File Revision Date : 6 September 2019

Chap 2 : Is Matter Around Us Pure

NCERT Solutions
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CHAPTER 2
CLASS : 9 th
SUB : Science
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Is Matter Around Us Pure

1. NCERT INTEXT QUESTIONS Appearance Clear Opaque Generally

clear
1. What is a pure substance? Visibility Not visible Visible with Visible by
Ans : naked eye microscope

A pure substance is one, which contains only one type Diffusion Fast diffusion Do not diffuse Slow
of atoms or molecules in a specific arrangement in any diffusion
part of the sample taken. Example : Water, diamond. Settling Do not settle Settle on their Settled in
own centrifugation

2. List the points of differences between homogeneous Example Salt and Sand in water, Milk, blood,
and heterogeneous mixtures. sugar in dusty air smoke
Ans : water

Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture 5. To make a saturated solution, 36 g of sodium chloride

is dissolved in 100 g of water at 293 Kelvin. Find its
Mixture which has a Mixture which contain
concentration at this temperature.
uniform composition physically distinct parts
throughout. and have non-uniform Ans :
Example : Sugar in composition.
Mass of solute (NaCl) = 36 g
water. Example : Mixture of
salt and sulphur. Mass of solvent (H2O) = 100 g
Mass of solution (NaCl + H2O) = 136 g
3. Differentiate between homogeneous and heterogeneous Concentration = Mass of solute # 100
mixtures with examples. Mass of solution
Ans : Concentration = 36 # 100 = 26.47%
136
Hence, the concentration of the solution is 26.47%.
Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture
Components are Components are not 6. How will you separate a mixture containing kerosene
uniformly distributed completely mixed and and petrol (difference in their boiling points is more
throughout the mixture. can be identified. than 25°C) which are miscible with each other?
No visible boundaries of Visible boundaries of Ans :
separation. separation. The mixture of miscible liquids whose boiling point
Same composition. Different composition. difference is more than 25°C such as kerosene and
petrol can be separated by a technique called simple
Examples : Rainwater, Examples : Seawater,
distillation. The principle of separation is based on the
vinegar, etc. pizza, etc.
volatility of the substances.

4. How are sol, solution and suspension different from

each other?
Ans :

Property Solution Suspension Sol

Nature Homogeneous Heterogeneous Heterogeneous

Particle Less than 1 More than 100 10–7 – 10–5 cm

size nm nm
Stability Very stable Unstable Quite stable
Tyndall No Yes/No Yes
effect The process of distillation is as follows :
(a) Take the mixture in a distillation flask.
(b) Fit it with a thermometer and heat the mixture.

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(c) Petrol has a lower boiling point and evaporates 1. Pure substances : water, salt,. iron, diamond
first. 2. Mixture : sand, salad, concrete, air, steel
(d) As the vapour rises up and reach the condenser,
the temperature is decreased and the vapour is
condensed into liquid and is collected in a flask. 2. NCERT EXERCISE QUESTIONS
(e) The kerosene that has relatively higher boiling
point remains in the flask in the liquid form. 1. Identify the separation method, you use for the
(f) Hence, the liquids are separated. separation of the following :
(a) Sodium chloride from its solution in water
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(b) Ammonium chloride from a mixture containing
sodium chloride and ammonium chloride
7. Name the techniques used to separate the following : (c) Small pieces of metal in the engine oil of a car
(a) Butter from curd (d) Different pigments from an extract of flower petals
(b) Salt from seawater (e) Butter from curd
(c) Camphor from salt (f) Oil from water
Ans : (g) Tea leaves from tea
(a) The butter is separated from the curd by the (h) Iron pins from sand
process of centrifugation. (i) Wheat grains from husk
(b) Simple evaporation is used to separate salt from (j) Fine mud particles suspended in water
seawater. Ans :
(c) Camphor does not undergo liquid phase during
the phase change. Therefore, sublimation process Substance Separation Method
is used for the separation of camphor from the
(a) Sodium Chloride from Evaporation
other substance.
its solution in water
8. What type of mixtures can be separated by (b) Ammonium chloride Sublimation
crystallization? from a mixture
Ans : containing sodium
chloride and
Crystallization is a technique of separation of solid ammonium chloride
from a liquid solution. It can be used to purify solid
with some impurities in it. Example : Salt from (c) Small pieces of metal Filtration
seawater. in the engine oil of a
car
9. Classify the following as physical or chemical change : (d) Different pigments Chromatography
Cutting of trees, melting of butter in a pan, rusting from an extract of
of almirah, boiling of water to form steam, passing flower petals
of electric current through water and water breaking (e) Butter from curd Centrifugation
down into hydrogen and oxygen gases, Dissolving
common salt in water, making fruit salad with raw (f) Oil from water Separating funnel
fruits, burning of paper and wood. (g) Tea leaves from tea Filtration
Ans :
(h) Iron pins from sand Magnetic separation

Physical change Chemical change (i) Wheat grains from Winnowing/

husk Sedimentation
1. Cutting the trees 1. Rusting of almirah
(j) Fine mud particles Decantation and
2. Melting of butter 2. Passing of electric suspended in water filtration
in a pan current through
water and water
breaking into 2. Write the steps you would use for making tea. Use
hydrogen and oxygen the words solution, solvent, solute, dissolve, insoluble,
gases filtrate, and residue.
Ans :
3. Boiling of water to 3. Burning of paper
form steam and wood (a) We take a cup of milk in a vessel that acts as a
solvent and heat it.
4. Dissolving common
(b) We drop in the tea leaves or the powdered tea
salt in water
leaves into the milk as solute and continue heating.
5. Making fruit salad (c) The tea leaves or the powdered tea leaves used is
with raw fruits insoluble in the milk and is visible even after the
heating.
10. Separate these as pure substances and mixtures. (d) Now, to the boiling solution, add sugar and stir it.
(e) The sugar acts yet another solute, but in this
Ans : case, it is soluble in the solvent.

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(f) Due to continued stirring, the sugar completely (a) Saturated solution : A saturated solution is a
becomes soluble in the tea solution and a solution in which the maximum amount of solute
saturation level is reached. has been dissolved at a particular temperature.
(g) After enough heating, filter the solution using (b) Pure substance : Pure substance consist only one
a medium. When done, the insoluble tea leaves type of atoms or molecules or compounds.
stays behind as residue and the soluble essence (c) Colloid : A colloid is heterogeneous mixture in
and sugar passes through the filter medium and is which one substance is scattered as very fine
collected as the filtrate. particles in a continuous medium of another
substance. These particles cannot be seen by
3. Pragya tested the solubility of three different naked eye. Example : Ink, Blood.
substances at different temperatures and collected the (d) Suspension : A suspension is a heterogeneous
data, which is given in the following table. (As grams mixture containing solid particles that are big
of substance dissolved in 100 grams of water to form enough to settle down. Particles of suspension are
a saturated solution) visible to the naked eye. Example : Chalk powder,
Paints, etc.
Substance Temperature in Kelvin and
Dissolved solubility 5. Classify the following as a homogeneous/heterogeneous
283 293 313 333 353 mixture : soda water, wood, air, soil, vinegar, filtered
tea.
Potassium nitrate 21 32 62 106 167
Ans :
Sodium chloride 36 36 36 37 37
Homogeneous : soda water, vinegar, filtered tea.
Potassium chloride 35 35 40 46 54 Heterogeneous : wood, air, soil.
Ammonium 24 37 41 55 66
chloride 6. How would you prove that any colourless liquid, given
to you is pure water?
(a) What mass of potassium nitrate would be needed
to produce a saturated solution of Potassium Ans :
nitrate in 50 grams of water at 313 K? If the colourless liquid boils at 100°C, then it is pure
(b) Pragya makes a saturated solution of potassium water. This is because any pure substance has fixed
chloride in water at 353 K and leaves the solution boiling and melting point.
to cool at room temperature. What would she
observe as the solution cools down? Explain. 7. Which of the following materials fall into the category
(c) Find the solubility of each salt at 293 K. Which of pure substances?
salt has the highest solubility at this temperature?
(a) Ice, (b) milk,
(d) What is the effect of change of temperature on the
solubility of a salt? (c) iron, (d) hydrochloric acid,
Ans : (e) calcium oxide, (f) mercury,
(a) Mass of KNO3 required to produce a saturated (g) brick, (h) wood,
solution of KNO3 in 100 g of water at 313 K = 62g
Mass of potassium nitrate required to produce a (i) air
saturated solution in 50 g of water = 62 × 50 ÷ Ans :
100 = 31 Ice, iron, hydrochloric acid, calcium oxide and mercury
Hence, 31 g of potassium nitrate is required. are the pure substances.
(b) Crystals of potassium chloride will be obtained on
cooling the solution. 8. Identify the solutions among the following mixtures :
(c) Solubility of each salt at 293 K is as follows :
(a) Soil, (b) Seawater,
Potassium nitrate = 32 g
(c) Air, (d) Coal,
Sodium chloride = 36 g
(e) Soda water
Potassium chloride = 35 g
Ans :
Ammonium chloride = 37 g
Thus, ammonium chloride salt has the highest Seawater, air and soda water are the solution.
amount of solubility when compared to any other
salt at 293 K. 9. Which of the following will show “Tyndall effect”?
(d) Solubility of salts increases with temperature. (a) Salt solution,
(b) Milk,
4. Define the terms : (c) Copper sulphate solution,
(a) Saturated solution (d) Starch solution
(b) Pure substance Ans :
(c) Colloid Milk and the starch solution shows Tyndall effect.
(d) Suspension
Ans : 10. Classify the following into elements, compounds and

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mixtures : (b) dissolution and it is a physical change.

(c) corrosion and it is a chemical change.
(a) Sodium, (b) Soil, (d) dissolution and it is a chemical change.
(c) Sugar solution, (d) Silver, Ans : (c) corrosion and it is a chemical change.
(e) Calcium carbonate, (f) Tin,
(g) Silicon, (h) Coal, 3. A mixture of sulphur and carbon disulphide is :
(a) heterogeneous and shows Tyndall effect.
(i) Air, (j) Soap, (b) homogeneous and shows Tyndall effect.
(k) Methane, (l) Carbon dioxide, (c) heterogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect.
(d) homogeneous and does not show Tyndall effect.
(m) Blood
Ans : (d) homogeneous and does not show Tyndall
Ans : effect.

Elements Compounds Mixtures

4. Tincture of iodine has antiseptic properties. This
Sodium Calcium Soil solution is made by dissolving :
carbonate (a) Iodine in potassium iodide
Silver Soap Sugar solution (b) Iodine in vaseline
(c) Iodine in water
Tin Methane Coal
(d) Iodine in alcohol
Silicon Carbon dioxide Air, Blood Ans : (d) Iodine in alcohol.

11. Which of the following are chemical changes?

(a) Growth of a plant 5. Which of the following are homogeneous in nature?
(b) Rusting of iron (i) Ice
(c) Mixing of iron fillings and sand (ii) Wood
(d) Cooking of food (iii) Soil
(e) Digestion of food (iv) Air
(f) Freezing of water (a) (i) and (iii) (b) (ii) and (iv)
(g) Burning of candle (c) (i) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)
Ans : Ans : (c) (i) and (iv)
The following changes are chemical changes :
(a) Growth of a plant 6. Which of the following are physical changes?
(b) Rusting of iron (i) Melting of iron metal
(d) Cooking of food (ii) Rusting of iron
(e) Digestion of food (iii) Bending of an iron rod
(g) Burning of candle (iv) Drawing a wire of iron metal
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv)
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(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans : (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)
3. NCERT EXEMPLAR
7. Which of the following are chemical changes?
(i) Decaying of wood
Objective Type Questions
(ii) Burning of wood
(iii) Sawing of wood
1. Which of the following statements are true for pure (iv) Hammering of a nail into a piece of wood
substances? (a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii)
(i) Pure substances contains only one kind of
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (i) and (iv)
particles.
(ii) Pure substances may be compounds or mixtures. Ans : (a) (i) and (ii)
(iii) Pure substances have the same composition
throughout.
8. Two substances, A and B were made to react to form
(iv) Pure substances can be exemplified by all elements
a third substance, A2B according to the following
other than nickel.
reaction
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)
(c) (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (iii) 2A + B $ A2B
Which of the following statements concerning this
Ans : (b) (i) and (iii) reaction are incorrect?
(i) The product A2B shows the properties of
2. Rusting of an article made up of iron is called : substances A and B.
(a) corrosion and it is a physical as well as chemical (ii) The product will always have a fixed composition.
change. (iii) The product so formed cannot be classified as a

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compound. will be more effective as a condenser in the distillation

(iv) The product so formed is an element. apparatus?
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii), (b) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
(c) (i), (iii) and (iv) (d) (ii), (iii) and (iv)
Ans : (c) (i), (iii) and (iv)

9. Two chemical species X and Y combine together to

form a product P which contains both X and Y
X+Y $P
X and Y cannot be broken down into simpler
substances by simple chemical reactions. Which of
the following concerning the species X, Y and P are
correct? Ans :
(i) P is a compound.
(ii) X and Y are compounds. The tube (a) will be more effective as a condenser in
(iii) X and Y are elements. the distillation apparatus. This is because a simple
(iv) P has a fixed composition. fractionating column is a tube packed with glass
(a) (i), (ii) and (iii) (b) (i), (ii) and (iv) beads where the beads provide surface for the vapours
to collide and lose energy so that they can be quickly
(c) (ii), (iii) and (iv) (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
condensed and distilled.
Ans : (d) (i), (iii) and (iv)
13. The ‘sea water’ can be classified as a homogeneous as
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Ans :
Short Answer Questions A mixture which has a uniform composition throughout
is called a homogeneous mixture or solution. A
10. Suggest separation technique(s) one would need to mixture which does not have a uniform composition
employ to separate the following mixtures : throughout is called a heterogenous mixture.
(i) Mercury and water (i) Sea water looks like a single substance, i.e.,
(ii) Potassium chloride and ammonium chloride salt, water and the gases are mixed together so
(iii) Common salt, water and sand completely that they cannot be differentiated as
(iv) Kerosene oil, water and salt individual substances. The particles of a solution
are smaller than 1 nm (10-9 metre) in diameter.
Ans :
So, they cannot be seen by naked eyes. Therefore,
(i) Separation by using separating funnel (used for we can classify sea water as homogeneous mixture.
separating two immiscible liquids). The principle (ii) Sea water can be classified as a heterogeneous
is that immiscible liquids separate out in layers mixture because when we view it under the
depending on their densities. microscope we can find bits of dirt, and other
(ii) Sublimation : It is a process by which solid changes impurities like mud, decayed plant, etc. floating
directly into gas and vice versa without passing in it. It is mixture of many salts, water and other
through the liquid state. Ammonium chloride is many impurities. Apart from these, many gases
sublime. (air) are also dissolved in sea water. Because of
(iii) Filtration followed by evaporation or centrifugation salt and some other bigger size of impurities, sea
followed by evaporation/distillation. water is classified as heterogeneous mixture.
(iv) Separation by using separating funnel to separate
kerosene oil followed by evaporation or distillation. 14. While diluting a solution of salt in water, a student
by mistake added acetone (boiling point 56°C). What
11. Salt can be recovered from its solution by evaporation. technique can be employed to get back the acetone?
Suggest some other technique for the same. Justify your choice.
Ans : Ans :
Salt can be recovered from its solution by crystallization Simple distillation can be employed to get back the
process also. Crystallisation is a process employed acetone. Since acetone is more volatile, it will separate
for separating solute in the form of crystals from its out first.
saturated solution on cooling.
Simple distillation is a procedure by which two
In this process, the impure sample is dissolved liquids with different boiling points can be separated.
in minimum amount of suitable solvent. The formed The process of heating a substance until it vaporizes,
solution is heated to get a saturated solution. On cooling the vapours, and collecting the condensed
cooling, this saturated solution produce pure crystals liquid is the basis of a commonly used purification
of the sample. technique called distillation.
Simple distillation can be used effectively to
12. Which of the tubes in figure given here (a) and (b) separate liquids that have at least more than 25 K

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difference in their boiling points. fog may rise to form a low layer of stratus. It is non-
Since, the boiling point of acetone is 56°C (329.15 polluting. Dispersed phase in fog is liquid.
Kelvin) and boiling point of water is 100°C (373.15
Kelvin), and for distillation the minimum difference 18. Classify the following as physical or chemical
in temperature should be at least 50°C. Thus, by the properties :
process of distillation acetone can be separated. (i) The composition of a sample of steel is : 98% iron,
1.5% carbon and 0.5% other elements.
Download All PDF files from www.rava.org.in. (ii) Zinc dissolves in hydrochlOric acid with the
evolution of hydrogen gas.
15. What would you observe when : (iii) Metallic sodium is soft enough to be cut with a
(i) A saturated solution of potassium chloride knife.
prepared at 60°C is allowed to cool at room (iv) Most metal oxides form alkalis on interacting with
temperature? water.
(ii) An aqueous sugar solution is heated to dryness? Ans :
(iii) A mixture of iron filings and sulphur powder is
Physical properties — (i) and (iii)
heated strongly?
Chemical properties — (ii) and (iv)
Ans :
(i) The given solution is a saturated solution of 19. The teacher instructed three students ‘A’, ‘B’ and
potassium chloride prepared at 60°C which is ‘C’ respectively to prepare a 50%. (mass by volume)
above the room temperature (20°C). Therefore, solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH). ‘A’ dissolved
when it is allowed to cool at room temperature, 50 g of NaOH in 100 ml of water, ‘B’ dissolved 50 g
some of the potassium chloride will settle down of NaOH in 100 g of water while ‘C’ dissolved 50 g
at the bottom, because saturation decreases with of NaOH in water to make 100 ml of solution. Which
decrease in temperature and vice versa. one of them has made the desired solution and why?
(ii) When an aqueous solution of sugar is heated to Ans :
dryness, the water will evaporate and the sugar
will be left behind in the container. But, the sugar ‘C’ was right.
left in the container may be burnt because of more The water changes its volume, when the NaOH is
heating. dissolved in it. So, the volume needs to be adjusted.
(iii) When a mixture of iron filings and sulphur Mass by volume (%) = Mass of solute # 100
powder is heated strongly, compound FeS (Ferrous Volume of solution
Sulphide) is formed. = 50% mass by volume

16. Explain why particles of a colloidal solution do not 20. Name the process associated with the following:
settle down when left undisturbed, while in the case (i) Dry ice is kept at room temperature and at one
of a suspension they do. atmospheric pressure.
Ans : (ii) A drop of ink placed on the surface of water
Colloid particles resist settling rapidly to the bottom of contained in a glass spreads throughout the water.
a vessel due to Brownian motion. Brownian motion is (iii) A potassium permanganate crystal is in a beaker
the random movement of colloidal particles suspended and water is poured into the beaker with stirring.
in a liquid or gas, caused by collisions with molecules (iv) A acetone bottle is left open and the bottle
of the surrounding medium. The particles in colloids becomes empty.
are in constant motion. It has strong intermolecular (v) Milk is churned to separate cream from it.
forces of attraction between the particles. But, in a (vi) Settling of sand when a mixture of sand and water
suspension, the particles are bigger than that of a is left undisturbed for some time.
colloid and also molecular interaction in a suspension (vii) Fine beam of light entering through a small hole
is not strong enough to keep the particles suspended, in a dark room, illuminates the particles in its
and hence they settle down. paths.
Ans :
17. Smoke and fog both are aerosols. In what way are (i) Sublimation
they different? (ii) Diffusion
Ans : (iii) Dissolution/diffusion
(iv) Evaporation, diffusion
Both smoke and fog are aerosols that has gas as its
(v) Centrifugation
dispersion medium.
(vi) Sedimentation
Smoke : Smoke is mixture of gases. It is formed by
(vii) Scattering of light (Tyndall effect)
the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels such as coal,
oil, and natural gas and carried on the hot air from
burning. Dispersed phase in smoke is solid. 21. You are given two samples of water, labelled as ‘A’
Fog : Fog is the natural phenomenon when the humidity and ‘B’. Sample ‘A’ boils at 100°C and sample ‘B’
reaches 100%, in other words, the air is saturated with boils at 102°C. Which sample of water will not freeze
moisture and contains many tiny liquid water droplets at 0°C? Comment.
collecting into the air at the surface of the Earth. The Ans :

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The boiling point of pure water is 100°C. The melting _____

point and boiling point of a given substance changes (ii) Ice, water and water vapour look different and
with the presence of soluble impurities. display different _____ properties but they are
Addition of impurities to a pure substance _____ the same.
decreases its melting point but increases its boiling (iii) A mixture of chloroform and water taken in a
point. separating funnel is mixed and left undisturbed
for some time. The upper layer in the separating
For example : Boiling point of water is 100°C funnel will be of _____ and the lower layer will
under normal atmospheric pressure. If we add sugar be that of _____
or salt to this water its vapour pressure becomes lower (iv) A mixture of two or more miscible liquids, for
and boiling point increases. Therefore, we can say that which the difference in the boiling points is less
the sample ‘B’ is not pure water as its boiling point than 25K can be separated by the process called
is 102°C. _____
Since the sample ‘B’ is not pure, therefore, the (v) When light is passed through water containing a
water will not freeze at 0°C. It will freeze at a lower few drops of milk, it shows a bluish tinge. This
temperature as the presence of impurities lowers is due to the _____ of light by milk and the
(depresses) the freezing point of a liquid. phenomenon is called _____ This indicates
that milk is a _____ solution.
22. What are the favourable qualities given to gold when Ans :
it is alloyed with copper or silver for the purpose of (i) heterogenous, centrifugation.
making ornaments? (ii) physical, chemically.
Ans : (iii) water, chloroform.
Pure gold is very soft, very malleable and very dense (iv) fractional distillation.
metal. Therefore, in order to impart strength and (v) scattering, Tyndall effect, colloidal.
hardness to this soft metal and to make it less dense,
it is alloyed with silver or copper. 26. Sucrose (sugar) crystals obtained from sugarcane
and beetroot are mixed together. Will it be a pure
23. An element is sonorous and highly ductile. Under substance or a mixture? Give reasons for the same.
which category would you classify this element? What Ans :
other characteristics do you expect the element to It is a pure substance because chemical composition
possess? of sugar crystals, i.e., sucrose is same irrespective of
Ans : its source.
As the given element is sonorous and highly ductile,
it should be kept under the category of metals. Other 27. Give some examples of Tyndall effect observed in your
characteristics possessed metals are : surroundings.
(i) Good conductor of heat and electricity Ans :
(ii) Lustrous
(a) Tyndall effect can also be observed when a fine
(iii) Malleable
beam of light enters a room through a small hole.
Add 89056 29969 in Your Class Whatsapp Group to Get All PDF Files. This happens due to the scattering of light,by the
particles of dust and smoke in the air.
24. Give an example each for the mixture having the (b) Mixture of water and milk shows Tyndall effect.
following characteristics. Suggest a suitable method (c) Tyndall effect can be observed when sunlight
to separate the components of these mixtures. passes through the canopy of a dense forest. In
(i) A volatile and a non-volatile component. the forest, mist contains tiny droplets of water,
(ii) Two volatile components with appreciable which act as particles of colloid dispersed in air.
difference in boiling points.
(iii) Two immiscible liquids. 28. Can we separate alcohol dissolved in water by using a
(iv) One of the components changes directly from separating funnel? If yes, then describe the procedure.
solid to gaseous state. If not, explain.
(v) Two or more coloured constituents soluble in Ans :
some solvent.
The mixture of alcohol and water cannot be separated
Ans : using a separating funnel, since these are not
(i) Evaporation or distillation immiscible liquids.
(ii) Distillation The mixture of alcohol and water can be separated
(iii) Separation by using separating funnel by the process of distillation.
(iv) Sublimation
(v) Chromatography 29. On heating calcium carbonate gets converted into
calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
25. Fill in the blanks (i) Is this a physical or a chemical change?
(i) A colloid is a _____ mixture and its components (ii) Can you prepare one acidic and one basic solution
can be separated by the technique known as by using the products formed in the above process?

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If so, write the chemical equation involved. Chlorine gas, Iron, Aluminium, Iodine, Carbon, and
Ans : Sulphur powder are not compound.
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Calcium carbonate $ Calcium oxide + Carbon
dioxide Long Answer Questions
CaCO3 $ CaO + CO2
(ii) Acidic and basic solutions can be prepared by 33. Fractional distillation is suitable for separation of
dissolving the products of the above process in miscible liquids with a boiling point difference of
water about 25 K or less. What part of fractional distillation
CaO + H2O $ Ca(OH)2 (basic solution) apparatus makes it efficient and possess an advantage
over a simple distillation process. Explain using a
CO2 + H2O $ H2CO3 (acidic solution)
diagram.
Ans :
30. Non-metals are usually poor conductors of heat and
electricity. They are non-lustrous, non-sonorous, non- Apparatus used for fractional distillation has a
malleable and are coloured. fractionating column. A simple fractionating column
(a) Name a lustrous non-metal. has glass beads in it which provide additional surface
(b) Name a non-metal which exists as a liquid at area because of which the vapours can spread and
room temperature. cool rapidly. Hence, fractionating column is used to
(c) The allotropic form of a non-metal is a good provide the additional surface and to facilitate the
conductor of electricity. Name the allotrope. cooling of vapour in many cycles.
(d) Name a non-metal which is known to form the
largest number of compounds.
(e) Name non-metals other than carbon which show
allotropy.
(f) Name a non-metal which is required for
combustion.
Ans :
(a) Iodine (b) Bromine
(c) Graphite (d) Carbon
(e) Sulphur, Phosphorus (f) Oxygen
34. (i) Under which category of mixtures will you classify
31. Classify the substances given in figure into elements alloys and why?
and compounds : (ii) A solution is always a liquid. Comment.
Cu Sand H2O CaCO3 (iii) Can a solution be heterogeneous?
O2 Zn NaCl(aq) F2 Ans :

Hg Diamond (C) Wood (i) When constituent particles of a combination of

two or more element or compound retains their
Ans :
properties, then it is called mixture. In an alloy
Elements Compounds the constituent particles lose, hence alloys are
classified as homogeneous mixture. For example :
Cu CaCO3 Steel is an alloy of carbon and iron.
Zn H2O (ii) Since, a solution is the homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances, thus it is not necessary
F2 that a solution would always a liquid.
O2 A solution can be in all the three states of matter.
A solution is a homogeneous mixture and can be
Diamond (C)
in all the three states of matter.
Hg Example : Solution of alcohol in water is a liquid.
Air is a solution of different gases. Alloy is a
32. Which of the following are not compound? solution which is in the form of solids.
(iii) Solution is defined as the homogeneous mixture,
(a) Chlorine gas (b) Potassium chloride hence a solution cannot be heterogeneous. But,
(c) Iron (d) Iron sulphate when a mixture becomes heterogeneous, it cannot
be fall under the definition of solution.
(e) Aluminium (f) Iodine
(g) Carbon (h) Carbon monoxide 35. Iron filings and sulphur were mixed together and
(i) Sulphur powder divided into two parts, ‘A’ and ‘B’. Part ‘A’ was
heated strongly, while part ‘B’ was not heated. Dilute
Ans : hydrochloric acid was added to both the parts and

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evolution of gas was seen in both the cases. How will simply passed through it.
you identify the gases evolved?
Ans :
Fe ^ s h + S ^ s h + 2HCl ^aqh $ FeCl 2 + H 2 (g) + S ^ s h
(Sulphur remains unreacted

Hydrogen gas is released, when dilute hydrochloric

acid is added to part ‘B’. Hydrogen gas can be tested
by bringing a burning matchstick or candle near
it. When a burning matchstick is placed near the
hydrogen gas, it burns with a pop sound, which is a Figure: Tyndall effect
test for hydrogen gas.
(a) Explain why the milk sample was illuminated.
Fe ^ s h + S ^ s h
Heat
FeS ^ s h Name the phenomenon involved.
(b) Same results were not observed with a salt
FeS + 2HCl ^aqh $ FeCl 2 + H 2 S solution. Explain.
(c) Can you suggest two more solutions which would
Hydrogen sulphide gas released when dilute
show the same effect as shown by the milk
hydrochloric acid was added to part ‘A’. Hydrogen
solution?
sulphide gas smells like a rotten egg, hence it could be
confirmed by its smell. Ans :
(a) Since, milk is a colloid and when light scattered
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from the particles of colloids, it was illuminated,
thus light was illuminated when passed through
36. A child wanted to separate the mixture of dyes the milk. This is known as Tyndall effect.
constituting a sample of ink. He marked a line by the (b) For scattering of light the size of particles should
ink on the filter paper and placed the filter paper in be large enough. Since the particles of solution
a glass containing water as shown in fig. The filter were not enough to scatter the beam of light,
paper was removed when the water moved near the hence same results were not observed.
top of the filter paper. (c) Soap bubbles and fog are the colloids, hence same
effect, i.e. scattering of light is shown by these.
This is known as Tyndall effect.

38. Classify each of the following, as a physical or a

chemical change. Give reasons.
(i) Drying of a shirt in the Sun.
(ii) Rising of hot air over a radiator.
(iii) Burning of kerosene in a lantern.
(iv) Change in the colour of black tea on adding lemon
Figure: Chromatography juice to it.
(v) Churning of milk cream to get butter.
(i) What would you expect to see, if the ink contains
three different coloured components? Ans :
(ii) Name the technique used by the child. (i) Drying of shirt in the Sun is a physical change.
(iii) Suggest one more application of this technique. As, in this change no new substance is formed.
Ans : (ii) Since, in rising of hot air over a radiator no new
substance is formed, hence it is a physical change.
(i) Streaks of different colours can be seen on the
(iii) While burning of kerosene in a lantern, carbon
filter paper.
dioxide and water vapour is formed, hence it is a
(ii) Chromatography.
chemical change.
(iii) Chromatography is used for separating pigments
(iv) In this change a new substance is formed, hence it
present in chlorophyll.
is a chemical change.
(v) While churning of milk cream to get butter, no
37. A group of students took an old shoe box and covered new substance is formed, hence it is a physical
it with a black paper from all sides. They fixed a change.
source of light (a torch) at one end of the box by
making a hole in it and made another hole on the
39. During an experiment, the students were asked to
other side to view the light. They placed a milk sample
prepare a 10% (Mass/Mass) solution of sugar in water.
contained in a beaker/ tumbler in the box as shown
Ramesh dissolved 10 g of sugar in 100 g of water while
in the fig. They were amazed to see that milk taken
Sarika prepared it by dissolving 10 g of sugar in water
in the tumbler was illuminated. They tried the same
to make 100 g of the solution.
activity by taking a salt solution but found that light
(i) Are the two solutions of the same concentration?
(ii) Compare the mass % of the two solutions.
Ans :
(i) No, the two solutions have different concentrations.

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(ii) We know, chloride in water. Which of the following correctly

represents the composition of the solutions?
Mass % of solution = Mass of solute # 100 (i) 1.00 g of NaCl + 100 g of water
Volume of solution
For first solution : (ii) 0.11 g of NaC1 + 100 g of water
(iii) 0.01 g of NaC1 + 99.99 g of water
Mass of solute = 10 gram
(iv) 0.10 g of NaC1 + 99.90 g of water
Mass of solution = 100 gram + 10 gram Ans :
= 110 gram (iii) 0.01 g of NaCl + 99.99 g of water
Hence,
Mass % of solution = 10 # 100 = 9.99% 42. Calculate the mass of sodium sulphate required to
110
prepare its 20% (mass percent) solution in 100 g of
For second solution : water.
Mass of solute = 10 gram Ans :
Mass of solution = 100 gram In a 20% solution containing 100 g water; the mass
Hence, percentage of water
Mass % of solution = 10 # 100 = 10% = 100 — 20 = 80%
100
80% of solution is 100 gram
Mass percent of first solution : Mass percent of second
100% of solution is 100 gram
solution = 9.99 : 10 80
20% of solution is 100 20 = 25 gram
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Hence, to prepare 20% (w/w) solution in 100 gram of
40. You are provided with a mixture containing sand, water 25 gram of sodium sulphate is needed.
iron filings, ammonium chloride and sodium chloride.
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Describe the procedures you would use to separate
these constituents from the mixture.
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For session 2019-2020 free pdf will be available at
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turns into vapour directly without changing into
liquid, thus when the mixture is sublimated, the
ammonium chloride is deposited over the inner
wall of funnel leaving the sodium chloride and
sand in the watch glass. Ammonium chloride is
separated by scratching from the inner wall of the
funnel.
(iii) Filtration : Now the left mixture of sand and
sodium chloride is put in water, after stirring the
sodium chloride is dissolved in water. The solution
is separated by the process of filtration. The sand
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(iv) Vaporisation : By the process of vaporization, the
liquid so obtained is vapourized and crystals of
ammonium chloride can be obtained.
Hence, by using the methods of magnetic
separation, sublimation, filteration, vaporisation
and crystallization the component of given
mixture of sand, iron filings, ammonium chloride
and sodium chloride can be separated.

41. Arun has prepared 0.01% (by mass) solution of sodium

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