Next Generation User Interfaces

Pen-based Interaction

Prof. Beat Signer

Department of Computer Science

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

beatsigner.com

2 December 2005
 History of Pens and Writing Instruments

[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting]
stones as writing instruments for cave paintings
starting ~40 000 BC

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 2

 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ...

stylus reed pen silver pencil ink brush pen quill pen
~3200 BC ~3000 BC ~1000 BC ~300 BC ~500-1900 AD

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 3

 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ...
▪ Clay and wax tablets
▪ ~3200 BC
▪ Papyrus
▪ ~3000 BC
▪ Parchment
▪ ~300 BC Papyrus

▪ made from animal skin

▪ Paper
▪ invented in China in 105 AD
- brought to Europe by Arabs
- produced in Europe ~1100 AD
- rags were only replaced by
wood pulp ~1850 AD Paper

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 4

 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ...

pencil dip pen fountain pen ruling pen radiograph

1795 ~1800 1884 1953

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 5

 History of Pens and Writing Instruments ...

?
marker pen ballpoint pen rollerball pen ceramic tip
~1910 1938 1963 pen

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 6

 40 000 Years of Evolution in Writing Tools
▪ Existing pens and writing tools have evolved over the
last 40 000 years
▪ Pens have been optimised for the corresponding writing
surfaces
▪ It sometimes took a long time before a new writing tool
got adopted (e.g. paper)
▪ There has been a coevolution of paper and work
practices over a long time period
▪ Everybody knows how to use pen and paper and has
some expectations when using these artefacts

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 7

 The Paperless Office

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 8

 The Myth of the Paperless Office ...
▪ For decades, people have predicted the
office of the future as a paperless office
▪ documents generated, published and
distributed electronically
▪ documents read electronically
▪ What has happened to this
imminent revolution?

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 9

 The Myth of the Paperless Office

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 10

 Worldwide Paper and Board Consumption
Million tonnes
450
2016 Mill. Tonnes %Change
Africa Asia 199 1%
400 Europe 93 1%
Lat. America N. America 74 -1 %
Oceania Oceania 5 0%
350 Lat. America 29 2%
Asia
Africa 8 0%
N. America Total 407 0%
300
Europe *% change from previous year

250

200

150

100

50
Source: FAO,
https://www.forestindustries.fi/statistics/
pulp-and-paper-industry/
0
1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001 2006 2011 2016

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 11

 Affordances of Pen and Paper
▪ An affordance of an object tells us something (gives us
a clue) about how to use the object
▪ Affordances of paper
▪ light, flexible, mobile and cheap
▪ robust
▪ porous
▪ opaque or transparent
▪ high resolution
▪ ease of navigation
- flipping through pages or across documents
▪ easy to annotate
▪ hard to replicate and must be accessed locally
▪ ...

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 12

 Affordances of Pen and Paper ...
▪ Human interaction with paper
▪ grasping
▪ folding
▪ tearing
▪ carrying
▪ writing on
▪ juxtaposing paper documents
▪ arranging paper documents in space
▪ ...
▪ Paper supports some forms of collaboration and
interaction that are difficult to mimic in digital space!

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 13

 Affordances of Pen and Paper ...
▪ Affordances of pens
▪ robust
▪ light
▪ mobile
▪ colour
▪ erasable
▪ cheap
▪ durable
▪ easy to draw on different surfaces
▪ ...

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 14

 IKEA Bookbook (Video)

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 15

 Today's Human-Computer Interaction

▪ How are pen and paper currently integrated in our

daily work with computers?
▪ How to deal with the paper-digital divide?
October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 16
 Bridging the Paper-Digital Divide

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 17

 Paper-Digital Integration
Electronic Paper Augmented / Interactive Paper

reMarkable 2 Anoto Digital Pen and Paper Technology

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 18

 Telautograph
▪ Telautograph invented in
1888 by Elisha Gray
▪ Transforms pen writing at
the sending station into
electrical impulses (via
potentiometers)
▪ Reproduces the drawing
at the receiving station
via a pen attached to a
servomechanism
▪ e.g. remote signatures
Telautograph [https://www.ndl.go.jp/exposition/e/data/L/399l.html]

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 19

 Telautograph ...

Telautograph Transmitter

Telautograph Receiver

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 20

 Memex
▪ Vannevar Bush's article
'As We May Think' (1945)
introduces the Memex
(memory extender)
▪ Store and access
information on microfilms Memex, Vannevar Bush, 1945

▪ create and follow cross-

references in the form of
associative trails
▪ pen-based creation and
annotation of content

Pen-based Memex interaction

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 21

 Stylator and RAND Tablet
▪ Stylator (stylus translator)
was the first computer with
pen-based input
▪ demonstrated by Tom
Dimond in 1957
▪ handwriting recognition
(single character) Stylator

▪ Another early pen-

operated computing
device was the RAND
Tablet in 1961
▪ pressure-sensitive pen tip
[https://alltabletpc.blogspot.be/2011/07/history-of-tablet-pc-from-ancient-times.html]

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 22

 Sketchpad (1963)
▪ Sketchpad developed as
part of Ivan Sutherland’s
PhD thesis at MIT
▪ drawing tool
▪ light pen and buttons
▪ first graphical user interface
▪ direct manipulation of
graphical objects
▪ basis for many new interface
ideas

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 23

 Light Pen
▪ Light-sensitive pen input
device for cathode ray
tube (CRT) screens
▪ creates a signal each time
the screen's electron beam
passes the position of the
pen
▪ Disadvantages
▪ not very accurate due to
rounding errors and noise
▪ entire screen image has to
be rather bright

HES [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Pen]

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 24

 Graphics Tablet
▪ Digitises hand-drawn
sketches
▪ Passive tablets
▪ pen powered by the tablet
(electromagnetic induction)
▪ Active tablets Wacom Bamboo

▪ pen has its own battery

▪ In addition to the
electromagnetic tracking
there exist other solutions
▪ acoustic tracking
▪ optical tracking Wacom Cintiq

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 25

 Ultrasonic Position Detection Pens
▪ Paper clip to track hand-
writing on paper via ultra-
sonic position detection
▪ Larger versions transform
standard whiteboards from
a simple writing medium Seiko InkLink

into a powerful collabo-

ration and communication
tool
▪ Calibration might be an
issue
Mimio Xi

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 26

 DigitalDesk
▪ DigitalDesk developed by
Pierre Wellner at Xerox
EuroPARC
▪ camera-based tracking and
projection
▪ "Instead of making the
workstation more like a
desk, make the desk more
like a workstation"
▪ Many follow-up
augmented desk projects
▪ What about mobility? Pierre Wellner, DigitalDesk, 1991

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 27

 Digital Pen and Paper Technology
▪ Anoto offers
▪ camera technology
▪ pattern license
(virtual paper space
of 60 million km2)
▪ Pen manufacturers
▪ Nokia
▪ Maxell
▪ Adapx
▪ Livescribe
▪ …
▪ Recent alternative by
NeoLAB
▪ Neo Smartpen
October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 28
 Digital Pens

Nokia SU-1B Magicomm G303 FLY Fusion Livescribe Echo

Pentop Computer Smartpen

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 29

 Notetaking
▪ Audio Notebook by Lisa
Stifelman (1996)
▪ records audio and
synchronises it with the
handwriting
▪ uses graphics tablet for pen
tracking Lisa Stifelman, Audio Notebook

▪ Livescribe Echo Pen (2010)

▪ records audio on the pen
and synchronises it with the
handwriting
▪ uses Anoto pattern for the
pen tracking
Livescribe Echo Pen

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 30

 iPaper Research
Link Metamodel (RSL) Tools

Cross-Media Server / Publishing Applications

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 31

 Cross-Media Server (iServer)

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 32

 Active Page Areas and Layers

image

video clip

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 33

 RSL Metamodel and iServer

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 34

 Structure

Links

Users

Layers
Plug-ins Active
Content

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 35

 Input Device Independence

iPaper, Paper++ Project, 2001 iPaper, Paper++ Project, 2003

iPaper, EdFest Project, ETH Zurich, 2005 iPaper, The Lost Cosmonaut Project, ETH Zurich, 2004

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 36

 Digital Pen and Paper Applications
▪ Enhanced Reading ▪ Enhanced Writing
▪ interactive paper maps ▪ photo album
▪ interactive festival brochures ▪ researcher's notebook
▪ educational materials ▪ mammography annotation
▪ auction brochures ▪ query by sketching
▪ scientific publications ▪ …
▪ …
▪ Art Installations
▪ Paper-based Interfaces ▪ Lost Cosmonaut
▪ PaperPoint ▪ Generosa Enterprise
▪ document proof-editing
▪ digital libraries ▪ Interactive Tabletops
▪ video analysis tool ▪ photo browser
▪ educational games ▪ collaborative sketch tool

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 37

 PaperPoint Presentation Tool
▪ Mobile PowerPoint
presentation tool
▪ non-linear presentations
▪ real-time annotations
▪ digital whiteboard
▪ ...
▪ Multi-pen support
▪ brainstorming

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 38

 EdFest Project

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 39

 EdFest User Trials

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 40

 EdFest Documents

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 41

 Cross-Media Publishing Framework
iServer
cross-media link server

XML link
XCM iPublish definition
content publishing publishing framework
data

publish • paper link data

Structure Style • active areas on paper
• layers
• digital resources
import • user model
PDF

XML data XSL CSS

of festival
venues
and events Information-centric approach
Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 42

 Natural History Museum, London

Paper++ Project

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 43

 Natural History Museum, London ...

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 44

 Natural History Museum, London ...

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 45

 Natural History Museum, London ...

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 46

 Print-n-Link
▪ Handle existing PDF
documents
▪ e.g. research papers
▪ Automatic link authoring
at print time
▪ applicable to other domains

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 47

 Document Authoring and Editing
▪ Digital pen and paper-based user interface
▪ Support for collaborative editing
▪ Multiple digital/physical editing iteration cycles
▪ seamless transition between paper and digital information

Digital Document

Printed Document

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 48

 PaperProof: Paper-Digital Proof-Editing

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 49

 Digital Ink Processing
▪ Parse proprietary pen formats
▪ position, timestamp, force, tilt, …
▪ Stroke detection
▪ pen up and pen down events
▪ time difference between succeeding points
▪ distance between succeeding points, …
▪ Interpolation / Filtering

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 50

 Ink Markup Language (InkML)
▪ XML language for representing digital ink
W3C Recommendation

▪ Pen movement data

▪ <trace> and <traceFormat> elements
▪ x,y coordinates, force, angles
▪ Device-specific information
▪ resolution, sample rate, …

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 51

 Ink Markup Language (InkML) …
<ink>
W3C Recommendation

<trace>10 0, 9 14, 8 28, 7 42, 6 56, 6 70, 8 84, 8 98,

8 112, 9 126, 10 140, 13 154, 14 168, 17 182, 18 188
</trace>
<trace>130 155, 144 159, 158 160, 170 154, 179 143,
179 129, 166 125, 152 128, 140 136, 131 149, 126 163
</trace>
...
<inkSource manufacturer="magicomm" model="G303">
<sampleRate uniform="true" value="70"/>
<srcProperty name="weight" value="100" units="g"/>
</inkSource>
...
</ink>

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 52

 Rough Guide

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 53

 DiDA Learning Material
▪ Diploma in Digital Applications
▪ includes Using ICT, Multimedia, Graphics and ICT in Enterprise
▪ "...designed to stimulate students' creativity and develop
real-world, practical skills..."
▪ Published by Edexcel (Pearson Education)
▪ Interactive DiDA book combines printed information with
CD-ROM and web content

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 54

 DiDA ...

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 55

 The Lost Cosmonaut
▪ Writing as a collaborative
act of memory and story-
telling
▪ Reading, writing and
narrative as an act of
making sense
▪ Handwriting as a tool
for human-computer
interaction

In collaboration with Axel Vogelsang,

Artists in Labs Programme
Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 56

 Interactive Table (iTable)

Pen-Based Google Earth Browser Pen-Based Drawing Tool

Photo Browser Photo Browser (Slider)

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 57

 Interactive Table (iTable) Video

Global Information Systems Group, ETH Zurich

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 58

 Pen and Paper Design
▪ Visualisation of interactive
areas and functionality
▪ design patterns
▪ Interaction design
▪ online versus offline input
processing
▪ lack of modal dialogues
▪ multimodal interaction
▪ Findings might be appli-
cable to traditional GUIs
▪ e.g. cross-application widget
interaction

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 59

 Innovative Hardware and Materials
▪ Mobile solutions for feed-
back on paper documents
▪ spatially aware projection of
information
▪ digital pen with display
▪ voice feedback
MouseLight
▪ ...
▪ Fusion of electronic paper
and interactive paper
▪ printed electronics

PaperWorks project

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 60

 Innovative Hardware and Materials …
▪ Feedback via HoloLens in
HoloDoc
▪ lookup of references as in
Print-n-Link
▪ freeform search as in Rough
Guide
▪ … HoloDoc, 2019

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 61

 Conclusions
▪ Pen input is not always the most effective input
▪ sometimes it is faster to type on a keyboard rather than to write
▪ New challenges in terms of interaction design
▪ what are the user's expectations (based on known use of pen)?
▪ combination with other modalities and lack of control
▪ visual encoding and design
▪ how to provide feedback if used without a screen?
- might need modes and timeouts

▪ Device independence and digital ink abstraction

▪ different pens can be used to control an application
▪ Automatic application deployment and installation
▪ easy interaction with arbitrary digital or physical documents

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 62

 References
▪ Fundamental Concepts for Interactive Paper
and Cross-Media Information Spaces,
Beat Signer, Books on Demand, April 2017
(second edition) ISBN-13: 978-3837027136
▪ The Myth of the Paperless Office, Abigail Sellen
and Richard Harper, The MIT Press,
February 2003
ISBN-13: 978-0262692830
Technology in Action, Christian Heath and
Paul Luff, Cambridge University Press,
June 2000
ISBN-13: 978-0521560337
October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 63
 References …
▪ M.R. Davis and T.O. Ellis, The RAND Tablet:
A Man-Machine Graphical Communication Device,
Proceedings of AFIPS 1964
▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/1464052.1464080

▪ I. Sutherland, Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical

Communication System, PhD Thesis, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, January 1963
▪ https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/techreports/UCAM-CL-TR-574.pdf

▪ Sketchpad Demo
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6orsmFndx_o

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 64

 References …
▪ P. Wellner, The DigitalDesk Calculator: Tangible
Manipulation on a Desk Top Display, Proceedings of
ACM UIST 1991, Hilton Head, USA, November 1991
▪ https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/120782.120785

▪ L.J. Stifelman, Augmenting Real-World Objects: A

Paper-based Audio Notebook, Proceedings of CHI 1996,
International Conference on Human Factors in Com-
puting Systems, Vancouver, Canada, April 1996
▪ https://dx.doi.org/10.1145/257089.257279

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 65

 References …
▪ B. Signer and M.C. Norrie, Interactive Paper:
Past, Present and Future, Proceedings of
PaperComp 2010, 1st International Workshop on Paper
Computing, Copenhagen Denmark, September 2010
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_PaperComp2010.pdf

▪ B. Signer and M.C. Norrie, PaperPoint: A Paper-based

Presentation and Interactive Paper Prototyping Tool,
Proceedings of TEI 2007, 1st International Conference
on Tangible and Embedded Interaction, Baton Rouge,
USA, February 2007
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/signer_TEI2007.pdf

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 66

 References …
▪ M.C. Norrie, B. Signer, M. Grossniklaus,
R. Belotti, C. Decurtins and N. Weibel, Context-Aware
Platform for Mobile Data Management, ACM/Baltzer
Wireless Networks (WINET), 13(6), December 2007
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/norrie_WINET2007.pdf

▪ P. Luff, C. Heath, M.C. Norrie, B. Signer and

P. Herdman, Only Touching the Surface: Creating
Affinities Between Digital Content and Paper,
Proceedings of CSCW 2004, ACM Conference on
Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Chicago, USA,
November 2004
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/luff_CSCW2014.pdf

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 67

 References …
▪ M.C. Norrie, B. Signer and N. Weibel,
Print-n-Link: Weaving the Paper Web, Proceedings of
DocEng 2006, ACM Symposium on Document Engi-
neering, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, October 2006
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/norrie_DocEng2006.pdf

▪ N. Weibel, B. Signer, P. Ponti and M.C. Norrie,

PaperProof: A Paper-Digital Proof-Editing System,
CoPADD 2007, 2nd International Workshop on
Collaborating over Paper and Digital Documents,
London, UK, November 2007
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/weibel_CHI2008.pdf

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 68

 References …
▪ A. Vogelsang and B. Signer, The Lost Cosmo-
naut: An Interactive Narrative Environment on Basis
of Digitally Enhanced Paper, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Virtual Storytelling 2005,
Strasbourg, France, December 2005
▪ https://beatsigner.com/publications/vogelsang_ICVS2005.pdf

▪ H. Song, F. Guimbretière, T. Grossman and

G. Fitzmaurice, MouseLight: Bimanual Interactions on
Digital Paper Using a Pen and a Spatially-aware Mobile
Projector, Proceedings of CHI 2010, Atlanta, USA
▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/1753326.1753697

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 69

 References …
▪ Z. Li, M. Annett, K. Hinckley, K. Singh and
D. Wigdor, HoloDoc: Enabling Mixed Reality
Workspaces that Harness Physical and Digital Content,
Proceedings of CHI 2019, Glasgow, UK,
May 2019
▪ https://doi.org/10.1145/3290605.3300917

October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 70

 References …
▪ IKEA Bookbook
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MOXQo7nURs0
▪ Interactive Paper
▪ https://beatsigner.com/interactivePaper.html
▪ Print-n-Link Video
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-lXzi8mPMY
▪ PaperProof Video
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZW2Msw6HM0
▪ The Lost Cosmonaut Video
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fu27Cmr1aX4
▪ Interactive Table (iTable) Video
▪ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rc7I5h6XirY
▪ Paper++ Project
▪ https://beatsigner.com/paperpp.html
October 26, 2020 Beat Signer - Department of Computer Science - [email protected] 71
Next Lecture
Interactive Tabletops and Surfaces

2 December 2005