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General Mathematics Reviewer Prefinals

Here are the solutions to the interest problems: 1. $2000, $2020, $2040.40 2. $1000, $1000, $3000, $3000 3. 5 years 4. 12 years 5. 4 years 6. 3 years 7. 5 years 8. $200 9. 4% 10. $762

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76 views7 pages

General Mathematics Reviewer Prefinals

Here are the solutions to the interest problems: 1. $2000, $2020, $2040.40 2. $1000, $1000, $3000, $3000 3. 5 years 4. 12 years 5. 4 years 6. 3 years 7. 5 years 8. $200 9. 4% 10. $762

Uploaded by

Trixia Pontila
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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General Mathematics Reviewer

(Pre – Finals)

One-to-one Functions

• A function f: x  y is one-to-one if f(x) = f(y) only when x = y.


o The statement above clearly states that a function can be classified as one-to-one if
its domain (x) is matched by only one y-value.
o You can use the horizontal line test to identify if a function satisfies this type. The
procedure is similar to the vertical line test however we now use the horizontal
direction of the line. If the line intersects to only one point, then the function is at
this type. Otherwise, it is not a one-to-one function.
o A function is a one-to-one function if it passes both the vertical and horizontal line
tests.

Example 2:

#44 and #63 are one-toone functions.

The remaining graphs are not one-to-one functions.

o All one-to-one functions are functions but not all functions are one-to-one functions.
∗ Another way to identify if a function is one-to-one is by using the f(a) = f(b) method.
Example 1:
f(x) = 3x + 2 (Given) f(a) =
f(b) (Method to be used)
f(a) = 3a + 2 (Definition)
f(b) = 3b + 2 (Definition)
3a + 2 = 3b + 2 (Substitution)
3a = 3b (Subtract both sides by positive 2) a = b (Divide both sides by 3) o Thus, f(x) =
3x + 2 is a one-to-one function because for every ‘a’ yields one ‘b’.

f(x) = x2 – 1 (Given) a2 – 1 = b2 – 1
(Substitution) a2 = b2 (Add both
sides by positive 1)
Thus, f(x) is not a one-to-function. Indeed, we can square both sides thus it would yield ±a =
±b. Say a = -1. B would yield positive 1. If a = 1, that would be the same. Remember that one
x-value should only account for one y-value.

Inverse Functions

• An inverse of a function is the set of ordered pairs obtained by interchanging the first and
second coordinates of each point in the original function.
• Only one-to-one functions have the formality to be transformed into its inverse.

Steps on Finding the Inverse of a Function:

1. Given a function, change f(x) to y.


2. Swap the roles of x and y.
3. Solve for y.
4. Change y to f-1(x).

∗ To classify if a function is an inverse of the other, check if the inverse function yields (y,x) to
the original function’s (x,y)

Example:

• f(x) = 3x + 2 y = 3x + 2 f(1) = 3(1) + 2 f-1(5) =(5-2)/3 x = 3y + 2 f(1) = 3 + 2 f-


1
(5) =3/3 The function is indeed the x – 2 = 3y f(1) = 5 f-1(5) =1 inverse. y
-1 -1
= (x-2)/3 f(x): (1,5) f (x): (5,1) f (x) = (x-2)/3

• f(x) = 𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥−+13 𝑥𝑥+1

y=
𝑥𝑥−3
𝑦𝑦+1
x=
𝑦𝑦−3
x(y-3) = y + 1
xy – 3x = y +
1 xy – y = -3x
+ 1 y(x-1) =
-3x + 1
−3
𝑥𝑥+1 y
=

𝑥𝑥−1

f-1(x) = −3𝑥𝑥+1
𝑥𝑥−1

Simple Interest

• The amount of interest generated in terms of year is based only on the starting
amount or principal amount.

Formula: FV = PV(1 + rt)

FV is the future value, PV is the principal value, r is the interest rate, t is the time in years.

Example: Raven deposited $400,000 in a bank that offers a simple interest rate of 5%. How much will
the money of Raven be after 7 years? How much was the interest after 7 years?

Given: PV = $400,000, r = 5% or 0.05, t = 7

Find: FV

Solution:

FV = $400,000(1 + 0.05(7))

FV = $400,000(1 + 0.35)

FV = $400,000(1.35)

FV = $540,000

I(Interest after t years) = FV – PV

I = $540,000 - $400,000

I = $140,000

After 7 years since her deposit, Raven will receive $540,000. The interest was $140,000.

BONUS: How much was the interest per year?


Since it is a simple interest, the interest is constant.

Iy (Interest per year) = I/t

Iy = $140,000/7

Iy = $20,000

Each year, the interest was $20,000.

Compound Interest (Annually/Continuously)

Formula: FV = PV (1+r)t

Example: Ryan is investing $150,000 with a compound annually with an interest rate of 7.5%. How
much is the money of Ryan after 6 months?

Given: PV = $150,000, r = 7.5% or 0.075, t = 0.5 years

Find: FV

Solution:

FV = $150,000(1 + 0.075)0.5

FV = $150,000(1.075)0.5

FV = $150,000(1.036822068)

FV = $155,523.31031

FV = $155,523.31 (round off to 2 decimal places always!)

Ryan will receive $155,523.31 after 6 months.

Compound Interest (Compounded n times)

Half-yearly or semi-annually = compounded 2 times

Quarterly = compounded 4 times

Monthly = compounded 12 times


𝑟𝑟 nt
Formula: FV = PV (1+ )
𝑛𝑛
n = number of times compounded based on frequency (half-yearly, quarterly, monthly)

Example: Carl has $3000 placed in his account and is compounded quarterly for 5 years at 5%
interest rate. How much is in the account at the end of 5 years?
Given: PV = $3000, r = 5% or 0.05, t = 5, n = 4(quarterly)

Find: FV

Solution:

0.05 4(5)
FV = $3000 (1+ )
4
FV = $3000 (1+0.0125)20

FV = $3000 (1.0125)20
FV = $3000 (1.0125)20

FV = $3000(1.282037232)
FV = $3846.111695
FV = $3846.11

Carl’s account will have $3846.11 at the end of 5 years.

TRY THIS!
INTEREST PROBLEMS

1. A principal of $2000 is placed in a savings account at 3% per annum compounded annually.


How much is in the account after one year, two years and three years?
2. What would $1000 become in a saving account at 3% per year for 3 years when the interest
is not compounded (simple interest)? What would the same amount become after 3 years
with the same rate but compounded annually?
3. If you deposit $6000 into an account paying 6.5% annual interest compounded quarterly,
how long until there is $12600 in the account?
4. (DFOT Problem) How long will it take for a principal value to be tripled with an interest rate
of 6.5% compounded annually?
5. A principal of $120 is deposited in a 7% account and compounded continuously. At the same
time a principal of $150 is deposited in a 5% account and compounded annually. How long
does it take for the amounts in the two accounts to be equal?
6. If you deposit $5000 into an account paying 8.25% annual interest compounded
semiannually, how long until there is $9350 in the account?
7. In what time will $400 amount to $512 if the simple interest is the calculated at 14% p.a.?
8. Ken borrowed $2000 from Sam at 8% per annum. After 6 year he cleared the amount by
giving $2600 cash and a watch. Find the cost of the watch.
9. Simple interest on a sum of money at the end of 5 years is ⁴/₅ of the sum itself. Find the rate
per cent p.a.
10. Tom puts $600.00 into an account to use for school expenses. The account earns 5%
interest, compounded annually. How much will be in the account after 5 years?

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