Sad to note ☹

Generally people find it difficult to do research. Many

reasons are given for people to find excuse in doing it.
Most often, you are not aware of the benefits derived
from conducting research. Some benefits of
conducting research include increasing personal
knowledge.
What is Research?
 Researc
h
“Recerchier” 

To search again

Research is a scientific approach of answering a

research question, solving a research problem,
or generating new knowledge through a
systematic and orderly collection, organization,
and analysis of data with the goal of making the
findings of research useful in decision-making.
When do we call a research scientific?
∙ It is based on empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific
principles of reasoning.
∙ It consists of systematic observations, measurement, and
experimentation.
∙ It relies on the application of the scientific methods and harnessing of
curiosity.
∙ It provides scientific information and theories for the explanation of
nature.
∙ It makes practical applications possible; and
∙ It ensures adequate analysis of data employing rigorous statistical
techniques.
 Characteristics of
Research
1. The research should focus on priority problems.
2. The research should be systematic. It emphasizes that a researcher should
employ a structured procedure.
3. The research should be logical. Without manipulating ideas logically, the
scientific researcher cannot make much progress in any investigation.
4. The research should be reductive. This means that the findings of one
researcher should be made available to other researchers to prevent them from
repeating the same research.
5. The research should be replicable. This asserts that there should be scope to
confirm the findings of previous research in a new environment and different
settings with a new group of subjects or at a different point in time.
6. The research should be generative. This is one of the valuable characteristics of
research because answering one question leads to generating many other new
questions.
 Characteristics of
Research
7. The research should be action oriented. In other words, it should be
aimed at reaching a solution leading to the implementation of its findings.
8. The research should follow an integrated multidisciplinary approach, i.e.,
research approaches from more than one discipline are needed.
9. The research should be participatory, involving all parties concerned (from
policymakers down to community members) at all stages of the study.
10. The research must be relatively simple, timely, and time-bound,
employing a comparatively simple design.
11. The research must be as much cost-effective as possible.
12. The results of the research should be presented in formats most useful
for administrators, decision-makers, business managers, or the community
members.
 QUALITATIVE vs.
Qualitative QUANTITATIVE
Research gathers data Quantitative Research gathers
about lived experiences, emotions or numerical data which can be
behaviors, and the meanings ranked, measured or categorized
individuals attach to them. It assists
in enabling researchers to gain a
through statistical analysis. It
better understanding of complex assists with uncovering patterns
concepts, social interactions or or relationships, and for making
cultural phenomena. This type of generalizations. This type of
research is useful in the exploration research is useful for finding out
of how or why things have occurred, how many, how much, how
interpreting events and describing often, or to what extent.
actions.
 QUALITATIVE vs.
Qualitative QUANTITATIVE
Research gathers data Quantitative Research gathers
about lived experiences, emotions or numerical data which can be
behaviors, and the meanings ranked, measured or categorized
individuals attach to them. It assists
in enabling researchers to gain a
through statistical analysis. It
better understanding of complex assists with uncovering patterns
concepts, social interactions or or relationships, and for making
cultural phenomena. This type of generalizations. This type of
research is useful in the exploration research is useful for finding out
of how or why things have occurred, how many, how much, how
interpreting events and describing often, or to what extent.
actions.
 QUALITATIVE vs.
Interviews: QUANTITATIVE
these can be structured,
semi-structured or unstructured in-depth sessions
Surveys or questionnaires: which ask the same
questions to large numbers of participants or
with the researcher and a participant. use Likert scales which measure opinions as
numerical data.
Focus groups: with several participants discussing
a particular topic or a set of questions. Observation: which can either involve counting the
Researchers can be facilitators or observers. number of times a specific phenomenon occurs, or
the coding of observational data in order to
Observations: On-site, in-context or role-play translate it into numbers.
options.
Document screening: sourcing numerical data
Document analysis: Interrogation of from financial reports or counting word
correspondence (letters, diaries, emails etc) or occurrences.
reports.
Experiments: testing hypotheses in laboratories,
Oral history or life stories: Remembrances or testing cause and effect relationships, through field
memories of experiences told to the researcher. experiments, or via quasi- or natural experiments.
 Examples of QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
A. Experimental
- A quantitative research that treats or deals with the object or
subject of the research in a definite or exact manner and determines
the extent of the effects or influence of the treatment on the
object/subject, then discovers the causes of such effects. Two
groups are involved in an experimental research; experimental
group, factors which the treatment or influence is applied, and the
control group, which does not receive any treatment. For example,
if you want to know the effectiveness of flash card to the
mathematical ability of grade 7, you divide the grade 7 into two
groups, the experimental group where you are going to use flash
card and the control group where flash card is not used.
 Examples of QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
B. Descriptive
- Descriptive research is defined as a research method that describes the
characteristics of the population or phenomenon studied. This methodology focuses
more on the “what” of the research subject than the “why” of the research subject.
The descriptive research method primarily focuses on describing the nature of a
demographic segment, without focusing on “why” a particular phenomenon occurs.
In other words, it “describes” the subject of the research, without covering “why” it
happens. For example, an apparel brand that wants to understand the fashion
purchasing trends among Cagayano buyers will conduct a demographic survey of
this region, gather population data and then conduct descriptive research on this
demographic segment. The study will then uncover details on “what is the
purchasing pattern of Cagayano buyers,” but not cover any investigative information
about “why” the patterns exits. Because for the apparel brand trying to break into
this market, understanding the nature of their market is the study’s objective.
 Examples of QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
C. Correlational Research
- Correlational research is a type of non-experimental
research method in which a researcher measures two
variables, understands and assesses the statistical
relationship between them with no influence from any
extraneous variable and shows the correlation between two
variables For example if you want to know or to find out the
correlation of being an only child and academic
performance. We have two variables here, being and only
child and academic performance.
 Examples of QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
D. Evaluation Research
- Evaluation research, also known as program
evaluation, refers to research purpose instead of a
specific method. Evaluation research is the systematic
assessment of the worth or merit of time, money,
effort and resources spent in order to achieve a goal.
For example is when you want to know whether Solid
Waste Management (RA 9003) is practiced in the
barangays or not.
 Examples of QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
E. Survey Research
- Survey Research is defined as the process of
conducting research using surveys that are sent to
survey respondents. The data collected from surveys is
then statistically analyzed to draw meaningful research
conclusions. For example when you want to know the
preference of parents and learners in terms of
modality of learning in the midst of Covid - 19
pandemic.
 Examples of QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCHResearch
F. Causal-Comparative
- A causal-comparative design is a research design that seeks to find
relationships between independent and dependent variables after
an action or event has already occurred. The researcher's goal is to
determine whether the independent variable affected the outcome,
or dependent variable, by comparing two or more groups of
individuals. There are similarities and differences between
causal-comparative research, also referred to as ex post facto
research, and both correlational and experimental research. For
example is when you want to know or discover the effect of Radio -
Based Education on learners comprehension.
STEPS IN THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
 Step 1: Define the Research Problem
The first thing to do in the research process is
to identify the research topic and transform it
to into a researchable problem or question.
How to come up with one research topic?
a. Confer to people knowledgeable in your
field.
b. Read published journals
 Step 2: Do the Review of Related Literature
The purpose of review of related
literature is to obtain background
information about the research topic.
It helps establish the rationale,
significance, and justification in
pursuing the research.
 Step 3: Formulate hypothesis
The hypothesis serves as the tentative
answer to the posed research questions
at the beginning of the inquiry process.
The hypothesis directs the researcher
to the data gathering procedure to be
used in the study as well as the data
analysis that can be employed.
 Step 4: Prepare the Research Design
The research design is the “blueprint” of
the research.
The research design provides the details of
how data will be collected, analyzed, and
interpreted.
The research design tells the instruments
that will be used to collect data.
 Step 5: Collect Data
Collection of data is the most important
step in the research process.
Why?
It involves obtaining the necessary
information to answer the posed
research question.
 Step 6: Analyze and Interpret Data
Data analysis paves the way to make
the collected data by transforming
them into appropriate tables and
graphs.
An appropriate data analysis ensures
the validity of the conclusions of the
study.
 Step 7: Write the Research Report
The researcher makes a report on the
findings of the study into a
comprehensive research paper upon
analysis of data.
The report confirms that the research
questions are answered.
 Step 8: Report the Research Findings
Researches must be disseminated for
public consumption to utilize its
usefulness.
Researchers must communicate their
findings through forums or other public
discussion and through publication of
the research.