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Spring - Dme

This document discusses different types of springs including helical, concentric, and multi-leaf springs. It defines springs as elastic machine elements that deflect under load and return to their original shape when unloaded. Springs are classified by shape and can be helical, made from wound wire, or flat. Key terms like spring index and spring rate are introduced. Stress, deflection, and design equations for helical springs are provided along with examples of designing springs to specifications.

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Sumit
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208 views42 pages

Spring - Dme

This document discusses different types of springs including helical, concentric, and multi-leaf springs. It defines springs as elastic machine elements that deflect under load and return to their original shape when unloaded. Springs are classified by shape and can be helical, made from wound wire, or flat. Key terms like spring index and spring rate are introduced. Stress, deflection, and design equations for helical springs are provided along with examples of designing springs to specifications.

Uploaded by

Sumit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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D.A.

DEGREE ENGINEERING &


TECHNOLOGY-MAHEMDABAD(118)

Subject Name: Design Of Machine Elements (3171917)

Ch-3: Spring

Mr. BHAUMIK BHANDARI


23-Nov-21 DADET-MAHEMDABAD 1
INTRODUCTION

 A spring is defined as an elastic machine element, which


deflects under the action of the load and returns to its
original shape when the load is removed.

It can take any shape and form depending upon the
application

The important functions and applications of springs are as


follows:

(i) Springs are used to absorb shocks and vibrations, e.g.,


vehicle suspension springs, railway buffer springs, buffer
springs in elevators and vibration mounts for machinery.
(ii) Springs are used to store energy, e.g., springs used in
clocks, toys, movie-cameras, circuit breakers and starters.

(iii) Springs are used to measure force, e.g. springs used in


weighing balances and scales.
TYPES OF SPRINGS

 Springs are classified according to their shape. The shape


can be a helical coil of a wire, a piece of stamping or a flat
wound-up strip.

The most popular type of spring is the helical spring. The


helical spring is made from a wire, usually of circular cross
section, which is bent in the form of a helix.

There are two basic types of helical springs

1)Compression spring and 2) extension spring


 In helical compression spring, the external force tends to
shorten the spring. In other words, the spring is compressed.

 In helical extension spring, the external force tends to


lengthen the spring
TERMINOLOGY OF HELICAL SPRINGS
 The main dimensions of a helical spring subjected to
compressive force are shown in Fig
 There is an important parameter in spring design called
spring index. It is denoted by the letter C.

The spring index is defined as the ratio of mean coil


diameter to wire diameter
 There are three terms: 1) free length, 2)compressed
length and 3) solid length, which are illustrated in Fig.
 The stiffness of the spring (k) is defined as the force
required to produce unit deflection.

Therefore,

 There are various names for stiffness of spring such as


rate of spring, gradient of spring, scale of spring or simply
spring constant. The stiffness of spring represents the
slope of the load-deflection line.
 There are two terms related to the spring coils,

1> active coils and


2> inactive coils.

 Active coils are the coils in the spring which contribute to


spring action, support the external force and deflect under
the action of force. A portion of the end coils, which is in
contact with the seat, does not contribute to spring action
and are called inactive coils.

 These coils do not support the load and do not deflect


under the action of an external force. The number of
inactive coils is given by,
STRESS AND DEFLECTION EQUATIONS
 There are two basic equations for the design of helical
springs, viz., load-stress equation and load-deflection
equation. A helical spring made from the wire of circular
cross-section is shown in Fig.(a).

 D and d are the mean coil diameter and wire diameter


respectively.

The number of active coils in this spring is N. The spring is


subjected to an axial force P.
 When the wire of the helical spring is uncoiled and
straightened, it takes the shape of a bar as shown in Fig.(b).
In deriving the stress equation, this bar is considered to be
equivalent to the actual helical spring.
SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS
 There are two types of spring connections

1)Series and
2)Parallel

The objectives of series and parallel combinations are as


follows
Figure shows two springs, with spring rates k1 and k2,
connected in series. For series connection,
(i) The force acting on each spring is same and equal to
the external force

(ii) The total deflection of the spring combination is equal to


the sum of the deflections of individual springs
As we know that
Figure shows two springs, with spring rates k1 and k2,
connected in parallel. For parallel connection,
From Eq.

where k is the combined stiffness of all springs in the


connection
Example -1 It is required to design a helical compression
spring subjected to a maximum force of 1250 N. The
deflection of the spring corresponding to the maximum force
should be approximately 30 mm. The spring index can be
taken as 6. The spring is made of patented and cold-drawn
steel wire. The ultimate tensile strength and modulus of
rigidity of the spring material are 1090 and 81370 N/mm²
respectively. The permissible shear stress for the spring wire
should be taken as 50% of the ultimate tensile strength.
Design the spring and calculate:
Step III Number of active coils
Example -2 A safety valve, 50 mm in diameter, is to blow off at
a pressure of 1.5 MPa. It is held on its seat by means of a
helical compression spring, with an initial compression of 25
mm. The maximum lift of the valve is 10 mm. The spring index
can be taken as 6. The spring is made of patented and cold-
drawn steel wire with ultimate tensile strength of 1500
N/mm2 and modulus of rigidity of 81370 N/mm². The
permissible shear stress for the spring wire should be taken as
30% of the ultimate tensile strength. Design the spring and
calculate:
Step III Number of active turns
CONCENTRIC SPRINGS
 A concentric spring consists of two helical compression
springs, one inside the other, having the same axis. It is
shown in Fig.

Concentric spring is also called a ‘nested’ spring. In general,


there are two springs. However, in certain applications,
concentric spring consists of three coaxial springs, namely
inner, middle and outer springs.
 Two springs shown in Fig. have opposite hand of helices. If
the outer spring has a right-hand helix, the inner spring
always has a left-hand helix and vice versa.

 Concentric spring has the following advantages:

(i) Since there are two springs, the load carrying capacity is
increased and heavy load can be transmitted in a restricted
space.
(ii) In concentric spring, the operation of the mechanism
continues even if one of the springs breaks. This results in
‘fail safe’ system.
(iii) In concentric spring, the spring vibrations called ‘surge’,
are eliminated.
 Concentric springs are used as valve springs in heavy duty
diesel engines, aircraft engines and railroad suspensions.
MULTI-LEAF SPRING
 Multi-leaf springs are widely used for the suspension of
cars, trucks and railway wagons. A multi-leaf spring consists of
a series of flat plates, usually of semi-elliptical shape, as shown
in Fig. The flat plates are called leaves of the spring. The leaves
have graduated lengths.
 For the purpose of analysis, the leaves are divided into two
groups namely, master leaf along with graduated-length
leaves forming one group and extra full-length leaves
forming the other. The following notations are used in the
analysis
Example -3 A semi-elliptic multi-leaf spring is used for the
suspension of the rear axle of a truck. It consists of two extra
full-length leaves and ten graduated-length leaves including the
master leaf. The centre-to-centre distance between the spring
eyes is 1.2 m. The leaves are made of steel 55Si2Mo90 (Syt =
1500 N/mm² and E = 207 000 N/mm²) and the factor of safety
is 2.5. The spring is to be designed for a maximum force of 30
kN. The leaves are pre-stressed so as to equalize stresses in all
leaves. Determine (i) the cross-section of leaves; and
(ii) the deflection at the end of the spring.
From Eq

Step II Deflection at the end of the spring

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