10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

Network Theory - Filters

Filters as the name suggests, they filter the frequency components. That means, they allow certain
frequency components and / or reject some other frequency components.
In this chapter, let us discuss about the passive filters. Those are the electric circuits or networks
having passive elements like resistor, inductor and capacitor.

Types of Filters

Filters are mainly classified into four types based on the band of frequencies that are allowing and
/ or the band of frequencies that are rejecting. Following are the types of filters.
Low Pass Filter
High Pass Filter
Band Pass Filter
Band Stop Filter

Low Pass Filter

Low pass filter as the name suggests, it allows (passes) only low frequency components. That
means, it rejects (blocks) all other high frequency components.
The s-domain circuit diagram (network) of Low Pass Filter is shown in the following figure.

It consists of two passive elements resistor and capacitor, which are connected in series. Input
voltage is applied across this entire combination and the output is considered as the voltage across
capacitor.

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10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

Here, V
Vii (
(ss)
) and V
Vo (s)
o (s)
are the Laplace transforms of input voltage, v
vii (
(tt)
) and output

voltage, v
vo (t)
o (t)
respectively.

The transfer function of the above network is

1
1
V
Vo (s)
o (s) s
sCC
H
H((s
s)) =
= =
=
1
1
V
Vii (
(ss)
) R
R++
s
sCC

1
1
⇒
⇒ H
H((s
s)) =
=
1
1++s
sCCR
R

Substitute, s
s =
= j
jωω in the above equation.

1
1
H
H((j
jωω)
) =
=
1
1++j
jωωC
CRR

Magnitude of transfer function is

1
1
||H
H((j
jωω)
)|| =
= −
− −
− −
−−
−−
−−
− −
−−
−−
−−−
22
√
√((1
1++((ω
ωCCRR)
)

At ω = 0, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 1.

At ω
ω =
=
1
1
, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.707.
C
CRR

At ω = ∞, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.

High Pass Filter

High pass filter as the name suggests, it allows (passes) only high frequency components. That
means, it rejects (blocks) all low frequency components.
The s-domain circuit diagram (network) of High pass filter is shown in the following figure.

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10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

It consists of two passive elements capacitor and resistor, which are connected in series. Input
voltage is applied across this entire combination and the output is considered as the voltage across
resistor.

Here, V
Vii (
(ss)
) and V
Vo (s)
o (s)
are the Laplace transforms of input voltage, v
vii (
(tt)
) and output

voltage, v
vo (t)
o (t)
respectively.

The transfer function of the above network is

V
Vo (s)
o (s) R
R
H
H((s
s)) =
= =
=
1
1
V
Vii (
(ss)
) R
R++
s
sCC

s
sCCR
R
⇒
⇒ H
H((s
s)) =
=
1
1++s
sCCR
R

Substitute, s
s =
= j
jωω in the above equation.

j
jωωC
CRR
H
H((j
jωω)
) =
=
1
1++j
jωωC
CRR

Magnitude of transfer function is

ω
ωCCR
R
||H
H((j
jωω)
)|| =
= −
− −
− −
−−
−−
−−
− −
−−
−−
−−−
22
√
√((1
1++((ω
ωCCRR)
)

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10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

At ω = 0, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.

At ω
ω =
=
C
1
1
, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.707.
CRR

At ω = ∞, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 1.

Therefore, the magnitude of transfer function of High pass filter will vary from 0 to 1 as ω varies
from 0 to ∞.

Band Pass Filter

Band pass filter as the name suggests, it allows (passes) only one band of frequencies. In
general, this frequency band lies in between low frequency range and high frequency range. That
means, this filter rejects (blocks) both low and high frequency components.
The s-domain circuit diagram (network) of Band pass filter is shown in the following figure.

It consists of three passive elements inductor, capacitor and resistor, which are connected in
series. Input voltage is applied across this entire combination and the output is considered as the
voltage across resistor.

Here, V
Vii (
(ss)
) and V
Vo (s)
o (s)
are the Laplace transforms of input voltage, v
vii (
(tt)
) and output

voltage, v
vo (t)
o (t)
respectively.

The transfer function of the above network is

V
Vo (s)
o (s) R
R
H
H((s
s)) =
= =
=
1
1
V
Vii (
(ss)
) R
R++ +
+ssL
L
s
sCC

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10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

s
sCCR
R
⇒
⇒ H
H((s
s)) =
=
2
2
s
s L
LCC +
+ssC
CRR+
+11

Substitute s
s =
= j
jωω in the above equation.

j
jωωC
CRR
H
H((j
jωω)
) =
=
2 2
1
1−−ω
ω L LC
C +
+jjω
ωCCR
R

Magnitude of transfer function is

ω
ωCCR
R
||H
H((j
jωω)
)|| =
=
−
− −
− −
−−
−−
−−
− −
−−
−−
− −
− −
−−
−−
−−
−−−−
−−−−
−
2
2 2
2 2
2
√
√((1
1−−ωω LLC
C)) ++((ω
ωCCRR))

At ω = 0, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.

At ω
ω =
=
1
1
, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 1.
√
√LLC
C

At ω = ∞, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.

Band Stop Filter

Band stop filter as the name suggests, it rejects (blocks) only one band of frequencies. In general,
this frequency band lies in between low frequency range and high frequency range. That means,
this filter allows (passes) both low and high frequency components.

The s-domain (network) of circuit diagramand stop filter is shown in the following figure.

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10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

It consists of three passive elements resistor, inductor and capacitor, which are connected in
series. Input voltage is applied across this entire combination and the output is considered as the
voltage across the combination of inductor and capacitor.

Here, V
Vii (
(ss)
) and V
Vo (s)
o (s)
are the Laplace transforms of input voltage, v
vii (
(tt)
) and output

voltage, v
vo (t)
o (t)
respectively.

The transfer function of the above network is

1
1
V
Vo (s) s
sLL+
+
o (s) s
sCC
H
H((s
s)) =
= =
=
1
1
V
Vii (
(ss)
) R
R++s
sLL+
+
s
sCC

2
2
s
s L
LCC +
+11
⇒
⇒ H
H((s
s)) =
=
2
2
s
s L
LCC +
+ssC
CRR+
+11

Substitute, s
s =
= j
jωω in the above equation.

2
2
1
1−−ω
ω L
LCC
H
H((j
jωω)
) =
=
2
2
1
1−−ω
ω L
LCC +
+jjω
ωCCR
R

Magnitude of transfer function is

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10/21/21, 1:00 PM Network Theory - Filters

2
2
1
1−−ω
ω L
LCC
||H
H((j
jωω)
)|| =
=
−
− −
− −
−−
−−
−−
− −
−−
−−
− −
− −
−−
−−
−−
−−−−
−−−−
−
2
2 2
2 2
2
√
√((1
1−−ωω LLC
C)) ++((ω
ωCCRR))

At ω = 0, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 1.

At ω
ω =
=
1
1
, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 0.
√
√LLC
C

At ω = ∞, the magnitude of transfer function is equal to 1.

Therefore, the magnitude of transfer function of Band stop filter will vary from 1 to 0 & 0 to 1 as ω
varies from 0 to ∞.

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