lOMoARcPSD|8401346

Mechanics of Material Cheat Sheet (Autosaved)

기계요소설계 전선 인필 핵심 (인하대학교)

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Complete Mechanics of Material Formula 𝐿𝑓 − 𝐿0 𝜎𝑥2 𝜏𝑥′ 𝑦′ = 𝜏𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃

= (100) 𝑈0 =
Sheet (By KIM KINAL) 𝐿0 2𝐸 Angle of twist
Percent reduction in area Strain energy (for normal stress) Prismatic shafts
Equations of Equilibrium 𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓 𝜎𝑥2 𝑇𝐿
= (100) 𝑈=∫ 𝑑𝑉 𝜙=
Three-Dimensional Problems 𝐴0 2𝐸 𝐺𝐽
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0; ∑𝐹𝑧 = 0 Hooke’s law Strain energy (for shear stress) Multiple prismatic shaft
∑𝑀𝑥 = 0; ∑𝑀𝑦 = 0; ∑𝑀𝑧 = 0 𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾 2
𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑛
𝑇𝑖 𝐿𝑖
𝑈=∫ 𝑑𝑉 𝜙=∑
Two-Dimensional Problems Poisson’s ratio 2𝐺 𝐺𝑖 𝐽𝑖
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑𝐹𝑦 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑦 𝑖=1
𝜈=− =− Non-prismatic shafts
Alternative Sets: 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝜖𝑥 AXIAL LOADED MEMBERS 𝐿
∑𝐹𝑥 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐴 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0 Unit volume change (axial stress) 𝑇𝑥
Deformation of prismatic bar 𝜙=∫ 𝑑𝑥
or 1 − 2𝜈 𝑃𝐿 0 𝐺𝐽𝑥
𝑒 = (1 − 2𝜈)𝜖𝑥 = ( ) 𝜎𝑠 𝛿=
∑𝑀𝐴 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐵 = 0; ∑𝑀𝐶 = 0 𝐸 𝐴𝐸 Power
Hooke’s law (two dimensional stress) Multiple prismatic bar 2𝜋𝑛𝑇
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝑃= , (𝑛 = 𝑟𝑝𝑚)
𝜖𝑥 = − 𝜈
𝑛
𝑃𝑖 𝐿𝑖 60
CONCEPT OF STRESS 𝐸 𝐸 𝛿=∑ Torque
Normal stress 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝐴𝑖𝐸𝑖 159𝑃 9550𝑃
𝜖𝑦 = −𝜈 𝑖=1 𝑇= = , 𝑇 = 𝑁𝑚
𝑃 𝐸 𝐸
𝜎= 𝜏𝑥𝑦 Non-prismatic bar 𝑓 𝑛
𝐴 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝐿
𝑃𝑥 1050𝑃 63000𝑃
Bearing stress 𝐺 𝛿=∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑇= = , 𝑇 = 𝑙𝑏. 𝑖𝑛
Generalized Hooke’s law 𝐴𝑥 𝐸 𝑓 𝑛
𝑃 0
𝜎𝑏 = 1 Thermal strain
𝐴𝑝 𝜖𝑥 = [𝜎𝑥 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 )] Required shaft parameters
𝐸 𝜖𝑥 = 𝛼Δ𝑇
Shearing stress 1 𝐽 𝑇
𝑉 𝜖𝑦 = [𝜎𝑦 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑧 )] Thermal deformation =
𝜏𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝐸 𝛿𝑡 = 𝛼(Δ𝑇)𝐿 𝑐 𝜏𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝐴 1
Factor of safety 𝜖𝑧 = [𝜎𝑧 − 𝜈(𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 )] Normal and shearing stress
𝐸 𝜎𝑥′ = 𝜎𝑥 cos 2 𝜃 Maximum shearing stress
𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑇𝑐
𝑛𝑠 = 𝛾𝑥𝑦 = 𝜏𝑥′ 𝑦′ = 𝜎𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜏𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐾
𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐺 𝐽
Required cross-sectional area 𝜏𝑦𝑧 Maximum normal stress
𝛾𝑦𝑧 = 𝑃 Yield torque
𝑃 𝐺
𝐴= 𝜏𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐾 𝜋𝑐 3 𝐽
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝛾𝑥𝑧 = 𝐴 𝑇𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦 = 𝜏𝑦
𝐺 2 𝑐
Relation between elastic moduli TORSION Total torque
STRAIN AND MATERIAL PROPERTIES 𝐸 Shear strain 𝜋𝑐 3 𝜌03
𝐺= 𝜌𝜙 𝜌 𝑇= (4 − 3 ) 𝜏𝑦
Normal strain 3(1 − 2𝜈) 𝛾= = 𝛾𝑚𝑎𝑥 6 𝑐
𝛿 𝐿 𝑐
𝜖= Unit volume change (three-dimensional 4 1 𝜌03
𝐿 stress) Shear stress = 𝑇𝑦 (1 − 3 ) 𝑇𝑦
Shear strain 𝜌 3 4𝑐
𝜖 = 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 + 𝜖𝑧 𝜏= 𝜏
𝜋 𝑐 𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝛾 = − 𝜃′ 1 − 2𝜈
2 = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 ) Torsion formula Ultimate torque
Components of strain 𝐸 𝑇𝑐 2 4
Δ𝑢 Δ𝑣 Bulk modulus of elasticity 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑇𝑢 = 𝜋𝑐 3 𝜏𝑦 = 𝑇𝑦
𝜖𝑥 = 𝜖 = 𝐸 𝐽 3 3
Δ𝑥 𝑦 Δ𝑦 𝑘= 𝑇𝜌 Rectangular bars
Δ𝑢 Δ𝑢 3(1 − 2𝜈) 𝜏=
𝐽 Maximum shear stress
𝛾𝑥𝑦 = + ____________________________________
Δ𝑦 Δ𝑥 Equations of transformation for stress 𝑇
Strain energy density (for normal stress) 𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
Percent elongation 𝜎𝑥′ = 𝜏𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝛼𝑎𝑏 2

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Angle of twist 𝑀𝑦 𝑀𝑐 𝑀 𝑒 = 𝑟̅ − 𝑅 𝑝𝑟
𝜎𝑥 = − 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 𝜎𝑎 =
𝑇 𝐼 𝐼 𝑆 Normal stress 2𝑡
𝜙= Spherical vessels
𝛽𝛼 3 𝐺 Maximum bending stress at a notch 𝑀(𝑅 − 𝑟)
𝑀𝑐 𝜎= − Tangential stress
𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜎𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐾 ( ) 𝐴𝑒𝑟
𝐼 𝑝𝑟
SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS Combined normal stress 𝜎=
Shear formula 𝑃 𝑀(𝑅 − 𝑟) 2𝑡
Shear force and load relation
𝑉𝑄 𝜎= − Equation for transformation for strain
𝑑𝑉 𝜏𝑥𝑦 = 𝐴 𝐴𝑒𝑟 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
=𝑤 𝐼𝑏 𝜖𝑥 ′ = + cos 2𝜃 + sin 2𝜃
𝑑𝑥 2 2 2
𝐵 First moment of (shaded) cross- 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 𝛾𝑥𝑦
TRANSFORMATION OF STRESS AND 𝜖𝑦 ′ = − cos 2𝜃 − sin 2𝜃
𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 = ∫ 𝑤𝑑𝑥 sectional area 2 2 2
𝐴 STRAIN 𝛾𝑥′ 𝑦′ = −(𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝛾𝑥𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴&𝐵 𝑄 = 𝐴∗ 𝑦
Equations of transformation for stress Principal strains
Moment and shear force relation Shear flow 1 1
𝑞 = 𝑉𝑄/𝐼 𝜎𝑥 ′ = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) + (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃 𝜖𝑥 + 𝜖𝑦 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑀 2 2 𝜖1,2 = ± √( ) + ( ) = 𝜖1 − 𝜖2
=𝑉 Required section modulus 1 2 2 2
𝑑𝑥 𝜏𝑥 ′ 𝑦 ′ = − (𝜎𝑥 𝜎 ) sin 2𝜃 + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 cos 2𝜃
𝐵 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 2 𝑦 Planes of principal strains
𝑀𝐵 − 𝑀𝐴 = ∫ 𝑉𝑑𝑥 𝑆= 1 1 𝛾𝑥𝑦
𝐴
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝜎𝑦′ = (𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 ) − (𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 ) cos 2𝜃 − 𝜏𝑥𝑦 sin 2𝜃
2 2 tan 2𝜃𝑝 =
= 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴&𝐵 Combined normal stress 𝜖𝑥− 𝜖𝑦
Principal stresses
Macauley function 𝑀𝑧 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝑧 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2
Maximum shear strains
𝜎𝑥 = − + ± √( 2
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥,min = 𝜎1,2 =
2 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 = { 𝑛 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
(𝑥 − 𝑎) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 Equation of the neutral axis 𝛾max = ±2√( ) +( )
Planes of principal stresses 2 2
Step function 𝑀𝑦 𝐼𝑧 2𝜏𝑥𝑦
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 𝑦= tan 2𝜃𝑝 = Absolute maximum shear strain
〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉0 = { 𝑀𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
1 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 (𝛾max )𝑎 = 𝜖1 − 𝜖3
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 < 𝑎 Angle defining orientation of the Average normal stress
〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉1 = { Radius of Mohr’s circle of strain
𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≥ 𝑎 neutral axis 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑎𝑣𝑔 = 𝜎 ′ =
Rule of integration 𝐼𝑧 2 𝜖𝑥 − 𝜖𝑦 2 𝛾𝑥𝑦 2
〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛+1 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜙 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 Maximum shear stresses 𝑅 = √( ) +( )
𝑛
∫ 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≥ 0 𝐼𝑦 2 2
𝑛+1
Inelastic bending 𝜎𝑥 −𝜎𝑦 2 𝜎1 −𝜎2
Singularity functions 𝜏max = ±√( 2 =
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 ____________________________________________________
2 2
Applied force Yield moment
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎 𝐼 1 Planes of maximum shear stresses COMBINNED LOADINGS AND FAILURE
1 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦
𝑤(𝑥) = 𝑃〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉 = { 𝑀𝑦 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑆𝜎𝑦 = 𝑏ℎ2 𝜎𝑦 CRITERIAS
𝑃 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝐶 6 tan 2𝜃𝑠 = −
Applied moment 2𝜏𝑥𝑦 Normal stress due to axial loading
Elastic-plastic moment
0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 ≠ 𝑎 Radius of Mohr’s circle for stress 𝑃
𝑤(𝑥) = 𝑀0 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉−2 = { 3 1 𝑦0 2 𝜎𝑥 =
𝑀0 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑀 = 𝑀𝑦 (1 − ( ) ) 𝐴
Rule of integration 2 3 ℎ⁄2 𝜎𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 2 Torsion formula
𝑅 = √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑇𝑟
∫ 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 〈𝑥 − 𝑎〉𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 ≤ 0 Plastic moment 2 𝜏=
(𝑛 = −1, −2, … . ) 3 1 𝐽
𝑀𝑝 = 𝑀𝑢 = 𝑀𝑦 = 𝑏ℎ2 𝜎𝑦 True or absolute maximum shear stress
2 4 1 Flexure formula
Shape factor (𝜏max )𝑎 = (𝜏13 )𝑎 = (𝜎1 − 𝜎3 ) 𝑀𝑐
STRESS IN BEAMS 2 𝜎𝑥 =
𝐴 𝐼
Normal strain 𝑅= Cylindrical vessels Shear formula
𝑦 𝑑𝐴
𝜖𝑥 = − = −𝐾𝑦 ∫𝐴 𝑟 Tangential stress 𝑉𝑄
𝑝𝑟 𝜏=
𝜌 𝐼𝑏
Distance between centroid and neutral 𝜎𝑡 =
Flexure formula 𝑡
axis
Axial stress

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Tangential stress in cylindrical vessels Fixed or clamped support 1 𝜎𝑦 𝐿𝑒 2 𝑃𝐿

𝑝𝑟 𝜎 = 𝜎 = ( ) 𝛿=
𝜎𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑎) = 0 𝑐𝑟 𝑦
𝐸 2𝜋 𝑟 𝐴𝐸
𝑡 𝜃(𝑎) = 𝑣 ′ (𝑎) = 0 Torsion bars
Axial stress in cylindrical vessels
Secant formula
𝑝𝑟
Simple support 𝑇𝐿
𝜎𝑎 = 𝑣(𝑎) = 0 𝑃 𝑒𝑐 𝜋 𝑃 𝜙=
2𝑡 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = [1 + 2 sec ( √ )] 𝐺𝐽
𝑀(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′ (𝑎) = 0 𝐴 𝑟 2 𝑃𝑐𝑟
Tangential stress in spherical vessels Beams in pure bending
𝑝𝑟 Free end
𝜎= 𝑀𝐿
𝑀(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′ (𝑎) = 0 𝜃=
2𝑡 𝐸𝐼
Combined normal and shear stress 𝑉(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′′ (𝑎) = 0 ENERGY METHODS AND IMPACT
Guided support Castigliano’s Theorem
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 2 Strain energy in bars
𝑣 ′ (𝑎) = 0 Displacement
𝜎1,2 = ± √( ) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦
2
Bars with variable cross section and
2 2 𝑉(𝑎) = 𝐸𝐼𝑣 ′′′ (𝑎) = 0 𝜕𝑈
First moment-area theorem 𝜃𝐵⁄𝐴 varying axial loads 𝛿𝑖 =
𝜎𝑥 2 𝐿 2
𝑃𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝜕𝑃𝑖
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = √( 2
) + 𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑀
2 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵 𝑈 = ∫ Slope
𝐸𝐼 0 2𝐴𝑥 𝐸 𝜕𝑈
Planes of principal stresses Second moment-area theorem 𝑡𝐵⁄𝐴 Prismatic bars subjected to end 𝜃𝑖 =
2𝜏𝑥𝑦 𝑀 𝜕𝑀𝑖
𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃𝑃 = = (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐵) 𝑥̅1 Loads Angle of twist
𝜎𝑥 𝐸𝐼 2
𝑃 𝐿 𝜕𝑈
Maximum shear stress in helical spring BUCKLING OF COLUMNS 𝑈= 𝜙𝑖 =
16𝑃𝑅 𝑑 2𝐴𝐸 𝜕𝑇𝑖
Critical load
𝜏𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (1 + ) Strain energy in shafts
𝜋𝑑 3 4𝑅 Pin-ended columns Impact factor
Shafts with variable cross
Total deflection of a helical spring 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 2ℎ
𝑃 𝑀𝑧 𝑦 𝑀𝑦 𝑧 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = section and varying toques
𝛿= − + 𝐿2 𝐾 = 1 + √1 +
𝐴 𝐼𝑧 𝐼𝑦 𝐿 2
𝑇𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴 𝑈=∫
𝑃 𝑀𝑦 𝑃𝑐𝑟 =
𝜎𝑥 = − (𝐿⁄𝑟)2 0 2𝐺𝐽𝑥 Maximum dynamic
𝐴 𝐼
Equation of neutral axis Critical load Prismatic shafts subjected to Load
𝑃 𝑀𝑦 Columns with other end conditions end torques 𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝑊
− =0
𝐴 𝐼 𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑇2𝐿 Stress
𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 2 𝑈=
Maximum shear stress theory
𝐿𝑒 2𝐺𝐽 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝜎𝑠𝑡
|𝜎1 − 𝜎2 | = 𝜎𝑦
𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴 Strain energy in bending and shear Deflection
Maximum energy of distortion theory 𝑃𝑐𝑟 = 𝛿𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐾𝛿𝑠𝑡
𝜎12 − 𝜎1 𝜎2 + 𝜎22 = 𝜎𝑦2 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑟)2 Pure bending
𝐿
Critical stress 𝑀2 𝑑𝑥
Maximum normal stress theory 𝑈=∫
|𝜎1 | = 𝜎𝑢 𝑜𝑟 |𝜎2 | = 𝜎𝑢 Long columns 0 2𝐸𝐼 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
DEFLECTION IN BEAMS 𝑃𝑐𝑟 𝜋 2𝐸 Pure shear Global force-displacement relations for
𝜎𝑐𝑟 = = 𝐿 2
𝑇 𝑑𝑥
Equation of the deflection curve 𝐴 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑟)2 an element
𝑈=∫ {𝐹}𝑒 = [𝑘]𝑒 {𝛿}𝑒
𝑑2𝑣 𝑀 Short columns 0 2𝐴𝐺
=
𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸𝐼 𝑃 Conservation of energy Force matrix
Basic equation for the elastic curve 𝜎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥
𝐴 Linearly elastic member
𝑑2𝑣 𝐹1𝑦
𝐸𝐼 2 = 𝑀 Intermediate columns 1 {𝐹}𝑒 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑈 = 𝑊 = Σ𝑝𝑘 𝛿𝑘 𝐹2𝑥
𝑑3𝑣 Tangent modulus formula 2
𝐸𝐼 3 = 𝑉 𝑃𝑡 𝜋 2 𝐸𝑡 Displacement by the work-energy {𝐹2𝑦 }
𝑑𝑥 𝜎𝑐𝑟 = =
𝑑4𝑣 𝐴 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑟)2 method Stiffness matrix for an element
𝐸𝐼 4 = 𝑤
𝑑𝑥 Johnson’s formula Axially loaded bars
Boundary conditions

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 lOMoARcPSD|8401346

𝑐2 𝑐𝑠 −𝑐 2 −𝑐𝑠
2
[𝑘]𝑒 = [ 𝑐𝑠2 𝑠 −𝑐𝑠 −𝑠 2 ]
𝐴𝐸
𝐿 −𝑐 −𝑐𝑠 𝑐 2 𝑐𝑠
2
−𝑐𝑠 −𝑠 𝑐𝑠 𝑠 2
𝑐 2 𝑐𝑠 −𝑐 2 −𝑐𝑠
= [
𝐴𝐸 𝑠 2 −𝑐𝑠 −𝑠 2 ]
𝐿 𝑐 2 𝑐𝑠
𝑠2
Axial force in the bar element
𝐴𝐸 𝑢𝑗 − 𝑢𝑖
𝐹𝑖𝑗 = ( ) [𝑐 𝑠]𝑖𝑗 { 𝑣 − 𝑣 }
𝐿 𝑖𝑗 𝑗 𝑖

System equations
{𝐹} = [𝐾]{𝛿}
Global nodal force matric
𝑛

{𝐹} = ∑{𝐹}𝑒
1
Global stiffness matrix
𝑛

[𝑘] = ∑[𝑘]𝑒
1

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