II PUC CHEMISTRY IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

MIDTERM EXAM 2021

SOLID STATE

1. Sodium chloride and quartz belong to which type of solid?

Ans: Crystalline solids
2. Which type of force of attractions is present between the molecules in polar molecular
solids?
Ans: Dipole –dipole interactions
3. Which type of solid is anisotropic in nature?
Ans: Crystalline solids are anisotropic in nature

4. Which type of solids is called as super cooled liquids or pseudo solids?

Ans: Amorphous solids are called super cooled liquids
5. Calculate the number of particles present per unit cell in an FCC unit cell.
Ans: Contribution of corner particle = 8 x 1/8 = 01
Contribution of a particle at the centreof face = 6 x ½ = 03
Total number particle /unit cell = 04
6. Calculate the number of particles present per unit cell in a BCC unit cell.
Ans:Contribution of corner particle = 8 x 1/8 = 01
Contribution of a particleat the centre = 1 x 1 = 01
Total number particle /unit cell = 02
7. How many tetrahedral and octahedral voids is present, if the number of sphere is N?
Ans: The number of tetrahedral void is 2N
The number of octahedral void is N

8. Explain Schottky defect. Give an example.

Ans: The defect which arises due to missing of equal number of cations and anions from the crystal lattice
is called Schottky defect. Ex. NaCl, KCl ,CsCl, AgBr

9. Explain Frenkel defect. Give an example.

Ans: The defect in which an ion (generally cation) leaves the original site and occupies the interstitial site is
called Frenkel defect. E. AgCl, AgBr, AgI

10. How Schottky defect and Frenkel defect affect the density of the crystal?
Ans: In Schottky defect density of the crystal decreases.

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11. Mention the two types of Non-stoichiometric defects in solids?
Ans: Metal excess defect and metal deficiency defect.

12. What is F- center? What colour is imparted to the NaCl crystal, due to the presence of excess
sodium?
Ans: The anionic sites occupied by the unpaired electrons are called F- Centre The colour of NaCl crystal is
Yellow

13. Write the formula to calculate the density of the unit cell and explain the terms.
Ans: z = number of particles present per unit cell
zM
d= 3 M = molecular mass, d = density NA = Avogadro’s number, a = Edge length.
a NA

14. Write any two differences between crystalline solids and amorphous solids?

Crystalline solid Amorphous solid

3-D long range orderly arrangement of
particles No orderly arrangement of constituent particles
Sharp Melting point Do not have sharp M P( Softening temperature)
True solids having definite shape Pseudo solids having irregular shapes
They have a well-defined cleavage planes Do not have cleavage planes
Anisotropic in nature Isotropic in nature

15. What is meant by anisotropy? What type of solids show this nature?
Ans: The physical properties like refractive index, coefficient of thermal expansion, when measured in
different directions gives different value for a crystalline solid hence it is anisotropic in nature.
Crystalline solids
16. What are the differences between Schottky and Frenkel defect?
A:
Schottky defect Frenkel defect
a. Shown by ionic solidscontaining a. Shown by ionic solids containing largedifferences in
similar-sized cationsand the sizes of ions,(having less coordination number).
anions(having high coordination
number).
b.An equal number of cations and b. Created when the smaller ion (usually cation) is
anions are missing to maintain dislocated from its normal site to an interstitial site.
electrical neutrality.
c. Decreases the density of the c. No change in density of the crystal. creates a vacancy
substance defect as well as an interstitial defect .Also known as
dislocation defect.
d. Example: NaCl, KCl , CsCl, and AgBr d. Example: AgCl, AgBr, AgI and ZnS

17. What are n-type and p-type semiconductors?

Ans: n-type semiconductor is obtained by doping of the crystal of a group 14 element such as Si or Ge, with
a group 15 element such as P or As(pentavalent). Conductivity increases due to negatively charged
electrons.
p-type semiconductor is obtained by doping of the crystal of a group 14 element such as Si or Ge, with
a group 13 element such as B, Al or Ga( trivalent). Conductivity increases as a result of electron hole.

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Dr. Rakesh K P
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18. Silver forms ccp lattice and X- ray studies of its crystals show that the edge lengthof its unit cell
is 408.6pm. Calculate the density of silver.(atomic mass = 107.9 u).
zM
Ans: d = 3
a NA
d = 4 ×107.9 / ( 4.08 ) ×10−24 × 6.022 ×1023
3

d = 431.6 / 40.899
d = 10.5528g / cm3

19. X- ray diffraction studies show that copper crystallizes in an fcc unit cell with cell edge of 3.6
x10-8cm. In a separate experiment, copperis determined to have a density of
8.92g/cm3,calculate the atomic mass of copper.
zM
Ans: d = 3
a NA
M = d a3 N A / Z
= 8.92 x(3.6)3x10-24 x 6,022 x1023/4= 250.61/4
M = 62.6525 u

20. The edge of fcc unit cell of platinum is 392 pm and density is 21.5 g/cm3,calculate theAvogadro
number.
zM
Ans: d =
a3 N A
NA = Z x M/ d a3
= 4 x 195.08/21.5 x (3.92)3x 10—24
= 780.32/1295.08 x10-24
NA= 6.025 x1023

21. A unit cell of sodium chloride has four formula units. The edge length of the unit cell is 0.564
nm. What is the density of sodium chloride?
zM
Ans: d = 3
a NA
d = 4 x 58.5/(5.64)3 x10-24 x 6.022 x1023 d = 234/108.038
d = 2.165 g/cm3
22. What are diamagnetic, paramagnetic and ferromagnetic substances?
Ans: 1. Paramagnetic substance: The substance which are attracted by the magnet. The
magnetic character is temporary and is present as long as the external
magnetic field is present. Ex; O2, Cu2+, Fe3+, Cr3+ NO.
2. Diamagnetic substance: The substance which are weakly repelled by the magnetic field TiO2,
H2O,NaCl.This property is shown by those substance which contain fully –filled orbitals (no unpaired
electrons)
3. Ferro magnetic substance: The substance which are strongly attracted by the magnet.
They show permanent magnetism even in the absence of magnetic field. Ex : Fe Co Ni Gd &
CrO2

23. Calculate the packing efficiency in simple cubic unit cell.

Ans:
Edge length of the cube = a = 2r
Volume of the cubic unit cell= a3 = (2r)3= 8r3

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Dept. of Chemistry
 4
volume of one particle(sphere) = π r 3
3
The number of particles per unit cell =1
4
Total volume occupied by one sphere = π r 3
3
Total volume occutied by one sphere
Packing efficiency= ×100
Volume of cubic unit cell
4 3
π r ×1
= 3 3 ×100 = 52.4%
8r

24. Calculate the packing efficiency in face centered cubic unit cell.
Ans:
Edge length of the cube = a = 2 2r
( )
3
Volume of the cubic unit cell= a3 = 2 2r
4
volume of one particle(sphere) = π r 3
3
The number of particles per unit cell =4
4
Total volume occupied by one sphere = 4× π r 3
3
Total volume occutied by one sphere
Packing efficiency= ×100
Volume of cubic unit cell
4 3 16 3
π r ×1 πr
= 3 ×100 = 3 ×100 = 74%
8r 3 16 2r 3

25. Calculate the packing efficiency in body centered cubic unit cell.
Ans:
4r
Edge length of the cube = a =
3
3
 4r 
Volume of the cubic unit cell= a =  3

 3
4
volume of one particle(sphere) = π r 3
3
The number of particles per unit cell =2
4
Total volume occupied by two spheres = 2× π r 3
3
Packing efficiency=
Total volume occutied by one sphere
×100
Volume of cubic unit cell
4 3 8 3
πr ×2 πr
=3 3
× 100 = 3 ×100 = 68%
 4  64 3
r
 r
3 3
 3 

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Dr. Rakesh K P
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 SOLUTION

1.What is abnormal molar mass?

A: A molar mass that is either lower or higher than the expected or normal value is called as abnormal
molar mass.

2. Define Vant hoff factor.

A: Van’t Hoff factor ‘i’ to account for the extent of association or dissociation of a solute in a solvent is
Normal molar masses
i=
Abnormal molar masses
Or
observed colligative property
i=
calculated colligative property
Or
total number of moles of particles after association or dissociation
i=
Number of moles of particles before association or dissociation
3. What is the value of i for NaCl.
A: 2

4. What is the value of i for K2SO4.

A: 3

5. What is the value of i for sugar.

A: 1
6. What is the value of i for glucose.
A: 1

7. State Roult’s law of relative lowering of vapour pressure.

A: It states that the relative lowering of vapour pressure is equal to the mole fraction of the solute.

8. Why sea water freezes below 00C?

A: Sea water freezes below 00C due to the presence of the non-volatile solute dissolved in the
water.

9. Give the S.I.unit of cryoscopic constant.

A: The unit of Kf is K kg mol-1

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10. Give an example for gas-gas solution
A: Mixture of oxygen and nitrogen gases.

11. Give an example for gas- solid solution

A: Solution of hydrogen in palladium.

12. Give an example for liquid-solid solution

A: Amalgam of mercury with sodium.

13. Give an example for liquid - liquid solution

A: Ethanol dissolved in water.

14. What is solution?

A: It is a homogenous mixture of two or more compounds.

15. What is dilute solution?

A: It is a solution in which solute concentration is very less.

16. Give an example for solid-solid solution

A: Copper dissolved in gold.

17. Give an example for solid- gas solution.

A: Camphor in nitrogen gas.

18. Explain how temperatures effect the solubility of a gas in liquid.

A: Solubility of gases in liquid decreases with rise in temperature. According to Le Chatelier’s Principle,
as Dissolution is an exothermic process, the solubility should decrease with increase of temperature.
19. Explain how pressure effects the solubility of a gas in liquid.
A: The solubility of gases increases with increases of pressure.
20. State Henry’s Law:
A: Henry’s Law:At constant temperature solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the
partial pressure of gas present above the solution. OR.
At constant temperature the partial pressure of the gas in vapor phase (p) is proportional to the mole
fraction of the gas (x) in the solution.
Mathematically p ∝ x; p = KH x
Where KH is Henry’s law constant. KH depends on the nature of the gas.
21. State Raoult’slaw of liquid-liquid dilute solutions.
A: The partial vapour pressure of each component of the solution is directly proportional to its mole
fraction present in solution.
Thus, for component 1
P1α x1 and p1 = p10 x1

22. What are isotonic solutions?

A: Two different solutions having same osmotic pressure are called isotonic solutions.

23. What are hypertonic solutions?

A: The solution having more osmotic pressure than other.

24. What are hypotonic solutions?

A: The solution having less osmotic pressure than other.

25. Explain the application of reverse osmosis in desalination of water.

A: When pressure more than osmotic pressure is applied, pure water is squeezed out of the sea
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Dr. Rakesh K P
Dept. of Chemistry
 26. Mention the types of non-ideal solutions.
A: There are two types
(a) Non-ideal solution with positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
(b) Non-ideal solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law.

27.Give an example for non-ideal solution with positive deviation from Raoult’s law.
A: Mixtures of ethanol and acetone.

28. Give an example for non-ideal solution with negative deviation from Raoult’s law.
A: An example of this type is a mixture of phenol and aniline.

29. What are azeotropes? Give example.

A: Azeotropes are binary mixtures having the same composition in liquid and vapour phase and boil at
a constant temperature. For example: ethanol-water mixture.
30. Differentiate between ideal and non ideal solutions

Ideal solution Non-ideal solution

1. obeys Raoults law at all temperature do not obey Raoult’s law.
and pressure.
2. Hmix=0. Hmix0
3. Vmix=0. Vmix0.

31. Differentiate between nonideal solution with +ve deviation and nonideal solution with -ve
deviation.
nonideal solution with +ve deviation nonideal solution with -ve deviation.
1. Hmix > 0. Hmix < 0.
2. Vmix > 0. Vmix < 0.

32. Explain reverse osmosis.

The direction of osmosis can be reversed if a pressure larger than the osmotic pressure is applied to
the solution side. As a result, the solvent molecules pass through the semi permeable membranefrom
solution in to solvent side. “The process of movement of solvent through a semi permeable
membrane from the solution to the pure solvent by applying excess of pressure on solution side is
called Reverse osmosis.

Cellulose acetate with suitable support permeable

to water but not permeable to impurities and ions

Numerical problems

33. Vapour pressur of benzene is 200mm of Hg. 2g of a non-volatile solute in 78g benzene has
vapour pressure of 195mm of Hg. Calculate the molar mass of the solute. Molar mass of benzene
= 78 g mol−1.

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Dr. Rakesh K P
Dept. of Chemistry
 W2 2
P − P n2 P − P M2
O O
200 − 195 M 2
Ans: = ; = = ;
PO n1 PO W1 200 78
M1 78

200× 2
Molar mass of solute ( M 2 ) = = 80g mol−1
5

34. 500g of water containing 27g of a non-volatile solute will boil at 100.156°C. Calculate the molar
mass of the solute. Given boiling point of water = 100°C, Kb = 0.52 K kg mol -1.

W2
M2
Ans: ∆Tb = K b × m ; ∆Tb = K b ×
W1
1000

0.52 × 27 ×1000
Molar mass of solute (M2) = = 180 g mol−1.
500× 0.156

35. A solution containing 2.56 g sulphur in 100 g CS2 gave a freezing point lowering of 0.383 K.

Calculate the molar mass of sulphur molecules. Given Kf of CS2 = 3.83 K kg mol− 1.

Ans. ΔTf = 0.383 K, Kf = 3.83 K kg mol−1

W2
M2
ΔTf = Kf × m; ΔTf = Kf ×
W1
1000
2.56 ×1000 × 3.83
M2 (molar mass of sulphur molecules) = = 256 g mol−1
100× 0.383
36. 100g of water has 3g of urea dissolved in it. Calculate the freezing point of the solution. Kf for
water =1.86K kg mol−1, molar mass of urea = 60 g mol−1, freezing point of water = 273.15K (0°C).
W2
M2 3×1000
Ans. ΔTf = Kf × m ; ΔTf = 1.86 × ΔTf = 1.86 × = 0.93
W1 60×100
1000
ΔTf = Tf0 − Tf ; ∴ Tf = 273.15 − 0.93 = 272.22 or − 0.930 C

37. Human blood has osmotic pressure of 7.2 atm at body temperature of 37°C. Calculate the molar
concentration of solute particles in blood. Given R = 0.0821 L atm K−1.
π
Ans. π = CRT ; C= T = 273 + 37 = 310K
RT

7.2
C ( molar concentration ) = = 0.2828 M
0.0821× 310

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 ELECTROCHEMISTRY

1. Write the overall cell reaction taking place in Daniel cell.

Ans : Zn + Cu2+ Zn2+ +Cu
2. Write Nernst equation for Daniel cell.
2.303𝑅𝑇 𝑍𝑛 2+
Ans : 𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log
2𝐹 𝐶𝑢 2+
3. What is specific conductance or conductivity?
Ans : The conductance of 1m3 of electrolyte solution is called specific conductance
4. What is molar conductance or molar conductivity?
Ans : It is the conductance of all the ions produced by the solution containing one
mole of electrolyte,
5. What is the SI unit of specific conductance?Ans :
Sm-1
6. What is the SI unit of molar conductivity?
Ans :Sm2mol-1
7. Draw graph of m v/s 𝑐 for acetic acid solution
Ans :
m

𝑐
8. Draw the graph of M v/s 𝑐 for KCl solution 

𝑐
9. Define limiting molar conductivity.
Ans : The conductivity of electrolytic solution at infinite dilution is called limiting molar conductivity.
10. The resistance of a conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl solution at 298K is 1500. What is
the cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl solution at 298K Is 0.146 x x10-3sm-1?
Ans : Cell constant G* = k x R
= 0.146 x 10-3x1500 G*
= 219m-1

11. What happens to molar conductivity when one mole of KCl dissolved in one litre is
diluted to five litres?
Ans : Molar conductivity increases
12. Write the mathematical expression for limiting molar conductivity of sodium chloride
(NaCl).
Ans : 0NaC l = 0Na + 0Cl −
13. What is the electrode potential value of SHE at 300K?
Ans : Zero (or) 0

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Dept. of Chemistry
14. What happens to conductivity when one mole of KCl dissolved in one litre is
diluted to five litres?
Ans : Conductivity decreases.

15. Mention any two factors on which conductivity of an electrolyte solution depends. Ans : (i)
Nature of electrolyte (ii) Concentration of the electrolyte solution
16. What is the effect of dilution on conductivity. Give reason.
Ans : Conductivity decreases with increase in dilution. Because number of ions per unit volume
decreases.
17. What is the effect of dilution on molar conductivity? Give reason.
Ans : Molar conductivity increases with increase in dilution because total volume of solution
containing one mole of electrolyte increases.
18. The conductivity of 0.025N solution of methanoic acid is 1.1525SM-1 . Calculate its molar
conductivity.
1000 xk 1000 x 1.1525
Ans : M = = =46100 Sm2 mol-1
C 0.025
19. 1.0M solution of a salt surrounding two platinum electrodes 2.1 Cm apart and
2Cm2 in area was found to after a resistance of 50 Ohm. Calculate the conductivity of
the solution.
Ans : Given l=2.1cm, A=4.2cm2 R=50 Ohm
𝑙 1 2.1 1
Specific conductance k = x = 𝑥 50
𝐴 R 4.2
K = 0.01 Scm-1
20. State Kohlrausch law of independent migration of ions? Write mathematical
relation for limiting molar conductivity of CaCl2
Ans : It states that the limiting molar conductivity of an electrolyte is equal to the sum of the
ionic conductances of respective cations and anions.
0
0CaCl 2 = Ca 2 + 20Cl −
21. Name the gases liberated at anode and cathode when an aqueous solution of
sodium chloride is electrolysed.
Ans : At Anode – Chlorine gas At Cathode – Hydrogen gas

22. Explain the construction and working of standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE)

Ans :
SHE consists of a platinum foil coated
with platinum black. Platinum foil is connected to
the platinum wire with mercury. The other end of
the platinum wire is connected to external circuit.
The platinum foil is dipped in 1M HCl solution as
shown in the figure.

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Dept. of Chemistry
 Working :
Pass pure and dry hydrogen gas at 1 bar pressure from inlet electrode reaction is
1
H +𝑎𝑞 + e− ↔ 𝐻2 (g)
2

SHE is represented as
𝑃𝑡𝑠 / H2(g, 1 bar) / H+ (aq, 1M)

𝐸 0 SHE = 0.0V
23. Calculate the emf of the cell in which the following reaction takes place at298K
Ni s + 2Ag +0.002M Ni 20+.160M + 2Ag(s) (Given 𝐸𝐶0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 1.05V)
0.0591 [𝑁𝑖 2+ ]
Ans : Ecell =𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 – log
𝑛 𝐴𝑔 + 2
0.0591 [0.160]
= 1.05 = log
2 0.002 2
0.0591
= 1.05 = log (40,000)
2

= 1.05 – (0.0295x4.6021)
E = 0.914V
24. Calculate the value of GO at 298K for the cell reaction
2𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐴𝑙 3𝑀𝑔 + 2𝐴𝑙
Given 𝐸 = -2.36V, 𝐸 = -1.66V and F = 96487C

Ans : 𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝐴0𝑙 − 𝐸𝑀𝑔

0

∆𝐺 = -nFE
= -6 x 96487 x 0.70
= -405245.4J
∆𝐺 = - 405.2454KJ
25. The electrode potential for the Daniel cell given below is 1.1V.
𝑍𝑛 𝑍𝑛 + 𝐶𝑢 Cu
Write overall cell reaction and calculate the standard Gibb’s free energy for
the reaction. (F=96487 C/mol)

∆𝐺 0 = - nF𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = -2x96487 x 1.1 = -212271J

∆𝐺 0 = -212.271kJ
26. Calculate the emf of the cell for the reaction
0 0
𝑀𝑔 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑔(+𝑎𝑞 ) M𝑔(2𝑎+𝑞 ) + 2Ag(s), 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 = 0.80𝑉, 𝐸𝑀𝑔 2+ /𝑀𝑔 = −2.37𝑉,

𝑀𝑔2+ = 0.001𝑀, 𝐴𝑔+ = 0.0001𝑀

Ans : 𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐0𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑜𝑑𝑒 - 𝐸𝑎0𝑛𝑜𝑑𝑒

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Dept. of Chemistry
 0 0
= 𝐸𝐴𝑔 + /𝐴𝑔 - 𝐸𝑀𝑔 2+ /𝑀𝑔

= 0.80-(-2.37)
𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.17V
0.059 [𝑀𝑔 2+ ]
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 − log
𝑛 𝐴𝑔 + 2

0.059 10 −3
= 3.17 - log
2 10 −4 2
0.059
= 3.17 - log 105
2

= 3.17 – (0.0295 𝑥 5)
= 3.17 – 0.1475
𝐸𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 3.0255𝑉
27. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction
+ 2+ 𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 0.46𝑉
𝐶𝑢 𝑠 + 2𝐴𝑔 𝑎𝑞 Cu 𝑎𝑞 + 2Ag(s)
0.059
𝐴𝑛𝑠 ∶ 𝐸𝑐0𝑒𝑙𝑙 = logKc
𝑛
0.059
0.46 = logKc
2
0.46 𝑥 2
logKc =
0.059
logKc = 15.5932
Kc = antilog (15.5932)
Kc = 3.92 x 1015

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Dr. Rakesh K P
Dept. of Chemistry
 d AND f BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. What is the common oxidation state of d-block elements
Ans: +2.

2. Which element of 3d series has more number of unpaired electrons in the ground state?
Ans: Chromium (Cr).

3. Name the transition metal which doesn’t exhibit variable oxidation state.
Ans: Scandium (Sc).

4. Name the transition elements exhibit highest oxidation state.

Ans: Osmium (Os).

5. Which metal of 3d-series exhibit maximum number of oxidation state?Ans:

Manganese (Mn).

6. Transition metals exhibit variable oxidation state why?

Ans:
i. Comparable energies of ns and (n-1)d subshell.
ii.Due to the involvement of both ns and (n-1)d electron in metallic bonding.

7. Write the formula used to calculate magnetic moment or Write the formula
used to calculate the spin only magnetic moment.
n
Ans: µ = n ( +) 2 B M.
8. Give reason: Sc3+ ions are colourless but V3+ are coloured.
Ans:

Sc( Z )= 21 = [Ar]3d 1 4s 2 V(Z = 23) = [Ar]3d3 4s 2

3+ 0 0
Sc ( Z )= 21 = [Ar]3d 4s
3+
V (Z = 23)= [Ar]3d2 4s 0
n=0 ↑ ↑
It has no unpaired n=2
electrons hence it is It has unpaired electrons
colourless. hence it is coloured
.
9. What are interstitial compounds? Mention its characteristics.
Ans: Compounds which are formed by trapping small atoms such as H, C or N in the crystal lattices
of metals.
Ex: TiC
Characteristics interstitial compounds

1. They have high melting points, higher than those of pure metals.
2. They are very hard.

3. They retain metallic conductivity.

4. They are chemically inert or less reactive

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10. Why do transition elements form complex compounds? or Give reasons for the
formation of large number of complex compounds by transition metals or d-block
elements form co-ordination compounds. Give three reason.
Ans:
1. Small size
2. High ionic charge
3. Availability of d-orbital.
11. What is the common oxidation number or state of lanthanides?
Ans: +3.

12. Lanthanoids show variable oxidation state why?

Ans: Due to the comparable energies of 4f, 5d and 6s subshell.

13. Actinoids show variable oxidation state why?

Ans: Due to the comparable energies of 5f, 6d and 7s subshell.

14. Cerium (Ce) exhibits +4 oxidation state why?

Ans: It attains noble gas electronic configuration in +4 oxidation state.

15. Name the elements in the lanthanide series which exhibits +4 oxidation state?Ans:
Cerium (Ce).
16. What is lanthanide contraction? Write its consequences?
Ans: The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii with increase in atomic number along
lanthanide series is called lanthanide contraction.
Consequences: Zr(Zirconium) and Hf(Hafnium) have similar radii.

17. Give reason: Hf (Hafnium) and Zr (Zirconium) have similar radii or Atomic
radii of second and third transition series elements are almost identical.
Ans: It is due to lanthanide contraction.
18. What is the cause for lanthanide contraction?
Ans: Poor shielding caused by the electrons present in the 4f subshell.

19. What is actinide contraction?

Ans: The gradual decrease in atomic and ionic radii with increase in atomic number along
actinide series is called actinide contraction
20. What is the cause for actinide contraction?
Ans: Poor shielding caused by the electrons present in the 5f subshell.

21. Actinide contraction is greater than lanthanide contraction why?

Ans: 5f subshell causes very poor shielding effect than 4f subshell.

22. What is misch metal?

Ans: Misch metall which consists of a lanthanide metal (~ 95%) and iron (~ 5%) and traces of
S, C, Ca and Al.
23. Transition elements show catalytic property. Give two reasons.
Ans : i) Due to variable (multiple) oxidation states.
ii) Large surface area for adsorption of reactants
iii) Formation of intermediate compounds
24. Give reasons : Transition metals generally from coloured compounds.
Ans : Due to the presence of unpaired electrons
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25. How is potassium dichromate prepared from iron chromite ore?
Ans.Potassium dichromate is manufactured from chromite ore (FeCr2O4).

(i) Chromite ore is fused (FeCr2O4) with sodium or potassium carbonate in free access of
air to get sodium chromate .
4FeCr2O4 + 8Na2CO3 + 7O2 → 8Na2CrO4 + 2Fe2O3 + 8CO2
(ii) The yellow solution of sodium chromate is filtered and acidified with sulphuric acid to
give a solution from which orange sodium dichromate, Na2Cr2O7. 2H2O can
be crystallised.
2Na2CrO4 + 2H+ → Na2Cr2O7 + 2Na+ + H2O
Potassium dichromate prepared by treating the solution of sodium dichromate with
potassium chloride.
Na2Cr2O7 + 2KCl → K2Cr2O7 + 2NaCl
Orange crystals of potassium dichromate crystallise out.
26. Describe the preparation of potassium permanganate from manganous dioxide.
Potassium permanganate is prepared by fusion of MnO2 with an alkali metal hydroxide and an
oxidising agent like KNO3. This produces the dark green K2MnO4 which disproportionates in a
neutral or acidic solution to give permanganate.
2MnO2 + 4KOH + O2 → 2K2MnO4 + 2H2O
3MnO42– + 4H+ → 2MnO4– + MnO2 + 2H2O

CO-ORDINATION COMPOUNDS
1. Using VBT account for the geometry, hybridisation and magnetic property of
2-
 Ni ( CN ) 
 4
.
Ans:
Electronic Configuration of Ni −  Ar  3d 4s
8 2

Electronic Configuration of Ni −  Ar  3d 4s
2+ 8 0

2
Hybridisation: dsp
Geometry: Square planar
Magnetic property: Diamagnetic(Due to the absence of unpaired electrons).

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 2. Using VBT account for the geometry, hybridisation and magnetic property of
2-
 Ni ( Cl )  .
 4

Ans:
Electronic Configuration of Ni −  Ar  3d 4s
8 2

Electronic Configuration of Ni −  Ar  3d 4s
2+ 8 0

Hybrisisation: sp
3

Geometry: Tetrahedral
Magnetic property: Paramagnetic(Due to the presence of unpaired electrons).

3. Give the geometry, hybridization and magnetic property of [Co ( NH3 )6 ]3+
based on VBT
Ans:
Electronic Configuration of Co −  Ar  3d 4s
7 2

Electronic Configuration of Co =  Ar  3d 4s
3+ 6 0

Hybridisation: d sp
2 3

Geometrical shape: Octahedral

Magnetic property: Diamagnetic(Due to the absence of unpaired electrons).

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 4. Using VBT, explain the hybridization, geometry and magnetic property of
 CoF6  hexafluoridocobaltate(III) ion(Atomic number of Co=27).
3−

Ans:
Electronic Configuration of Co −  Ar  3d 4s
7 2

Electronic Configuration of Co =  Ar  3d 4s
3+ 6 0

Hybridisation: sp d
3 2

Geometry: Octahedral
Magnetic property: Paramagnetic(Due to the presence of unpaired electrons).

5. What is crystal field splitting?

Ans: Splitting of degenerate d- orbitals of the metal in the presence of the ligand.
6. Draw energy level diagram for the splitting of d-orbitals in an octahedral
crystal field.
Ans:

7. Draw energy level diagram for the splitting of d-orbitals in a tetrahedral crystal
field.

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 8. Write any three postulates of Werner’s theory of complexes. Ans:
1. Central metal atom has two types of valencies
a. Primary valency
b. Secondary valency
2. Primary valency
a. Ionisable
b. Non-directional
3. Secondary valency
a. Non-Ionisable
b. Directional

9. What is an ambidentate ligand?

Ans: Ligands which have two or more donor atoms are called ambidentate ligands. Ex:
CN − .

10. What are homoleptic complexes? Give an example.

Homoleptic complexes are the complexes in which central metal ion or atom is bound to only one
type of donor groups.

e.g: K4[Fe(CN)6]

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 11. What are heteroleptic complexes? Give an example.

Homoleptic complexes are the complexes in which central metal ion or atom is bound to more than
one type of donor groups.

e.g: [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4

12. Give the IUPAC name for the following compounds

a) K4[Fe(CN)6] potassium hexacyanidoferrate(II)

b) [Cu(NH3)4] SO4 tetramminecopper(II) sulphate

c) [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 pentamminechloridocobalt(III) sulphate

d) K3[Fe(C2O4)3] potassium trioxalatoferrate(III)

e) [CoCl2(en)2]+ dichloridobis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III)

f) [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl2 pentamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III) chloride

g) [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2 pentamminenitrito-O-cobalt(III) chloride

h) [Ni(CO)4] tetracarbonylnickel(0)

13. hat is geometrical isomerism in complexes? Give an example.

It is a phenomenon in which two complex compounds have the same molecular formula and same
chemical bonds, but different geometrical arrangement of the ligands. The two forms are called cis and
trans forms.

e.g: [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]

Cl NH3 Cl NH3
Pt Pt

Cl NH3 NH3 Cl

Cis isomer Trans isomer

14. What is linkage isomerism? Give an example.

Linkage isomerism is type of isomerism in which two complex compounds differ in the donor
atoms for ligands (different ligating atoms). It is shown by complex compounds containing
ambidentate ligands.

e.g: [Co(NH3)5NO2]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5(ONO)]Cl2

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15. Explain coordination isomerism in complexes. Give one example.

Coordination isomerism is type of isomerism due to interchange of ligands between cat

and anionic entities of different metal ions present in a complex.

e.g: [Co(NH3)6] [Cr(CN)6] and[Cr(NH3)6] [Co(CN)6]

16. Explain ionization isomerism in complexes. Give an example.

Ionisation isomerism is type of isomerism in which two complex compounds produce differe
ions in solution form.

e.g: [Co(NH3)5Cl]SO4 and [Co(NH3)5 SO4]Cl

17. What is solvate isomerism? Explain with an example.

Solvate isomerism is a type of isomerism in which complex compounds differ in the num
water molecules acting as ligands and water of hydration.

e.g: [Cr(H2O)6]Cl3 and [Cr(H2O)5Cl]Cl2. H2O

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 HALOALKANES AND HALOARENES

1. Write the equations for the steps in SN1 mechanism of conversion of tert-butyl

bromide to tert-butyl alcohol

Step 1: Formation of carbocation.

Step 2: Attack of Nucleophile OH −

Rate  [R − X ] , Hence it is a first order reaction.

When tert-Butyl bromide undergoes for heterolysis it forms planar tert-butyl carbocation,
when it is attacked by hydroxide ion from both the side equally
gives tert-Butyl alcohol.

2. Explain the SN2 mechanism Or Explain SN2 mechanism by taking

chloromethane as an example Or write SN2 mechanism for conversion of
methyl chloride to methyl alcohol
Ans:

Rate   R − X  [OH − ] , Hence it is a second order reaction.

When methyl chloride reacts with nucleophile hydroxide ion, it attacks the carbon from the
back side to form transition state (i.e both OH and Cl are partially bonded to Carbon).
Which undergo for decomposition to give methyl alcohol.

3. Haloarenes are less reactive towards nucleophilic substitution reactions than

haloalkanes. Give reason. Or Aryl halides are extremely less reactive towards

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 nucleophilic substitution reactions. Give reason.
Ans:
1. C-X bond in halo arene aquires partial double bond character due to resonance.
2. Change in hybridization (Alkyl halide is sp3 while haloarene is sp2)
3. Instability of phenyl carbocation
4. Possible repulsion between electron rich nucleophile and haloarene.

4. Explain the following reactions with an example:

1. Sandmeyer’s reaction
Chloro benzene and bromo benzene can be prepared by treating benzene diazonium chloride with
cuprous chloride in HCl or cuprous bromide in HBr. This reaction is known as Sand Meyer’s reaction.
Example:-
N = N – Cl Cl
Cu 2 Cl 2/ HCl
 N2
+ Chlorobenzene
2. Finkelstein reaction
Iodoalkanes are prepared by the reaction of alkyl chlorides or bromides with sodium iodide in dry
acetone. This reaction is known as ‘Finkelstein reaction’.
dry acetone
Ex: C2H5 –Br + NaI  C2H5 –I + NaBr


Iodoethane
3. Swarts reaction
Fluoroalkanes are prepared by heating an alkyl chlorides or bromides in the presence of a metallic
fluoride such as AgF or Hg2 F2. This is known as ‘Swart’s reaction’
heat
Ex: H3C –Br + AgF   CH3 – F + Ag
Br 
Bromo methane Fluromethane

4. Wurtz reaction:
When two molecules of alkyl halides react with sodium in dry ether medium
higher alkanes are formed.

Example: When ethyl bromide is heated with sodium in dry ether medium, butane is
formed.

5. Wurtz – Fittig reaction

When a mixture of alkylhalide and arylhalide is heated with sodium in dry ether, Alkyl benzene is formed.
Ex:
dry et her
Cl + 2 Na + Cl – CH3   CH3 + 2 NaCl

Chloro benzene Chloromethane Toulene

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6. Fittig reaction
Fittig reaction: When an aryl halide is heated with sodium metal, Diphenyl OR Biphenyl products are
formed.

2 + 2Na dry ether + 2NaX

Diphenyl

5Ǥ ŽŽ›Ž‹…ƒ†„‡œ›Ž‹…ŠƒŽ‹†‡•ƒ”‡Š‹‰ŠŽ›”‡ƒ…–‹˜‡–‘™ƒ”†•ͳ”‡ƒ…–‹‘ǤŠ›ǫ
ǣ‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡…ƒ”„‘…ƒ–‹‘ˆ‘”‡†ˆ”‘ƒŽŽ›Ž‹…ƒ†„‡œ›Ž‹…ŠƒŽ‹†‡•‹•‘”‡•–ƒ„Ž‡†—‡–‘
”‡•‘ƒ…‡Ǥ
6Ǥ ‡–™‡‡ͳƒ†ʹ”‡ƒ…–‹‘™Š‹…Š‘‡’”‘…‡‡†•™‹–Š…‘’Ž‡–‡•–‡”‡‘…Š‡‹…ƒŽ
‹˜‡”•‹‘ǫ
ǣʹ”‡ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ

7Ǥ‡–™‡‡ͳƒ†ʹ”‡ƒ…–‹‘•™Š‹…Š‘‡’”‘…‡‡†•™‹–Š”ƒ…‡‹•ƒ–‹‘ǫ

ǣͳ”‡ƒ…–‹‘Ǥ
8ǤŠƒ–ƒ”‡”ƒ…‡‹…‹š–—”‡•ǫ
ǣ‹š–—”‡…‘–ƒ‹‹‰–™‘‡ƒ–‹‘‡”•‹‡“—ƒŽ’”‘’‘”–‹‘•™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡œ‡”‘‘’–‹…ƒŽ
”‘–ƒ–‹‘ǡƒ”‡…ƒŽŽ‡†ƒ•”ƒ…‡‹…‹š–—”‡ȋ‘”Ȍ”ƒ…‡‹…‘†‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ
9. What is the difference between allylic acid and benzylic halides

A:
Allylichalide Benzylic halides

These are the compounds where the These are the compounds in which the
halogen atom is bonded to a Sp3-hybridised halogen atom is bonded to an Sp3-hybridised
carbon atom next to carbon-carbon double carbon atomnext to an aromatic ring.
bond.
X CH 2 X

CH2 X

10. What are freons? Give an example

A: The fluro, chloro compounds of methane or ethane collectively called as freons
Ex: CCl2 F2

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 Alcohols phenols and ethers
1. Explain the mechanism of acid catalysed dehydration of ethanol into ethene
Ans:
Step – 1: Protonation of alcohol

Step – 2: Formation of carbocation

Step – 3: Elimination of β-proton

2. How do you prepare phenol from cumene?

Ans:

Cumene is oxidized in the presence of air to cumenehydroperoxide. It is converted in to

phenol and acetone by treating it with dilute acid.

3. Explain Kolbe’s reaction with equation.

Ans:
Sodium phenate is treated with carbon dioxide and the product on acidification

forms salicylic acid. This reaction is called Koble’s reaction.

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18. Explain Reimer – Tiemann reaction with equation.

Ans: Phenol is treated with chloroform and sodium hydroxide solution. The

product on acidification forms salicyl aldehyde.

19. Explain the oxidation of phenol with equation.

Ans: Phenol undergoes oxidation with acidified sodium dichromate

forming benzoquinone.

21. Explain Wilhamson synthesis with equation.

Ans: An alkyl halide reacts with sodium alkoxide forming the respective ethers.

By this method both symmetrical and unsymmetrical ethers can be prepared.

R  X  RONa 
 R  O  R  NaX

24. Explain the bromination of anisole with equation.

Ans: Anisole (methoxy benzene) undergoes bromination with bromine in ethanoic

acid in absence of FeBr3 catalyst forming O-bromoanisole and p-bromoanisole

respectively.

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6. How do you differentiate between 10, 20 and 30 alcohols using Lucas reagent.
test observation inference
Compound + anhydrous a)no turbidity Primary alcohol
ZnCl2 + conc.HCl
b)slow turbidity Secondary alcohol

c)immediate turbidity Tertiary alcohol

13. How do you convert phenol to picric acid? Explain with equation.

Ans: Phenol reacts with concentrated nitric acid forming picric acid or 2,

4, 6-trinitro phenol.

15. How is phenol converted to 2, 4, 6-tribromophenol? Explain with equation.

Ans: Phenol reacts with bromine water forming a white ppt of 2, 4, 6-tribromohenol

4. What is meant by hydroboration – oxidation reaction. Illustrate with an example.

Ans: Diborane reacts with alkenes to give trialkyl boranes which is oxidized

to alcohol by hydrogen peroxide in presence of sodium hydroxide.

3CH3  CH  CH 2  (BH3 ) 2  (CH3CH 2CH 2 )3 B
Reaction OH 
3H 2 O2
 3CH3CH 2 CH 2  OH  B(OH)3

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 AMINES
1. Among primary, secondary and tertiary amines which amines does not react with
Benzene sulphonyl chloride?
Ans: Tertiary amine
2. Arrange the following in the increasing order of their basicity.
Methyl amine, dimethyl amine, trimethyl amine
Ans: trimethyl amine< methyl amine< dimethyl amine.
3. Aniline does not undergo Friedel-Craft's alkylation and acylation. Give reason.
Ans: Aniline forms salts with aluminium chloride which is used as catalyst.
4. Write the IUPAC name of
CH.3,-N-CH3
I
CH3
Ans: N, N-dimethylmethanamine
5. Between ammonia and methyl amine, which one is more
basic?Ans: Methyl amine
6. Write the IUPAC name of
CH -NH-CH2-CHa
3

Ans: N-Methylethanamine

7. With equation explain Hoffmann Bromamide degaradation reaction of ethanamide (Acetamide).

Ans: Ethanamide on treating with Bromine and an alakali (NaOH or KOH) gives methanamine.

0
11
R - C - NH2 + Br2 + 4NaOH � R - NH2 + N�CO3 + 2NaBr + 2H 20

8. Write the equation for the conversion of aniline into phenyl isocyanide. Name the rection.

Ans:
It is called as Carbylamine reaction.
9. Complete the following equation with major products
0
II (!) LIAlH,
R-C- NH, (ti) H,O )
i)
11 KOH

0
0
II 2) R-X

-C--..._ N- 1-i31 NaOH(aq)

-c_.,......
II
0
Phlhalimlde
ii)
Ans: i) R-CH 2-NH2
ii)R-NH2

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10. Between ammonia and aniline which is more basic and why?
Ans: Ammonia is more basic than aniline.
Because in aniline availibility of lone pair of electrons on nitrogen decreases due to +R or +M effect.
11. Complete the following equation with major products?
Brz,NaOH NaN02 ,H Cl o-s 0 c
CH3NH2 _________,_ ------
0
Brz, NaOH Na N02,HCl o-s 0 c
Ans: R - � - NH1 ______, CH 3 NH2 ..., CH 3 0H
12. Arrange the following amines in the decreasing order of their basic strength.
(C2H:J2NH . C2H5NH2 • (C2HJ 3N
i.
ii. CH;N1¾ ,(CH3)�H . (CH3) 3N
Ans:
ii (C2H5)2 NH > (C2H5)3N > C2H 5NH2 > NH3
111 (CH3)2NH > C�N� > (CH 3)� > NH3

13. Complete the following equations

3R-X
i) R-NH2 - ---------
••
11) R - C = H2 / Ni
N - ____
N x-
Ans: i) R 4 +
ii) R - C H2 - N 1-12

14. Give reasons: i) aniline does not undergo Friedel-Crafts reaction. ii) aniline with
concentrated HNO3 forms meta nitro compound in significant amounts.
Ans. i) Aniline reacts with AlCl3 to form a salt, which makes nitrogen of aniline to get a
positive charge, which becomes a strongly deactivating group.
ii) Aniline with conc. HNO3 forms anilinium ion which is meta directing.

15. How is benzene diazonium chloride prepared from aniline? Give the equation.
Ans. It is prepared by the reaction of aniline with nitrous acid (NaNO2/ HCl) at 0°C
 
C6H5NH2 + NaNO2 + 2HCl 
0 C
C6 H5 N 2 Cl + NaCl + 2H2O

16. Give an example for a coupling reaction with an equation.

Ans. Benzene diazonium chloride reacts with phenol to form p-hydroxyazobenze. This is an
example for coupling reaction.

17. Give equations for the preparation of methylamine (methanamine) by Gabriel-

phthalimide synthesis.

Ans.

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18. RCN H/ Ni,
2
 X C  Y. Y is a three carbon compound. What is R in RCN, X
HCl /Alc.KOH
3

and Y?
Ans. R = CH3, X = CH3CH2NH2, Y = CH3CH2NC
19. Give equation for the conversion of aniline into 4-bromoaniline.

Ans.

20. Name the organic products obtained in the following reactions:

 
i) Ar N 2 X 
CuCN/KCN
__________ + N2
 
ii) Ar N 2 Cl + H3PO2 + H2O 
 _____ + N2 + CH3CHO + HCl

Ans. i) Aryl cyanide ii) Benzene

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