Sample Class Paper with Non-Structured Abstract: Final

Liberty University

Master of Public Health

HLTH 501

Sample Paper for Regular Liberty University Class

Requiring Non-Structured Abstract: Final Draft

Claudia S. Sample

ID: L123456789

December 28, 2020

Words: 1658

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Sample Class Paper with Non-Structured Abstract: Final

Abstract
Provide a concise overview (with about 200-250 words), of the main points of your paper. You
may organize the abstract in a structured or unstructured format.1(p31-35) This sample paper
demonstrates a non-structured abstract, and is the format that will be used for most Liberty
University class papers. Be sure to summarize the objective, main points, and conclusion of your
paper in your non-structured abstract.

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Sample Class Paper with Non-Structured Abstract: Final

Introduction

The 11th edition of the AMA Manual of Style was released in 2020.1 Liberty University

provides its students with two distinct sample papers and templates: one set for class papers

using a non-structured abstract and one set for class papers using a structured abstract. Those

requiring a structured abstract include original research, synthesized reviews, and clinical

reviews. However, students should always confirm any formatting requirements for all

assignments through their instructions, rubric, and professor before using either university-

provided AMA template to ensure there are not specific expectations for a given assignment.

This sample paper follows the format for standard class papers using a non-structured format.

The introduction section:

[S]hould provide the context for the article and state any objective of the study, the
hypothesis or research question (purpose statement), how and why the hypothesis was
developed, and why it is important. It should demonstrate to the experts that the authors
know the subject and should fill in gaps for the novice. It should generally not exceed 2
or 3 paragraphs or 150 words.1(p38)

Note that in block quotes, as above, the quote is introduced in the structure of the sentence with a

colon, it is single-spaced and left-justified with the entire left margin indented ½”, and there is a

blank line before and after it. AMA itself does not specify the length requirement for block

quotes (ceding that decision to editorial judgment),1(p482) but Liberty University deems any direct

quote longer than four lines of text to warrant a block quote; these should be used very sparingly.

Per the AMA Manual, you will use Arabic numerals outside of periods and commas,1(64) but

inside of colons and semi-colons.

General Formatting

The AMA Manual likewise does not specify font size, line spacing, or margin

justification. However, section 2 of the AMA Manual,1 repeats the need for consistency, clarity,
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Sample Class Paper with Non-Structured Abstract: Final

and professional presentation in all forms of writing. Therefore, Liberty University has made the

determination to abide by the following guidelines in applying AMA in accordance with the

JAMA Health Forum,2 and those requirements are incorporated into all Liberty University

course papers: 12-point font (except for the title and level 1 headings, which are 14-point font),

double-spacing, left-justification with ragged right margin, using Times New Romans font for

the content in the body of the paper and Arial font for the title and headings. Students would not

ordinarily include the page numbers with the citation for each resource as is done heavily

throughout this sample paper; those are included herein solely to direct students to the relevant

sections of the AMA Manual since this is a sample paper for students learning to master that

format.

Students in the Public Health program of study at Liberty University work on a wide

variety project types, including white papers, infographics, community lay documents,

stakeholder reports, and all versions of dissemination science. As such, there is a fundamental

focus on simplicity in this sample paper. In all Liberty University Public Health class papers,

AMA formatting is the starting point. The default is, ask the professor. Individual class

assignment instructions and grading rubrics will contain all of the required elements; if in doubt,

students should ask their professor for clarification.

Citations

AMA specifies that there are three purposes to citations of resources: “documentation,

acknowledgement, and directing or linking the reader to additional resources.”1(p60) It also

stresses that authors “should always consult the primary source and should never cite a reference

that they themselves have not read.1(p60) Citations should be numbered consecutively with Arabic

numerals in the order in which they are cited in the text; each will have a corresponding

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numbered entry in the reference list beginning on the page after the conclusion section.1(p63)

Section 3.6 provides specific details regarding citation rules1; these are included in the AMA

Quick Guide.

Citations in AMA-11 are ordered consecutively in the order they appear in the body of the

text. They are presented as superscripted numbers (1) inserted at the end of the sentence, with a

corresponding numbered reference entry in the reference list at the end of the paper. Be sure to

use an endnote (not a footnote). Every time you refer to a resource, you would use the same

number for that resource, no matter how many times you cite that resource in that paper.

Some sentences may include multiple citations. In that case, separate the source numbers

by a comma with no spaces: like this.3,6 (which means you are citing both references #3 and #6

there). If you want to direct your reader to a specific page number in that resource, add that in

parentheses after the citation; also with no spaces: like this.4(p.12)

When mentioned in the text, only surnames of authors are used. For a 2-author reference,

list both surnames; for references with more than 2 authors or authors and a group, include the

first author’s surname followed by “et al,” “and coauthors,” or “and colleagues.”

 Doe7 reported on the survey.

 Doe and Roe8 reported on the survey.
 Doe et al9 reported on the survey.

Do not use the possessive form of et al (et al’s); rephrase the sentence. Instead of “Doe et

al’s9 data support our findings,” restructure the sentence to: “The data in the study by Doe et al9

support our findings.” Note that abbreviations including et al and eg do not have periods in the

AMA manual

Use Arabic superscript numerals outside periods and commas, inside colons and

semicolons. When more than 2 consecutive references are cited at a given place in the

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manuscript, use hyphens to join the first and last numbers of a closed series; use commas without

any space to separate other parts of a multiple citation:

 As reported previously, 1,3-8,19

 The derived data were as follows3,4:

Avoid placing a superscript reference citation immediately after a number to avoid

confusion between the superscript reference citation and an exponent. Instead, place the

superscript reference citation after a word in the sentence, or the closing punctuation. If you

wish to cite different page numbers from a single reference source at different places in the text,

the page numbers are included in the superscript citation and the source appears only once in the

list of references. Note that the superscript may include more than 1 page number, citation of

more than 1 reference, or both and that all spaces are closed up.1(p64)

 These patients showed no sign of protective sphincteric adduction. 3(p21),9

 Westman5(pp3,5),9 reported 8 cases in which vomiting occurred.

Headings

Be mindful that at this level of academic writing, you should be using headings to

structure your paper.1(p39) The title of your paper and Level 1 headings must be in bolded-Arial

14-point font. All other heading levels of Liberty University class papers will be bolded Arial 12-

point font; Level 3 headings are underlined and Level 4 headings are italicized. All headings are

left-justified. There is more spacing before a Level 1 heading and the content supporting each

falls in paragraph form under each heading:

Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

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Level 4

Tables and Figures

In academic papers and published articles, tables and figures are woven into the body of

the paper because AMA’s stated “purpose of a table is to present data or information and support

statements in the text.”1(p114) This sample paper only has one table; if a student’s paper more than

one, then those would be labeled consecutively: Table 1, Table 2, etc.

Table. Number of Presenting Cluster-B Personality Traits a

Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic

Pre-Treatment 12 7 3 6

Post-Treatment 4 2 4 2

Change -8 -5 +1 -4

Met diagnostic criteria for Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic

personality disorder
Pre-Treatment Yes Yes No Yes

Post-Treatment No No No No
a
Data adapted from C Owen.12

Reference Types and Formatting

Only materials that have already been published should be include in the reference list;

other materials, when mentioned, should be cited parenthetically in the text.1(p62) Note that when

citing a resource parenthetically, section 3.3 of the AMA-11 specifies that:

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 the author(s) may not be named,

 the title may not be given,
 the name of the journal is abbreviated only when enclosed in parentheses, and
 inclusive page numbers are given.1(p62)

The Bible can also be cited parenthetically—for example, Ephesians 6:19-20 (NASB)

calls believers to witness to others—though it is acceptable to include a citation number and

corresponding reference entry for it, too.1(pp93,459),3

Liberty University anticipates that its students will often cite one or more common types

of resources throughout the Public Health program, which will appear in a student’s reference

list after the conclusion section. These resource types include reports by the U.S. Centers for

Disease Control and Prevention,5 articles in American Journal of Public Health (APHE),6,7

reports by the World Health Organization,8 and even official governmental social media

content.9 In addition, Liberty University students may need to cite class lectures with a named

presenter,10 class lectures with no named presenter,11 class handouts,12 and even on rare

occasions as permitted, content from a student’s prior class paper.13 Those would be peppered

throughout the body of the paper as specifically related to the content stated in the student’s

sentences, with superscripted numeric citations (as the citations to the AMA Manual have been

throughout this sample paper).

Conclusion

Even in the final paper you should end with a strong conclusion. This sample paper will

review the use of resources and their importance. First and foremost, Liberty University class

papers in the Public Health program should use basic AMA formatting and follow the specific

requirements set forth in their assignment instructions as clarified by the professor. The most

fundamental formatting elements are contained within this sample paper (specifically, heading

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levels, superscripted endnote numbering in the body, and numbered entries following AMA-11

format in the reference list). Liberty University’s AMA Quick Guide includes a discussion and

summary of other AMA formatting elements that may be required by specific assignments.

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References

1. American Medical Association. AMA Manual of Style: A Guide for Authors and Editors. 11th
edition. JAMA Network; 2020.

2. JAMA Health Forum. Accessed November 14, 2020.

https://jamanetwork.com/channels/health-forum/pages/instructions-for-authors

3. Ephesians 6:19-20 (NASB).

5. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Licensure of a meningococcal conjugate
vaccine (Menveo) and guidance for use - Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices
(ACIP), 2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2010;59(9):273.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20224545/

6. Freudenberg N. Adverse effects of US jail and prison policies on the health and well-being of
women of color. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1895–1899.

7. Lightwood J, Bibbins-Domingo K, Coxson P, Wang YC, Williams L, Goldman L. Forecasting

the future economic burden of current adolescent overweight: an estimate of the coronary
heart disease policy model. Am J Public Health. 2009;99:2230–2237.
doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.152595

8. World Health Organization. Regulatory situation of herbal medicines: a worldwide review.

Accessed July 23, 2019. https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/63801

9. @HHSGov. Nearly 10.3 million people aged 12 years or older misused #opioids in 2018.
Opioid #addiction can happen to anyone. Learn how you can help reduce the risk of
addiction: bit.ly/2RTHLxK. September 23, 2020. Accessed September 24, 2020.
https://twitter.com/HHSGov/status/1308793298048495617

10. Owen C. COUC 815: PTSD from Early Childhood Trauma as a Precursor to Attachment
Issues [Class lecture]. Liberty University. Updated March 13, 2020. Accessed October 28,
2020. https://learn.liberty.edu/

11. Liberty University. NURS 515: Phenomenology of Isotopes [Class lecture]. Liberty
University. Updated May 16, 2020. Accessed August 18, 2020. https://learn.liberty.edu

12. COUC 815 – week 1: comparison of diagnostic criteria of PTSD and attachment disorders
[PDF class handout]. Liberty University. Updated March 18, 2020. Accessed October 30,
2020. https://learn.liberty.edu/

13. Owen C. Effect of reduced Cluster-B personality traits in adopted children on their parents’
levels of family satisfaction. Liberty University, COUC 815; 2020. Accessed August 30,
2020.

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Appendix

If used, content for your appendix would go here. If none is needed, omit this page.

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