2nd PUC Biology Reproduction One Mark Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Define the term reproduction.
Answer:
It is a biological process in which an organism gives rise to young ones similar to itself.

Question 2.
What is binary fission?
Answer:
This is a type of asexual reproduction which occurs in single celled organisms, where a
cell divides into two halves and each rapidly grows into an adult.

Question 3.
Name the type of reproduction structure that occurs in yeast.
Answer:
Budding.
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Question 4.
Name the type of reproduction structures produced by fungi.
Answer:
Zoospore.

Question 5.
Which are the 2 main Pre-fertilization events?
Answer:
Gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

Question 6.
What are hermaphrodites?
Answer:
The animals in which both the sex organs are present in the same body, are called
hermaphrodites.

Question 7.
Define syngamy?
Answer:
The fusion of gametes which results the formation of zygote is called syngamy.

Question 8.
Define vegetative propagation.
Answer:
Vegetative propagation is the mode of regeneration of new plants from a portion of the
vegetative organs.

Question 9.
What are gemmules?
Answer:
Internal asexual reproductive units or buds in sponges are called gemmules.

Question 10.
Define parthenogenesis.
Answer:
Parthenogenesis is the development of an unfertilized ovum into a fully formed
organism.

Question 11.
Why is reproduction essential for organisms?
Answer:
Reproduction is necessary for the continuation of life and to compensate for the loss of
life due to death of a particular organism.

Question 12.
What is senescent phase?
Answer:
After reproductive maturity, all organisms enter into a senescent phase. This phase is
characterised by gradual decrease in functional activities and cellular breakdown
leading to the death of the organism.

Question 13.
Why offsprings of oviparous animals are at a greater risk?
Answer:
The offsprings of oviparous animals are at the greater risk because of greater predation
by different types of animals.

Question 14.
Why are the offsprings formed by asexual reproduction referred to as clones?
Answer:
The offsprings formed by asexual reproduction are genetically identical to each other,
hence are called clones.

Question 15.
What is a clone?
Answer:
Morphologically and genetically similar individuals produced as a result of asexual
reproduction are clones.

Question 16.
What are vegetative propagules?
Answer:
The units of vegetative propagation such as tuber, bulb, rhizome etc are called
vegetative propagules.

Question 17.
Name the phase all organisms have to pass through before they can reproduce
sexually.
Answer:
Juvenile phase.

Question 18.
Name a unicellular fungi which reproduces asexually by budding?
Answer:
Yeast

Question 19.
Name a multicellular invertebrate which reproduces asexually by budding.
Answer:
Hydra

Question 20.
Name the artificial means of vegetative reproduction.
Ans.
The artificial means of vegetative reproduction are cuttings, layering, grafting and micro
propagation.

Question 21.
Name the asexual reproductive structures of Hydra and Penicillium.
Answer:
Hydra-Buds
Penicillium-Conidia/Conidiospores.

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction Two Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Diagrammatically represent the asexual reproduction in Amoeba.
Answer:

Question 2.
Which is a better mode of reproduction:- sexual or asexual? Why?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction is the better method of reproduction, because it brings genetic
recombination and variations and contributes to the evolution of the species (more
complex and advanced). The organism’s habitat, its internal physiology and several
other factors collectively decide how it reproduces.

Question 3.
Offsprings formed due to sexual reproduction have better chances of survival, why? Is
this statement always true?
Answer:
Sexual reproduction combines the characters of two parents and introduces variations
which make the offsprings better equipped for the struggle of existence. Yes.

Question 4.
How does the progeny formed from asexual reproduction differ from those formed by
sexual reproduction?
Answer:
The progeny formed from asexual reproduction is the product of single parent and does
not have genetic variations, whereas the offsprings formed by sexual reproduction
show changes.

Question 5.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction
also considered as a type of asexual reproduction?
Answer:
Asexual Reproduction: The production of offsprings by a single parent without the
formation and fusion of gametes is called asexual reproduction. It is also known as
agamogenesis or agamogeny.

Sexual Reproduction: Sexual reproduction involves formation of the male and female
gametes either by the same individual or by different individuals of the opposite sex.
These gametes fuse to form the zygote which develops to form the new organism.

Vegetative reproduction involves single parent and the offsprings formed by vegetative
reproduction are genetically identical hence it is considered as a type of asexual
reproduction.

Question 6.
What is vegetative propagation? Give two suitable examples.
Answer:
The process of multiplication in which portions or fragments of the plant body function
as propagule and develop into new individuals is called vegetative propagation, e.g.,
potato, Bryophyllum.

Question 7.
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction inspite of its complexity, why?
Answer:
Higher organisms have resorted to sexual reproduction inspite of its complexity
because sexual reproduction induces genetic variability (adaptations) for the survival of
the race and for better adaptation of the existing environmental conditions.

Question 8.
Explain why meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked?
Answer:
The process of gametogenesis involves meiosis to produce haploid gametes.
Therefore, meiosis and gametogenesis are always interlinked.

Question 9.
Define external fertilization. Mention its disadvantages.
Answer:
When the fusion of gametes occurs outside the body of the organism in the external
medium it is called external fertilization
.
Disadvantages: Many of the gametes fail to fuse, hence the organisms exhibiting
external fertilization have to produce a large number of gametes (wastage of gametes).

Question 10.
Differentiate between gametogenesis from embryogenesis.
Answer:
Gametogenesis

It is the process by which male and female gametes are formed.

It involves meiosis.

Embryogenesis

It is the process of development of an embryo from a zygote.

It involves mitosis.
Question 11.
Briefly describe the post fertilization changes in a flower.
Answer:
After fertilization sepals, petals and stamens usually wither and fall off. The zygote
develops into an embryo, the ovules develop into seeds and ovary matures into a fruit.
The ovary wall is transformed into a protective layer called pericarp.

Question 12.
Differentiate between a staminate and a pistillate flower. Give the term for this condition
of flower.
Answer:
The unisexual male flower is called staminate, which bears only stamen.
The unisexual female flower is called pistillate, which bears only pistil gynoecium.
Heterothallic or dioecious are the terms used to describe this condition.

Question 13.
Explain parthenogenesis with examples.
Answer:
The process of development of new organism from female gamete without fertilization
is called parthenogenesis. Example, Rotifers, honeybees, turkey (birds).

Question 14.
What is fission? Name the types of fission.
Answer:
Fission is a type of asexual reproduction in which the unicellular parental organisms
divide into two or more small daughter organisms.
It is of two types:
(a) Binary fission
(b) Multiple fission.

Question 15.
Differentiate between the following:
(a) Zoospore and zygote
Answer:

Zoospore Zygote

It is a haploid and motile spore formed Zygote is a diploid and non motile cell
during asexual reproduction in lower formed due to the fusion of male and
plants and fungi. female gametes in sexual reproduction.

(b) Syngamy and fertilisation

Syngamy Fertilisation

It is the actual fusion of male and female It includes all the associated events that
gametes lead to syngamy.

Question 16.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:
A zoospore is usually flagellated, haploid or diploid spore formed inside a
zoosporangium. The zygote, on the other hand is always diploid and formed as a result
of fusion of gametes. The zygote is usually nonflagellated.

Question 17.
Define ‘oestrus’ and ‘menstrual’ cycles.
Answer:
Non-primates like cows, sheep etc., show certain cyclic changes during reproduction
called oestrus cycle while in primates like apes and humans, the cycle is referred to as
menstrual cycle.
Question 18.
Mention the different stages of sexual reproduction.
Answer:
The different stages in sexual reproduction include:

Pre-fertilization events.
Fertilization.
Post – fertilization events.

Question 19.
Differentiate between oviparous and viviparous animals with a suitable example for
each.
Answer:
Egg laying animals are callled oviparous animals,
e.g.: Birds
Animals give birth to young ones.
e.g.: Majority of mammals including human beings.

Question 20.
What is asexual reproduction? Mention the type of asexual reproduction in amoeba and
in sponge.
Answer:
The reproduction in which an offspring is produced by a single parent with or without
the involvement of gamete formation is asexual reproduction.
In Amoeba -binary fission
In Sponge – gemmule formation.

Question 21.
Differentiate between seasonal breeders and continuous breeders.
Answer:
Many animals living in the wild which exhibit their reproductive phase only during
favourable season are called seasonal breeders.
Many other animals are reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase,
hence they are called continuous breeders.

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction Three Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Differentiate between binary and multiple fission.
Answer:

Question 2.
Differentiate between a zoospore and a zygote.
Answer:
Zoospore

It is produced during asexual reproduction

It is formed by mitotic division and is haploid.
It bears flagella and is motile.
It directly produces a new organism.

Zygote

It is formed during sexual reproduction.

It is formed by the fusion of gametes and is diploid.
It is without flagella and is non-motile.
It may produce new organism directly or after meiosis.

Question 3.
Define :
1. Juvenile phase,
2. Reproductive phase,
3. Senescent phase.
Answer:
1. Juvenile phase: The phase of growth in the organisms before reproductive maturity,

2. Reproductive phase: The phase in which an organism attains reproductive maturity,

i.e., development of sex organs takes place.

3. Senescent phase: The phase between reproductive maturity and death.

Question 4.
List the differences between external fertilisation and internal fertilisation?
Answer:

External fertilisation Internal fertilisation

When fusion of gametes (syngamy) When fusion of gametes (syngamy)

occurs outside the body of the organism, occurs inside the body of the organism, it
it is called external fertilisation. is called internal fertilisation.

A large number of gametes are released The number of ova produced is less, but
in the surrounding medium by such a large number of male gametes are
animals e.g., bony fishes, amphibians, formed, as many of them fail to reach the
etc. ova. e.g., birds, mammals, earthworm,
etc.

Question 5.
Name the following :
1. Asexual reproductive structures of Hydra.
Answer:
Budding
2. Vegetative propagules of Agave.
Ans. Bulbils

3. The plant that flowers once in twelve years.

Answer:
Neelakuranji(Strobilanthuskunthiana)

Question 6.
What kind of reproduction is seen in following organisms? Penicillium, chlamydomonas
and sponges.
Answer:
(a) Conidia
(b) Zoospores
(c) Gemmule formation

2nd PUC Biology Reproduction Five Marks Questions and Answers

Question 1.
Describe the post-fertilisation changes in a flower.
Answer:
The post-fertilisation changes that take place in a flower are as follows:

1. The formation of zygote (inside ovule) which later develops into an embryo and
primary endosperm cell which develops into endosperm (providing nourishment
to the growing embryo) takes place.
2. While the sepals, petals and stamens are shed, the pistil remains intact.
3. The fertilised ovule develops into seeds.
4. The ovary matures into a fruit that later develops a thick, protective wall called
pericarp.
5. Seeds after dispersal germinate under favourable conditions and develop into a
new plant.
Question 2.
Give an account of pre-fertilisation events?
Answer:
Pre-fertilization events: These are the events which occur prior to the fusion of
gametes. Pre-fertilization events include gametogenesis and gamete transfer.

Gametogenesis: Gametogenesis is the process by which male and female sex cells or
gametes are formed. Gametes are haploid cells. In.some algae, the two gametes are
similar in appearance (morphology) and are called homogametes (=isogametes), such
gametes cannot be distinguished into male and female gametes. However, in majority
of sexually reproducing organisms the gametes formed are of two morphologically
distinct types, called heterogemetes. In such organisms, the male gamete is called the
antherozoid or sperm and the female gamete is called the egg or ovum.

Gamete transfer: When the male and female gametes are formed, they are physically
brought together so as to facilitate their fusion. In most of the organisms, the male
gamete is motile, whereas the female gamete is non-motile or stationary.

Question 3.
Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction. Why is vegetative reproduction
also considered as asexual.
Answer:

Asexual Sexual

It involves participation of a single It involves two separate parents

individual

No sex organs are formed Sex organs are formed

No cell division like meiosis. It involves meiosis during gamete

formation
No gamete fusion, thus no formation of Male and female gametes fuse to form
zygote. Zygote.

Thus offspring are similar to parents due The offspring are genetically variants,
to non fusion of gametes. because of fusion of gametes.

The process is quick, in the absence of The process takes a long duration,
processes like fertilization and because it involves fertilization, and
embrogenesis embryogenesis.

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