Sifat-sifat Gas

(Properties of Gases)
Kimia Dasar I (CH1101)
2018-2019

1
Outline:
1. A Molecular look at Gases
2. Pressure Measurement
3. Gas Laws
a. The simple gas law
b. Combining the gas law
4. Stoichiometry Using Gas Volumes
5. Ideal Gas Law
6. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
7. Kinetic Theory of Molecular Gases
8. Real Gas
2
1. A Molecular Look at Gases

Solid liquid gas

Ordered arrangement, Some disorder, Complete disorder,
Molecules in contact Molecules in contact Molecules not in
contact

3
 Molecular model of gases

Observations suggest
▪ A lot of space between molecules
▪ Molecules are moving at high speeds
▪ Molecules collide with walls of the container
▪ Molecules move faster at higher temperatures and
slower at lower temperatures

4
 Elements that exist as gases at 250C
and 1 atmosphere

11 elements exist as gases at STP.

5
 Typical gas at 1 atm and 25C
Table 1. Substances found as gas at 1 atm and 25C

6
2. Pressure Measurement
The concept of Pressure
➢ Pressure is force per unit area
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (F)
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒(P) =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (A)
➢ Earth exerts gravitational force on
everything with mass near it

Units of Pressure
1 pascal (Pa) = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 760 mmHg = 760 torr
1 atm = 101,325 Pa 7
How to measure atmosferic pressure
◼ Barometer
Instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure

▪ Height of mercury in tube is the

atmospheric pressure
▪ Atmospheric pressure at sea level
is equal to 1 atm or 76 cmHg

8
How to measure atmosferic pressure
◼ Manometer
Instrument used to measure pressure in closed reaction
vessels.
(1). Open Ended Manometer

9
How to measure atmosferic pressure

(2). Closed Ended Manometer

• Pvacuum =0
• Pgas = Ph

11
Learning check:

Gas pressure is measured using a

close-ended mercury manometer. The
height of fluid in the manometer is
23.7 in. Hg. What is this pressure in
atm?
A. 23.7 atm
B. 0.792 atm
C. 602 atm
D. 1.61 atm

12
Using liquids other than Mercury in
Manometers and Barometers
• If water ( = 1.00 gr/L) are used instead of
mercury ( = 13.6 g/mL) in the tube, the
correlation between them are:

• Converting mm Hg into mm H2O

In general:
𝑃𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝑃𝐻𝑔
𝐻2 𝑂  𝑔  ℎ𝐻2 𝑂 = 𝐻𝑔  𝑔  ℎ𝐻𝑔
h Hg   Hg
h H 2O =
H 2O
13
Your Turn

Acetone has a density of 0.791 g/mL. Acetone is

used in an open-ended manometer to measure a
gas pressure slightly greater than atmospheric
pressure, which is 756.0 mm Hg at the time of the
measurement. The liquid level is 20.4 mm higher
in the open arm than in the arm nearest the gas
sample. What is the gas pressure?

14
Solution:
Ex. Converting mm Acetone to mm Hg - Solution
First convert mm acetone to mm Hg

20.4 mm acetone ´ 0.791 g/mL

hHg = = 1.19 mm Hg
13.6 g/mL

Then add PHg to Patm to get Ptotal

▪ Pgas = Patm + PHg
▪ = 756.0 mm Hg + 1.19 mm Hg
▪ Pgas = 757.2 mm Hg
15
3. Gas Laws: The simple gas law

◆ Boyle’s Law

• Studied on relationship
between gas Pressure
(P) and Volume (V).
• Work done at constant
temperature (T) and
constant number of
moles (n).
• When V decreases,
P increases

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The simple gas law

◆ Charles’s Law

• He studied
correlation between
V and T, while P
and n are fixed.
• When T increase, so
does V

17
The simple gas law

◆ Gay-Lussac’s Law
• Worked on correlation between P and T,
while V and n are fixed.

• P is proportional to
absolute temperature
T(K)

18
Combining the gas law
▪ Ratio for fixed amount of moles

PV
=C
T
▪ OR can equate two sets of conditions to give
combined gas law

P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2
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Combining the gas law
How Other Laws Fit into Combined Gas Law
P1V1 P2V2
=
T1 T2

Boyle’s Law T1 = T2 P1V1 = P2V2

Charles’ Law P1 = P2 V1 V2
=
T1 T2
Gay-Lussac’s V 1 = V2 P1 P2
Law =
T1 T2
20
Your Turn:
▪ What will be the final pressure of a
sample of nitrogen gas with a volume
of 1050 m3 at 730 mmHg and 25.0C if
it is heated to 75.0C and given a final
volume of 1250m3 ?
A. 716 mmHg 
B. 720 mmHg
C. 724 mmHg
D. 740 mmHg
E. 746 mmHg
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Avogadro’s Principle
▪ At constant P and T, equal V 's of gas contain
equal number of moles
▪ Volume of a gas is directly proportional to its
number of moles, n
▪ V is proportional to n (at constant P and T )

2H2(g) + O2(g) ⎯⎯→ 2 H2O(g)

Coefficients 2 1 2
Volumes 2 1 2
Molecules 2 1 2 (Avogadro's Principle)
Moles 2 1 2 22
4. Stoichiometry Using Gas Volumes

Standard Molar Volume

• Volume of 1 mole gas must be identical for all
gases under same P and T
• Standard conditions of temperature
and pressure — STP
• STP = 1 atm and 273.15 K (0.0 °C)
• Under these conditions
• 1 mole gas occupies V = 22.4 L
• 22.4 L  standard molar volume

23
Learning Check:
Calculate the volume of ammonia formed by
the reaction of 20 L of hydrogen with excess
nitrogen.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

20 L H2 2 L NH3
 = 13.3 L NH3
1 3 L H2

26
Learning Check:
How many liters of N2 (g) at 1 atm and
25 C are produced by the
decomposition of 150 gr of NaN3?
Reaction:
2 NaN3 (s) → 2Na(s) + 3N2 (g)
First determine the mole of N2
Mole ratio of NaN3 and N2 :
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 2 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑎 𝑁𝑎𝑁3 3
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2
=
3
, 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁2 = 𝑀𝑚 𝑁𝑎𝑁3
𝑥
2

Volume of N2 at STP = mol N2 x 22.4 L/mol 27

Final part calculate volume of N2(g) at 1
atm and 25C using combined gas law
formula.
𝑉0𝐶 𝑉25𝐶 𝑉0𝐶 𝑥 𝑇25𝐶
= , 𝑉25𝐶 =
𝑇0𝐶 𝑇25𝐶 𝑇0𝐶

Note: Change the unit from C to K

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5. Ideal gas

A hypothetical gas whose molecules

occupy negligible space and have no
interactions, and that consequently
obeys the gas laws exactly.

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Ideal gas

Ideal Gas Equation

Boyle’s law : V a 1 (at constant n and T)
P
Charles’ law: V a T (at constant n and P)
Avogadro’s law: V a n (at constant P and T)

nT
Va
P
nT nT
V = Constant x = R , R is the gas constant
P P
PV = nRT
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 Learning Check:
What is the volume of CO2 produced at 37 C and
1.00 atm when 5.60 g of glucose are used up in
the reaction:
C6H12O6 (s) + 6O2 (g) → 6CO2 (g) + 6H2O (l)

g C6H12O6 mol C6H12O6 mol CO2 VCO2

1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol CO2

5.60 g C6H12O6 x x = 0.187 mol CO2
180 g C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6

L•atm
0.187 mol x 0.0821 x 310.15 K
nRT mol•K
V= = = 4.76 L
P 1.00 atm
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Your turn:
If 14 moles of N2O5 decompose into NO2 and O2
at 420 K in a 5 L container that can’t expand or
contract, after decomposition, how many times
greater is the pressure in the box than
atmospheric pressure (approx. 1 atm)?

A. 13.0 times greater

B. 32.5 times greater
C. 241.1 times greater 
D. 100 times greater
E. 450 times greater
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Determining molar mass of gas

• If you know P, T, V and mass (m)

of gas
𝑃𝑉 𝒎
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛= 𝑴𝑴 =
𝑅𝑇 𝒏
• If you know T, P and density ()
of gas
𝑚 𝑛 𝑥 𝑀𝑀 𝜌𝑥𝑉
𝜌= ,𝜌 = ,𝑛 =
𝑉 𝑉 𝑀𝑀
𝝆𝑹𝑻
𝑴𝑴 =
𝑷 34
 Learning check:

A 7.52 g sample of a gas with an empirical formula of

NO2 occupies 2.00 L at a pressure of 1.00 atm and 25
°C. Determine the molar mass and molecular formula
of the compound.
A. 45.0 g/mol, NO2
B. 90.0 g/mol, N2O4
C. 7.72 g/mol, NO
D. 0.0109 g/mol, N2O
E. Not enough data to determine molar mass

35
Your turn:

A student allowed some of the gas to flow

into a 300 mL gas bulb until the pressure
was 0.9 atm. The sample now weighed
1.45 gr; its temperature was 27 C. What
is the molecular mass of this gas? Which
gas it is?

36
6. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is

the sum of the partial pressures of the
components of the mixture.
38
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
• Assuming each gas behaves ideally
• Total pressure exerted is sum of the individua partial
pressures that each gas would exert alone.
• So total pressure is

Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc +   
• Pa, Pb and Pc are the partial pressures.

39
Partial Pressure

• Partial Pressure is pressure that particular gas would

exert if it were alone in container.
• Partial pressure of gas a, b, and c are:
naRT ncRT nbRT
Pa = Pc = Pb =
V V V
• Total Pressure is:
Ptotal = Pa + Pb + Pc + × × ×
naRT nbRT ncRT
= + + +×××
V V V 40
Learning Check

• Mixtures of helium and oxygen are used

in scuba diving tanks to help prevent
“the bends.” For a particular dive, 45 L
He at 25 °C and 1.0 atm and 14 L O2 at
25 °C and 1.0 atm were pumped into a
tank with a volume of 10.0 L. Calculate
the partial pressure of each gas and the
total pressure in the tank at 25 °C.
42
• Have two sets of conditions
• Before and after being put into the tank

He O2
Pi = 1.0 atm Pf = PHe Pi = 1.0 atm Pf = PO2

Vi = 45 L Vf = 10 L Vi = 14 L Vf = 10 L

43
• First calculate pressure of each gas in 10 L tank (Pf )
using combined gas law
PiVi 1 atm  45 L
PHe = = = 4.5 atm
Vf 10 L

PiVi 1 atm  14 L
PO 2 = = = 1.4 atm
Vf 10 L
• Then use these partial pressures to calculate total
pressure

Ptotal = PHe + PO 2 = 4.5 atm + 1.4 atm = 5.9 atm

44
Your Turn
A mixture of 250 mL of methane, CH4, at 35 ˚C and
0.55 atm and 750 mL of propane, C3H8, at 35˚ C
and 1.5 atm, were introduced into a
10.0 L container. What is the final pressure, in torr,
of the mixture?
A. 95.6 torr
B. 6.20 × 104 torr
C. 3.4 × 103 torr
D. 760 torr
E. 60 torr
45
Mole Fraction and Mole Percents
Mole Fraction (χ)
▪ Ratio of number moles of given component
in mixture to total number moles in mixture
nA nA
cA = =
n A + nB + nC + × × × + nZ n total

Mole Percent (mol %)

Mole % = c A ´ 100%
46
Mole Fractions of Gases from Partial
Pressures
æV ö
n A = PA çç ÷÷
è RT ø
▪ If V and T are constant then, = constant

▪ For mixture of gases in one container

æV ö
PA çç ÷÷
è RT ø
XA =
æV ö æV ö æV ö æV ö
PA çç ÷÷ + PB çç ÷÷ + PC çç ÷÷ + × × × + PZ çç ÷÷
è RT ø è RT ø è RT ø è RT
47
ø
Mole Fractions of Gases from Partial
Pressures

V
cancels, leaving
RT PA
cA =
PA + PB + PC + × × × + PZ
or

PA nA
cA = =
Ptotal n total
48
Learning Check:
❖ A sample of natural gas contains 8.24 moles
of CH4, 0.421 moles of C2H6, and 0.116 moles
of C3H8. If the total pressure of the gases is
1.37 atm, what is the partial pressure of
propane (C3H8)?

PA = XA PT PT = 1.37 atm

0.116
Xpropane = = 0.0132
8.24 + 0.421 + 0.116

Ppropane = 0.0132 x 1.37 atm = 0.0181 atm

49
Collecting gases over water
• Application of Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
• Gases that don’t react with water can be trapped over
water
• Whenever gas is collected by displacement of water,
mixture of gases results
• Gas in bottle is mixture of water vapor and gas being
collected

50
Collecting gases over water
• Water vapor is present because molecules of water
escape from surface of liquid and collect in space
above liquid
• Molecules of water return to liquid
• When rate of escape = rate of return
• Number of water molecules in vapor state remains constant
• Gas saturated with water vapor = “Wet” gas

51
Vapor pressure

• Pressure applied by vapor present in

space above any liquid at constant T

𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑃𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

52
Learning Check

Oxygen gas is collected over water at 20C

and a pressure of 738 torr. Its volume is 300
mL. The vapour pressure of water at 20C is
15.54 torr.

a. What is the partial pressure of O2 in atm?

b. What would the volume be when dry at
STP?

53
Solution:

a
1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 738 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 = 738 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑥 = 0.971 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟

1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 15.54 = 15.54 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝑥 = 0.020 𝑎𝑡𝑚
760 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑟

𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 0.971 − 0.020

𝑷𝒈𝒂𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟏 𝒂𝒕𝒎

54
Solution:
b. Volume O2 gas at STP (1 atm, 0C)
𝑃1 = 0.951 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑃2 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑉1 = 300𝑚𝐿 = 0.3 𝐿 𝑉2 = ?
𝑇1 = 20𝐶 = 293𝐾 𝑇2 = 0𝐶 = 273𝐾
Using combined gas law formula
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑇2
= 𝑉2 =
𝑇1 𝑇2 𝑇1 𝑃2
0.951𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑥 0.3𝐿 𝑥 273𝐾
𝑉2 = = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟔 𝑳
293𝐾 𝑥 1𝑎𝑡𝑚 55
Your Turn
An unknown gas was collected by water
displacement. The following data was
recorded: T = 27.0 °C; P = 750 torr;
V = 37.5 mL; Gas mass = 0.0873 g;
PH2O(vap) = 26.98 torr
Determine the molecular weight of the gas.
A. 5.42 g/mol
B. 30.2 g/mol
C. 60.3 g/mol √
D. 58.1 g/mol
E. 5.81 g/mol 56
7. Kinetic Theory of Gases

The theory attempts to explain properties

of ideal gases and describes behavior of
individual gas particles.

Postulates of kinetic theory of gases:

1. Particles are so small compared with

distances between them that the volume of
individual particles is negligible.
• Vgas  0
57
Postulates of kinetic theory of gases:

2.Particles are in constant motion in random

direction
• Collisions of particles with walls of container
are cause of pressure exerted by gas
• Number collisions  Pgas
3.Gas Particles exert neither attractive nor
repulsive forces on each other.
4.The average kinetic energy of the gas
particles is proportional to the temperature
of the gas in kelvins.
• KEavg  TK
58
Kinetic Theory of Gases
➢ Kinetic theory of matter and heat transfer
• Heat  PV  KEave

➢ But for constant number of moles of ideal gas

• PV = nRT , Where nR is proportionality constant

➢ This means T  KEave

➢ Specifically 3
KEave = RT
2
➢ As T increases, KEave increases
• Increase in number collisions with walls,
thereby increasing pressure
59
Kinetic Theory Explains Gas Laws
P and V (Boyle’s Law)
• For given sample of ideal gas at
given T
(n and T constant)
• If V decreases,
P increases
1
P = (nRT )
V
By kinetic theory of gases
• Decrease in V, means
gas particles hit wall more often
• Increase P
60
P and T (Gay-Lussac’s Law)

• For given sample of ideal gas at constant V

(n and V constant)
• P is directly proportional to T

æ nR ö
P = çç ÷÷ T
èV ø

61
P and T (Gay-Lussac’s Law)

Kinetic theory of gases accounts for this

• As T increases
• KEave increases
• Speeds of molecules increases
• Gas particles hit wall more often as V same
• So P increases

62
T and V (Charles’ Law)

• For given sample of ideal gas at constant P

(n and P constant)
• V is directly proportional to T

æ nR ö
V = çç ÷÷ T
èP ø

63
T and V (Charles’ Law)

Kinetic theory of gases accounts for this

• As T increases
• KEave increases
• Speeds of molecules increases
• Gas particles hit wall more often as
pressure remains the same
• So volume increases

64
V and n (Avogadro’s Principle)

• For ideal gas at constant T and P

• V is directly proportional to n
æ RT ö
V = çç ÷÷ n
è P ø
• Kinetic Theory of Gases account for this
• As the number of moles of gas particles increase at
same T
• Holding T and P constant
• Must V must increase

65
8. Real Gases

Real Gases Deviate from Ideal Gas Law

1. Gas molecules have
finite volumes
• They take up space
• Less space of
kinetic motions
• Vmotions < Vcontainer
• Particles hit walls
of container more
often
• Pressure is higher
compared to ideal 66
Real Gases Deviate from Ideal Gas Law

2. Particles do attract each other. Even weak

attractions means they hit walls of
container less often. Therefore, pressure is
less than ideal gas

67
van der Waal’s equation for Real Gases

æ 2 ö
na
ççP +
è V 2
ø
( )
÷÷ V - nb = nRT

corrected P corrected V

• a and b are van der Waal’s constants

• Obtained by measuring P, V, and T for real
gases over wide range of conditions
68
van der Waal’s equation for Real Gases

 n a
2
 P + 2   (V − nb ) = nRT
 V 
corrected P
a — Pressure correction
• Indicates some attractions between
molecules
• Large a Means strong attractive forces
between molecules
• Small a Means weak attractive forces
between molecules
69
van der Waal’s equation for Real Gases

 2 
(V − nb ) = nRT
n a
P +
 2 
 V 
corrected V

b — Volume correction
• Deals with sizes of molecules
• Large b Means large molecules
• Small b Means small molecules
• Gases that are most easily liquefied have
largest van der Waal’s constants
70
Your Turn
For a given sample of gas, under which conditions are
actual pressures likely to deviate most from pressures
calculated based on the ideal gas law?
A. Weakly interacting molecules, high temperature,
large volumes
B. Weakly interacting molecules, high temperatures,
small volumes
C. Strongly interacting molecules, high temperatures,
small volumes
D. Strongly interacting molecules, low temperatures,
large volumes
E. Strongly interacting molecules, low temperatures,
small volumes 71
Solution:

Explanation:
▪ Strongly interacting molecules reduce the
pressure
▪ Molecules also interact with one another more
at low speed (i.e., low T)
▪ Molecules encounter one another more
often at low volume and thus can interact more
▪ These effects lead to lower actual pressures than
those predicted with the ideal gas law

72
Solution

Calculate the pressure of 6.00 moles of xenon gas

at 150. K, in a 4.00 L container using: 1 the ideal
gas equation and 2 the van der Waals equation.
A. 28.5 atm, 37.4 atm
B. 18.5 atm, 22.3 atm
For Xe:
C. 18.5 atm, 14.9 atm a = 4.194 L2mol-2
D. 18.5 atm, 17.2 atm b = 0.05105 L mol-1
E. 18.5 atm, 12.0 atm

Ideal gas equation overpredicts pressure by 24%

73