Ad 9954

400 MSPS, 14-Bit, 1.
8 V CMOS,
Direct Digital Synthesizer
AD9954
FEATURES GENERAL DESCRIPTION
400 MSPS internal clock speed The AD9954 is a direct digital synthesizer (DDS) that uses
Integrated 14-bit DAC advanced technology, coupled with an internal high speed, high
Programmable phase/amplitude dithering performance DAC to form a complete, digitally programmable,
32-bit frequency tuning accuracy high frequency synthesizer capable of generating a frequency-
14-bit phase tuning accuracy agile analog output sinusoidal waveform at up to 160 MHz.
Phase noise better than –120 dBc/Hz The AD9954 enables fast frequency hopping coupled with fine
Excellent dynamic performance tuning of both frequency (0.01 Hz or better) and phase (0.022°
>80 dB narrowband SFDR granularity).
Serial I/O control
The AD9954 is programmed via a high speed serial I/O port.
Ultrahigh speed analog comparator
The device includes static RAM to support flexible frequency
Automatic linear and nonlinear frequency sweeping
sweep capability in several modes, plus a user-defined linear
4 frequency/phase offset profiles
sweep mode of operation. Also included is an on-chip high
1.8 V power supply
speed comparator for applications requiring a square wave
Software and hardware controlled power-down
output. An on-chip oscillator and PLL circuitry provide users
48-lead TQFP
with multiple approaches to generate the device’s system clock.
Integrated 1024 word × 32-bit RAM
Support for 5 V input levels on most digital inputs The AD9954 is specified to operate over the extended industrial
PLL-based REFCLK multiplier temperature range (see Table 2).
Internal oscillator, can be driven by a single crystal
Phase modulation capability
Multichip synchronization
APPLICATIONS
Agile LO frequency synthesis
Programmable clock generators
FM chirp source for radar and scanning systems
Automotive radars
Test and measurement equipment
Acousto-optic device drivers
BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM
AD9954
DIGITAL
14-BIT SINE
400MSPS DAC WAVE
DDS CORE
COMPARATOR
REF CLOCK TIMING AND
INPUT CIRCUITRY CONTROL
03374-038
USER INTERFACE
Figure 1.
Rev. B
Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no
responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other
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Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Fax: 781.461.3113 ©2003–2009 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
AD9954
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Features .............................................................................................. 1 Serial Interface Port Pin Descriptions ..................................... 24
Applications ....................................................................................... 1 MSB/LSB Transfers .................................................................... 24
General Description ......................................................................... 1 RAM I/O via Serial Port ............................................................ 24
Basic Block Diagram ........................................................................ 1 Instruction Byte .......................................................................... 25
Revision History ............................................................................... 2 Register Maps and Descriptions ............................................... 25
Functional Block Diagram .............................................................. 3 Control Register Bit Descriptions ............................................ 29
Electrical Specifications ................................................................... 4 Other Register Descriptions ..................................................... 31
Absolute Maximum Ratings............................................................ 7 Layout Considerations ............................................................... 32
Explanation of Test Levels ........................................................... 7 Detailed Programming Examples ................................................ 33
ESD Caution .................................................................................. 7 Single-Tone Mode ...................................................................... 33
Pin Configuration and Function Descriptions ............................. 8 Linear Sweep Mode .................................................................... 33
Typical Performance Characteristics ........................................... 10 RAM Mode.................................................................................. 33
Theory of Operation ...................................................................... 13 Suggested Application Circuits ..................................................... 35
Component Blocks ..................................................................... 13 Evaluation Board Schematics........................................................ 36
Modes of Operation ................................................................... 16 Outline Dimensions ....................................................................... 39
Synchronization—Register Updates (I/O UPDATE) ............ 21 Ordering Guide .......................................................................... 39
Serial Port Operation ................................................................. 23
REVISION HISTORY
5/09—Rev. A to Rev. B Changes to Serial Interface Port Pin Description Section,
Changes to Figure 29 and Figure 30 ............................................. 24 MSB/LSB Transfers Section, and RAM I/O Via Serial Port
Changes to Table 12 ........................................................................ 26 Section.............................................................................................. 24
Changes to Figure 34 ...................................................................... 35 Inserted Figure 29 and Figure 30; Renumbered Sequentially .. 24
Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 39 Changes to Instruction Byte Section, Register Maps and
Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 39 Descriptions Section, and Table 12 .............................................. 25
Changes to Table 13 ....................................................................... 26
1/07—Rev. 0 to Rev. A Changes to Table 14 ....................................................................... 28
Changes to Layout .............................................................. Universal Added Single-Tone Mode Section, Linear Sweep Mode Section,
Changes to Features, General Description, and Figure 1 ............ 1 Table 15, and RAM Mode Section ............................................... 33
Changes to Figure 2 .......................................................................... 3 Added, and Table 16 ....................................................................... 34
Changes to Table 1 ............................................................................ 4 Inserted Figure 35 ........................................................................... 36
Changes to Table 4 ............................................................................ 8 Inserted Figure 36 ........................................................................... 37
Changes to Figure 5 to Figure 10 .................................................. 10 Inserted Figure 37 ........................................................................... 38
Changes to Figure 12 ...................................................................... 11 Updated Outline Dimensions ....................................................... 39
Changes to Figure 17 to Figure 18 Captions ............................... 12 Changes to Ordering Guide .......................................................... 39
Deleted Figure 19; Renumbered Sequentially ............................ 12
Added Table 5; Renumbered Sequentially .................................. 13 10/03—Revision 0: Initial Version
Changes to Component Block Section and Table 6 ................... 13
Changes to Figure 20 ...................................................................... 15
Changes to Modes of Operation Section and Table 8................ 16
Changes to Table 9 .......................................................................... 17
Changes to Synchronization; Register Updates (I/O UPDATE)
Section and Figure 24 ..................................................................... 21
Changes to Serial Port Operation Section................................... 23
Rev. B | Page 2 of 40
AD9954
FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM
FREQUENCY DDS CORE

ACCUMULATOR 32 AD9954
PHASE
M ACCUMULATOR
DELTA FREQUENCY TUNING WORD
RAM U
X PHASE DAC_R SET
DELTA FREQUENCY RAMP RATE
DATA OFFSET
STATIC RAM Z–1
1024 × 32 32 32 32 19 14 IOUT
COS(X) DAC
IOUT
TUNING WORD
14
RAM CONTROL
FREQUENCY
RAM ADDRESS
SYSTEM
DDS CLOCK
CLOCK
RAM DATA
14
ACCUMULATOR
Z–1
CLEAR
PHASE
DDS
32 CLOCK MUX
3 SYNC_IN
32
10 RAM DATA 14 θ
<31:18>
OSK
I/O UPDATE TIMING AND CONTROL LOGIC
PWRDWNCTL
0
M
SYNC_CLK U SYNC CONTROL REGISTERS
X ÷4 COMPARATOR
OSCILLATOR/BUFFER COMP_IN
M COMP_IN
U SYSTEM
REFCLK 4× TO 20× CLOCK
CLOCK X
REFCLK MULTIPLIER
ENABLE COMP_OUT
03374-001
CRYSTAL OUT PS<1:0> I/O PORT RESET
Figure 2.
AD9954
ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS
Unless otherwise noted, AVDD, DVDD = 1.8 V ± 5%, DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V ± 5%, RSET = 3.92 kΩ, external reference clock frequency =
400 MHz. DAC output must be referenced to AVDD, not AGND.
Table 1.
Test
Parameter Temp Level Min Typ Max Unit
REF CLOCK INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Frequency Range
REFCLK Multiplier Disabled Full VI 1 400 MHz
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled at 4× Full VI 20 100 MHz
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled at 20× Full VI 4 20 MHz
Crystal Oscillator Operating Frequency Full IV 20 30 MHz
Input Capacitance 25°C V 3 pF
Input Impedance 25°C V 1.5 kΩ
Duty Cycle 25°C V 50 %
Duty Cycle with REFCLK Multiplier Enabled 25°C V 35 65 %
REFCLK Input Voltage Swing Full IV 100 1000 mV p-p
DAC OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Full-Scale Output Current 25°C 5 10 15 mA
Gain Error 25°C I –10 +10 %FS
Output Offset 25°C I 0.6 μA
Differential Nonlinearity 25°C V 1 LSB
Integral Nonlinearity 25°C V 2 LSB
Output Capacitance 25°C V 5 pF
Residual Phase Noise @ 1 kHz Offset, 40 MHz AOUT
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled @ 20× 25°C V –105 dBc/Hz
REFCLK Multiplier Enabled @ 4× 25°C V –115 dBc/Hz
REFCLK Multiplier Disabled 25°C V –132 dBc/Hz
Voltage Compliance Range 25°C I AVDD – 0.5 AVDD + 0.5 V
Wideband SFDR
1 MHz to 10 MHz Analog Out 25°C V 73 dBc
Narrow-Band SFDR
40 MHz Analog Out (±1 MHz) 25°C V 87 dBc
40 MHz Analog Out (±250 kHz) 25°C V 89 dBc
AD9954
Test
COMPARATOR INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Input Resistance 25°C IV 500 kΩ
Input Current 25°C I ±12 μA
Hysteresis 25°C IV 30 45 mV
COMPARATOR OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Logic 1 Voltage, High-Z Load Full VI 1.6 V
Logic 0 Voltage, High-Z Load Full VI 0.4 V
Propagation Delay 25°C IV 3 ns
Output Duty-Cycle Error 25°C IV ±5 %
Rise/Fall Time, 5 pF Load 25°C IV 1 ns
Toggle Rate, High-Z Load 25°C IV 200 MHz
Output Jitter1 25°C IV 1 ps rms
COMPARATOR NARROW-BAND SFDR
10 MHz to 160 MHz FOUT
Measured over a 1 MHz BW 25°C V 80 dBc
Measured over a 250 kHz BW 25°C V 85 dBc
Measured over a 50 kHz BW 25°C V 90 dBc
Measured over a 10 Hz BW 25°C V 95 dBc
TIMING CHARACTERISTICS
Serial Control Bus
Maximum Frequency Full IV 25 Mbps
Minimum Clock Pulse Width Low Full IV 7 ns
Minimum Clock Pulse Width High Full IV 7 ns
Maximum Clock Rise/Fall Time Full IV 2 ns
Minimum Data Setup Time DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V Full IV 3 ns
Minimum Data Setup Time DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V Full IV 5 ns
Minimum Data Hold Time Full IV 0 ns
Maximum Data Valid Time Full IV 25 ns
Wake-Up Time2 Full IV 1 ms
Minimum Reset Pulse Width High Full IV 5 SYSCLK
cycles3
I/O UPDATE, PS0, PS1 to SYNC_CLK Setup Time, DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V Full I 4 ns
I/O UPDATE, PS0, PS1 to SYNC_CLK Setup Time, DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V Full I 6 ns
I/O UPDATE, PS0, PS1 to SYNC_CLK Hold Time Full I 0 ns
Latency
I/O UPDATE to Frequency Change Prop Delay 25°C IV 24 SYSCLK
cycles
I/O UPDATE to Phase Offset Change Prop Delay 25°C IV 24 SYSCLK
cycles
I/O UPDATE to Amplitude Change Prop Delay 25°C IV 16 SYSCLK
cycles
PS0, PS1 to RAM Driven Frequency Change Prop Delay 25°C IV 28 SYSCLK
cycles
PS0, PS1 to RAM Driven Phase Change Prop Delay 25°C IV 28 SYSCLK
cycles
PS0 to Linear Frequency Sweep Prop Delay 25°C IV 28 SYSCLK
cycles
AD9954
Test
CMOS LOGIC INPUTS
Logic 1 Voltage @ DVDD_I/O (Pin 43) = 1.8 V 25°C I 1.25 V
Logic 1 Current 25°C V 3 12 μA
Logic 0 Current 25°C V 12 μA
CMOS LOGIC OUTPUTS (1 mA Load) DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V
Logic 1 Voltage 25°C I 1.35 V
CMOS LOGIC OUTPUTS (1 mA Load) DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V
POWER CONSUMPTION (AVDD = DVDD = 1.8 V)
Single-Tone Mode (Comparator Off ) 25°C I 162 171 mW
With RAM or Linear Sweep Enabled 25°C I 175 190 mW
With Comparator Enabled 25°C I 180 190 mW
With RAM and Comparator Enabled 25°C I 198 220 mW
Rapid Power-Down Mode 25°C I 150 160 mW
Full-Sleep Mode 25°C I 20 27 mW
SYNCHRONIZATION FUNCTION4
Maximum Sync Clock Rate (DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V) 25°C VI 62.5 MHz
Maximum Sync Clock Rate (DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V) 25°C VI 100 MHz
SYNC_CLK Alignment Resolution5 25°C V ±1 SYSCLK
cycles
1
Represents the cycle-to-cycle residual jitter from the comparator alone.
2
Wake-up time refers to the recovery from analog power-down modes (see section on Power-Down Modes of Operation). The primary limiting factor is the settling time of the PLL
multiplier in the reference circuitry. The wake-up time assumes there is no capacitor on DAC BP and that the recommended PLL loop filter values are used.
3
SYSCLK cycle refers to the clock frequency used on-chip to drive the DDS core. This is equal to the frequency of the reference source times the value of the PLL-based
reference clock multiplier.
4
SYNC_CLK = ¼ SYSCLK rate. Be sure the high speed sync enable bit, CFR2<11>, is programmed appropriately.
5
This parameter indicates that the digital synchronization feature cannot compensate for phase delays (timing skew) between system clock rising edges. If the system
clock edges are aligned, the synchronization function should not increase the skew between the two edges.
AD9954
ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

EXPLANATION OF TEST LEVELS
Table 2.
I 100% production tested.
Parameter Rating II 100% production tested at 25°C and sample tested at
Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C specified temperatures.
DVDD_I/O (Pin 43) 4V III Sample tested only.
AVDD, DVDD 2V IV Parameter is guaranteed by design and characterization
Digital Input Voltage (DVDD_I/O = 3.3 V) –0.7 V to +5.25 V testing.
Digital Input Voltage (DVDD_I/O = 1.8 V) –0.7 V to +2.2 V V Parameter is a typical value only.
Digital Output Current 5 mA VI Devices are 100% production tested at 25°C and
Storage Temperature Range –65°C to +150°C guaranteed by design and characterization testing
Operating Temperature Range –40°C to +105°C for industrial operating temperature range.
Lead Temperature (10 sec Soldering) 300°C
θJA 38°C/W ESD CAUTION
θJC 15°C/W
Stresses above those listed under Absolute Maximum Ratings
may cause permanent damage to the device. This is a stress
rating only; functional operation of the device at these or any
other conditions above those indicated in the operational
section of this specification is not implied. Exposure to absolute
maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect
device reliability.
DIGITAL DIGITAL COMPARATOR COMPARATOR

INPUTS OUTPUTS INPUTS OUTPUT
DVDD_I/O IOUT IOUT AVDD
INPUT
COMP IN COMP IN
AVOID OVERDRIVING MUST TERMINATE

DIGITAL INPUTS. OUTPUTS TO AVDD FOR
FORWARD BIASING CURRENT FLOW. DO
03374-032
ESD DIODES MAY NOT EXCEED THE

COUPLE DIGITAL NOISE OUTPUT VOLTAGE
ONTO POWER PINS. COMPLIANCE RATING.
Figure 3. Equivalent Input and Output Circuits
AD9954
PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
SYNC_CLK
DVDD_I/O
SYNC_IN
IOSYNC
DGND
SCLK
SDIO
OSK
SDO
PS1
PS0
CS
48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 37
I/O UPDATE 1 36 RESET

PIN 1
DVDD 2 35 PWRDWNCTL
DGND 3 34 DVDD
AVDD 4 33 DGND
AGND 5 AD9954 32 AGND
AVDD 6 TOP VIEW 31 COMP_IN
(Not to Scale)
AGND 7 30 COMP_IN
OSC/REFCLK 8 29 AVDD
OSC/REFCLK 9 28 COMP_OUT
CRYSTAL OUT 10 27 AVDD
CLKMODESELECT 11 26 AGND
LOOP_FILTER 12 25 AVDD
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
IOUT
IOUT
AGND
AGND
AGND
AGND
DAC_R SET
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
DACBP
03374-002
Figure 4. Pin Configuration
Note that the exposed paddle on the bottom of the package forms an electrical connection for the DAC and must be attached to
analog ground. Note that Pin 43, DVDD_I/O, can be powered to 1.8 V or 3.3 V. The DVDD pins (Pin 2 and Pin 34) must be
powered to 1.8 V.
Table 3. Pin Function Descriptions

Pin No. Mnemonic I/O Description
1 I/O UPDATE I The rising edge transfers the contents of the internal buffer memory to the I/O registers.
See Synchronization—Register Updates (I/O UPDATE) section for details.
2, 34 DVDD I Digital Power Supply Pins (1.8 V).
3, 33, 42 DGND I Digital Power Ground Pins.
4, 6, 13, 16, AVDD I Analog Power Supply Pins (1.8 V).
18, 19, 25,
27, 29
5, 7, 14, 15, AGND I Analog Power Ground Pins.
17, 22, 26,
32
8 OSC/REFCLK I Oscillator Input/Complementary Reference Clock. When the REFCLK port is operated in
single-ended mode, REFCLK should be decoupled to AVDD with a 0.1 μF capacitor.
9 OSC/REFCLK I Oscillator Input/Reference Clock. See Table 5 for details on the OSC/REFCLK operation.
10 CRYSTAL OUT O Output of the Oscillator Section.
11 CLKMODESELECT I Control Pin for the Oscillator Section (1.8 V logic only). See REFCLK Input section for detailed
instructions.
12 LOOP_FILTER I This pin provides the connection for the external zero compensation network of the REFCLK
multiplier’s PLL loop filter. The network varies based on the multiplication value in the PLL loop.
See Table 4 for details.
20 IOUT O Complementary DAC Output. Should be biased through a resistor to AVDD, not AGND.
21 IOUT O DAC Output. Should be biased through a resistor to AVDD, not AGND.
23 DACBP I DAC Band Gap Decoupling Pin. A 0.1 μF capacitor to AGND is recommended.
24 DAC_RSET I A resistor (3.92 kΩ nominal) connected from AGND to DAC_RSET establishes the reference
current for the DAC. See equation in DAC Output section.
28 COMP_OUT O Comparator Output.
30 COMP_IN I Comparator Input.
AD9954
Pin No. Mnemonic I/O Description
31 COMP_IN I Comparator Complementary Input.
35 PWRDWNCTL I Input Pin Used as an External Power-Down Control (see Table 9 for details).
36 RESET I Active High Hardware Reset Pin. Assertion of the RESET pin forces the AD9954 to the default
state, as described in the right-hand column of Table 12, which is the I/O port register map.
37 IOSYNC I Asynchronous Active High Reset of the Serial Port Controller. When high, the current I/O
operation is immediately terminated, enabling a new I/O operation to commence once
IOSYNC is returned low. If unused, ground this pin; do not allow this pin to float.
38 SDO O See Serial Interface Port Pin Description section for details.
39 CS I See Serial Interface Port Pin Description section for details.
40 SCLK I See Serial Interface Port Pin Description section for details.
41 SDIO I/O See Serial Interface Port Pin Description section for details.
43 DVDD_I/O I Digital Power Supply. This pin is for I/O cells only, 3.3 V.
44 SYNC_IN I Input Signal Used to Synchronize Multiple AD9954s. This input is connected to the SYNC_CLK
output of a master AD9954.
45 SYNC_CLK O Clock Output Pin that Serves as a Synchronizer for External Hardware.
46 OSK I Input Pin Used to Control the Direction of the Shaped On-Off Keying Function When Programmed
for Operation. OSK is synchronous to the SYNC_CLK pin. When OSK is disabled, this pin should
be tied to DGND.
47, 48 PS0, PS1 I Input Pins Used to Select One of the Internal Phase/Frequency Profiles. PS1 and PS0 are
synchronous to the SYNC_CLK pin. Change on these pins triggers a transfer of the contents of
the chosen internal buffer memory to the I/O registers (sends an internal I/O UPDATE).
<49> AGND I The Exposed Paddle on the Bottom of the Package. It is a ground connection for the DAC and
must be attached to AGND in any board layout.
AD9954
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

MKR1 101MHz MKR1 160MHz
REF 0dBm ATTEN 10dB –70.68dB REF 0dBm ATTEN 10dB –61.55dB
PEAK 0 PEAK 0
LOG 1R LOG 1R
10dB/ –10 10dB/ –10
–20 –20
–30 –30
–40 MARKER –40 MARKER

101MHz 160MHz
–70.68dB –61.55dB
–50 –50
–60 –60 1
W1 S2 W1 S2
S3 FC –70 1 S3 FC –70
AA AA
–80 –80
03374-016
03374-019
–90 –90
–100 –100
CENTER 100MHz SPAN 200MHz CENTER 100MHz SPAN 200MHz
#RES BW 3kHz VBW 3kHz SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS) #RES BW 3kHz VBW 3kHz SWEEP 55.56 s (401 PTS)
Figure 5. fOUT = 1 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR Figure 8. fOUT = 80 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR

PEAK 0 PEAK 0
1R 1R
LOG LOG
10dB/ –10 10dB/ –10
–20 –20
–30 –30

90MHz 160MHz
–69.12dB –56.2dB
–50 –50
1
–60 –60
W1 S2 W1 S2
S3 FC –70 1 S3 FC –70
AA AA
–80 –80
03374-017
03374-020
–90 –90
–100 –100
Figure 6. fOUT = 10 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR Figure 9 fOUT = 120 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR

PEAK 0 PEAK 0
LOG 1R LOG 1R
10dB/ –10 10dB/ –10
–20 –20
–30 –30

80MHz 80MHz
–68.44dB –53.17dB
–50 –50
1
–60 –60
W1 S2 W1 S2
S3 FC –70 1 S3 FC –70
AA AA
–80 –80
03374-018
03374-021
–90 –90
–100 –100
Figure 7. fOUT = 40 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR Figure 10. fOUT = 160 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, WBSFDR
AD9954
MKR1 1.105MHz MKR1 80.301MHz
REF –4dBm ATTEN 10dB 1 –5.679dBm REF –4dBm ATTEN 10dB 1 –6.318dBm
PEAK 0 PEAK 0
LOG LOG
10dB/ –10 10dB/ –10
–20 –20
–30 –30

1.105000MHz 80.301000MHz
–50 –5.679dBm –50 –6.318dBm
–60 –60
W1 S2 W1 S2
S3 FC –70 S3 FC –70
AA AA
–80 –80
03374-022
03374-025
–90 –90
ST ST
–100 –100
CENTER 1.105MHz SPAN 2MHz CENTER 80.25MHz SPAN 2MHz
#RES BW 30Hz VBW 30Hz SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS) #RES BW 30Hz VBW 30Hz SWEEP 199.2 s (401 PTS)
Figure 11. fOUT = 1.1 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz Figure 14. fOUT = 80.3 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
MKR1 10MHz MKR1 120.205MHz

REF 0dBm ATTEN 10dB –93.01dB REF –4dBm ATTEN 10dB 1 –6.825dBm
PEAK 0 PEAK 0
1R
LOG LOG
10dB/ –10 10dB/ –10
–20 –20
–30 –30

10MHz 120.205000MHz
–50 –93.01dB –50 –6.825dBm
–60 –60
W1 S2 W1 S2
S3 FC –70 S3 FC –70
AA AA
–80 –80
03374-023
03374-026
–90 1 –90
ST
–100 –100
CENTER 10MHz SPAN 2MHz CENTER 120.2MHz SPAN 2MHz
Figure 12. fOUT = 9.5 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz Figure 15. fOUT = 120.2 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
MKR1 39.905MHz MKR1 600kHz

REF 0dBm ATTEN 10dB –5.347dBm REF –4dBm ATTEN 10dB –0.911dB
1
PEAK 0 1 PEAK 0
LOG LOG
10dB/ –10 10dB/ –10
–20 –20
–30 –30
–40 MARKER –40 CENTER

39.905000MHz 160.5000000MHz
–50 –5.347dBm –50
–60 –60
W1 S2 W1 S2
S3 FC –70 S3 FC –70
AA AA
–80 –80
03374-024
03374-027
–90 –90
ST
–100 –100
CENTER 39.9MHz SPAN 2MHz CENTER 160.5MHz SPAN 2MHz
Figure 13. fOUT = 39.9 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz Figure 16. fOUT = 160 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS, NBSFDR, ±1 MHz
AD9954
0
–10
–20
–30
–40 FALL (R1) = 396.4PS
–50 RISE(R2) = 464.3PS
–60
–70
L(f) (dBc/Hz)
R1
–80 R2
–90
–100
–110
–120
–130
–140
03374-030
–150
03374-028
–160
–170
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M REF2 200mV 500ns M 500PS 20.0GS/S IT 10.0PS/PT –100PS
A CH1 708mV
f (Hz)
Figure 17. Residual Phase Noise with fOUT = 159.5 MHz, Figure 19. Comparator Rise and Fall Time at 160 MHz
fCLK = 400 MSPS; PLL Bypassed (Green), PLL Set to 4× (Red), and
PLL Set to 20× (Blue)
0
–10
–20
–30
–40
–50
–60
–70
L(f) (dBc/Hz)
–80
–90
–100
–110
–120
–130
–140
–150
03374-029
–160
–170
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M
f (Hz)
Figure 18. Residual Phase Noise with fOUT = 9.5 MHz, fCLK = 400 MSPS;
PLL Bypassed (Green), PLL Set to 4× (Red), and PLL Set to 20× (Blue)
AD9954
THEORY OF OPERATION
COMPONENT BLOCKS The PLL is bypassed by programming a value outside the range
REFCLK Input of 4 to 20 (decimal). When bypassed, the PLL is shut down to
conserve power.
The AD9954 supports several methods for generating the
internal system clock. An on-chip oscillator circuit is available The VCO in the PLL has a selectable frequency range. Use the
for initiating the low frequency reference signal by connecting a VCO range bit (CFR2<2>) to set the appropriate range.
crystal to the clock input pins. The system clock can be generated The PLL in the clock multiplier has a loop filter comprised
using an internal, PLL-based reference clock multiplier, allowing of on-chip components as well as external components.
the part to operate with a low frequency clock source while still Recommended values for the external resistor/capacitor
providing a high sample rate for the DDS and DAC. For best are provided in Table 4.
phase noise performance, a clean, stable clock with a high slew
rate should be used to drive the REFCLK pin and bypass the Table 4. External Loop Filter Components for Clock Multiplier
multiplier. Multiply Value Resistor Value Capacitor Value (μF)
4× 0Ω 0.1
The available modes are configured using the CLKMODESELECT
10× 1 kΩ 0.1
pin, CFR1<4> and CFR2<7:3>. Note that the CLKMODESELECT
20× 243 Ω 0.01
pin is a 1.8 V logic only and does not apply to 3.3 V logic.
Pulling CLKMODESELECT high enables the on-chip crystal
DAC Output
oscillator circuit. With the on-chip oscillator enabled, users of
the AD9954 connect an external crystal to the REFCLK and Unlike many DACs, the DAC output on the AD9954 is referenced
REFCLK inputs to produce a low frequency reference clock (see to AVDD, not AGND.
Table 1 for the crystal frequency range supported). The signal Two complementary outputs provide a combined full-scale
generated by the oscillator is buffered, and then delivered to the output current (IOUT). Differential outputs reduce the amount of
rest of the chip. This buffered signal is provided on the common-mode noise that may be present at the DAC output,
CRYSTAL OUT pin. resulting in a better signal-to-noise ratio. The full-scale current
When the internal oscillator is disabled, an external oscillator is controlled by means of an external resistor (RSET) connected
must provide the REFCLK and/or REFCLK signals. For differential between the DAC_RSET pin and the DAC ground pin (Pin 49,
operation, these pins are driven with complementary signals. For the exposed paddle). The full-scale current is proportional to
the resistor value by the equation
single-ended operation, a 0.1 μF capacitor should be connected
between the unused pin and the analog power supply. With the RSET  39.19/I OUT  Ω
capacitor in place, the clock input pin bias voltage is 1.35 V.
The maximum full-scale output current of the combined
Table 5 summarizes the clock modes of operation. Note the PLL
DAC outputs is 15 mA. Limiting the output to 10 mA
multiplier is controlled via the CFR2<7:3> bits, independent of
maximum provides the best spurious-free dynamic range
the CFR1<4> bit.
(SFDR) performance. The DAC output compliance range is
Clock Multiplier AVDD + 0.5 V to AVDD − 0.5 V. Voltages developed beyond
An on-board PLL allows multiplication of the REFCLK this range result in excessive DAC distortion and could potentially
frequency. The multiplication factor is set using CFR2<7:3>. damage the DAC output circuitry. Proper attention should be
When programmed for values ranging from 0x04 to 0x14 paid to the load termination to keep the output voltage within
(decimal 4 to 20), the PLL multiplies the REFCLK input this compliance range.
frequency by the programmed value. The user must consider the
specified maximum frequency for the PLL when programming. If
the multiplication factor is changed, the user must allocate time
to allow the PLL to lock (approximately 1 ms).
Table 5. Clock Input Modes of Operation

CFR1<4> CLKMODESELECT CFR2<7:3> Oscillator Enabled? System Clock Frequency Range (MHz)
Low High 4 ≤ M ≤ 20 Yes fCLK = fOSC × M 80 < fCLK < 400
Low High M < 4 or M > 20 Yes fCLK = fOSC 20 < fCLK < 30
Low Low 4 ≤ M ≤ 20 No fCLK = fOSC × M 80 < fCLK < 400
Low Low M < 4 or M > 20 No fCLK = fOSC 10 < fCLK < 400
High X X No fCLK = 0 N/A
AD9954
Comparator Frequency Tuning Word Mux
Some applications (for example, clocking) prefer a square-wave As shown in Figure 2, there are three sources for the FTW
signal rather than a sine wave. In support of such applications, that are fed to the DDS core as the seed value for the phase
the AD9954 includes an on-chip comparator. The comparator accumulator: a frequency accumulator, the static RAM, and
has a bandwidth greater than 200 MHz and a common-mode the registers of the control logic.
input range of 1.3 V to 1.8 V. The comparator can be turned off For applications where a static output frequency or more than
to reduce power consumption using the comparator power- four predefined output frequencies need to be switched between,
down bit, CFR1<6>. in some variable or undefined order, the primary method of
Frequency Accumulator setting the FTW is by programming the desired value into the
This block is used for linear sweep mode; transitioning from FTW0 register.
the start frequency (F0) to the terminal frequency (F1) is not For applications where up to four specific sets of FTWs, or pre-
instantaneous but instead is implemented in a swept or ramped defined series of FTWs are needed, the on-board RAM can be
fashion. This frequency ramping is accomplished by stepping programmed with the desired FTWs, and the profile pins can
through intermediate frequencies between F0 and F1. be used to toggle between those sets/series.
The linear sweep block uses the falling and rising delta For applications where a steady sweeping of frequency is
frequency tuning words, the falling and rising delta frequency desired, a second frequency accumulator is provided. The seed
ramp rates, and the frequency accumulator. The Linear Sweep value and minimum/maximum numbers for the frequency
Enable Bit CFR1<21> enables the linear sweep block. The linear accumulator are user programmable, although certain rules
sweep no dwell bit establishes the action to be performed upon must be followed to avoid overflowing that accumulator.
reaching the terminal frequency in a sweep. See the Modes of
Phase Offset Word Mux
Operation section for more details.
As shown in Figure 2, there are two sources for the POW that
DDS Core are fed to the DDS core as an adder to the output of the phase
The output frequency (fO) of the DDS is a function of the accumulator: the static RAM and the registers of the control
frequency of system clock (SYSCLK), the value of the frequency logic. Using this feature enables synchronization of the DDS
tuning word (FTW), and the capacity of the phase accumulator output to other system signals as well as phase modulation.
(232, in this case). The exact relationship is given below with fs For applications where a static output phase or more than four
defined as the frequency of SYSCLK. predefined output phases need to be switched between, in some
fO = (FTW)(fS)/232 with 0 ≤ FTW ≤ 231 variable or undefined order, the primary method of setting the
fO = fS × (1 − (FTW/232)) with 231 < FTW < 232 − 1 POW is by programming the desired value into the POW0
register.
Each system clock cycle, the FTW is added to the value
previously held in the phase accumulator. The value at the For applications where up to four specific sets of POWs, or
output of the phase accumulator is then summed with a user- predefined series of POWs are needed, the on-board RAM can
defined, 14-bit phase offset value (POW). The most significant be programmed with the desired POWs, and the profile pins
19 bits of that summation are then translated to an amplitude can be used to toggle between those sets/series.
value via the cos(x) functional block. Truncation of the LSBs is The phase offset formula is
implemented to reduce the power consumption of the DDS
   14   360
POW
core. This truncation does not reduce frequency resolution.
 2 
In certain applications, it is desirable to have the ability to force
A digital delay block exists in the phase offset programming
the output signal to zero phase. Simply setting the FTW to 0
path to ensure matched latency with changes to the frequency
does not accomplish this; it only stalls the core at its current
tuning word. This enables users to easily program the device to
phase value. A control bit is provided to force the phase
accumulator output to zero. change from one combined phase/frequency combination to
another smoothly and seamlessly.
At power-up, the clear phase accumulator bit is set to Logic 1,
but the buffer memory for this bit is cleared (Logic 0). Therefore, Continuous and Clear-and-Release Frequency and Phase
upon power-up, the phase accumulator remains clear until the Accumulator Clear Functions
first I/O UPDATE is issued. I/O UPDATE transfers data from The AD9954 allows for a continuous zeroing of the frequency
the input buffers to the active control registers. See the sweep logic and the phase accumulator as well as a clear and
Functionality of the SYNC_CLK and I/O UPDATE section release or automatic zeroing function. The auto clear bits are
for more details. CFR1<14:13>. The continuous clear bits are CFR1<11:10>.
AD9954
Clear-and-Release Function Note that the maximum amplitude allowed is limited by the
When set for auto clearing, the corresponding accumulator is contents of the amplitude scale factor register, allowing the user
cleared and then begins to accumulate again upon receipt of an to ramp to a value less than full scale.
I/O update or change on one of the profile pins. This is repeated Table 6. Autoscale Factor Internal Step Size
for every subsequent I/O update or change on one of the profile ASF<15:14> (Binary) Increment/Decrement Size
pins until the appropriate autoclear control bit is cleared. It is 00 1
perfectly valid to have one accumulator set to autoclearing and 01 2
the other set to continuous clear.
10 4
Amplitude Control Options 11 8
Shaped On-Off Keying
OSK Ramp Rate Timer
The shaped on-off keying function is enabled/disabled using
the OSK enable bit (CFR1<25>). This function allows the The OSK ramp rate timer is a loadable down counter, which
user to control the ramp-up and ramp-down time when turning generates the clock signal to the 14-bit counter that generates
the DAC on or off. This function is primarily used in burst the internal scale factor. The ramp rate timer is loaded with
transmissions of digital data to reduce the adverse spectral the value of the autoscale factor register (ASFR) every time
impact of short, abrupt bursts of data. the counter reaches 1 (decimal). This load and countdown
operation continues for as long as the timer is enabled, unless
Both auto and manual shaped on-off keying modes are
the timer is forced to load before reaching a count of 1.
supported. CFR1<24> is used to select between auto and
manual on-off keying modes. Figure 20 shows the block If the load ARR control bit (CFR1<26>) is set, the ramp rate
diagram of the OSK circuitry. timer is loaded upon an I/O update, upon a change in profile
input, or upon reaching a value of 1. The ramp timer can be
Autoshaped On-Off Keying Mode Operation
loaded before reaching a count of 1 by three methods.
When autoshaped on-off keying mode is enabled, a single-scale
The first method is by toggling the OSK pin or sending a rising
factor is internally generated and applied to the multiplier input
edge to the I/O UPDATE pin (or changing the state of a profile
for scaling the output of the DDS core block (see Figure 20). The
pin). For this method, the ASFR value is loaded into the ramp
scale factor is the output of a 14-bit counter that increments/
rate timer, which then proceeds to count down as normal.
decrements at a rate determined by the contents of the 8-bit
output ramp rate register. The scale factor increments if the The second method is if the load ARR control bit (CFR1<26>)
OSK pin is high and decrements if the OSK pin is low. The scale is set and an I/O update (or change in profile) is issued.
factor is an unsigned value; all 0s multiply the DDS core output The last method is by setting the sweep enable bit. This switches
by 0 (decimal), and 0x3FFF multiplies the DDS core output by from inactive autoshaped on-off keying mode to the active
16,383 (decimal). autoshaped on-off keying mode.
Table 6 details the increment/decrement step size of the
internally generated scale factor per the ASF<15:14> bits.
DDS CORE
AUTO OSK
ENABLE
CFR1<24>
0
COS(X) TO DAC
1
OSK ENABLE
CFR<25> SYNC_CLK LOAD OSK TIMER
0 1 CFR1<26>
OSK PIN
AMPLITUDE SCALE AMPLITUDE RAMP
RATE REGISTER
0
FACTOR REGISTER
(ASF) 0 (ASF)
1
HOLD
OUT
UP/DN LOAD DATA
INC/DEC ENABLE EN
CLOCK
03374-005
AUTOSCALE RAMP RATE TIMER

FACTOR GENERATOR
Figure 20. On-Off Shaped Keying, Block Diagram
AD9954
Manual Shaped On-Off Keying Mode Operation To perform 4-tone shift keying, the user programs each RAM
When configured for manual shaped on-off keying, the segment control word for direct switch mode and a unique
content of the ASFR sets the scale factor for the data path. beginning address value. Program the RAM enable and RAM
destination bits (CFR1<31:30>) to enable the RAM and direct
MODES OF OPERATION the RAM output to be the FTW (FSK) or the POW (PSK). The
Single-Tone Mode PS1 and PS0 inputs are the 4-tone FSK/PSK data inputs. When
In single-tone mode, the DDS core uses a static tuning word. the profile is changed, the data stored at the new profile is
Whatever value is stored in FTW0 is supplied to the phase loaded into either the phase accumulator (FSK) or the phase
accumulator. This value can only be changed manually by offset adder (PSK). When set for PSK, Bits<17:0> of the RAM
writing a new value to FTW0 and then by issuing an I/O update. output are unused when the RAM destination bit is set. Two-
Phase adjustments are made using the phase offset register. tone shift keying only uses one profile pin.
RAM-Controlled Modes of Operation Ramp-Up Mode

Three important points apply to the RAM-controlled modes: Ramp-up mode, in conjunction with the segmented RAM
capability, allows up to four different sweep profiles to be
 The user must ensure that the beginning address is lower
programmed into the AD9954. The AD9954 is programmed
than the final address.
for ramp-up mode by enabling the RAM using the RAM enable
 Changing profiles or issuing an I/O update automatically bit (CFR1<31>) and programming the RAM mode control bits
terminates the current sweep and starts the next sweep, unless of each profile to be used to 001(b).
otherwise stated. When a sweep is initiated (via an I/O update or change in
 Setting the RAM destination bit true such that the RAM profile bits), the RAM address generator loads the RAM
output drives the phase offset adder is valid. While the segment beginning address bits of the current RSCW, driving
sections that follow describe frequency sweeps, phase the RAM output from this address, and the ramp rate timer
sweep operation is also available. The RAM destination bit loads the RAM segment address ramp rate bits. When the ramp
(CFR1<30>) controls whether the RAM output drives the rate timer finishes a cycle, the RAM address generator increments
phase accumulator (frequency) or the phase offset adder to the next address, the timer reloads the ramp rate bits and
(phase). begins a new countdown cycle. This sequence continues until
The AD9954 offers five modes of RAM-controlled operation the RAM address generator has incremented to an address
(see Table 7). equal to the RAM segment final address bits of the current
RSCW. At this point, the next state is dependent upon whether
Table 7. RAM Modes of Operation no-dwell mode is active. See the no-dwell bit (CFR1<2>) in the
RSCW<7:5> (Binary) Mode Notes register maps (see Table 12 and Table 13).
000 Direct Switch No sweeping, profiles In this mode, asymmetrical FSK modulation can be implemented
valid, no dwell ignored by configuring the RAM for two segments, and using the PS0
001 Ramp Up Sweeping, profiles valid, pin as the data input.
no-dwell valid
010 Bidirectional Sweeping, PS0 is a Bidirectional Ramp Mode
Ramp direction control pin,
Bidirectional ramp mode allows the AD9954 to offer a
no-dwell ignored
symmetrical sweep between two frequencies using the PS0
011 Continuous Sweeping, profiles valid,
Bidirectional no-dwell ignored signal as the control input. The AD9954 is programmed for
Ramp bidirectional ramp mode using the RAM enable bit (CFR1<31>)
100 Continuous Sweeping, profiles valid, and programming the RAM segment mode control bits of each
Recirculation no-dwell ignored desired profile to 010(b). PS1 input is ignored; the PS0 input is
101, 110, 111 Invalid mode Default to direct switch the ramp direction indicator. The memory is not segmented,
using only one beginning and one final address. The address
Direct Switch Mode registers for controlling RAM are located in the RAM segment
Direct switch mode enables frequency shift keying (FSK) or control word (RSCW) associated with Profile 0.
phase shift keying (PSK) modulation. The AD9954 is
programmed for direct switch using the RAM enable bit
(CFR1<31>) and programming the RAM segment mode
control bits of each desired profile to 000(b). This mode simply
reads the RAM contents at the RAM segment beginning
address for the current profile. No address ramping occurs in
this mode.
AD9954
Upon entering this mode (via an I/O update or changing the Continuous Recirculation Mode
PS0 pin), the RAM address generator loads the RAM segment Continuous recirculation mode allows the AD9954 to offer
beginning address bits of RSCW0 and the ramp rate timer loads an automatic, continuous unidirectional sweep between two
the RAM segment address ramp rate bits. The RAM drives data frequencies. The AD9954 is programmed for continuous
from the beginning address, and the ramp rate timer begins recirculation mode using the RAM enable bit (CFR1<31>)
counting down to 1. When the timer reaches zero, the RAM and programming the RAM segment mode control bits of
address is incremented if PS0 is high and decrements if PS0 is each desired profile to 100(b).
low. Toggling the PS0 pin does not cause the device to generate
an internal I/O update; transfers of data from the I/O buffers to Upon entering this mode (via an I/O update or changing Pin
the internal registers are only initiated by a rising edge on the PS1 or Pin PS0), the RAM address generator loads the RAM
I/O UPDATE pin. segment beginning address bits of the current RSCW and the
ramp rate timer loads the RAM segment address ramp rate bits.
RAM address control is now a function of the PS0 input. When The RAM drives data from the beginning address, and the ramp
polarity of the PS0 bit is changed, the RAM address generator rate timer begins to count down to 1. When the ramp rate timer
increments/decrements to the next address and the ramp rate completes a cycle, the RAM address generator increments to the
timer is reloaded. As in the ramp-up mode, this sequence next address, and the timer reloads the ramp rate bits and
continues until the RAM address generator has incremented/ continues counting down. This sequence continues until the
decremented to an address equal to the final/beginning address RAM address generator has incremented to an address equal to
as long as the PS0 input remains high/low. Once the final/ the RAM segment final address bits of the current RSCW. Upon
beginning address is reached, the sweep stalls until the polarity reaching this terminal address, the RAM address generator
on PS0 is changed. reloads the RAM segment beginning address bits and the
All data in the RAM segment control words associated with sequence repeats until a new mode is selected.
Profile 1, Profile 2, and Profile 3 are ignored. Only the information
Internal Profile Control
in the RAM segment control word for Profile 0 is used to
control the RAM. The AD9954 offers a mode in which a composite frequency sweep
can be built with software-programmable timing control. Internal
Continuous Bidirectional Ramp Mode profile control capability disengages the PS1 pin and the PS0 pin
Continuous bidirectional ramp mode allows the AD9954 and enables the AD9954 to take control of switching between
to offer an automatic, symmetrical sweep between two profiles. Modes are defined that allow continuous or single-burst
frequencies. The AD9954 is programmed for continuous profile switches for three combinations of profile selection bits
bidirectional ramp mode using the RAM enable bit (CFR1<31>) (see Table 8). Internal profile control mode is engaged using Bits
and programming the RAM segment mode control bits of each CFR1<29:27> per Table 8. Internal profile control is only valid
desired profile to 011(b). In general, this mode is identical in when the device is operating in RAM mode. There is no internal
control to the bidirectional ramp mode, except the ramp up and profile control for linear sweeping operations.
down is automatic (no external control via the PS0 input), and When the internal profile control mode is engaged, the RAM
switching profiles are valid. This mode enables generation of an segment mode control bits are ignored; the device operates all
automatic saw tooth sweep characteristic. profiles in ramp-up mode. Switching between profiles occurs
Upon entering this mode (via an I/O update or changing the when the RAM address generator has exhausted the memory
PS1 or PS0 pins), the RAM address generator loads the RAM contents for the current profile.
segment beginning address bits of the current RSCW and the
ramp rate timer loads the RAM segment address ramp rate bits.
The RAM drives data from the beginning address, and the ramp
rate timer begins counting down to 1. When the ramp rate timer
completes the countdown, the RAM address generator increments
to the next address, and the timer reloads the ramp rate bits and
continues counting down. This continues until the RAM address
generator has incremented to an address equal to the RAM
segment final address bits of the current RSCW. Upon reaching
this final address, the RAM address generator begins
decrementing each time the ramp rate timer completes a
countdown cycle until it reaches the RAM segment beginning
address. Upon reaching the beginning address, the entire
sequence repeats until a new mode is selected.
AD9954
Table 8. Internal Profile Control ramps from FTW0 to FTW1 and the RSRR register is loaded
CFR1<29:27> into the sweep rate timer. When the timer counts down to one,
(Binary) Mode Description the frequency accumulator cycles once, increasing by the seed
000 Internal control inactive value. This accumulation of the RDFTW at the rate given by the
001 Internal control active, single-burst, activate ramp rate (RSRR) continues until the output of the frequency
Profile 0, then Profile 1, then stop adder is equal to the FTW1 register value, or PS0 is pulled low.
010 Internal control active, single-burst, activate
Profile 0, then Profile 1, then Profile 2, then stop When PS0 is low, the 32-bit falling delta frequency tuning word
011 Internal control active, single-burst, activate (FDFTW) is the seed value for the frequency accumulator, it
Profile 0, then Profile 1, then Profile 2, then ramps down from FTW1 to FTW0 and the FSRR register is
Profile 3, then stop loaded into the sweep rate timer. When the timer counts down
100 Internal control active, continuous, activate to one, the frequency accumulator cycles once, decreasing by
Profile 0, then Profile 1, then Loop Starting 0 the seed value. This accumulation of the FDFTW at the rate
101 Internal control active, continuous, activate given by the ramp rate (FSRR) continues until the output of the
Profile 0, then Profile 1, then Profile 2, then frequency adder is equal to the FTW0 register value, or PS0 is
Loop Starting 0
pulled high.
110 Internal control active, continuous, activate
Profile 0, then Profile 1, then Profile 2, then Pin PS0 controls the direction of the sweep, rising to FTW1 or
Profile 3, and then Loop Starting 0 falling to FTW0. Upon reaching the destination frequency, the
111 Invalid AD9954 linear sweep function either holds at the destination
A single-burst mode is one in which the composite sweep is frequency until the state on PS0 is changed or immediately
executed once. For example, assume the device is programmed returns to the initial frequency, FTW0, depending on the state
for ramp-up mode and the CFR1<29:27> bits are written to of the Linear Sweep No-Dwell Bit CFR1<02>. While operating
Logic 010(b). Upon receiving an I/O update, the internal in linear sweep mode, toggling PS0 does not cause the device to
control logic signals the device to begin executing the ramp-up generate an internal I/O update. When PS0 is acting as the
mode sequence for Profile 0. Upon reaching the RAM segment sweep direction indicator, any transfer of data from the I/O
final address value for Profile 0, the device jumps to the beginning buffers to the internal registers can only be initiated by a rising
address of Profile 1 and begins executing that ramp-up sequence. edge on the I/O UPDATE pin.
Upon reaching the RAM segment final address value for The linear sweep function of the AD9954 requires the lowest
Profile 1, the device jumps to the beginning address of Profile 2 frequency to be loaded into the FTW0 register and the highest
and begins executing that ramp-up sequence. When the RAM frequency into the FTW1 register. For piece-wise, nonlinear
segment final address value for Profile 2 is reached, the frequency transitions, it is necessary to reprogram the registers
sequence is over and the composite sweep has completed. while the frequency transition is in process.
Issuing another I/O update restarts the burst process.
After a reset, the device is initially in single-tone mode. The
A continuous internal profile control mode is one in which the programming steps to operate in linear sweep mode are:
composite sweep is continuously executed for as long as the
0) PS1:0 = 00.
device is programmed into that mode. Using the previous
1) Set the linear sweep enable bit (CFR1<21>) and set or clear
example, except programming the CFR1<29:27> bits to
the linear sweep no-dwell bit (CFR1<2>) as desired.
Logic 101(b), the operation would be identical until the RAM
segment final address value for Profile 2 is reached. At this 2) Program the rising and falling delta frequency tuning
point, instead of stopping the sequence, the device jumps back words and ramp rate values.
to the beginning address of Profile 0 and continues sweeping. 3) Program the lower and higher output frequencies into the
FTW0 and FTW1 registers, respectively.
Linear Sweep Mode
4) Apply an I/O update to move this data into the registers
The AD9954 is placed in linear sweep mode using the Linear
(the instantaneous output frequency is FTW0).
Sweep Enable Bit CR1<21>. PS1 must be tied low. When in
linear sweep mode, the AD9954 output frequency ramps up 5) Change the PS0 input as desired to sweep between the
from a starting frequency, programmed by FTW0 to a finishing lower to higher frequency and back.
frequency FTW1, or down from FTW1 to FTW0. The delta Figure 21 depicts a typical frequency ramping operation. The
frequency tuning words and the ramp rate word determine the device initially powers up in single-tone mode. The profile
rate of this ramping. The Linear Sweep No-Dwell Bit CFR1<2> inputs are low, setting FTW0 as the seed value for the phase
controls the behavior of the device upon reaching the final accumulator. The user then writes to the linear sweep enable bit,
frequency. the rising and falling delta frequency tuning words, and ramp
When PS0 is high, the 32-bit rising delta frequency tuning word rates via the serial port (Point A in Figure 21. In this example, the
(RDFTW) is the seed value for the frequency accumulator, it linear sweep no-dwell bit is cleared (CFR1<2>).
AD9954
fOUT
B
FTW1
A
FTW0
TIME
SINGLE-TONE LINEAR SWEEP MODE

MODE
PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0
03374-003
AT POINT A: LOAD RISING RAMP RATE REGISTER, APPLY RISING DFTW.
AT POINT B: LOAD FALLING RAMP RATE REGISTER, APPLY FALLING DFTW.
Figure 21. Linear Sweep Frequency Plan
fOUT
B B B
FTW1
A A A
FTW0
TIME
SINGLE-TONE
MODE
PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1

03374-004
LINEAR SWEEP MODE ENABLE–NO DWELL BIT SET
Figure 22. Linear Sweep Using No-Dwell Frequency Plan
Linear Sweep No-Dwell Feature Resetting the Ramp Rate Timer

See CFR1<2> in the register maps (see Table 12 and Table 13) The ramp timer can be reset before reaching a count of 1 by
for general details of the no-dwell mode. Figure 22 depicts the three methods.
linear sweep mode operation when the linear sweep no-dwell Method one is by changing the PS0 input pin. When the PS0
bit is set. The Label A points indicate where a rising edge on input pin toggles from 0 to 1, the RSRRW value is loaded into
PS0 is detected; the Label B points indicate where the AD9954 the ramp rate timer, which then proceeds to countdown as
has determined fOUT has reached the terminal frequency and normal. When the PS0 input pin toggles from 0 to 1, the falling
automatically returns to the starting frequency. Note that in this sweep ramp rate word (FSRRW) value is loaded into the ramp
mode, only sweeps from FTW0 to FTW1 using the positive rate timer, which then proceeds to countdown as normal.
linear sweep control word are supported. Toggling PS0 from 1
The second method uses the LOAD SRR @ I/O UD bit
to 0 neither initiates a falling sweep when the no-dwell bit is set,
(CFR1<15>), see Table 12 for details.
nor interrupts a positive sweep already underway.
AD9954
The last method in which the sweep ramp rate timer can be Software-controlled power-down enables individual powering
reset is changing from inactive linear sweep mode to active down of the DAC, comparator, PLL, input clock circuitry, and
linear sweep mode using the linear sweep enable bit (CFR1<21>). the digital logic (CFR1<7:4>). With the exception of CFR1<6>,
For methods two and three, the ramp rate timer loads a value these bits are superseded when the externally controlled power-
determined by the state of PS0 (0 = FSRRW, 1 = RSRRW). down pin (PWRDWNCTL) is high. External power-down
control is supported on the AD9954 via the PWRDWNCTL
Power-Down Functions of the AD9954 input pin. When the PWRDWNCTL input pin is high, the
The AD9954 supports an externally controlled (or hardware) AD9954 enters a power-down mode based on the CFR1<3> bit.
power-down feature as well as software-programmable power- When the PWRDWNCTL input pin is low, it operates normally.
down bits capable of individually powering down specific unused See CFR1<3> in Table 12 for details.
circuit blocks.
Table 9 details the logic level for each power-down bit that
drives out of the AD9954 core logic to the analog section and
the digital clock generation section of the chip for the external
power-down operation.
Table 9. Power-Down Control Functions

Control Mode Active Description
PWRDWNCTL = 0, CFR1<3> don’t care Software control Digital power-down = CFR1<7>
Comparator power-down = CFR1<6>
DAC power-down = CFR1<5>
Clock input power-down = CFR1<4>
PWRDWNCTL = 1, CFR1<3> = 0 External control, fast recovery Digital power-down = 1’b1
power-down mode Comparator power-down = 1’b0 or CFR1<6>
DAC power-down = 1’b0
Clock input power-down = 1’b0
PWRDWNCTL = 1, CFR1<3> = 1 External control, full power-down Digital power-down = 1’b1
mode Comparator power-down = 1’b1
DAC power-down = 1’b1
Clock input power-down = 1’b1
AD9954
SYNCHRONIZATION—REGISTER UPDATES (I/O The I/O update signal coupled with SYNC_CLK is used to
UPDATE) transfer internal buffer contents into the control registers. The
Functionality of the SYNC_CLK and I/O UPDATE combination of the SYNC_CLK pin and the I/O UPDATE pin
provides the user with constant latency relative to SYSCLK and
Data into the AD9954 is synchronous to the SYNC_CLK
ensures phase continuity of the analog output signal when a
signal (supplied externally to the user on the SYNC_CLK pin).
new tuning word or phase offset value is asserted.
The I/O UPDATE pin is sampled on the rising edge of the
SYNC_CLK. Figure 23 and Figure 24 demonstrate an I/O update timing
cycle and synchronization.
Internally, SYSCLK is fed to a divide-by-four frequency divider
to produce the SYNC_CLK signal. The SYNC_CLK signal is Synchronization logic notes include the following:
made available to the system on the SYNC_CLK pin. This  The I/O update signal is edge detected to generate a single-
enables synchronization of external hardware with the device’s cycle clock signal that drives the register bank flops. The I/O
internal clocks. This is accomplished by providing the SYNC_CLK update signal has no constraints on duty cycle. The minimum
signal as an output that external hardware can then use to low time on I/O update is one SYNC_CLK clock cycle.
synchronize against.  The I/O UPDATE pin is set up and held around the rising
edge of SYNC_CLK. Setup and hold time specifications can
be found in Table 2.
SYNC_CLK
DISABLE
1
SYSCLK
÷4
0
OSK PS<1:0> I/O UPDATE
D D D
Q Q Q
EDGE
DETECTION
LOGIC
TO CORE LOGIC
SYNC_CLK
GATING
SCLK
03374-006
REGISTER I/O BUFFER

MEMORY LATCHES SDIO
CS
Figure 23. I/O Synchronization Block Diagram
SYSCLK
A B
SYNC_CLK
I/O UPDATE
DATA IN N–1 N N+1

REGISTERS
DATA IN
I/O BUFFERS N N+1 N+2
03374-007
THE DEVICE REGISTERS AN I/O UPDATE AT POINT A. THE DATA IS TRANSFERRED FROM
THE ASYNCHRONOUSLY LOADED I/O BUFFERS AT POINT B.
Figure 24. I/O Synchronization Timing Diagram
AD9954
Synchronizing Multiple AD9954s RAM
There are three modes of synchronization available to the user: The AD9954 incorporates a block of SRAM. The RAM is a
an automatic synchronization mode, a software-controlled bidirectional single port. Read and write operations cannot
manual synchronization mode, and a hardware-controlled occur simultaneously. Write operations to the serial I/O port
manual synchronization mode. The following requirements take precedence; therefore, if an attempt to write to RAM is
apply to all modes. First, all units must share a common clock made during a read operation, the read operation is halted. The
source. Trace lengths and path impedance of the clock tree must RAM is configurable using the RAM Segment Control Word<7:5>
be designed to keep the phase delay of the different clock branches and data in the control function register.
as closely matched as possible. Second, the I/O update signal’s Using the RAM enable bit (CFR1<31>), the RAM output can be
rising edge must be provided synchronously to all devices being enabled to drive the input to either the phase accumulator or
synchronized. Finally, the DVDD_I/O supply should be set to the phase offset adder; the RAM destination bit (CFR1<30>)
3.3 V for all devices that are to be synchronized. AVDD and sets the routing. When the RAM output drives the phase
DVDD should be left at 1.8 V. accumulator, the phase offset word (POW, Address 0x05) drives
In automatic synchronization mode, one device is chosen as a the phase-offset adder. Conversely, when the RAM output
master, the other device(s) is slaved to this master. All slaves drives the phase-offset adder, the frequency tuning word (FTW,
automatically synchronize their internal clocks to the SYNC_CLK Address 0x04) drives the phase accumulator. When CFR1<31>
output signal of the master device. Use the automatic disables the RAM, it is inactive unless being written to via the
synchronization bit (CFR1<23>) to configure each slave. serial port. The RAM is mapped into one of four profiles
Connect the SYNC_IN input(s) to the master SYNC_CLK determined by the PS1 and PS0 input pins. Note that these
output. Slave devices continuously update the phase relationship of profiles may overlap. For example, Profile 0 may use RAM
their SYNC_CLK until it is in phase with the SYNC_IN input. Address Location 0 to Address Location 12, and Profile 1 may use
The high speed sync enhancement enable bit (CFR2<11>) must RAM Address Location 5 to Address Location 20, and so forth.
be programmed correctly. All RAM write or read operations to/from the RAM are
In software manual synchronization mode, the user can force controlled by the PS1 and PS0 input pins and the respective
the device to advance the SYNC_CLK rising edge one SYSCLK RAM segment control word. To write to the RAM, a RAM
cycle (¼ SYNC_CLK period). Manual synchronization mode segment must be defined in a RAM segment control word. The
is established using the slave device’s software manual RAM segment that was defined must then be selected by use of
synchronization bit (CFR1<22>). See the bit description in the profile select pins, PS0 and PS1. With the correct RAM
Table 12 for more details. segment selected, the special instruction byte of 0xB0 should
In hardware manual synchronization mode, the SYNC_IN be sent. When the instruction byte to write to the RAM is sent
input pin is configured such that it now advances the rising edge to the part, the serial port controller immediately polls the
of the SYNC_CLK signal each time the device detects a rising edge corresponding RAM segment control word. From this register,
on the SYNC_IN pin. Hardware manual synchronization mode is the serial port controller makes note of the start address and the
established using the hardware manual synchronization bit stop address. It then calculates how many entries there are in
(CFR2<10>). See the bit description in Table 12 for more details. the segment, and how many bytes of data to expect. After
sending the special instruction byte of 0xB0, the user must send
Using a Single Crystal to Drive Multiple AD9954 Clock all RAM entries for the currently selected profile to the part.
Inputs
For example, consider a case where RAM Segment 2 begins at
The AD9954 crystal oscillator output signal is available on the
Address 21 and ends at Address 120. First, write to RAM Segment
CRYSTAL OUT pin, enabling one crystal to drive multiple
Control Word 2 with a starting address of 21, with a stop address
AD9954s. To drive multiple AD9954s with one crystal, the
of 120, and specify a ramp rate and a mode of operation. Next, set
CRYSTAL OUT pin of the AD9954 using the external crystal
PS1 to 1 and PS0 to 0 to select RAM Segment 2 and then send
should be connected to the REFCLK input of the other AD9954.
the instruction byte of 0xB0. The part is now ready to put the first
The CRYSTAL OUT pin must be enabled using the CRYSTAL 32-bit word into the RAM at Address 21, to expect 100 32-bit
OUT Pin Active Bit CFR2<9>. The drive strength of the words, and to store the last one at Address 120. It automatically
CRYSTAL OUT pin is fairly low; therefore, the signal controls sending the data from the serial port to the correct RAM
should be buffered if multiple loads are being driven. address. Therefore, precede sending 100 32-bit words of data to
the part. After the 3200th SCLK cycle, the write operation is
complete, and all 100 words are stored in the RAM, from
Address 21 to Address 120.
AD9954
Serial I/O Port There are two phases to a communication cycle with the
The AD9954 serial port is a flexible, synchronous, serial AD9954. Phase 1 is the instruction cycle, which is the writing of
communications port that easily interfaces to many industry- an instruction byte into the AD9954, coincident with the first
standard microcontrollers and microprocessors. The serial I/O port eight SCLK rising edges. The instruction byte provides the
is compatible with most synchronous transfer formats, including AD9954 serial port controller with information regarding
both the Motorola 6905/11 SPI® and Intel® 8051 SSR protocols. Phase 2, the data transfer cycle. The instruction byte defines
whether the upcoming data transfer is a read or a write and the
The interface accesses all registers that configure the AD9954. MSB
serial address of the register being accessed.
first and LSB first transfer formats are supported. In addition, the
AD9954’s serial interface port can be configured as a single pin I/O The first eight SCLK rising edges of each communication cycle
(SDIO), which allows a 2-wire interface, or two unidirectional pins are used to write the instruction byte into the AD9954. The
for in/out (SDIO/SDO), which enables a 3-wire interface. Two remaining SCLK edges are for Phase 2 of the communication
optional pins, IOSYNC and CS, provide further flexibility for cycle. Phase 2 is the actual data transfer between the AD9954
system design with the AD9954. and the system controller. The number of bytes transferred
during Phase 2 of the communication cycle is a function of the
SERIAL PORT OPERATION register being accessed. For example, when accessing the Control
With the AD9954, the instruction byte specifies read/write Function Register 2, which is three bytes wide, Phase 2 requires that
operation and register address. Serial operations on the AD9954 three bytes be transferred. If accessing the frequency tuning word,
only occur at the register level, they do not occur on the byte which is four bytes wide, four bytes must be transferred. After
level. For the AD9954, the serial port controller recognizes the transferring all data bytes per the instruction byte, the
instruction byte register address and automatically generates the communication cycle is complete.
proper register byte address. In addition, the controller expects At the completion of any communication cycle, the AD9954
to access all bytes of that register. It is a requirement that all serial port controller expects the next eight rising SCLK edges
bytes of a register be accessed during serial I/O operations, with to be the instruction byte of the next communication cycle. All
one exception; the IOSYNC function can be used to abort an data input to the AD9954 is registered on the rising edge of
I/O operation, thereby allowing less than all bytes to be SCLK. All data is driven out of the AD9954 on the falling edge
accessed. of SCLK. Figure 25 through Figure 28 are provided to aid in
understanding the general operation of the AD9954 serial port.
INSTRUCTION CYCLE DATA TRANSFER CYCLE

CS
SCLK
SDIO I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 03374-008
Figure 25. Serial Port Write Timing–Clock Stall Low

CS
SCLK
SDIO I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 DON'T CARE

03374-009
SDO DO 7 DO 6 DO 5 DO 4 DO 3 DO 2 DO 1 DO 0
Figure 26. 3-Wire Serial Port Read Timing–Clock Stall Low

CS
SCLK
03374-010
SDIO I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
Figure 27. Serial Port Write Timing–Clock Stall High
AD9954
CS
SCLK
03374-011
SDIO I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 DO 7 DO 6 DO 5 DO 4 DO 3 DO 2 DO 1 DO 0
Figure 28. 2-Wire Serial Port Read Timing—Clock Stall High
SERIAL INTERFACE PORT PIN DESCRIPTIONS the register at this memory location and notes that the ASF is
SCLK—Serial Clock. The serial clock pin is used to synchronize 2 bytes wide. The serial port controller’s state machines sets to
data to and from the AD9954 and to run internal state machines. 16 and awaits 16 rising edges on the SCLK and 16 bits of data
SCLK maximum frequency is 25 MHz. on the SDIO line. Send 16 rising edges on SCLK, and the binary
data 10000000 00000000 on the SDIO line.
CS—Chip Select. CS is an active low input that enables
To write the amplitude scale factor register in LSB first format,
devices sharing a serial communications line to be individually
the process is the same as in MSB first; however, the data is bit
programmed. The SDO and SDIO pins go to a high impedance
wise inverted on a word-by-word basis. The instruction byte is
state when this input is high. If driven high during any
0x40. The binary data for the ASF is 00000000 00000001.
communications cycle, that cycle is suspended until CS is
reactivated low. Chip select can be tied low if it is not needed.
CS
●●●
SDIO —Serial Data I/O. Data written to the AD9954 must be
sent to this pin. However, this pin can be used as a bidirectional SCLK
data line. CFR1<9> controls the configuration of this pin. ●●●
SDO—Serial Data Out. Data is read from this pin for protocols SDIO ●●●
that use separate lines for transmitting and receiving data.
When in 2-wire serial programming mode, this pin is set to a
TCSU TDSU TDH TDH
high impedance state.
IOSYNC—synchronizes the I/O port state machines without DVDD I/O = 3.3V DVDD I/O = 1.8V
TCSU = 3ns TCSU = 5ns
03374-036
affecting the addressable registers contents. An active high input TDSU = 3ns TDSU = 5ns
on the IOSYNC pin aborts the current communication cycle. After TDH = 0ns TDH = 0ns
IOSYNC returns low (Logic 0), another communication cycle may Figure 29. Timing Diagram for Data Write to AD9954
begin, starting with the instruction byte write.
SCLK
MSB/LSB TRANSFERS
The AD9954 serial port can support either MSB first or LSB
SDIO
first data formats. This functionality is controlled by the LSB SDO
First Bit CFR1<8>.
03374-037
TDV = 25ns
For MSB first operation, the serial port controller generates the
most significant byte (of the specified register) address first Figure 30. Timing Diagram for Data Read to AD9954
followed by the next lesser significant byte addresses until the RAM I/O VIA SERIAL PORT
I/O operation is complete. All data written to (read from) the
Accessing the RAM via the serial port is identical to any other
AD9954 must be in MSB first order.
serial I/O operation except that the number of bytes transferred
If the LSB mode is active, the serial port controller generates the is determined by the address space between the beginning
least significant byte address first followed by the next greater address and the final address as specified in the current RAM
significant byte addresses until the I/O operation is complete. segment control word (RSCW). The final address describes the
All data written to (read from) the AD9954 must be in LSB most significant word address for all I/O transfers and the
first order. beginning address specifies the least significant address.
Example Operation RAM I/O supports MSB/LSB first operation as set using the
As an example, consider the case of writing the amplitude scale LSB First Bit CFR1<8>. When in MSB first mode, the first data
factor (ASF) register to a value of 0.5 full scale. First, calculate byte is for the most significant byte of the memory address
the binary equivalent of 0.5. As the ASF is 16 bits wide, the described by the final address with the remaining three bytes
hexadecimal equivalent is 0x80. Next, for MSB first format, making up the lesser significant bytes of that address. The
transmit an instruction byte of 0x02 (serial address of ASF is remaining bytes come in most significant to least significant,
00010(b)). From this instruction, the internal controller polls destined for RAM addresses generated in descending order
AD9954
until the final four bytes are written into the address specified as INSTRUCTION BYTE
the beginning address. When in LSB first mode, the first data The instruction byte contains the following information.
byte is for the least significant byte of the memory (specified by
the beginning address) with the remaining three bytes making Table 10.
up the greater significant bytes of that address. The remaining MSB D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 LSB
bytes come in least significant to most significant, destined for R/W X X A4 A3 A2 A1 A0
RAM addresses generated in ascending order until the final
four bytes are written into the memory address described by the R/W—Bit 7 of the instruction byte defines whether a read or
final address.
write data transfer occurs after the instruction byte write. Logic
The RAM uses Serial Address 01011(b); therefore, the High indicates read operation. Logic 0 indicates a write
instruction byte to write the RAM is 0x0B, in MSB first notation. operation.
As previously mentioned, the RAM addresses generated are
X, X—Bit 6 and Bit 5 of the instruction byte are don’t care.
specified by the beginning and final address of the RSCW
currently selected by Pin PS1 and Pin PS0. A4, A3, A2, A1, A0—Bit 4, Bit 3, Bit 2, Bit 1, Bit 0 of the
instruction byte determine which register is accessed during the
Notes on serial port operation
data transfer portion of the communications cycle. Addresses for
 The configuration changes made using CFR1<9:8> are registers can be found in the first column of the register maps (see
implemented immediately upon writing to this register. For Table 12 and Table 13).
multibyte transfers, writing to this register may occur during
REGISTER MAPS AND DESCRIPTIONS
the middle of a communication cycle. Care must be taken to The register maps are listed in Table 12 and Table 13. The active
compensate for this new configuration for the remainder of register map depends on the state of the linear sweep enable bit;
the current communication cycle. certain registers are remapped depending on which mode the
 The system must maintain synchronization with the AD9954 part is operating in. Specifically, Register 0x07, Register 0x08,
or the internal control logic cannot recognize further Register 0x09, and Register 0x0A are affected. Because the
instructions. For example, if the system sends an instruction linear sweep operation takes precedence over RAM operations,
byte that describes writing a 2-byte register, and then pulses Analog Devices, Inc. recommends that the RAM be disabled
the SCLK pin for a 3-byte write (24 additional SCLK rising using Bit CFR1<31> when linear sweep is enabled by Bit
edges), communication synchronization is lost. In this case, CFR1<21> to conserve power. The serial address numbers
the first 16 SCLK rising edges after the instruction cycle associated with each of the registers are in hexadecimal format.
properly write the first two data bytes into the AD9954, but Angle brackets <> are used to reference specific bits or ranges of
the next eight rising SCLK edges are interpreted as the next bits. For example, <3> designates Bit 3 and <7:3> designates the
instruction byte. In the case where synchronization is lost range of bits from Bit 7 to Bit 3, inclusive.
between the system and the AD9954, the IOSYNC pin
enables the user to reset the AD9954 serial port controller
Table 11. Register Mapping Based on Linear Sweep Enable Bit
state machine. Any information that is written to the AD9954
Linear Sweep Enable Bit
registers during a valid communication cycle prior to loss of
(CFR1<21>) Register Map
synchronization and assertion of the IOSYNC pin remain intact.
Cleared (= 0) RAM Segment Control Words Active
 Reading a RAM profile requires that the profile select pins, Set (= 1) Linear Sweep Control Words Active
Pin PS1 and Pin PS0, be configured to select the desired profile.
When reading a register that resides in one of the profiles, the
register address acts as an offset to select one of the registers
among the group of registers defined by the profile, while the
profile select pins select the appropriate register group.
AD9954
Table 12. Register Map—When Linear Sweep Enable Bit Is False (CFR1<21> = 0)
Note that the RAM Enable Bit CFR1<31> only activates the RAM itself, not the RAM segment control words.
Register
Name Default
(Serial Bit (MSB) (LSB) Value Or
Address) Range Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Profile
Control <7:0> Digital Comp DAC Clock External Linear SYNC_CLK Not 0x00
Function Power- Power- Power- Input Power- Sweep Disable Used
Register Down Down Down Power- Down No-
No.1 Down Mode Dwell
(CFR1) <15:8> SRR Load AutoClr AutoClr Sine/ Clear Clear SDIO LSB First 0x00
(0x00) Enable Freq Phase Cosine Freq Phase Input
Accum Accum Select Accum Accum Only
<23:16> Automatic Software Linear Not Used Not Not Used Not Used Not 0x00
Sync Manual Sweep Used Used
Enable Sync Enable
<31:24> RAM RAM Internal Profile Control<2:0> Load ARR OSK Auto 0x00
Enable Destination Control Enable OSK
Enable
Control <7:0> REFCLK Multiplier VCO Charge Pump 0x00
Function Range Current<1:0>
Register <15:8> Not Used High Hardware XTAL Not 0x00
No. 2 Speed Manual OUT Used
(CFR2) Sync Sync Enable
(0x01) Enable Enable
<23:16> Not Used 0x18
Amplitude <7:0> Amplitude Scale Factor Register<7:0> 0x00
Scale <15:8> Auto Ramp Rate Amplitude Scale Factor Register<13:8> 0x00
Factor (ASF) Speed Control<1:0>
(0x02)
Amplitude <7:0> Amplitude Ramp Rate Register<7:0> 0x00
Ramp Rate
(ARR)
(0x03)
Frequency <7:0> Frequency Tuning Word No. 0<7:0> 0x00
Tuning <15:8> Frequency Tuning Word No. 0<15:8> 0x00
Word
<23:16> Frequency Tuning Word No. 0<23:16> 0x00
(FTW0)
(0x04) <31:24> Frequency Tuning Word No. 0<31:24> 0x00
Phase <7:0> Phase Offset Word No. 0<7:0> 0x00
Offset Word <15:8> Not Used<1:0> Phase Offset Word No. 0<13:8> 0x00
(POW0)
(0x05)
Word
(FTW1)
Profile 0 <7:0> RAM Segment 0 Mode No-Dwell RAM Segment 0 Beginning Address<9:6> PS0 = 0
RAM Control<2:0> Active PS1 = 0
Segment <15:8> RAM Segment 0 Beginning Address<5:0> RAM Segment 0 PS0 = 0
Control Final Address<9:8> PS1 = 0
Word No. 0 <23:16> RAM Segment 0 Final Address<7:0> PS0 = 0
(RSCW0) PS1 = 0
(0x07)
<31:24> RAM Segment 0 Address Ramp Rate<15:8> PS0 = 0
PS1 = 0
PS1 = 0
AD9954
Register
Name Default
(Serial Bit (MSB) (LSB) Value Or
Address) Range Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Profile
(RSCW1) PS1 = 0
(0x08)
PS1 = 0
PS1 = 0
Segment <15:8> RAM Segment 2 Beginning Address <5:0> RAM Segment 2 PS0 = 0
(RSCW2) PS1 = 1
(0x09)
PS1 = 1
PS1 = 1
Control Final Address <9:8> PS1 = 1
(RSCW3) PS1 = 1
(0x0A)
PS1 = 1
PS1 = 1
RAM (0x0B) RAM [1023:0]<31:0> (Read Instructions Write Out RAM Signature Register Data)
AD9954
Table 13. Register Map—When Linear Sweep Enable Bit Is True (CFR1<21> = 1)
Note that the RAM Enable Bit CFR1<31> only activates the RAM itself, not the RAM segment control words.
Default
Register Name Bit (MSB) (LSB) Value Or
(Serial Address) Range Bit 7 Bit 6 Bit 5 Bit 4 Bit 3 Bit 2 Bit 1 Bit 0 Profile
Control <7:0> Digital Comp DAC Clock External Linear SYNC_CLK Not 0x00
Function Power- Power- Power- Input Power- Sweep Disable Used
Register No. 1 Down Down Down Power Down No Dwell
(CFR1) Down Mode
(0x00) <15:8> SRR Load AutoClr AutoClr Sine/ Clear Clear SDIO LSB 0x00
Enable Freq Phase Cosine Freq Phase Input First
Accum Accum Select Accum Accum Only
<23:16> Automatic Software Linear Not Not Not Used Not Used Not 0x00
Sync Manual Sweep Used Used Used
Enable Sync Enable
<31:24> RAM RAM Internal Profile Control<2:0> Load ARR OSK Auto 0x00
Enable Destination Control Enable OSK
Enable
Control <7:0> REFCLK Multiplier VCO Charge Pump 0x00
Function Range Current<1:0>
Register <15:8> Not Used High Hardware XTAL Not 0x00
No. 2 (CFR2) Speed Manual OUT Used
(0x01) Sync Sync Enable
Enable Enable
<23:16> Not Used 0x18
Amplitude <7:0> Amplitude Scale Factor Register<7:0>
Scale Factor (0x07)
(ASF) (0x02) <15:8> Auto Ramp Rate Amplitude Scale Factor Register<13:8>
Speed Control<1:0>
Amplitude <7:0> Amplitude Ramp Rate Register<7:0>
Ramp Rate
(ARR) (0x03)
Word
(FTW0)
Phase Offset <7:0> Phase Offset Word No. 0<7:0> 0x00
Word (POW0) <15:8> Open<1:0> Phase Offset Word No. 0<13:8> 0x00
(0x05)
Frequency <7:0> Frequency Tuning Word No. 1<7:0>
Tuning <15:8> Frequency Tuning Word No. 1<15:8>
Word (FTW1)
<23:16> Frequency Tuning Word No. 1<23:16>
(0x06)
<31:24> Frequency Tuning Word No. 1<31:24>
Negative <7:0> Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word<7:0> PS0 = 0
Linear <15:8> Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word<15:8> PS0 = 0
Sweep
<23:16> Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word<23:16> PS0 = 0
Control
Word (NLSCW) <31:24> Falling Delta Frequency Tuning Word<31:24> PS0 = 0
(0x07) <39:32> Falling Sweep Ramp Rate Word<7:0> PS0 = 0
Positive <7:0> Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word<7:0> PS0 = 1
Linear <15:8> Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word<15:8> PS0 = 1
Sweep
<23:16> Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word<23:16> PS0 = 1
Control
Word (PLSCW) <31:24> Rising Delta Frequency Tuning Word <31:24> PS0 = 1
(0x08) <39:32> Rising Sweep Ramp Rate Word<7:0> PS0 = 1
AD9954
CONTROL REGISTER BIT DESCRIPTIONS
Control Function Register No. 1 (CFR1) CFR1<22>: Software Manual Synchronization of Multiple
The CFR1 is used to control the various functions, features, AD9954s
and modes of the AD9954. The functionality of each bit follows. CFR1<22> = 0 (default). The manual synchronization feature is
CFR1<31>: RAM Enable Bit inactive.
CFR1<31> = 0 (default). The RAM is disabled for operation. CFR1<22> = 1. The software-controlled manual synchronization
Either single-tone mode of operation or linear sweep mode of feature is executed. The SYNC_CLK rising edge is advanced by
operation is enabled. one SYNC_CLK cycle, and this bit is autocleared. To advance
the rising edge multiple times, this bit needs to be set once for
CFR1<31> = 1. The RAM is enabled for operation. Access
each advance.
control for normal operation is controlled via the mode control
bits of the RSCW for the current profile. CFR1<21>: Linear Frequency Sweep Enable
CFR1<30>: RAM Destination Bit CFR1<21> = 0 (default). The linear frequency sweep capability
of the AD9954 is inactive.
If CFR1<31> is cleared, CFR1<30> is ignored.
CFR1<21> = 1. The linear frequency sweep capability of the
CFR1<30> = 0 (default). If CFR1<31> is set, the RAM output
AD9954 is enabled. See the Linear Sweep Mode section for details.
drives the phase accumulator (provides the FTW).
CFR1<20:16>: Not Used, Leave Clear
CFR1<30> = 1. If CFR1<31> is set, the RAM output drives the
phase-offset adder (POW). CFR1<15>: Linear Sweep Ramp Rate Load Control Bit
CFR1<29:27>: Internal Profile Control Bits CFR1<15> = 0 (default). The linear sweep ramp rate timer is
loaded only upon timeout (timer == 1); it is not loaded due to
These bits cause the profile bits to be ignored when the RAM is
an I/O update input signal.
being used and puts the AD9954 into an automatic profile loop
sequence that allows the user to implement a frequency/phase CFR1<15> = 1. The linear sweep ramp rate timer is loaded
composite sweep that runs without external inputs. See the either upon timeout (timer == 1) or at the time of an I/O
Internal Profile Control section for more details. update input signal.
CFR1<26>: Load Amplitude Ramp Rate Control Bit CFR1<14>: Autoclear Frequency Accumulator Bit
CFR1<26> = 0 (default). The amplitude ramp rate timer is CFR1<14> = 0 (default). The current state of the frequency
loaded only upon timeout (timer == 1); it is not loaded due to accumulator is not impacted by receipt of an I/O update signal.
an I/O update input signal. CFR1<14> = 1. The frequency accumulator is automatically and
CFR1<26> = 1. The amplitude ramp rate timer is loaded upon synchronously cleared for one cycle upon receipt of an I/O
either timeout (timer == 1) or at the time of an I/O update UPDATE signal.
input signal. CFR1<13>: Autoclear Phase Accumulator Bit
CFR1<25>: Shaped On-Off Keying Enable Bit CFR1<13> = 0 (default). The current state of the phase
CFR1<25> = 0 (default). Shaped on-off keying is bypassed. accumulator is not impacted by receipt of an I/O update signal.
CFR1<25> = 1. Shaped on-off keying is enabled. See also CFR1<13> = 1. The phase accumulator is automatically and
CFR1<24>. synchronously cleared for one cycle upon receipt of an I/O
update signal.
CFR1<24>: Autoshaped On-Off Keying Enable Bit
CFR1<12>: Sine/Cosine Select Bit
If CFR1<25> is cleared, CFR1<24> is ignored.
CFR1<12> = 0 (default). The angle-to-amplitude conversion
CFR1<24> = 0 (default). Manual shaped on-off keying
logic employs a cosine function.
operation. See the Shaped On-Off Keying section for details.
CFR1<12> = 1. The angle-to-amplitude conversion logic
CFR1<24> = 1. Autoshaped on-off keying operation. See the
employs a sine function.
Shaped On-Off Keying section for details.
CFR1<11>: Clear Frequency Accumulator
CFR1<23>: Automatic Synchronization Enable Bit
CFR1<11> = 0 (default). The frequency accumulator functions
CFR1<23> = 0 (default). The automatic synchronization feature
as normal.
of multiple AD9954s is inactive.
CFR1<11> = 1. The frequency accumulator memory elements
CFR1<23> = 1. The automatic synchronization feature of
are cleared and held clear until this bit is cleared.
multiple AD9954s is active. See the Synchronizing Multiple
AD9954s section for details.
AD9954
CFR1<10>: Clear Phase Accumulator CFR1<2>: Linear Sweep No-Dwell Bit
CFR1<10> = 0 (default). The phase accumulator functions as If CFR1<21> is clear, this bit is a don’t care (ignored).
normal. CFR1<2> = 0 (default). The linear sweep no-dwell function is
CFR1<10> = 1. The phase accumulator memory elements are inactive. If the no-dwell mode is inactive when the sweep
cleared and held clear until this bit is cleared. completes, sweeping does not restart until an I/O update or
CFR1<9>: SDIO Input Only change in profile initiates another sweep as previously described.
The output frequency holds at the final value in the sweep.
CFR1<9> = 0 (default). The SDIO pin is bidirectional (2-wire
serial programming mode). CFR1<2> = 1. The linear sweep no-dwell function is active. If
the no-dwell mode is active when the sweep completes, the
CFR1<9> = 1. The SDIO is configured as an input-only pin phase accumulator is cleared. The phase accumulator remains
(3-wire serial programming mode). cleared until another sweep is initiated via an I/O update input
CFR1<8>: LSB First or change in profile.
CFR1<8> = 0 (default). MSB first format is active. CFR1<1>: SYNC_CLK Disable Bit
CFR1<8> = 1. LSB first format is active. CFR1<1> = 0 (default). The SYNC_CLK pin is active.
CFR1<7>: Digital Power-Down Bit CFR1<1> = 1. The SYNC_CLK pin assumes a static Logic 0
state to minimize noise generated by the digital circuitry. The
CFR1<7> = 0 (default). All digital functions and clocks are active.
synchronization circuitry remains active internally to maintain
CFR1<7> = 1. All non-I/O digital functionality is suspended, normal device timing.
lowering the power significantly.
CFR1<0>: Not Used, Leave Clear
CFR1<6>: Comparator Power-Down Bit
Control Function Register No. 2 (CFR2)
CFR1<6> = 0 (default). The comparator is enabled for operation.
The CFR2 is used to control the various functions, features, and
CFR1<6> = 1. The comparator is disabled and is in its lowest modes of the AD9954, primarily related to the analog sections
power dissipation state. of the chip.
CFR1<5>: DAC Power-Down Bit CFR2<23:12>: Not Used, Leave Clear
CFR1<5> = 0 (default). The DAC is enabled for operation. CFR2<11>: High Speed Sync Enable Bit
CFR1<5> = 1. The DAC is disabled and is in its lowest power CFR2<11> = 0 (default). The high speed sync enhancement is off.
dissipation state.
CFR2<11> = 1. The high speed sync enhancement is on. This
CFR1<4>: Clock Input Power-Down Bit bit should be set when using the autosynchronization feature
CFR1<4> = 0 (default). The clock input circuitry is enabled for for SYNC_CLK > 50 MHz (SYSCLK > 200 MSPS).
operation. CFR2<10>: Hardware Manual Sync Enable Bit
CFR1<4> = 1. The clock input circuitry is disabled and the CFR2<10> = 0 (default). The hardware manual sync function is off.
device is in its lowest power dissipation state.
CFR2<10> = 1. The hardware manual sync function is enabled.
CFR1<3>: External Power-Down Mode While this bit is set, a rising edge on the SYNC_IN pin causes
CFR1<3> = 0 (default). The external power-down mode the device to advance the SYNC_CLK rising edge by one
selected is the rapid recovery power-down mode. In this mode, REFCLK cycle. This bit does not self-clear.
when the PWRDWNCTL input pin is high, the digital logic CFR2<9>: CRYSTAL OUT Enable Bit
and the DAC digital logic are powered down. The DAC bias
CFR2<9> = 0 (default). The CRYSTAL OUT pin is inactive.
circuitry, PLL, oscillator, and clock input circuitry are not
powered down. CFR1<6> determines whether the comparator CFR2<9> = 1. The CRYSTAL OUT pin is active. The crystal
is powered down. CFR1<7>, and CFR1<5:4> are ignored. oscillator circuitry output drives the CRYSTAL OUT pin, which
can be used as a reference frequency for additional devices.
CFR1<3> = 1. The external power-down mode selected is the
full power-down mode. In this mode, when the PWRDWNCTL CFR2<8>: Not Used, Leave Clear
input pin is high, all functions are powered down. This includes CFR2<7:3>: Reference Clock Multiplier Control Bits
the DAC and PLL, which take a significant amount of time to
This 5-bit word controls the multiplier value out of the clock-
power up. CFR1<7:4> are all ignored.
multiplier (PLL) block. See the Clock Multiplier section for
more details.
AD9954
CFR2<2>: VCO Range Control Bit RAM Segment Control Words (RSCW0, RSCW1, RSCW2,
and RSCW3)
CFR2<2> = 0 (default), VCO operates between 100 MHz and
250 MHz. When linear sweep is disabled, Register 0x07, Register 0x08,
Register 0x09, and Register 0x0A act as the RAM segment
CFR2<2> = 1, VCO operates between 250 MHz and 400 MHz.
control words for each of the RAM segments. Each of the RAM
CFR2<1:0>: Charge Pump Current Control Bits segment control words is comprised of a RAM segment address
These bits are used to control the current setting on the charge ramp rate, a final address value, a beginning address value, a
pump. The default setting, CFR2<1:0>, sets the charge pump RAM segment mode control, and a no-dwell bit. Note the
current to the default value of 75 μA. For each bit added, 25 μA discontinuities of the address registers, since they may make
of current is added to the charge pump current: programming a little more challenging.
01 = 100 μA, 10 = 125 μA, and 11 = 150 μA. RAM Segment Address Ramp Rate, RSCW<39:24>
OTHER REGISTER DESCRIPTIONS For RAM modes that step through address values, such as
Amplitude Scale Factor (ASF) ramping, this 16-bit word defines the number of SYNC_CLK
The ASF register stores the 2-bit auto ramp rate speed value and cycles the RAM controller dwells at each address. A value of 0 is
invalid. Any other value from 1 to 65,535 can be used.
the 14-bit amplitude scale factor used in the output shaped
keying (OSK) operation. In auto-OSK operation, ASF<15:14> RAM Segment Final Address RSCW<9:8>, RSCW<23:16>
tells the OSK block how many amplitude steps to take for each This discontinuous 10-bit sequence defines the final address
increment or decrement. ASF<13:0> sets the maximum value value for the given RAM segment. The order in which the bits
achievable by the OSK internal multiplier. In manual OSK are previously listed is MSB first: RSCW<9> is the MSB and
mode, ASF<15:14> has no effect. ASF<13:0> provide the output RSCW<16> is the LSB of the final address value.
scale factor directly. If the OSK is disabled using CFR1<25>,
this register has no effect on device operation. RAM Segment Beginning Address RSCW<3:0>,
RSCW <15:10>
Amplitude Ramp Rate (ARR)
This discontinuous 10-bit sequence defines the final address
The ARR register stores the 8-bit amplitude ramp rate used in
value for the given RAM segment. The order in which the bits
the auto-OSK mode. See the Amplitude Control Options
are previously listed is MSB first: RSCW<3> is the MSB and
section for details.
RSCW<10> is the LSB of the final address value.
Frequency Tuning Word 0 (FTW0)
RAM Segment No-Dwell Bit RSCW<4>
The frequency tuning word is a 32-bit register that controls the
This bit sets the no-dwell feature of sweeping profiles. In
rate of accumulation in the phase accumulator of the DDS core.
Its specific role is dependent on the device mode of operation. profiles that sweep from a defined beginning to a defined end,
the RAM controller can either dwell at the final address until
Phase Offset Word (POW) the next profile is selected or, when this bit is set, the RAM
The phase offset word is a 14-bit register that stores a phase controller returns to the beginning address and dwells there
offset value. See the Phase Offset Word Mux section for until the next profile is selected.
additional details. RAM Segment Mode Control RSCW<7:5>
Frequency Tuning Word 1 (FTW1) This 3-bit sequence determines the RAM segment’s mode of
The frequency tuning word is a 32-bit register that sets the operation. There are only five possible RAM modes, so only
upper frequency in a linear sweep operation. values of 0 to 4 are valid (see Table 7).
Register 0x07 and Register 0x08 are multifunctional registers.
Negative and Positive Linear Sweep Control Word
(NLSCW and PLSCW)
When linear sweep bit is enabled, Register 0x07 provides the
negative linear sweep control word (NLSCW) and Register 0x08
provides the positive linear sweep control word (PLSCW). Each
of the linear sweep control words contains a 32-bit delta frequency
tuning word (FDFTW and RDFTW) and an 8-bit sweep ramp
rate word (FSRRW and RSRRW). See the Modes of Operation
section for more details.
AD9954
LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS
For the best performance, the following layout guidelines
should be observed. Always separate the analog power supply
(AVDD) and the digital power supply (DVDD), even if just
from two different voltage regulators driven by a common
supply. Likewise, the ground connections (AGND and DGND)
should be kept separate as far back to the source as possible (for
example, separate the ground planes on a localized board, even
if the grounds connect to a common point in the system).
Bypass capacitors should be placed as close to device pins as
possible. Usually a multitiered bypassing scheme consisting of a
small high frequency capacitor (100 pF) placed close to the
supply pin and progressively larger capacitors (0.1 μF and 10 μF)
further back to the actual supply source works best.
AD9954
DETAILED PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

SINGLE-TONE MODE The last example programmed the clock multiplier; therefore,
In this example, the part is programmed to output a 122 MHz start with a 400 MSPS clock. FTW0 is (61.53/400) × 232 or
single-tone carrier, the device is clocked with a 20 MHz crystal 0x27611340, and FTW1 is (62.73/400) × 232 or 0x2825AEE6.
oscillator, and the clock multiplier is used to push the internal To turn the linear sweep on, set CFR1<21>.
system clock up to 400 MHz. Phase offsets are then added to The PLSCW and NLSCW are five bytes wide: one byte for the
the carrier. ramp rate and four bytes for the incremental frequency value.
The programming steps include the following: To begin, calculate the ramp rate, and cover 1.2 MHz on both
sweeps. The ramp rate tells the part how many SYNC_CLK
1. Write to Control Register 1 instructing the part to autoclear
cycles (for SYSCLK cycles) to send at each incremental value.
the phase accumulator whenever the phase offset word
When the shortest time possible is spent at each incremental
changes and issues an I/O update. Set Bit 13 in the CFR1
frequency, the most linearized sweep is achieved; therefore, the part
register. The address for CFR1 is 0; therefore, an instruction
should only spend one SYNC_CLK period at each incremental
byte of 0x00 is sent and 0x00 00 00 20 for data. Note that
frequency, which ensures that the smallest frequency steps possible
users must write to all four bytes of the register.
are taken. For a 400 MSPS SYSCLK, the result is a 100 MHz
2. Write to Control Register 2 setting the clock multiplier value SYNC_CLK rate or a 10 ns SYNC_CLK period. This means on the
to 20, and the VCO range bit to its upper value. In CFR2, finest resolution, 120 incremental steps squeeze into the rising
Bit 7 to Bit 3 control the multiply value. To get a multiplied sweep (1.2 μs/10 ns) and 180 on the falling sweep (1.8 μs/10 ns).
value of 20 from 5 bits, the binary value is 10100. As
For the rising delta frequency, a 1.2 MHz/120 steps is calculated,
previously mentioned, also send Bit 2 to put the VCO into its
which means each step is approximately 10 kHz for the rising
upper range (to get 400 MHz). Therefore, the instruction byte
delta frequency and approximately 666.6666 Hz for the falling
is 0x01 and 0x00 00 A4 for data.
delta frequency. The logic in the linear sweep block ensures that
3. Calculate the tuning word to generate a 122 MHz output FTW1 on a rising sweep or FTW0 on a falling sweep is not
from a 400 MSPS clock, load it into FTW0, and latch the exceeded. If the exact incremental tuning word is not achieved
data written to the I/O buffers into their respective registers. using the 32-bit resolution, round up, not down, to ensure the
The frequency tuning word equation becomes (122 MHz/ entire range during the sweep is covered. To calculate the rising
400 MHz) × 232, which yields 0x4E 14 7A E1. Send the delta frequency word, simply calculate (10 K/400 M) × 232 =
Instruction Byte 0x04 and four data bytes of 0x4E 14 7A E1. 0x0001A36F. Combining the rising ramp rate, first byte, and the
Issue an I/O update, which transfers the data into the part. rising delta frequency, the second byte to fifth byte yields the
PLSCW: 0x010001A36F. Likewise, the NLSCW works out to
Whenever a phase change is desired, calculate and write the 0x0100001BF4. Table 14 is a summary table of instruction and
phase offset word to the part and issue an I/O update. For data bytes to write to.
example, if the first value is 45°, the phase offset word is
(45/360) × 214, or in decimal, 2048. Therefore, write an Table 14. Linear Sweep Example Write Instructions
instruction byte of 0x05 and Data Byte 0x0800. When an Register Instruction Byte Data Byte
I/O update is issued, the phase accumulator clears, which CFR1 0x00 0x00200000
starts it from a known phase of 0°. It again accumulates at a FTW0 0x04 0x27611340
122 MHz rate, except now phase shifting each and every FTW1 0x06 0x2825AEE6
sample by 45°. NLSCW 0x07 0x0100001BF4
RLSCW 0x08 0x010001A36F
LINEAR SWEEP MODE
In this example, the part is programmed to generate a chirp
RAM MODE
from 61.53 MHz to 62.73 MHz. The chirp up is in 1.20 μs,
the chirp down is in 1.8 μs, and the chirp is made as finely This example programs the RAM. Use the RAM on the AD9954
linearized as possible. Therefore, users must calculate and to simulate the nonlinear filter shape of a Gaussian filter response
program: on the FSK data. Begin by plotting the filter response from F0 to
F1 and from F1 to F0. The transition time specification (see
 FTW0 for 61.53 MHz (the start frequency)
Table 1) tells how long it takes to transition from F0 to F1 and
 FTW1 for 62.73 MHz (the stop frequency) from F1 to F0, either as an actual time value or as a fraction of
 CFR1 to put the part into linear sweep mode the symbol rate. Both ways show how long it can take to change
 The positive linear sweep control word (PLSCW), to make as symbols, and for this application, it is 100 ns. To program the
linearized a chirp in 1.20 μs RAM, decide how many RAM segments to use, program the
 The negative linear sweep control word (NLSCW), to make RAM segment control word for each of those segments, and
load the RAM data for each of those segments.
as linearized a chirp in 1.80 μs
AD9954
Because there is a ramp-up, but no ramp-down, RAM mode, Table 15. RAM Mode Register Table Settings
two RAM segments are generated; one for the transition from RAM <7:0> RAM No- RAM Segment 1
F0 to F1, and one for the transition from F1 to F0. Step through Segment Segment 1 Dwell Beginning
the intermediary frequencies as quickly as possible, because the Control Mode Control Active Address <9:6>
Word <2:0> 0 0001
faster the steps, the less the output frequency deviates from the
No. 1 001
ideal frequency response of the filter. The fastest the AD9954 (RSCW1) <15:8> RAM Segment 1 RAM Segment 1
can step through the values in the RAM is at the SYNC_CLK (0x08) Beginning Final Address <9:8>
rate, or ¼ of the SYSCLK rate, which works out to 10 ns, Address <5:0> 00
assuming the maximum SYSCLK rate of 400 MSPS. Dividing 100100
the total transition time of 100 ns by the time for each transition, <23:16> RAM Segment 1 Final Address <7:0>
100 steps can be taken. The intermediary frequencies are solved 11000111
by looking at the instantaneous frequency on the curve every <31:24> RAM Segment 1 Address Ramp Rate
10 ns and by recording that value. This gives 200 frequency <15:8> 00000000
values, 100 representing the change from F0 to F1 and 100 <39:32> RAM Segment 1 Address Ramp Rate
<7:0> 00010000
representing the change from F1 to F0. This is the information
needed to program the RAM. The RSCW0 and RSCW1 values must be loaded into their
Begin by programming CFR1 to set the RAM enable bit. registers before attempting to write data to RSCW0 and
Calculate and program RSCW0 and RSCW1. Each of the RAM RSCW1; therefore, issue an I/O update.
segment control words has an address ramp rate (16 bits), a The next step is to convert each of the intermediary frequencies
final address (10 bits), a beginning address (10 bits), a mode into a frequency tuning word according to
control value (3 bits), and a no-dwell flag. Stepping through the fi
intermediary frequencies as quickly as possible was previously ftw   2 32
SYSCLK
discussed; therefore, the ramp rate for each word is 0x0000.
Define RAM Segment 0 to occupy the RAM space from where:
Address 0 to Address 99, which gives 100 values. Define RAM fi is the desired intermediary frequency.
Segment 1 to occupy Address 100 to Address 199 (also 100 SYSCLK is the system clock rate.
values). Look at the modes of operation choice and recognize Once this is complete, the result for each profile should be a
that the ramp-up mode is used to step through each of the vector of 100 32-bit words. To write RAM Segment 0, select
addresses and then holds the final value in the profile. Profile 0 (PS0 = 0, PS1 = 0), and then write the instruction byte
Therefore, for each RSCW, the mode control bits are b’001. b’00001011, which indicates a RAM write operation is going to
Because staying at the last value is recommended, the no-dwell be performed. The serial port I/O controller recognizes this and
bit is 0. To form the data for each RSCW, combine these values. polls the profile select pins, thus determining that Profile 0 is
For RSCW0, it is 0x0100630020. For RSCW1, it is the target storage location for the data out of RSCW0 previously
0x0100C79021. Because the words that comprise the RSCW are entered. It now knows to put the first word at Address 0, the last
not contiguous, care must be taken in calculating the RSCW. word at Address 99, and that there are 100 words in total.
Make a chart of each of the subwords in order: address ramp Proceed to load all 100 32-bit frequency words into the RAM.
rate, final address, beginning address, mode, and no dwell. When this is done, write the data to RAM Segment 1. First,
Write the binary values for each subword, and then, with a copy change to Profile 1 (PS0 = 1, PS1 = 0), and then write the RAM
of the register map printed out, write each of the binary bits into the instruction byte again. The device now knows to write the first
map. When this is completed, the individual bytes can be read from word at Address 100, the last word at Address 199, and again
the map. For example, Table 15 shows how RSCW1 would appear. that there are 100 words in total. Write all 100 32-bit words of
RAM Segment 1 and issue an I/O update. Whenever the PS0
pin is toggled (from 0 to 1), the part steps through the RAM
segment, which is the Gaussian-shaped pattern programmed
into the RAM.
AD9954
SUGGESTED APPLICATION CIRCUITS

MODULATED/ FREQUENCY PHASE
RF/IF INPUT DEMODULATED TUNING OFFSET
SIGNAL WORD WORD 1
I/I-BAR
BASEBAND
03374-012
AD9954 LPF
REFCLK
REFCLK IOUT
CRYSTAL AD9954 DDS LPF
Figure 31. Synchronized LO for Upconversion/Downconversion IOUT
REFCLK
CRYSTAL OUT SYNC_OUT
RF OUT
PHASE LOOP
REF COMPARATOR FILTER
SYNC_IN
SIGNAL VCO
IOUT
AD9954 DDS LPF
IOUT
FILTER AD9954 REFCLK
Q/Q-BAR
BASEBAND
03374-013
FREQUENCY PHASE
03374-015
TUNING
WORD TUNING OFFSET
WORD WORD 2
Figure 32. Digitally Programmable Divide-by-N Function in PLL Figure 34. Two AD9954s Synchronized to Provide I and
Q Carriers with Independent Phase Offsets for Nulling
TUNING WORD
IOUT LPF
AD9954 DDS
IOUT LPF
AD9954
ON-CHIP
COMPARATOR
03374-014
CMOS LEVEL CLOCK
Figure 33. Frequency Agile Clock Generator
AD9954
PS1_DUT1
PS0_DUT1
OSK_DUT1
SYNCMULTI_DUT2
SYNCMULTI_DUT1
DVDD_I/O
GND
SDIO
SCLK
CSB_DUT1
SDO
I/O_SYNC_DUT1
DUT 1
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
CS
PS1 48
PS0
OSK
SDO
SDIO
SCLK
DGND
IOSYNC
SYNC_IN
DVDD_I/O
C40 C37 C39
SYNC_CLK
FUD_DUT1 1 I/O UPDATE RESET 36 RESET_DUT1 39pF 22pF 7.5pF
GND 2 35
DVDD DVDD PWRDWNCTL PWRDWNCTRL_DUT1
3 34
NOTE 3 GND DGND DVDD DVDD
4 33
AVDD AVDD DGND GND
C36 5 32 L5 L4 L6
C48 39pF GND AGND AGND GND 12nH 18nH 20nH
BALUN 6 31
0.1µF AVDD AVDD AD9954 COMP_IN R14 C41 C38 C42 C43
3 5 7 30
GND AGND COMP_IN 50Ω 22pF 33pF 39pF 33pF
8 U7 29
R1 OSC/REFCLK AVDD AVDD
9 28
EVALUATION BOARD SCHEMATICS
50Ω OSC/REFCLK COMP_OUT

1 4 10 27 L9 L7 L8
XTAL_DUT2 CRYSTAL OUT AVDD AVDD 12nH 18nH 20nH
11 26
T1 C49 CLKMODESEL_DUT1 CLKMODESELECT AGND GND
0.1µF 12 25 C33 C44 C45 C46
LOOP_FILTER AVDD AVDD
SEE 39pF 22pF 7.5pF
J3 NOTE 2
REF_CLK_DUT1 J5
NOTE 2 COMP_OUT_DUT1
×1 25MHz C35
39pF GND
AVDD
AGND
AGND
AVDD
AGND
AVDD
AVDD
IOUT
IOUT
AGND
DACBP
DAC_R SET
GND
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CRYSTAL OUT AVDD
C34 R3
DUT2 XTAL_DUT2 243Ω
J4 0.01µF
GND
GND
GND
GND
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
R8 R4
FILTER_IN_DUT1 25Ω 0Ω
R6 AVDD
Figure 35. Evaluation Board Channel 1

C50 C52 C51 0Ω R9 R5
13pF 6.8pF 2.2pF J2
25Ω R7 0Ω
NOTE 4 0Ω R10 C47
FILTER_OUT_DUT1 W1 3.92kΩ 1µF
3 4
4 3
J1 L1 L2 L3 2 1 NOTE 1
39nH 56nH 68nH 5 2
C30 C31 C29 C32 6 1
13pF 27pF 33pF 22pF
DVDD DVDD_I/O
C12 C10 C9
GND AVDD 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF
GND GND
NOTES
1. THE FULL-SCALE DAC OUTPUT CURRENT IS CONTROLLED BY MEANS OF AN EXTERNAL AVDD
RESISTANCE (RSET ) CONNECTED BETWEEN THE DAC_R SET PIN AND GROUND. RESISTOR C7 C6 C5 C4 C11 C8 C3 C2 C1
VALUES FOR FULL-SCALE CURRENTS ARE: 3.92kΩ = 10mA, 5.23kΩ = 7.5mA, 7.87kΩ = 5.0mA, 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF
15.8kΩ = 2.5mA.
GND
2. C33 IS USED FOR A SIMULATED CAPACITANCE LOAD FOR THE COMPARATOR OUT. THE
CAPACITANCE VALUE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 10pF.
3. CAPACITORS C48 AND C49 SHOULD BE SOLDERED IN PLACE WHEN THE REF_CLK_DUT1
INPUT IS USED. CAPACITORS C35 AND C36 SHOULD BE SOLDERED IN PLACE WHEN
CRYSTAL ×1 IS USED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE INTERNAL OSCILLATOR.
03374-033
4. USE EITHER RESISTORS R4 AND R5 (COMPARATOR INPUTS) OR R6 AND R7 (FILTERED

OUTPUT) FOR THE IOUT AND IOUT. DO NOT USE BOTH SETS AT THE SAME TIME.
1 P1 P50 50
CS_DUT1
PS1_DUT2
PS0_DUT2
OSK_DUT2
SYNCMULTI_DUT1
SYNCMULTI_DUT2
DVDD_I/O
GND
SDIO
SCLK
CSB_DUT2
SDO
I/O_SYNC_DUT2
DUT 2
RESET_DUT1 2 P2 P49 49
CLKMODESEL_DUT1 3 P3 P48 48
47
46
45
44
43
42
41
40
39
38
37
PWRDWNCTRL_DUT1 4 P4 P47 47
5 46
CS
GND I/O_SYNC_DUT1 P5 P46
PS1 48
PS0
OSK
SDO
SDIO
6 45
SCLK
DGND
FUD_DUT1 P6 P45
IOSYNC
7 44
SYNC_IN
OSK_DUT1 P7 P44
DVDD_I/O
R30
SYNC_CLK
1 PS1_DUT1 8 P8 P43 43
0Ω FUD_DUT2 I/O UPDATE RESET 36 RESET_DUT2 R24
AVDD 2 35 10kΩ PS0_DUT1 9 P9 P42 42
DVDD DVDD PWRDWNCTL PWRDWNCTRL_DUT2
R31 NOTE 3 3 34 COMP_IN 10 41
0Ω GND DGND DVDD DVDD P10 P41
GND 4 33 11 40
AVDD AVDD DGND GND P11 P40
5 32 J10 12 39
GND AGND AGND GND R11 C65 CS_DUT2 P12 P39
C63 6 31 GND 3.3kΩ 0.1µF 13 38
BALUN 0.1µF AVDD AVDD COMP_IN RESET_DUT2 P13 P38
3 5 7 AD9954 30 14 37
GND AGND COMP_IN R25 CLKMODESEL_DUT2 P14 P37
U8 AVDD 15 36
8 29 10kΩ COMP_IN PWRDWNCTRL_DUT2 P15 P36
R18 OSC/REFCLK AVDD AVDD
50Ω 9 28 I/O_SYNC_DUT2 16 P16 P35 35
OSC/REFCLK COMP_OUT
1 4 10 27 R2 C66 J11 FUD_DUT2 17 P17 P34 34
XTAL_OUT CRYSTAL OUT AVDD AVDD
11 26 3.3kΩ 0.1µF 18 33
T4 C64 CLKMODESEL_DUT2 CLKMODESELECT AGND GND OSK_DUT2 P18 P33
R21 0.1µF 12 25 PS1_DUT2 19 P19 P32 32
LOOP_FILTER AVDD AVDD AVDD
0Ω 20 31
COMP_OUT_DUT2 PS0_DUT2 P20 P31
J6 J9 21 30
REF_CLK_DUT2 P21 P30
AVDD RB_ENABLE 22 P22 P29 29
C58
C61 R16 NOTE 2 SEE NOTE 2 23 28
243Ω SDIO P23 P28
XTAL_DUT2 0.01µF
AVDD
AGND
AGND
AVDD
AGND
AVDD
AVDD
IOUT
IOUT
AGND
DACBP
DAC_R SET
SDO 24 P24 P27 27
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
CRYSTAL OUT GND SCLK 25 P25 P26 26
DUT2 XTAL_OUT
J7
U13 GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD
AVDD AVDD
FILTER_IN_DUT2
R22 R9
25Ω 25Ω
C53 C60 C54
J14
Figure 36. Evaluation Board Channel 2

13pF 6.8pF 2.2pF
FILTER_IOUT_DUT2 W3 R15 C62

3 4 3.92kΩ 1µF
4 3
J12 L10 L12 L11 2 1
39nH 56nH 68nH 5 2 NOTE 1
C59 C57 C56 C55 6 1
13pF 27pF 33pF 22pF
DVDD DVDD_I/O
GND AVDD C22 C24 C17
0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF
GND GND
NOTES
1. THE FULL-SCALE DAC OUTPUT CURRENT IS CONTROLLED BY MEANS OF AN EXTERNAL
AVDD
RESISTANCE (RSET ) CONNECTED BETWEEN THE DAC_R SET PIN AND GROUND. RESISTOR
VALUES FOR FULL-SCALE CURRENTS ARE: 3.92kΩ = 10mA, 5.23kΩ = 7.5mA, 7.87kΩ = 5.0mA, C13 C14 C15 C16 C23 C18 C19 C20 C21
15.8kΩ = 2.5mA. 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF
2. C58 IS USED FOR A SIMULATED CAPACITANCE LOAD FOR THE COMPARATOR OUT. THE GND
CAPACITANCE VALUE SHOULD NOT EXCEED 10pF.
3. FOR CRYSTAL OUT CLOCK OPERATION REMOVE T4, TERMINATE THE OSC/REFCLK TO
EITHER AVDD (R30) OR GND (R31) AND SOLDER R21 IN PLACE. DO NOT USE R30 OR R31
SIMULTANEOUSLY.
03374-034
AD9954
AD9954
DVDD_I/O
VCC
GND VCC
W2
GND DVDD
AVDD
VCC
1
2
3
4
5
R34 U11 U10 U9

10kΩ TB5
1 EN VCC : 20 1 EN VCC : 20 1 EN VCC : 20 U3
11 C1 11 C1 11 C1
GND : 10 GND : 10 GND : 10
1
CLOCK D C0
2 9 12 PS0_DUT1 9 12 I/O_SYNC_DUT1 9 12 SDI
A0 8D 8D 8D
3 8 13 PS1_DUT1 8 13 I/O_SYNC_DUT2 8 13 SCLK
A1 SCLK1
4 7 14 PS0_DUT2 7 14 PWRDWNCTRL_DUT1 7 14 CSB_DUT1 R32
A2
5 6 15 PS1_DUT2 6 15 PWRDWNCTRL_DUT2 6 15 CSB_DUT2 0Ω
A3
6 5 16 OSK_DUT1 5 16 CLKMODESEL_DUT1 5 16 REF_CLK DIGITAL LOGIC
A4
7 4 17 OSK_DUT2 4 17 CLKMODESEL_DUT2 4 17 J15 REF CLK
A5
8 3 18 FUD_DUT1 3 18 RESET_DUT1 3 18
A6
9 2 19 FUD_DUT2 2 19 RESET_DUT2 2 19
A7 1D 1D 1D
10
B6 SCLK1 74LVC574A 74LVC574A 74LVC574A
11
B7 VCC U12 U12
12
B5 1 2 3 4
13 R35
B4 10kΩ
14 74LVC14A 74LVC14A
CLOCK A C1
15 U12
15
16 5 6
16
17
17
18 74LVC14A
18
19
19 AVDD DVDD
20
20 C25 C27
21 74LVC125A 10µF 10µF
21
22 2 3
22 SDI SDIO GND GND
23
23 U6 1
24 RB_ENABLE
24 DVDD_I/O VCC
25
25 U12 C26 C28
26
Figure 37. Evaluation Board Interface Logic

26 9 8 10µF 10µF
27
27 GND GND
28 74LVC14A
28
29
29 GND VCC
30 R36
30 10kΩ C72 C71 C70 C69 C68
31 U6 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF 0.1µF
C2 VCC 4
32
B3 GND
33 6 5
33 VCC
34 74LVC125A
34
35 R37 U6
35 10kΩ 10
36
CLOCK F C3 SDO
8 9
U12 74LVC125A
11 10
C36CRPX 74LVC14A
U4
03374-035
AD9954
OUTLINE DIMENSIONS
0.75 1.20 9.00
MAX BSC SQ BOTTOM VIEW
0.60
(PINS UP)
0.45 48 37 37 48
1 36 36 1
PIN 1 7.00
BSC SQ
TOP VIEW 3.50
0° MIN (PINS DOWN) SQ
1.05 0.20
1.00 0.09 EXPOSED
0.95 PAD
7°
12 25 25 12
3.5° 13 24 24 13
0.15 0°
SEATING VIEW A
0.05 PLANE 0.08 MAX 0.50 BSC 0.27
COPLANARITY LEAD PITCH 0.22
0.17 FOR PROPER CONNECTION OF
VIEW A THE EXPOSED PAD, REFER TO
ROTATED 90° CCW THE PIN CONFIGURATION AND
FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS
SECTION OF THIS DATA SHEET.
011708-A
COMPLIANT TO JEDEC STANDARDS MS-026-ABC
Figure 38. 48-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP]
(SV-48-4)
Dimensions shown in millimeters
ORDERING GUIDE
Temperature Ordering Package
Model Range Package Description Quantity Option
AD9954YSV −40°C to +105°C 48-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP] SV-48-4
AD9954YSV-REEL7 −40°C to +105°C 48-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP] 500 SV-48-4
AD9954YSVZ1 −40°C to +105°C 48-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP] SV-48-4
AD9954YSVZ-REEL71 −40°C to +105°C 48-Lead Thin Quad Flat Package, Exposed Pad [TQFP_EP] 500 SV-48-4
AD9954/PCBZ1 Evaluation Board
1
Z = RoHS Compliant Part.
AD9954
NOTES
©2003–2009 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and

registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
D03374-0-5/09(B)

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400 MSPS, 14-Bit, 1.

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

FREQUENCY DDS CORE

ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

DIGITAL DIGITAL COMPARATOR COMPARATOR

DVDD_I/O IOUT IOUT AVDD

AVOID OVERDRIVING MUST TERMINATE

ESD DIODES MAY NOT EXCEED THE

Figure 3. Equivalent Input and Output Circuits

PIN CONFIGURATION AND FUNCTION DESCRIPTIONS

I/O UPDATE 1 36 RESET

Table 3. Pin Function Descriptions

TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

–40 MARKER –40 MARKER

MKR1 90MHz MKR1 160MHz

–40 MARKER –40 MARKER

MKR1 80MHz MKR1 80MHz

–40 MARKER –40 MARKER

–40 MARKER –40 MARKER

MKR1 10MHz MKR1 120.205MHz

–40 MARKER –40 MARKER

MKR1 39.905MHz MKR1 600kHz

–40 MARKER –40 CENTER

Table 5. Clock Input Modes of Operation

AUTOSCALE RAMP RATE TIMER

RAM-Controlled Modes of Operation Ramp-Up Mode

SINGLE-TONE LINEAR SWEEP MODE

PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0

Figure 21. Linear Sweep Frequency Plan

PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1 PS<0> = 0 PS<0> = 1

LINEAR SWEEP MODE ENABLE–NO DWELL BIT SET

Figure 22. Linear Sweep Using No-Dwell Frequency Plan

Linear Sweep No-Dwell Feature Resetting the Ramp Rate Timer

Table 9. Power-Down Control Functions

REGISTER I/O BUFFER

Figure 23. I/O Synchronization Block Diagram

DATA IN N–1 N N+1

Figure 24. I/O Synchronization Timing Diagram

INSTRUCTION CYCLE DATA TRANSFER CYCLE

Figure 25. Serial Port Write Timing–Clock Stall Low

INSTRUCTION CYCLE DATA TRANSFER CYCLE

SDIO I7 I6 I5 I4 I3 I2 I1 I0 DON'T CARE

Figure 26. 3-Wire Serial Port Read Timing–Clock Stall Low

INSTRUCTION CYCLE DATA TRANSFER CYCLE

Figure 27. Serial Port Write Timing–Clock Stall High

Figure 28. 2-Wire Serial Port Read Timing—Clock Stall High

DETAILED PROGRAMMING EXAMPLES

SUGGESTED APPLICATION CIRCUITS

CMOS LEVEL CLOCK

Figure 33. Frequency Agile Clock Generator

50Ω OSC/REFCLK COMP_OUT

Figure 35. Evaluation Board Channel 1

4. USE EITHER RESISTORS R4 AND R5 (COMPARATOR INPUTS) OR R6 AND R7 (FILTERED

Figure 36. Evaluation Board Channel 2

FILTER_IOUT_DUT2 W3 R15 C62

R34 U11 U10 U9

Figure 37. Evaluation Board Interface Logic

©2003–2009 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and

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