and analyzed. Bioinformatics professionals develop algorithms,
programs, code, and analytic models to record and store data related to biology. This includes
the study of the human genome, biochemical proteins, pharmacological ingredients, metabolic
pathway readings, and much more. These sets of data form the basis of what is often seen
as the next step in the process: computational biology.
Initially, computational biology focused on the study of the sequence and structure of
biological molecules, often in an evolutionary context. Beginning in the 1990s, however, it
extended increasingly to the analysis of function. Functional prediction involves assessing the
sequence and structural similarity between an unknown and a known protein and analyzing
the proteins’ interactions with other molecules. Such analyses may be extensive, and thus
computational biology has become closely aligned with systems biology, which attempts to
analyze the workings of large interacting networks of biological components, especially
biological pathways.
Biochemical, regulatory, and genetic pathways are highly branched and interleaved, as well
as dynamic, calling for sophisticated computational tools for their modeling and analysis.
Moreover, modern technology platforms for the rapid, automated (high-throughput)
generation of biological data have allowed for an extension from traditional hypothesis-driven
experimentation to data-driven analysis, by which computational experiments can be
performed on genome-wide databases of unprecedented scale. As a result, many aspects of
the study of biology have become unthinkable without the power of computers and
the methodologies of computer science.
SOCIOLOGY
Most sociologists, both professionals and students, now have their own computer with direct
access to a printer for writing and to the Internet for electronic mail (e-mail). Beyond the basic
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tasks of writing and e-mailing are a variety of other computer-supported research applications,
both quantitative and qualitative. This article describes how sociologists and other social
scientists use these applications and what resources are available.
The data and modeling requirements of social research have united sociologists with
computers for over a hundred years. Only a decade later many social scientists were exploring
ways to use computers in their research. Not only were social scientists writing about how to
apply computers, they were designing and developing new software. Some of the most
popular statistical software packages, e.g., SPSS (Nie, Bent, and Hull 1975), were developed
by social scientists. Now, it is hard to find a sociologist’s office without at least one computer.
And in many countries most students in sociology have a computer for writing papers and
accessing online resources.
Sociology and the Web. The Internet may be one of the largest and probably the most
rapidly growing peaceful social movements in history. It is not just a technology, or a family
of technologies, but a rapidly evolving socio-cultural phenomena often called ”cyberspace” or
”cyberculture.” No matter how this phenomena is defined, it is changing the way sociologists
conduct their work.
The Internet and the Web are often described as a medium of communication because e-mail,
electronic conferencing, online chats (synchronous discussion), groupware, and data
exchange imply social interaction. Another major metaphor of the Web is that of a database
for information search and retrieval. However, new roles are emerging for the Web. For the
individual, the Web has become an important ”presentation of self,” an opportunity for
publishing personal and professional resumes and other such information. For the
organization, the Web has become an opportunity for advertising, recruiting, communicating
with the public, and conducting commerce itself. The rapid proliferation of personal Web sites
in the form of various home pages suggests that many now see the Web primarily as a medium
for personal and organizational impression management.
Publications on Sociological Computing. The primary source for articles on social science
computer applications is the Social Science Computer Review, a quarterly publication of Sage
Publications, Inc., Other relevant software reviews periodically appear in such journals as
Educational and Psychological Measurement, the Journal of Marketing Research, The
American Statistician, and Simulation and Games. In addition, JAI Press publishes an
occasional series volume on ”Computers and the Social Sciences.”
Writing and Publishing. Once equated with the secretarial pool, word processing now is an
activity of nearly every graduate student and professional in sociology. It consists not only of
writing but preparing tables, ”typesetting” mathematical equations, and resizing objects, such
as three-dimensional graphs embedded within text. Social researchers are using such
capabilities and moving rapidly toward workstation environments that obscure the transition
between data analysis and manuscript preparation (Steiger and Fouladi 1990). Not only do
researchers use their computers for writing papers, but word processing software plays a
central role in the refinement of data collection instruments, especially questionnaires and
codebooks, which allows for rapid production of alternative forms and multiple drafts.

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Communicating Electronically (E-mail, etc.)
While e-mail messages are generally written in plain text, ”attachments” to e-mail now make
it possible for formatted documents, even those including graphics and multimedia, to be
shared with others around the world in a matter of minutes. This remarkable technology
makes co-authoring, and other forms of collaboration, far more feasible due to reduced time
and cost.
As e-mail systems continue to expand, they offer social researchers new opportunities for
conducting studies using electronic networks. For instance, Gaiser (1997) explored issues of
running online focus groups. Online surveys have become quite common in various forms: e-
mail texts, email attachments, entry forms on the Web, and as programs in external storage
devices like diskettes and CD-ROMs. Sampling problems and low completion rates pose the
greatest challenges. Ongoing methodological investigations will be necessary to determine the
implications of this new mode of research.
Statistics. Hundreds of computer programs and articles have been written to address the
needs of statistical computing in social research. Prior to the 1980s, all statistical work was
performed on large or medium-size, mainframe computers. But advances in both hardware
and software for microcomputers now make it possible to conduct the statistical data analysis
of most small or moderate-size research studies on microcomputers. A large share of ongoing
social data analysis, like analysis of massive census files, would never get done without
computer technology. For example, one use of LISREL, a computer procedure which analyzes
linear structural relationships by the method of maximum likelihood, would consume weeks
or months without a computer.
Accessing, Retrieving and Managing Data.
While years ago students and researchers had to use a library or similar institution to gain
access to bibliographic data files, now such services are available from one’s desktop using
the Web or external storage units such as CD-ROM or DVD-ROM. Large bibliographic
databases including Sociological Abstracts and Psychological Abstracts are available in these
forms, as is a vast amount of data in the form of statistical tables and maps. Now that devices
for ”writing” onto CD-ROMs have become inexpensive, it is expected that data from even small
research projects will be disseminated in this medium. One major development is interactive
access to data by means of the Web. A variety of models are used for interactive access to
both preformatted text files and precoded data files.
Qualitative Computing. Computer-based content analysis began with Stone (1966) and
associates, and now plays an important role in the social sciences (Weber 1984; Kelle 1995).
This type of computing became much more common as researchers combined content
analysis with other tasks associated with qualitative analysis. Several general-purpose
programs for qualitative analysis have been widely distributed (Tesch 1989; Fielding and Lee
1991). These tools make the analysis of large amounts of text more accurate and efficient,
and potentially direct the focus of attention to analytic procedures.

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Simulating and Modeling. Early in the history of sociological computing, Coleman (1962)
and McPhee and Glaser (1962) designed computer simulation models and showed how they
could be used to identify elusive implications of different theoretical assumptions. Other social
scientists followed in their footsteps but the excitement of the pioneers was lost and few
simulations and formal computer models were developed in the 1970s. With the emergence
of artificial intelligence and other modeling methodologies, social researchers demonstrated
renewed interest in formal computer-supported models of social processes (cf. Feinberg and
Johnson 1995; Hanneman 1988; Markovsky, Lovaglia, and Thye 1997). New computer
simulations for social policy analysis as well as pedagogy or instruction have emerged as well
(Brent and Anderson 1990, pp. 188-210). Neural networks combined with other techniques of
artificial intelligence and expert systems have excited a number of social scientists (Garson
1990). Neural nets organize computer memory in ways that model human brain cells and their
ability to process many things in parallel. Systems that use neural nets are especially good
when pattern matching is required, however, the computations require high-performance
computers.
Computer-Assisted Data Collection. CATI (Computer-Assisted Telephone Interviewing) is
a computing system with online questionnaires or entry screens for telephone interviewers. It
has become very common in sociological research, although its impact is not fully understood
(Groves et al. 1988). It is used on free-standing PCs, networked PCs, or larger computers.
These systems generally, but not always, have the following characteristics: centralized
facilities for monitoring individual interviewer stations, instantaneous edit-checks with
feedback for invalid responses, and automatic branching to different questions depending
upon the respondents’ answers. Other major forms of computer-supported data collection
include (1) CAPI (Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing), the acronym used in survey
research to refer to face-to-face interviewing assisted with a laptop or hand-held computing
device; (2) Computerized Self-Administered Questionnaires (CSAQ), online programs designed
for direct input from respondents; and (3) data-entry programs to facilitate the entry of data
collected manually at a prior time.
Visualization and Graphics. Many social researchers have come to rely on computer
graphic systems to produce maps, charts summarizing statistical data, network diagrams, and
to retrieve data from GIS (Geographic Information Systems) databases. GIS data contain
coordinates to associate a specific spatial point or area with any attribute, e.g., social density,
associated with that point or collection of points. Because of the complexities of these data
structures, the integration of these techniques onto sociologists’ desktops has been slow.
Another constraint is the paucity of techniques for analyzing such data. Work such as that of
Cleveland (1993) for analyzing and visualizing data graphically may increase the utilization of
such data by sociologists. In addition, techniques for storing and delivering interactive audio
and video by means of the Web may stimulate sociologists to investigate multimedia data
containing sounds and moving images.
Teaching and Learning. During the 1970s long before the microcomputer, a small group of
social science instructors began to explore how to utilize computer technology in teaching
(Bailey 1978). Now it has become quite common, and several sociologically-oriented
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instructional packages are widely used. The most popular have been Chipendale, designed by
James Davis (1990), and MicroCase, developed by Roberts and Stark (cf. Roberts and Corbett
1996). These two packages have served as the basis for the exercises contained in at least a
dozen published textbooks and workbooks. A variety of instructional approaches and software
tools are described regularly in Teaching Sociology and the Social Science Computer Review.
GAMING
Sales from the global gaming industry reached over $125 billion in 2018. We look at how
gaming has developed, and the influence technology has on our gaming needs, wants and
preferences, specifically in the board and video game sector.
Playing a game can be defined as an activity that someone engages in for amusement. We
play games because it’s fun; it increases brain function, practices cognitive skills and releases
serotonin, the happy chemical. As technology has advanced, the thrill and allure of playing
games has only increased, with more visual stimulus, creativity, and satisfaction.
Timeline of Gaming as an Industry
[3500 BC] Board games were played in most cultures and societies throughout history. The
first game was discovered in Predynastic and First Dynasty burials of Egypt.2
[17th Century] Games were played such as draughts and card games, although the Pilgrims
and Puritans of New England frowned upon it.
[1843] A shift from agrarian to urban living focused more on leisure time, and the earliest
board game published in the US, ‘The Mansion of Happiness’ was based upon Christian
Morality.
[19th Century] Board games were commercially produced and advancements in paper and
print making, especially chromolithography, enabled rich colored images for vibrant card and
board games.
[1902] Monopoly3, known as ‘The Landlord’s Game’, was designed by American Elizabeth
Magie. The board game industry continues to grow exponentially from this point onwards.
[1937] The first electronical digital computer was built4, paving the way for more technological
advancements in gaming. In 1950 computer scientists began designing simple games as part
of their research.
[1970] The first video game5, ‘Computer Space’ by Nutting Associated was introduced. In
1972, Ping was released. Coin operated arcade-style games grew in popularity.
[1975] Computer based games such as ‘The Dungeon’ to ‘Avatar’ in 1979 allowed multiple
players to join forces and battle monsters together.
[1976 to 1982] Video games were well established in arcades and second-generation consoles
are released; ‘Intellivision’ a console system was introduced for home playing in 1979. In 1982
US video game sales had already reached $2.1 billion, demonstrating the potential of the
industry.

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[1980s] Home computers appeared with built in games and floppy disks enabled games to be
portable. New software and technology were built into home computers to enable better game
playing. As the internet become more available, dial up bulletin board systems were used for
online game playing. Handheld LCD games, especially Nintendo, spurred dozens of other
portable games. Board game manufacturers developed their board game creations into video
and computer editions.
[1990s] Arcade gaming declined, and computer games boomed with better graphics,
multimedia abilities including sound cards and CD-ROMS. Fourth and fifth general consoles
were released.
[1997-2000] Mobile phones are released, and Nokia installs Snake on their phones. As
innovations on consoles, PCs and mobiles are released, the market grows for all types of
gaming. Board game sales continued to rise until 19996> despite predictions of a falling
market due to the video game industry.
[2000-2011] Mobile gaming technology booms with the introduction of mobile game apps,
and as a result board game sales fall. In 2011 physical and digital online games, including
those on mobiles and through social media are worth $5.9 billion vs $2.03 billion on video
game consoles and PC software7, despite the launch of sixth and seventh generation consoles.
[2012-2016] VR becomes a popular topic (despite initial developments in VR starting in the
1950s!8) and develops rapidly due to advancements in computer, graphics, video and camera
technology.
How Have Mobiles & Apps Changed the Face of Gaming?
From 2016 to now, the global mobile app gaming market grew more than any other gaming
type with an expected value of $72.3 billion in 20201. Mobiles and tablets have influenced the
structure of many industries, from retail to hospitality, and gaming technology is no different.
50% of gaming will be conducted on mobile and tablet devices1, but with so many people
able to play from the comfort of their own home, how do businesses provide such a core, and
profitable, form of entertainment?

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ENVIRONMENT

Among the modern technologies, Information Technology has changed the human lifestyle.
Development of sophisticated instruments like computers, satellites, telecommunication
instruments etc have resulted in total revolution in almost all spheres of life.
The important role of information technology in environment and human health are as
follows:

REMOTE SENSING

Remote sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) has proved to be very effective
tool in environment management. Now, the ongoing changes in the environment can be
assessed easily through satellites by remote sensing techniques. The occurrence of a
number of natural calamities like droughts, floods, volcanic eruptions etc., can also be
predicted well in advance.

Such assessments help the environmentalists and planners to take ameliorative measure
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to minimize the effects of these extreme natural events. The Ministry of Environment and
Forests, Government of India has created an information system called Environmental
Information System (ENVIS) with its headquarters in Delhi. It provides a network database
in environmental issues like pollution control, renewable energy, desertification,
biodiversity etc.

DATABASE

Database is the collection of inter- related data on various subjects in computerized form
which can be retrieved whenever required. Now the data regarding birth and death rates,
immunization and sanitation programs can be maintained more accurately than before
in computers at health centers. Database is also available about the diseases like malaria,
fluorosis, AIDS etc. The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India has
taken up the task of compiling a database on various environmental issues like wildlife,
forests cover, wasteland etc.

3. HUMAN HEALTH

Information technology also plays a key role in human health. It helps the doctors to
monitor the health of people of that area. The information regarding outbreak of epidemic
diseases from remote areas can be sent more quickly to the district administration to take
corrective measures. Now, patients can seek help of a super specialist doctor placed at
far off
distance. Many hospitals now, take on-line help of experts to provide better
treatment and services to their patients. This has become possible only because of
advancement of IT in the recent times.
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 4. ONLINE INFORMATION

It provides vast quantum of information on different subjects including human health and
environment.

Remote Sensing Technologies

The traditional techniques focused on mapping and aerial photography.

Prior to the introduction of computers, aerial photographs were acquired, processed, and
interpreted manually and/or by mechanical devices. Application of maps and aerial
photography has been a valuable tool for environmental conservation. The introduction
and proliferation of computers in the Field of remote sensing, in addition to satellites, has
changed the way data is acquired, processed, and analysed.

The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) as a tool in environmental conservation

is increasing. Geographic Information Systems are systems where geographic data
describing features on the earth's surface are managed, displayed, manipulated, and
analysed. Digital remote sensing and the use of GIS make it possible to rapidly collect and
analyse spatial data, yielding a powerful set of tools for the analysis of the source, extent,
and transport of various types of contamination.

The ability to analyse complex, spatial data makes GIS technology interesting to a growing
number of users within the environmental sciences community.
Applications include environmental monitoring and analysis, modeling nonpoint runoff,
landscape ecology, flood control modeling, enforcement actions, and emergency response
support.

Using GIS, a scientist is able to present a complete picture of a site location, tiering maps
of streams, geopolitical boundaries, transportation routes, topography, and examine the
spatial relationships between them. In addition, GIS display tools allow these relationships
to be communicated to others in a meaningful way.
Some other remote sensing technologies include:

Satellites
It obtains and uses high-resolution satellite data (e.g. Ikonos, Quickbird, Spot) to generate
terrain models, make classifications, generate orthophotos or carry out photogrammetric
measurements.

HRSC
It uses high-resolution stereo cameras, like the HRSC-A system, to provide digital
orthophotos and multispectral data (RGB + IR) as well as digital height models (grid size=
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0.3m to 0.8m) in a short period of time. The resolution of this camera is 15cm in location
and height.

Radar
Weather-independent flights over regions and stretches of water with aeroplane-supported
Interferomatetric Satellite Aperture Radar (InSAR). The collection of data for processing
customer and project-specific tasks occurs in various polarisations and frequencies, e.g. in
the P, L, C and/or X bands. The microwaves in the P band frequency range penetrate the
vegetation, meaning the terrain surface (e.g. forest floor) is photographed.

Geophysics
Geophysics is the branch of science concerned with investigating the physical properties of
the earth. Geophysical engineering measuring methods use these properties and
parameters, e.g. the magnetic field, electrical field, field of gravity as well as geological
and morphological characteristics of the subsoil.

LIDAR
A particularly economical method for creating digital terrain models is use air- supported
laserscan technology (LIDAR).

EDUCATION
No country can make progress without technical education. The computer plays a vital role in
education. It is used in schools and colleges for teaching purposes. Students learn about
computer technology and get a qualified degree in computer technology. The Internet is a
popular network and students can make their research (a person’s activity based on
intellectual application in the study of the subject) in the selected subject. Students can utilize
internet services to learn more about their subjects and improve their vocabulary. They can
get better information from the internet about the selected topic and subject. Each system
can be improved by a computer, so the computer may consider as an essential part of
education. Now there are online academies who teach online. You can register online in these
academies as a teacher as well as a student. They also provide an online education degree to
the students.
ART
The uses of the computer are flexible and are not limited to the field of science and technology.
Art and gallery are also a part of education. The computer assists people to write books, draw
cartoons, compose songs, design graphical pictures, and create special effects in movies.
HEALTHCARE
Each country is responsible to procure advanced healthcare for the people. Providing good
healthcare is not possible without using a computer. The uses of computer in health have now
become necessary. The health department of each country is responsible to defend the people
from diseases. Therefore, updated reports are available online regarding hygienic, diseases,
medicines, and researches. People can get help from these updated reports publishing from
time to time.

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The most important of computer is to keep a record of blood groups of the persons and their
contact numbers on the computer. The internet is also playing a vital role in the health
department. We can send and receive patient reports in a short time. Storing of data is very
important in hospitality because the computer is used to keep the staff, patients, medicines,
and budget records.
A doctor diagnoses various types of hazardous diseases, e.g. heart diseases, eye and sight
defects, kidney stones, etc. with the help of special types of software and computerized
diagnostic tools such as ECG, Ultrasounds, MRI, and CT scan. Corrective solution and medicine
arrange for the patients accordingly. Doctors use the computer to keep the patient’s record,
e.g. symptom of the patients and their treatment record can help the doctor in research. A
gynecologist can trace the position and condition of the newborn child.
OFFICE
The office is a room or place where manage an organization or department works. Each and
every organization or department uses a computer in their office to managing the work, e.g.
type document, preparing of presentation, manages accounts matter, drawing maps, send
emails, and browsing. We take print of all mandatory letters and documents of the concerned
organization or department for keeping the official record. Earlier, this work was done by a
type machine, but now this job is done by the computer with a printer instead of a typewriter.
A computer makes easy our work in the office instead of a typing machine. It saves our time
because we can edit the files instead of retyping which has already been saved on our
computer hard drive.
Now it is the time of information technology. Anyone, who wants to do a job in the office. He
may familiar with a computer and its software. It allows us to quickly respond to the services.
Therefore, we may use an internet connection which plays a crucial role in this regard. Any
office can move and share their essential documents through email immediately without loss
of time. Any organization/company can launch its own website to release updates related to
their department, organization, business.
It is very important to keep information about employees in a computer in the organization.
Database software is used to make a complete database of the company. We can prepare any
type of report of the organization or company by analyzing this data.
BANKS
Banks deal with the customers for paying or depositing money. The computer plays a vital
role in the bank because each bank is working under a database network. In banks, this
database is stored on the computer server. It is possible with the computer to avoid account
from duplication and control the client’s record, e.g. depositing and withdrawal amount.
ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) is used in banks to withdrawal amount at any time. This all
could be controlled by the computer. This machine helped the clients and avoided them from
long queues. Internet banking provides an online facility for clients to get full information
about its account. A client can transfer the amount to another account and pay their bills
online. Customers can also check all transactions of the account.
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Bank cheques have special characters and numbers of magnetized ink reads by MICR and
data send to the computer. MICR checks the validity and accuracy of the cheques. CCT’s
cameras are installed in the bank, which captures and stores potages of the bank
circumstances. These cameras are controlled by the computer which helps security agencies
to identify criminal persons.
INDUSTRY
Industries are the main resource of the economy of the country. Enormous types of machinery
are used in the industry. These types of machinery are run and controlled by the computer.
It also sets objectives of monitoring and progress of the industry, e.g. business activities
related to productions, profit, and loss, etc.
All manufacturing processes can also be monitored and controlled by a computer, e.g.
computer shows and control temperatures of the manufacturing process. Some industries use
robots (a programmable machine that automatically handles hard tasks) where human access
is not possible. A computer is also used for the administrative purpose of the industry. Keeping
employee’s data, appointments, salaries, pensions, etc. all are prepared by a computer.
SIMULATION TRAINING
The computer can be used to train people such as Pilots. A working model of an aeroplane
cockpit is built with a large screen in front of it. On the screen, the computer shows a picture
that a pilot sees from a real cockpit. Simulation techniques are used to teach everything of
piloting, learn safety procedures in an oil company, bomb-making, temperature and pressure
constraints in natural gas pipelines, etc.
ENGINEERING
The importance of computer is very significant in each field of engineering, e.g. computer
engineering, civil engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, etc. Auto CAD
(automatic computer-aided design) is the computer software that is used by engineers,
designers, and architectures for designing vehicles, mapping of buildings, roads, bridges, and
industries, etc. Engineers draw the sketch of each point of the object. We can define a
complete sample of the object with the help of a 3D image with the help of Auto CAD. By
using this software you can better understand the project, data consistency, and make a
responsive edition.
STORE (MARKETS)
The store is the place where different types of items are lying for selling or buying. All the
data of the items are fed to the computer to show the economic status of the store. All
activities of the market are controlled by the computer that identified the current status of the
market.
Now the online business is growing. There are online stores available on the internet. We can
quote order for any product, and the company ships its products at the home address. Most
of the companies are selling their digital products online, e.g. computer software, video
tutorials, ebooks, etc. these companies are doing very successful business. It is the time of

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social media where we give advertisements regarding our online and offline business products.
The market is an organization or place where different types of goods, items are lying to sell
or buy it and the process is known as Marketing. Each product has its own UPC (Universal
Product Code) in the form of black and white strips. These bar codes are read by (BRC) Bar
Code Reader device and data is direct goes to the computer.
LAW
The uses of computer in the law chamber are very important for keeping the record of the
cases. Lawyers studies and take assistance from these cases which have been already
decided.
POLICE & TRAFFIC DEPARTMENT
The uses of computers in the police department are to catch criminals. For this purpose
computerized cameras and scanners are used to prevent any criminal activity. All the
information about the crime can be fed into the computer. Traffic lights are also controlled by
the computer which is “ON” “OFF” at regular intervals. The traffic department has also a
record of registered, non-registered, and stolen vehicles.
AIR SYSTEM
The Uses of Computer in the air system is very significant. It provides all of the information
about flights and seat reservations. For example time of arrival and departure, seat
information, cancellation of flight, atmospheric condition, etc. A computer is also used to
control space flight, its communication, and to keep a constant check on all the equipment.
When a fault occurs, the computer is used to find out the cause and eliminate the fault. The
computer also plays a great role in the launching of the satellite and controls all the systems.
COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING
Communication is the process through which we can exchange information from one computer
to another computer.
A computer is a good communicating and networking machine. All other communication
devices like, telephone, mobile, television, and radio are also controlled by the computer. Now
all information is exchanged through a computer. A computer can work as a telephone and
mobile and we can make and receive calls and messages through a computer.
The computer network is the group of computers and workstations connected together via
cable or wireless. A computer with an internet line connects us to a global network. Now it
became a need for everyone. All information is exchanged through this network.
HOME
The computer plays a very significant role in our home. We can do every work by computer
with an internet connection from home.
A student can make their research, reading books, viewing tutorials videos, etc. Students can
also prepare their own academic notes. Online dictionaries are also available and it is very
useful to increase vocabulary.

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Lecture Notes in CC 201 – Introduction to Computing
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We can run our own online business from home, e.g. blogging, freelancing, digital marketing,
and store, etc.
A computer is also a toy of entertainment and we can use a computer at home for playing
games, drawing pictures, playing music, viewing movies and dramas, etc.
ONLINE EARNING
Online earning has now become a trend where the computer takes place like a root tool. Most
businesses are now converting to online business. Computer Professional is earning hundreds
& thousand dollars online from blogging, freelancing, create tutorials, writing ebooks, etc.
ENTERTAINMENT
Computers are being used a lot for entertainment purposes because first its’ has many
entertaining features that television doesn’t have and the functions have been progressively
improving.
Entertainments like listening to music, watching series and movies, playing video games, etc.,
are extended by the computer. And one can enjoy this daily on the PC.
It made it possible for everyone to play desired games and consoles like PlayStation and X-
Box, as well as to interact with people within the game using the Internet. Moreover, one can
listen to the interview and podcasts of our inspirational people.
The animation movies of cartoons, high-quality graphics of video games, and music composing
are possible due to computer technology progress. It isn’t likely to entertain in this way without
a computer. VR (Virtual Reality) is the latest way of gaming with exceptional experience and
enjoyment.
There are many live events where extensive management handles the audiences and ensures
that everything is going well. In such scenarios, significant support is done by computers to
control or manage the lights and sound systems like speakers and mics. All this stuff can easily
adjust by computers.
GOVERNMENT
Computers in government offices speed up these tasks since most of them contain numerous
software programs, such as word processors, PPT, spreadsheets, and database management
programs.
Uses of computers are done in all the government departments in their daily work life for
different purposes like booking tickets in railway departments, registering cases in police
stations, controlling traffic signals, etc., to complete the tasks quickly and efficiently.
Government organizations rely on computer and Internet technologies to react to thousands
of requests from residents quickly. Computers and online systems allow different government
authorities to fulfill various requests from businesses and other organizations immediately.
State departments use computers to distribute salaries, grants, scholarships, medicare to the
respective citizens of the society.

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The government regularly hires computer administrators to keep various types of records.
Most of these records are kept in large databases, including a person’s gender, age, address,
UID, phone number, and other essential matters.
E-mail, messages, chat, computer portals for online service are just some of the technologies
that government areas have incorporated into their day-to-day lives.
DEFENSE & SECURITY
There are important uses of computers in the defense sector since the origin. But today, its
meaning has completely changed; the strength of defense has increased a lot. Large missiles,
nuclear weapons, satellites, UAVs, air-crafts, missiles can be controlled with just one command
through a computer.
Computers have also been used to find the exact location of the enemy, incoming missiles,
battle management systems, logistics, tank control, and target enemy forces.
The soldiers also use computers for secure communication, and thanks to this, the internet
started. But that is not the only utility of computers; for example, in aviation to manage
airplanes and make military strategies.
The increase in computer technology growth helps the country secure the people and property
of the nation more effectively against illegal activities and wars.
WEATHER FORECASTING
Before the arrival of computers, meteorologists compare each graph and past ones to track
changes. But with the approach of computer technology which performs millions of operations
per second with fast speed, everything has become much more effective.
The Meteorological department uses some supercomputers to forecast the weather conditions.
Such weather conditions forecasting helps to set up our daily routine in advance like what to
do, when to do it, where to work, etc.
It is even possible to predict for the upcoming weeks and months in advance, which was not
likely ever previously at the point when the primary meteorological satellites were launched.
The computer models used in forecasting depend essentially upon the kind of atmosphere
and climate conditions. Such weather forecasting benefits the agriculture department &
farmers plant the crops for harvesting according to the climate, which prevents them from
wastage of crops. Weather forecasting also helps businesses to prepare their strategies
diversely.However, sometimes the forecasting may not be accurate due to the unfortunate
changes in the climate. But still, analog and supercomputer technologies are in massive
development to accurate predictions for people’s welfare.
The above all are the important uses of computers in different areas of daily life. These
applications of computer technology are essential for the growth of people and the country.

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Lecture Notes in CC 201 – Introduction to Computing
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 LET’S
DO IT
Name: _____________________Course,Year, & Section:________Date Accomplished: ____

TASK 1. Group Presentation.

A. With your group mates, search the web and find out articles or cases about applications
of computing in the different fields: Biology, Sociology, Environment, Gaming, Others
B. Prepare a PowerPoint presentation about the topic that will be assigned in each group.
(Groupings and topics will be assigned in the FB group chat). Submit your group output in
our Google classroom.

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Lecture Notes in CC 201 – Introduction to Computing
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