Light lesson IV

Unit III , Second semester

• Near point or least distance of distinct vision-The near point of the eye is
the minimum distance of the object from the eye, which can be seen
distinctly without strain. For a normal human eye, this distance is 25 cm.

• The far point of the eye is the maximum distance to

which the eye can see the objects clearly.
• The far point of the normal human eye is infinity
Accommodation of the eye
• The ability of the eye to see distant as well as nearby objects
clearly is called accommodation . The ciliary muscles help to
adjust the focal length of the eye lens so that we can see
both nearby and faraway objects clearly.
• Persistence of vision : The human brain can retain an image for 1/16
of a second even after the object has moved away from the eye . If
another picture overlaps this image then an illusion of motion is
created.
• Movies and animation are the optical phenomenon where the illusion
of motion is created because the brain interprets multiple still images
as one due to Persistence of vision .
Eye defects
Defects of vision and their corrections
There are three common defects of vision. They are:
1) Myopia (Short-sightedness or Near-sightedness)
2) Hypermetropia (Long-sightedness or Far-sightedness)
3) Cataract
• Myopia
• The defect of an eye in which it cannot see the distant objects clearly
is called myopia. A person with myopia can see nearby objects clearly.
Myopia is caused due to:
• High converging power of the lens
• Eye-ball being too long
• Due to the high convergence of the eye-lens, the image is formed in
front of the retina and a person cannot see clearly the distant objects.
• Myopia or short-sightedness can be corrected by wearing spectacles
containing a concave lens.
Hypermetropia
Hypermetropia or long-sightedness is a defect of an eye where a person
can see faraway objects distinctly but cannot see nearby objects clearly.
The near-point of the hypermetropic eye is more than 25 cm away. This
defect of the eye is caused due to:
• Low converging power of eye-lens
• Eye-ball being too short
• In the case of hypermetropia, the image of an object is formed behind
the retina and therefore, a person cannot see clearly nearby objects.
• The near-point of an eye having hypermetropia is more than 25
cm. The condition of hypermetropia can be corrected by putting a
convex lens in front of the eye.
Cataract:
• Another defect of the eye which comes in old age is the cataract. It
develops when the eye-lens of a person becomes cloudy or milky
due to the formation of a membrane over it. It decreases the vision
of the eye gradually and can lead to a total loss of vision of the eye.
• It can be restored through surgery. The opaque lens is removed and
an artificial lens is inserted in its place .
• This defect cannot be corrected by wearing spectacles.
• How can a visually challenged person read ?
• Braille is a system that uses combinations of raised dots to spell letters and numbers. It’s used by
people who are partially or completely visually challenged to help them to read and write. Braille
is not actually a language — it’s a system of writing. So you can write in any language using
braille!
• It was invented by Louis Braille. Louis Braille was a French educator and inventor of a system of
reading and writing for use by the blind or visually impaired. His system remains virtually
unchanged to this day, and is known worldwide simply as braille.
• Blinded in both eyes as a result of an early childhood accident, Louis Braille mastered his disability
while still a boy. He excelled in his education and received a scholarship to France's Royal Institute
for Blind Youth. While still a student there, he began developing a system of tactile code that
could allow blind people to read and write quickly and efficiently.
Recapitulation
Assignment (To be done in P.C. or hard copy)
Q.3 Give one word for the following :
i. Lens used to correct hypermetropia. ________
Convex lens

iii. The minimum distance which human eye can see without any
strain. ________
25cm

iv. System used by visually challenged person to read and write.

________
Braille system
Q.7 What is the far point and near point of the human eye with
normal vision?
Ans. For a human eye with normal vision, far point is infinity and near
point is 25 cm.
Q.8 Briefly explain the principle of cinematography.
Ans. The principle of cinematography is Persistence of vision. The
human brain can retain an image for 1/16 of a second even after the
object has moved away from the eye . If another picture overlaps this
image then an illusion of motion is created.
Assignment(To be done in portfolio)
Section D (Long answer type questions)
Q.11 Draw the diagram of image formation of point and finite object
in a plane mirror.
Ans. Image formation of point object in a plane mirror
Image formation of a finite object in a plane
mirror
Q.12 Explain function of (i) cornea (ii) ciliary muscles (iii) optic nerves
w.r.t. human eye.
Ans. (i) cornea : To protect the eye and to refract the light rays.
(ii) ciliary muscles : To adjust the focal length of the eye lens so that we
can see both nearby and faraway objects clearly.
(iii) optic nerves : To carry the electric signals from the retina to the
brain.
Q.13 State five ways to protect your eyes from damage.
Ans. Eat a healthy, balanced diet. Your diet should include plenty or fruits and vegetables, especially deep
yellow (vitamin A) and green leafy vegetables. Eating fish high in omega-3 fatty acids, such as salmon, tuna,
and halibut can also help your eyes .
Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or having obesity increases your risk of developing diabetes.
Having diabetes puts you at higher risk of getting many eye problems.
Get regular exercise. Exercise may help to prevent or control diabetes, high blood pressure, and high
cholesterol. These diseases can lead to some eye or vision problems. So if you exercise regularly, you can
lower your risk of getting these eye and vision problems.
Wear sunglasses. Sun exposure can damage your eyes and raise your risk of cataracts and age-related
problems. Protect your eyes by using sunglasses that block out 99 to 100 percent of both UV-A and UV-B
radiation.
Avoid smoking. Smoking increases the risk of developing age-related eye diseases such as cataracts and can
damage the optic nerve.
Give your eyes a rest. If you spend a lot of time using a computer, you can forget to blink your eyes and your
eyes can get tired. To reduce eyestrain, try the 20-20-20 rule: Every 20 minutes, look away about 20 feet in
front of you for 20 seconds.
Q.14 Explain the working of the human eye with a neat and well labelled
diagram.
Ans. The human eye consists of various parts which help us in seeing the
objects:
(a) Cornea: It is the transparent membrane which refracts the light
entering our eye.
(b) Iris: Iris controls the size of pupil.
(c) Pupil: It allows the light to enter our eye to pass through it.
(d) Lens: Helps to form the image.
(e) Ciliary muscles: Helps in changing the focal length of the lens.
(f) Retina: It is the screen of the eye on which image is formed. It
consists of rods and cones.
(g) Optic nerve: It carries the electrical signals from retina to brain.
Q.15 Explain the phenomenon of dispersion of light with the help of a
neat and well labelled diagram.
Ans. Dispersion is the splitting of white light into its constituent colours.
Dispersion takes place as different colours travel at different speeds
inside the glass prism.
Q.19 During the dispersion of white light , which colour deviates the maximum. Give reasons for
your answer.
Ans. Violet deviates the most when white light gets dispersed as it travels the slowest.
Q.20 A student planned an activity to observe an object A through pipes as shown in the given
figure, so that he could see objects which he could not directly see.
(a) How many mirrors should he use to see the object?
Ans. 3
(b) Draw the positions of the mirrors in the given figure.
Ans. The plane mirrors should be be placed at the position where the pipe bends.
(c) What must be the angle with respect to the incident light at which he should place the mirrors?
Ans. 450
(d) Indicate the direction of rays in the figure.
Thank you