CHAPTER 6 LIGHT Ray Diagram between the object and image as seen by an observer

1 What is light?
Light is an electromagnetic wave which needs no medium to travel in straight
line at a speed of 3 × 10ms-1.
Characteristics of light
-Moves at the fastest speed (3 × 10ms-1 or 300 000 km in just one second)
-Move in straight line (Proof: occurrence of shadow)
-Can travel in vacuum ( no medium is required for light to move)
-Is an electromagnetic wave (proof: polarization of light) Question 3
-Is a ray, not particle (no mass) Ali has a height of 170 cm in tall. Calculate the minimum length of
-Can show the phenomenon of reflection, diffraction, interference, refraction, plane mirror need to view the Ali completely.
dispersion (Dispersion- spread of light into 7colours or spectrum) Solution
2 Phenomenon of light due mirror (Reflection) Minimum length of mirror required = 170 cm ÷ 2
(a) Reflection is a phenomenon where an incident light ray will be = 85 cm
reflected after hitting a reflector.

Laws of reflection states that the incident ray, the reflected ray and the Reflection by curved mirrors
normal line all lie in the same plane with the angle of incident is equal Concave mirror
to the angle of reflection. Converging the rays to one
point after the reflection
Incident angle, iº, is the angle between the incident ray with the normal.
Reflection angle, rº, is the angle between the reflected ray with the Convex mirror
normal Diverging the rays after the
Question 1 reflection
Diagram shows a boy standing 2.5 m away from a plane mirror. If the
boy moves 0.5 m away from the mirror, what is the new distance
between the boy and the image? Centre of mirror, C = r where r is the radius of curvature
Solution Focal length, F = ½ r
New distance between the boy Mirror is normally used to reflect light to certain area.
and his image State the type of mirror used. Give reason for your answer
=Ali/Mirror + Mirror/Image Answer
= (2.5+0.5) + (2.5+0.5) Concave mirror. Because the reflected light is converging to one point.
= 6.0 m
Question 2 (Must know how to draw the ray diagram)
1
Ray Diagram in mirror (b) Refraction is a phenomenon where the incident ray will pass through
Concave mirror the medium and travels out but will change in the direction at the
boundary between two surfaces.
The laws of refraction states that when light travels from one medium
to another medium which has different optical density, the incident ray,
the refracted ray and the normal at the point of incidence all lie in the
sin �
same plane such that the ratio of sin � is a constant. The laws of
refraction is also known as Snell’s law
Characteristics of image: Characteristics of image: Snell’s law states that for light rays passing through a vacuum into a
Inverted, diminished, real Inverted, same size, real given medium, the refractive index, n for that medium is defined as:
sin �
n = sin � sin i is always referred to vacuum / air

Characteristics of image: Characteristics of image:

Inverted, magnified, real Image at infinity
�����(�� ������)
Image is real if the image is The refractive index, n = �����(�� ������) is also true.
formed by reflection to same Question 1
side with object. The refractive index of water is 1.3. What is the speed of light in water
if its speed in air is 3.0 × 108 ms-1?
Image is virtual if the position Solution
of image cannot show the �����(�� ������)
From refractive index, n = �����(�� ������)
Characteristics of image: concept of reflection by mirror
3×108
Upright, magnified, virtual whereby image is formed inside 1.3 = ����� �� �����
the mirror.
Speed in water = 2.3 × 108 ms-1
Convex mirror
Question 2
Calculate the angle θ in water for diagram below.
[Refractive index of water = 1.33]
Solution
sin � (�� ���)
Refractive index, n = sin � (�� ������)
sin 60
1.33 = sin �
Characteristics of image: Characteristics of image:
Upright, diminished, virtual Upright, diminished, virtual θ = 40.6º
2
 Refractive index in water 4 Refraction in lenses
���� ����ℎ
Refractive index, n = �������� ����ℎ Convex lens Concave lens
Ray diagram due the refraction in water: Object will be seen nearer to
the observer.

Convex lens will converge all the Convex lens will diverge all the
Given the real depth, AC = 10 cm and the apparent depth, AB = 7.5 cm rays to one point after the refraction. rays to after the refraction. The
10 �� The distance between the lens and
So, the refractive index, n = 7.5 �� distance between the lens and the
the focal point is called the focal imaginary focal point is called the
= 1.33
length, f. focal length, f.
3 Understanding total internal reflection
Total internal reflection is a phenomenon where when angle of incidence is Formula of lens
increased further so that it is greater than the critical angle, then the light is
not refracted any more but is totally reflected.
Critical angle, c, is defined as the angle of incidence in the denser medium
when the angle of refraction in the less dense medium is 90º.
1
Refractive index, n = sin �

For semicircular glass block, the refractive index, n = 1.5 Object distance, u, is the distance between the object with the centre of lens.
1
So, the critical angle, 1.5 = sin � Image distance, v, is the distance between the image with the centre of lens
Focal length, f, is the distance between the focal point F with centre of lens
c = 41.8º
1 1 1 � ����� ����ℎ�
When iº < cº When iº = cº When iº > cº Formula of lens, � + � = � Magnification, m = � = ������ ����ℎ�
1
Power of lens, P = � with f in meter. Unit of power of lens is Dioptre or D

Question
Explain how you would go to determine the focal length, f, of a convex lens.
From n =
sin � 1st: The phenomenon for convex lens is based on refraction concept.
sin �
���35
When iº = cº, r = 90º r varies with the value 2nd: A ray box with monochromatic light and three slits is used.
1.5 = sin � of i 3rd: The parallel beams are directed to the convex lens. The parallel
r = 22.48º beams will focus to one point after the refraction by the convex lens.
Refraction occurs Incident ray is at Total internal 4th: Measure the distance between the centre of lens with the focal point.
when iº < cº critical angle. reflection occurs Ray Diagram in convex lens.
3
 Ray Diagram for Concave lens
When object distance, u > 2F The image formed is
inverted, diminished and
real.

Image is real because the

image is formed inside
the lens due to the
refraction. The image formed is upright, diminished and virtual
The image formed is Use: As spectacle because it has constant characteristics of image which is
inverted, same size and upright, diminished and virtual no matter where is the location of object
real. placed.
5 Application of total internal reflection
Optical fibre

The image formed is

inverted, magnified and
real

Use: As compound Optical fibre is used as diagnostic tools in medicine and fibre optic cables in
microscope telecommunications.
An optical fibre consists of an inner core of high refractive index and
The image formed is at surrounded by an outer cladding/protective material of lower refractive index.
infinity Inner core of high refractive index, n High refractive index will has
Example: High refractive index, n = low critical angle. Low critical
Use: As telescope 2.12 angle will cause the incident ray
astronomy From n = sin �
1 to be easier to experience a total
1 internal reflection that refraction
2.12 = sin �
The image formed is c = 28.14º
upright, magnified and Outer cladding of low refractive index To cause the light to be confined
virtual. Example: Low refractive index, n = to the core of the fiber by total
1.33 internal reflection at the
Use: As magnifying lens From n =
1 boundary between the two.
sin �
1
1.33 = sin �
c = 48.75º
4
When light is introduced into the inner core at one end, it will propagate 6 Application of lenses in optical devices
along the fibre in a zig-zag direction and will undergo a series of total internal (a) Telescope
reflection. First Image by objective lens at A’:
Real, inverted, diminished
High flexibility so that the optical fibre can be bent without fragile.
Cat’s eye along a road Second image by eyepiece lens at A”:
Virtual, inverted, magnified

Suggestion Reason
Use longer focal length of To view distant object
lens as objective lens, fo
Use shorter focal length of To get the final image which is magnified
lens as eyepiece lens, fe
Explanation Distance between the lens is At normal adjustment
the sum of (fo + fe)
Use bigger diameter of lens More refraction of light to get clearer image
Use pure lens The image formed does not blurred by the
impurities
Use convex lens The refracted rays will be converged to one
point
1 :
st
The working principle of cat’s eye is based on the concept of total
internal reflection (b) Compound Microscope
2 : The light ray does not bend when it enters prism at point A because
nd
First Image at A’:
the light enters at 90 which is perpendicular to the boundary Real, inverted, diminished
3rd: The light enters into the cat’s eye at B at an angle more than the Second image at A”: Virtual,
critical angle of the glass prism. Therefore, the light will experience inverted, magnified
a total internal reflection to point C.
4th: At point C, the light again experiences a total internal reflection as
the incidence angle exceeds the critical angle of the cat’s eye. Suggestion Reason
5th: The light ray lastly travels out and directed toward the observer’s eye Use shorter focal length of To view near object
again and guides the driver to drive during the dark or foggy lens as objective lens, fo
surrounding. Use longer focal length of lens To get the final image which is magnified
as eyepiece lens, fe
Periscope Distance between the lens is At normal adjustment
bigger than the sum of (fo + fe)
Find out the ray diagram for periscope……
Use bigger diameter of lens More refraction of light to get clearer
image
Use pure lens The image formed does not blurred by the
impurities
Use convex lens than other To cause the refracted rays to be
type converged to one point
5
 EXERCISE (f) Diagram 1.1 shows an object O placed in front of a concave mirror
1 Diagram 1.1 shows an object O placed in front of a convex mirror which is which is part of a sphere with centre of curvature, C.
part of a sphere with centre of curvature, C. Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu objek O yang diletakkan di hadapan satu cermin
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan satu objek O yang diletakkan di hadapan satu cermin cekung di mana ia merupakan sebahagian daripada sfera dengan pusat
cembung yang merupakan sebahagian sfera dengan pusat lengkungan, C. lengkungan C.

Diagram 1.2 / Rajah 1.2

(i) State one use of concave mirror? Give reason.
Diagram 1.1 / Rajah 1.1 Nyatakan satu kegunaan biasa cermin cekung. Beri sebab.
F is the focal point of the mirror.
F ialah titik fokus bagi cermin itu. ……………………………………………………………………
(a) What is the meaning of focal point? (ii) Complete the ray diagram for Diagram 1.2 to show the
Apakah maksud titik fokus? formation of image.
Lengkapkan gambar rajah sinar bagi Rajah 1.2 yang menunjukkan
…………………………………………………………………… pembentukan imej itu.
(b) If the radius of the mirror is 40 cm, calculate the focal length of the iii) State three characteristics of the image formed.
mirror. Nyatakan tiga ciri bagi imej yang terbentuk itu.
Jika jejari cermin itu ialah 40 cm, hitung panjang fokus bagi cermin itu.
……………………………………………………………………
(g) For this part of the question, you are required to draw an accurate ray
diagram on Diagram 1.3 / Untuk bahagian soalan ini, anda dikehendaki
melukis satu rajah sinar yang tepat pada Rajah 1.3.
(c) Draw a ray diagram on Diagram 1.1 to show how the image is formed.
Lukis satu rajah sinar pada Rajah 1.1 untuk menunjukkan bagaimana imej itu
terbentuk.

(d) State two characteristics of the image formed.

Nyatakan dua ciri bagi imej yang terbentuk.

…………………………………….………………………………… Diagram 1.3 / Rajah 1.3

(e) State one use of convex mirror. Give reason for your answer. State the characteristics of the image formed.
Nyatakan satu kegunaan cermin cembung. Beri sebab untuk jawapan anda. Nyatakan ciri-ciri imej yang terbentuk.

……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………
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2 Table 2 shows the design of five torchlights P, Q, R, S and T. 3 Diagram 3shows an astronomical telescope used to view distant object like
Jadual 2 menunjukkan reka bentuk bagi lima lampu suluh P, Q, R, S dan T. moon.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu teleskop astronomi yang digunakan untuk melihat objek
yang jauh seperti bulan.

Table 3 shows the characteristics of four different simple astronomical

telescopes.
Jadual 3 menunjukkan ciri-ciri bagi empat jenis teleskop astronomi yang berlainan.
Telescope Type of lens fo for objective fe for Diameter
Teleskop Jenis kanta lens eyepiece lens of lens
fo untuk kanta fe untuk kanta Diameter
objektif mata kanta
S Convex 40 Convex 5.0
T Concave 10 Concave 5.0
U Convex 10 Concave 2.5
V Concave 40 Convex 2.5
Table / Jadual 3
Explain the suitability of each characteristic of the telescope and determine
the most suitable telescope to be used to observe very far object. Give
reason for your choice.
Table 2 / Jadual 2 Terangkan kesesuaian setiap cirri teleskop dan tentukan teleskop yang paling
You are asked to investigate the characteristics of the five torchlights shown sesuai digunakan untuk melihat objek yang jauh. Beri sebab untuk pilihan anda.
in Table 4. Explain the suitability of each characteristics of the torchlight Ruangan Jawapan
and determine the torchlight which can produce a strong parallel beam of
light. Give reasons for your choice.
Anda diminta untuk menyiasat ciri-ciri bagi lima jenis lampu suluh yang
ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 4. Terangkan kesesuaian setiap ciri lampu suluh dan
tentukan lampu suluh yang boleh menghasilkan sinar cahaya kuat yang selari. Beri
sebab untuk pilihan anda.
Ruangan Jawapan