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Universiti Teknologi MARA: CSC429 Computer Organization and Architecture

This document outlines the key developments across six generations of computers: 1) The Zero generation included early mechanical calculators and the Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage. 2) The First generation used vacuum tubes and marked the first programmable, general-purpose computers like ENIAC. The Von Neumann architecture was also proposed. 3) The Second generation saw the introduction of transistors which made computers smaller, more reliable, and faster. Assembly languages also emerged. 4) The Third generation included integrated circuits, higher-level languages, and new input/output devices like keyboards and mice. 5) The Fourth generation was driven by microprocessors and

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NUR ZAFIRA AMANI RUSLAN
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538 views20 pages

Universiti Teknologi MARA: CSC429 Computer Organization and Architecture

This document outlines the key developments across six generations of computers: 1) The Zero generation included early mechanical calculators and the Analytical Engine, an early general-purpose computer designed by Charles Babbage. 2) The First generation used vacuum tubes and marked the first programmable, general-purpose computers like ENIAC. The Von Neumann architecture was also proposed. 3) The Second generation saw the introduction of transistors which made computers smaller, more reliable, and faster. Assembly languages also emerged. 4) The Third generation included integrated circuits, higher-level languages, and new input/output devices like keyboards and mice. 5) The Fourth generation was driven by microprocessors and

Uploaded by

NUR ZAFIRA AMANI RUSLAN
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Universiti Teknologi MARA

CSC429
Computer Organization and Architecture

Edited by
Salehah Hamzah
Faculty of Computer Science and Mathematics
UiTM Melaka, Kampus Jasin
Zero computer generation

First Computer Generation

Second Computer generation


OUTLINE Third computer generation

Fourth computer generation

Fifth computer generation


Zero Computer generation
• invented a mechanical calculating machine
or calculator to add and subtract two numbers
directly
Blaise Pascal • perform multiplication and division through
repeated addition or subtraction.
• The calculator was designed to help his father
workload on tax
• Invented calculation.
Step Reckoner
Gottfried Wilhelm • to add an automatic multiplication feature
Leibniz to the Pascal calculating machine.
• also discover a computing machine will
easier if use binary number coding.
Zero Computer generation : Feature

Designed by Charles Babbage

First attempt is a mechanical computing device called


Difference engine. Construction was not completed
A new general design of computing device known
as Analytical Engine. Also not completely built.
logical structure of Analytical Engine has
dominated computer design in the electronic era
Analytical engine invention
Analytical engine generate new ideas :
A store to hold numbers
A mill to hold arithmetic calculations
An input consist of data using punch cards, based on Loom
computing device
• Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a loom (hundreds of cards with
holes) called
• Before punch as punch cards
cards,there wasfor input
paper androll
tape output.
used as input information
An output is printer , a curve plotter and a bell

Source : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine
Zero Computer generation
Analytical Engine Difference Engine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference_engine
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_Engine
Atanasoft Berry
Computer
• Invented by John Vincent
Atanasoft and Clifford Berry
• implement three critical ideas
that are still part of every modern
computer:
•Use binary digits to represent all
numbers and data
•Perform all calculations
using electronics rather than
wheels, ratchets, or mechanical
switches
•organize a system in
which computation and memory
are separated.
Source : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanasoff_Berry_Computer
First Computer generation : Feature
used vacuum tubes,an electronic circuit act as a
switch/amplifier for computing system
circuitry,
The size is large which cause the computer size require
more space as the entire of room
Generated a lot of electrical power
Generated a lot of heat and could possibly shutdown
unexpectedly
used machine code as programming language, code that
• Invented by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly
• first programmable general-purpose
electronic digital computer
• ENIAC was complex electronic
computer system with
approximately 18,000 vacuum
tubes,70,000 resistors, 10,000
capacitors, 6,000 switches
• it was initially designed for

military applications
Von • A computer machine with basic computer
Neumann architecture invented by John Von
Architectur Neumann
e
• known as First Draft of a Report on EDVAC
Stored • The basic structure of Von
program Neumann architecture proposed in
concept
the draft
• design of a new stored program computer,
referred to as IAS computer, at the
Princeton Institute for Advanced Studies.
• The IAS computer, although not completed,
Von Neumann
architecture
IAS computer consists of
•A main memory,
•An arithmetic and logic unit
•A control unit,
• Input/output (I/O)
First Computer generation: Feature
The tube is very expensive and fragile
Air conditioning is required
Use magnetic drum as primary storage
Incapable to calculate large amount of
data Use punch card for input and print
outs High maintenance was required
Second Computer generation
Replacing vacuum tubes with transistor

Transistor reduced the size of the


computers

reduced heat ,better from first generation


computers . Vast improvement!
Better in speed for calculating data compare
Second Computer generation

programmers create instructions in words called


as assembly programming language, replacing
machine language.
Still has difficulty for commercial production
due to expenses in making and purchasing
transistor
still relied on punched card for input and
printouts.
Third Computer generation

An integrated circuit (IC), invented by Jack


Kilby
Consume less energy less heat and more reliable
Used High level programming languages.

Higher storage capacity than previous generation


Third Computer generation

Used mouse and keyboard for input.

specifically designed to handle high-speed data


processing for scientific applications

Less expensive than previous machine

Air conditioning was required. This is limitation


Fourth Computer generation
Microprocessor
contains hundreds of thousands of ICs. It is called VLSI
(Very Large Scale Integration)
Ted Hoff produced the first microprocessor known as
Intel 4004.
greatly reduce the size of computer from huge machine to
desktop, laptops and palm top size.
House hold items such as microwave oven, television set
and automobile incorporated microprocessor
Fourth Computer generation
Smaller in size
High speed processing with less power consumption

Mainly used for commercial production

No air conditioning required.


The networking features were developed
Object oriented programming are introduced
Fifth Computer generation
• a type of machine which have human
Artificial based skills such as learning,
Intelligence reasoning, and solving problems

• Playing chess
• surgical operation
Some
intelligence • Driving a car in traffic
tasks • Robots which can work in an environment
where survival of humans can be at risk..
(e.g : mining fuel exploration),
Fifth Computer generation
• AI machines or systems are prone to less errors
and high accuracy
Advantage • very high-speed and fast-decision making,
• highly reliable and can perform the same action
multiple times
• High Cost : hardware and software requirement
Disadvantage very costly
• Human may become too dependent on machine
• No creativity : human can imagine some new
Source ideas but AI machines cannot
• https://www.javatpoint.com/artificial-intelligence-tutorial

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