Print this page

Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the

Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field. Geneva, 12
August 1949.
Full text [Display Introduction] [Display articles] [Display commentaries]
Preamble
The undersigned Plenipotentiaries of the Governments represented at the
Diplomatic Conference held at Geneva from April 21 to August 12, 1949, for the
purpose of revising the Geneva Convention for the Relief of the Wounded and
Sick in Armies in the Field of July 27, 1929, have agreed as follows:

Chapter I. General Provisions

Art 1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to respect and to ensure respect
for the present Convention in all circumstances.

Art. 2. In addition to the provisions which shall be implemented in peacetime, the

present Convention shall apply to all cases of declared war or of any other armed
conflict which may arise between two or more of the High Contracting Parties,
even if the state of war is not recognized by one of them.

The Convention shall also apply to all cases of partial or total occupation of the
territory of a High Contracting Party, even if the said occupation meets with no
armed resistance.

Although one of the Powers in conflict may not be a party to the present
Convention, the Powers who are parties thereto shall remain bound by it in their
mutual relations. They shall furthermore be bound by the Convention in relation
to the said Power, if the latter accepts and applies the provisions thereof.

Art. 3. In the case of armed conflict not of an international character occurring in

the territory of one of the High Contracting Parties, each Party to the conflict shall
be bound to apply, as a minimum, the following provisions:
(1) Persons taking no active part in the hostilities, including members of armed
forces who have laid down their arms and those placed hors de combat by
sickness, wounds, detention, or any other cause, shall in all circumstances be
treated humanely, without any adverse distinction founded on race, colour,
religion or faith, sex, birth or wealth, or any other similar criteria.
To this end, the following acts are and shall remain prohibited at any time and in
any place whatsoever with respect to the above-mentioned persons:
(a) violence to life and person, in particular murder of all kinds, mutilation, cruel
treatment and torture;
(b) taking of hostages;
(c) outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading
treatment;
(d) the passing of sentences and the carrying out of executions without previous
judgement pronounced by a regularly constituted court, affording all the judicial
guarantees which are recognized as indispensable by civilized peoples.
(2) The wounded and sick shall be collected and cared for.
An impartial humanitarian body, such as the International Committee of the Red
Cross, may offer its services to the Parties to the conflict.

The Parties to the conflict should further endeavour to bring into force, by means
of special agreements, all or part of the other provisions of the present
Convention.

The application of the preceding provisions shall not affect the legal status of the
Parties to the conflict.

Art. 4. Neutral Powers shall apply by analogy the provisions of the present
Convention to the wounded and sick, and to members of the medical personnel
and to chaplains of the armed forces of the Parties to the conflict, received or
interned in their territory, as well as to dead persons found.

Art. 5. For the protected persons who have fallen into the hands of the enemy,
the present Convention shall apply until their final repatriation.

Art. 6. In addition to the agreements expressly provided for in Articles 10, 15, 23,
28, 31, 36, 37 and 52, the High Contracting Parties may conclude other special
agreements for all matters concerning which they may deem it suitable to make
separate provision. No special agreement shall adversely affect the situation of
the wounded and sick, of members of the medical personnel or of chaplains, as
defined by the present Convention, nor restrict the rights which it confers upon
them.

Wounded and sick, as well as medical personnel and chaplains, shall continue to
have the benefit of such agreements as long as the Convention is applicable to
them, except where express provisions to the contrary are contained in the
aforesaid or in subsequent agreements, or where more favourable measures
have been taken j with regard to them by one or other of the Parties to the
conflict.

Art. 7. Wounded and sick, as well as members of the medical personnel and
chaplains, may in no circumstances renounce in part or in entirety the rights
secured to them by the present Convention, and by the special agreements
referred to in the foregoing Article, if such there be.

Art. 8. The present Convention shall be applied with the cooperation and under
the scrutiny of the Protecting Powers whose duty it is to safeguard the interests
of the Parties to the conflict. For this purpose, the Protecting Powers may
appoint, apart from their diplomatic or consular staff, delegates from amongst
their own nationals or the nationals of other neutral Powers. The said delegates
shall be subject to the approval of the Power with which they are to carry out their
duties.

The Parties to the conflict shall facilitate to the greatest extent possible, the task
of the representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers.

The representatives or delegates of the Protecting Powers shall not in any case
exceed their mission under the present Convention. They shall, in particular, take
account of the imperative necessities of security of the State wherein they carry
out their duties. Their activities shall only be restricted as an exceptional and
temporary measure when this is rendered necessary by imperative military
necessities.

Art. 9. The provisions of the present Convention constitute no obstacle to the

humanitarian activities which the International Committee of the Red Cross or
any other impartial humanitarian organization may, subject to the consent of the
Parties to the conflict concerned, undertake for the protection of wounded and
sick, medical personnel and chaplains, and for their relief.

Art. 10. The High Contracting Parties may at any time agree to entrust to an
organization which offers all guarantees of impartiality and efficacy the duties
incumbent on the Protecting Powers by virtue of the present Convention.

When wounded and sick, or medical personnel and chaplains do not benefit or
cease to benefit, no matter for what reason, by the activities of a Protecting
Power or of an organization provided for in the first paragraph above, the
Detaining Power shall request a neutral State, or such an organization, to
undertake the functions performed under the present Convention by a Protecting
Power designated by the Parties to a conflict.

If protection cannot be arranged accordingly, the Detaining Power shall request

or shall accept, subject to the provisions of this Article, the offer of the services of
a humanitarian organization, such as the International Committee of the Red
Cross, to assume the humanitarian functions performed by Protecting Powers
under the present Convention.

Any neutral Power, or any organization invited by the Power concerned or

offering itself for these purposes, shall be required to act with a sense of
responsibility towards the Party to the conflict on which persons protected by the
present Convention depend, and shall be required to furnish sufficient
assurances that it is in a position to undertake the appropriate functions and to
discharge them impartially.

No derogation from the preceding provisions shall be made by special

agreements between Powers one of which is restricted, even temporarily, in its
freedom to negotiate with the other Power or its allies by reason of military
events, more particularly where the whole, or a substantial part, of the territory of
the said Power is occupied.

Whenever, in the present Convention, mention is made of a Protecting Power,

such mention also applies to substitute organizations in the sense of the present
Article.

Art. 11. In cases where they deem it advisable in the interest of protected
persons, particularly in cases of disagreement between the Parties to the conflict
as to the application or interpretation of the provisions of the present Convention,
the Protecting Powers shall lend their good offices with a view to settling the
disagreement.

For this purpose, each of the Protecting Powers may, either at the invitation of
one Party or on its own initiative, propose to the Parties to the conflict a meeting
of their representatives, in particular of the authorities responsible for the
wounded and sick, members of medical personnel and chaplains, possibly on
neutral territory suitably chosen. The Parties to the conflict shall be bound to give
effect to the proposals made to them for this purpose. The Protecting Powers
may, if necessary, propose for approval by the Parties to the conflict, a person
belonging to a neutral Power or delegated by the International Committee of the
Red Cross, who shall be invited to take part in such a meeting

Chapter II. Wounded and Sick

Art. 12. Members of the armed forces and other persons mentioned in the
following Article, who are wounded or sick, shall be respected and protected in all
circumstances.

They shall be treated humanely and cared for by the Party to the conflict in
whose power they may be, without any adverse distinction founded on sex, race,
nationality, religion, political opinions, or any other similar criteria. Any attempts
upon their lives, or violence to their persons, shall be strictly prohibited; in
particular, they shall not be murdered or exterminated, subjected to torture or to
biological experiments; they shall not wilfully be left without medical assistance
and care, nor shall conditions exposing them to contagion or infection be created.

Only urgent medical reasons will authorize priority in the order of treatment to be
administered.

Women shall be treated with all consideration due to their sex. The Party to the
conflict which is compelled to abandon wounded or sick to the enemy shall, as
far as military considerations permit, leave with them a part of its medical
personnel and material to assist in their care.
Art. 13. The present Convention shall apply to the wounded and sick belonging to
the following categories:

(1) Members of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict, as well as members of
militias or volunteer corps forming part of such armed forces.
(2) Members of other militias and members of other volunteer corps, including
those of organized resistance movements, belonging to a Party to the conflict
and operating in or outside their own territory, even if this territory is occupied,
provided that such militias or volunteer corps, including such organized
resistance movements, fulfil the following conditions:
(a) that of being commanded by a person responsible for his subordinates;
(b) that of having a fixed distinctive sign recognizable at a distance;
(c) that of carrying arms openly;
(d) that of conducting their operations in accordance with the laws and customs
of war.
(3) Members of regular armed forces who profess allegiance to a Government or
an authority not recognized by the Detaining Power.
(4) Persons who accompany the armed forces without actually being members
thereof, such as civil members of military aircraft crews, war correspondents,
supply contractors, members of labour units or of services responsible for the
welfare of the armed forces, provided that they have received authorization from
the armed forces which they accompany.
(5) Members of crews, including masters, pilots and apprentices, of the merchant
marine and the crews of civil aircraft of the Parties to the conflict, who do not
benefit by more favourable treatment under any other provisions in international
law.
(6) Inhabitants of a non-occupied territory, who on the approach of the enemy,
spontaneously take up arms to resist the invading forces, without having had
time to form themselves into regular armed units, provided they carry arms
openly and respect the laws and customs of war.

Art. 14. Subject to the provisions of Article 12, the wounded and sick of a
belligerent who fall into enemy hands shall be prisoners of war, and the
provisions of international law concerning prisoners of war shall apply to them.

Art. 15. At all times, and particularly after an engagement, Parties to the conflict
shall, without delay, take all possible measures to search for and collect the
wounded and sick, to protect them against pillage and ill-treatment, to ensure
their adequate care, and to search for the dead and prevent their being
despoiled.

Whenever circumstances permit, an armistice or a suspension of fire shall be

arranged, or local arrangements made, to permit the removal, exchange and
transport of the wounded left on the battlefield.

Likewise, local arrangements may be concluded between Parties to the conflict

for the removal or exchange of wounded and sick from a besieged or encircled
area, and for the passage of medical and religious personnel and equipment on
their way to that area.

Art. 16. Parties to the conflict shall record as soon as possible, in respect of each
wounded, sick or dead person of the adverse Party falling into their hands, any
particulars which may assist in his identification.
These records should if possible include:
(a) designation of the Power on which he depends;
(b) army, regimental, personal or serial number;
(c) surname;
(d) first name or names;
(e) date of birth;
(f) any other particulars shown on his identity card or disc;
(g) date and place of capture or death;
(h) particulars concerning wounds or illness, or cause of death.

As soon as possible the above mentioned information shall be forwarded to the

Information Bureau described in Article 122 of the Geneva Convention relative to
the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949, which shall transmit this
information to the Power on which these persons depend through the
intermediary of the Protecting Power and of the Central Prisoners of War Agency.

Parties to the conflict shall prepare and forward to each other through the same
bureau, certificates of death or duly authenticated lists of the dead. They shall
likewise collect and forward through the same bureau one half of a double
identity disc, last wills or other documents of importance to the next of kin, money
and in general all articles of an intrinsic or sentimental value, which are found on
the dead. These articles, together with unidentified articles, shall be sent in
sealed packets, accompanied by statements giving all particulars necessary for
the identification of the deceased owners, as well as by a complete list of the
contents of the parcel.

Art. 17. Parties to the conflict shall ensure that burial or cremation of the dead,
carried out individually as far as circumstances permit, is preceded by a careful
examination, if possible by a medical examination, of the bodies, with a view to
confirming death, establishing identity and enabling a report to be made. One
half of the double identity disc, or the identity disc itself if it is a single disc, should
remain on the body.

Bodies shall not be cremated except for imperative reasons of hygiene or for
motives based on the religion of the deceased. In case of cremation, the
circumstances and reasons for cremation shall be stated in detail in the death
certificate or on the authenticated list of the dead.

They shall further ensure that the dead are honourably interred, if possible
according to the rites of the religion to which they belonged, that their graves are
respected, grouped if possible according to the nationality of the deceased,
properly maintained and marked so that they may always be found. For this
purpose, they shall organize at the commencement of hostilities an Official
Graves Registration Service, to allow subsequent exhumations and to ensure the
identification of bodies, whatever the site of the graves, and the possible
transportation to the home country. These provisions shall likewise apply to the
ashes, which shall be kept by the Graves Registration Service until proper
disposal thereof in accordance with the wishes of the home country.

As soon as circumstances permit, and at latest at the end of hostilities, these

Services shall exchange, through the Information Bureau mentioned in the
second paragraph of Article 16, lists showing the exact location and markings of
the graves, together with particulars of the dead interred therein.

Art. 18. The military authorities may appeal to the charity of the inhabitants
voluntarily to collect and care for, under their direction, the wounded and sick,
granting persons who have responded to this appeal the necessary protection
and facilities. Should the adverse Party take or retake control of the area, he
shall likewise grant these persons the same protection and the same facilities.

The military authorities shall permit the inhabitants and relief societies, even in
invaded or occupied areas, spontaneously to collect and care for wounded or
sick of whatever nationality. The civilian population shall respect these wounded
and sick, and in particular abstain from offering them violence.

No one may ever be molested or convicted for having nursed the wounded or
sick.

The provisions of the present Article do not relieve the occupying Power of its
obligation to give both physical and moral care to the wounded and sick.

Chapter III. Medical Units and Establishments

Art. 19. Fixed establishments and mobile medical units of the Medical Service
may in no circumstances be attacked, but shall at all times be respected and
protected by the Parties to the conflict. Should they fall into the hands of the
adverse Party, their personnel shall be free to pursue their duties, as long as the
capturing Power has not itself ensured the necessary care of the wounded and
sick found in such establishments and units.

The responsible authorities shall ensure that the said medical establishments
and units are, as far as possible, situated in such a manner that attacks against
military objectives cannot imperil their safety.
Art. 20. Hospital ships entitled to the protection of the Geneva Convention for the
Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of
Armed Forces at Sea of 12 August 1949, shall not be attacked from the land.

Art. 21. The protection to which fixed establishments and mobile medical units of
the Medical Service are entitled shall not cease unless they are used to commit,
outside their humanitarian duties, acts harmful to the enemy. Protection may,
however, cease only after a due warning has been given, naming, in all
appropriate cases, a reasonable time limit, and after such warning has remained
unheeded.

Art. 22. The following conditions shall not be considered as depriving a medical
unit or establishment of the protection guaranteed by Article 19:
(1) That the personnel of the unit or establishment are armed, and that they use
the arms in their own defence, or in that of the wounded and sick in their charge.
(2) That in the absence of armed orderlies, the unit or establishment is protected
by a picket or by sentries or by an escort.
(3) That small arms and ammunition taken from the wounded and sick and not
yet handed to the proper service, are found in the unit or establishment.
(4) That personnel and material of the veterinary service are found in the unit or
establishment, without forming an integral part thereof.
(5) That the humanitarian activities of medical units and establishments or of their
personnel extend to the care of civilian wounded or sick.

Art. 23. In time of peace, the High Contracting Parties and, after the outbreak of
hostilities, the Parties thereto, may establish in their own territory and, if the need
arises, in occupied areas, hospital zones and localities so organized as to protect
the wounded and sick from the effects of war, as well as the personnel entrusted
with the organization and administration of these zones and localities and with
the care of the persons therein assembled.

Upon the outbreak and during the course of hostilities, the Parties concerned
may conclude agreements on mutual recognition of the hospital zones and
localities they have created. They may for this purpose implement the provisions
of the Draft Agreement annexed to the present Convention, with such
amendments as they may consider necessary.

The Protecting Powers and the International Committee of the Red Cross are
invited to lend their good offices in order to facilitate the institution and
recognition of these hospital zones and localities.

Chapter IV. Personnel

Art. 24. Medical personnel exclusively engaged in the search for, or the
collection, transport or treatment of the wounded or sick, or in the prevention of
disease, staff exclusively engaged in the administration of medical units and
establishments, as well as chaplains attached to the armed forces, shall be
respected and protected in all circumstances.

Art. 25. Members of the armed forces specially trained for employment, should
the need arise, as hospital orderlies, nurses or auxiliary stretcher-bearers, in the
search for or the collection, transport or treatment of the wounded and sick shall
likewise be respected and protected if they are carrying out these duties at the
time when they come into contact with the enemy or fall into his hands.

Art. 26. The staff of National Red Cross Societies and that of other Voluntary Aid
Societies, duly recognized and authorized by their Governments, who may be
employed on the same duties as the personnel named in Article 24, are placed
on the same footing as the personnel named in the said Article, provided that the
staff of such societies are subject to military laws and regulations.

Each High Contracting Party shall notify to the other, either in time of peace or at
the commencement of or during hostilities, but in any case before actually
employing them, the names of the societies which it has authorized, under its
responsibility, to render assistance to the regular medical service of its armed
forces.

Art. 27. A recognized Society of a neutral country can only lend the assistance of
its medical personnel and units to a Party to the conflict with the previous
consent of its own Government and the authorization of the Party to the conflict
concerned. That personnel and those units shall be placed under the control of
that Party to the conflict.

The neutral Government shall notify this consent to the adversary of the State
which accepts such assistance. The Party to the conflict who accepts such
assistance is bound to notify the adverse Party thereof before making any use of
it.

In no circumstances shall this assistance be considered as interference in the

conflict.

The members of the personnel named in the first paragraph shall be duly
furnished with the identity cards provided for in Article 40 before leaving the
neutral country to which they belong.

Art. 28. Personnel designated in Articles 24 and 26 who fall into the hands of the
adverse Party, shall be retained only in so far as the state of health, the spiritual
needs and the number of prisoners of war require.

Personnel thus retained shall not be deemed prisoners of war. Nevertheless they
shall at least benefit by all the provisions of the Geneva Convention relative to
the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949. Within the framework of
the military laws and regulations of the Detaining Power, and under the authority
of its competent service, they shall continue to carry out, in accordance with their
professional ethics, their medical and spiritual duties on behalf of prisoners of
war, preferably those of the armed forces to which they themselves belong. They
shall further enjoy the following facilities for carrying out their medical or spiritual
duties:

(a) They shall be authorized to visit periodically the prisoners of war in labour
units or hospitals outside the camp. The Detaining Power shall put at their
disposal the means of transport required.
(b) In each camp the senior medical officer of the highest rank shall be
responsible to the military authorities of the camp for the professional activity of
the retained medical personnel. For this purpose, from the outbreak of hostilities,
the Parties to the conflict shall agree regarding the corresponding seniority of the
ranks of their medical personnel, including those of the societies designated in
Article 26. In all questions arising out of their duties, this medical officer, and the
chaplains, shall have direct access to the military and medical authorities of the
camp who shall grant them the facilities they may require for correspondence
relating to these questions.
(c) Although retained personnel in a camp shall be subject to its internal
discipline, they shall not, however, be required to perform any work outside their
medical or religious duties.

During hostilities the Parties to the conflict shall make arrangements for relieving
where possible retained personnel, and shall settle the procedure of such relief.

None of the preceding provisions shall relieve the Detaining Power of the
obligations imposed upon it with regard to the medical and spiritual welfare of the
prisoners of war.

Art. 29. Members of the personnel designated in Article 25 who have fallen into
the hands of the enemy, shall be prisoners of war, but shall be employed on their
medical duties in so far as the need arises.

Art. 30. Personnel whose retention is not indispensable by virtue of the

provisions of Article 28 shall be returned to the Party to the conflict to whom they
belong, as soon as a road is open for their return and military requirements
permit.

Pending their return, they shall not be deemed prisoners of war. Nevertheless
they shall at least benefit by all the provisions of the Geneva Convention relative
to the Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949. They shall continue to
fulfil their duties under the orders of the adverse Party and shall preferably be
engaged in the care of the wounded and sick of the Party to the conflict to which
they themselves belong.
On their departure, they shall take with them the effects, personal belongings,
valuables and instruments belonging to them.

Art. 31. The selection of personnel for return under Article 30 shall be made
irrespective of any consideration of race, religion or political opinion, but
preferably according to the chronological order of their capture and their state of
health.

As from the outbreak of hostilities, Parties to the conflict may determine by

special agreement the percentage of personnel to be retained, in proportion to
the number of prisoners and the distribution of the said personnel in the camps.

Art. 32. Persons designated in Article 27 who have fallen into the hands of the
adverse Party may not be detained.

Unless otherwise agreed, they shall have permission to return to their country, or
if this is not possible, to the territory of the Party to the conflict in whose service
they were, as soon as a route for their return is open and military considerations
permit.

Pending their release, they shall continue their work under the direction of the
adverse Party; they shall preferably be engaged in the care of the wounded and
sick of the Party to the conflict in whose service they were. On their departure,
they shall take with them their effects personal articles and valuables and the
instruments, arms and if possible the means of transport belonging to them.

The Parties to the conflict shall secure to this personnel, while in their power, the
same food, lodging, allowances and pay as are granted to the corresponding
personnel of their armed forces. The food shall in any case be sufficient as
regards quantity, quality and variety to keep the said personnel in a normal state
of health.

Chapter V. Buildings and Material

Art. 33. The material of mobile medical units of the armed forces which fall into
the hands of the enemy, shall be reserved for the care of wounded and sick.

The buildings, material and stores of fixed medical establishments of the armed
forces shall remain subject to the laws of war, but may not be diverted from their
purpose as long as they are required for the care of wounded and sick.
Nevertheless, the commanders of forces in the field may make use of them, in
case of urgent military necessity, provided that they make previous arrangements
for the welfare of the wounded and sick who are nursed in them.
The material and stores defined in the present Article shall not be intentionally
destroyed.

Art. 34. The real and personal property of aid societies which are admitted to the
privileges of the Convention shall be regarded as private property.

The right of requisition recognized for belligerents by the laws and customs of
war shall not be exercised except in case of urgent necessity, and only after the
welfare of the wounded and sick has been ensured.

Chapter VI. Medical Transports

Art. 35. Transports of wounded and sick or of medical equipment shall be

respected and protected in the same way as mobile medical units.

Should such transports or vehicles fall into the hands of the adverse Party, they
shall be subject to the laws of war, on condition that the Party to the conflict who
captures them shall in all cases ensure the care of the wounded and sick they
contain.

The civilian personnel and all means of transport obtained by requisition shall be
subject to the general rules of international law.

Art. 36. Medical aircraft, that is to say, aircraft exclusively employed for the
removal of wounded and sick and for the transport of medical personnel and
equipment, shall not be attacked, but shall be respected by the belligerents, while
flying at heights, times and on routes specifically agreed upon between the
belligerents concerned.

They shall bear, clearly marked, the distinctive emblem prescribed in Article 38,
together with their national colours on their lower, upper and lateral surfaces.
They shall be provided with any other markings or means of identification that
may be agreed upon between the belligerents upon the outbreak or during the
course of hostilities.

Unless agreed otherwise, flights over enemy or enemy-occupied territory are

prohibited.

Medical aircraft shall obey every summons to land. In the event of a landing thus
imposed, the aircraft with its occupants may continue its flight after examination,
if any.

In the event of an involuntary landing in enemy or enemy-occupied territory, the

wounded and sick, as well as the crew of the aircraft shall be prisoners of war.
The medical personnel shall be treated according to Article 24 and the Articles
following.

Art. 37. Subject to the provisions of the second paragraph, medical aircraft of
Parties to the conflict may fly over the territory of neutral Powers, land on it in
case of necessity, or use it as a port of call. They shall give the neutral Powers
previous notice of their passage over the said territory and obey all summons to
alight, on land or water. They will be immune from attack only when flying on
routes, at heights and at times specifically agreed upon between the Parties to
the conflict and the neutral Power concerned.

The neutral Powers may, however, place conditions or restrictions on the

passage or landing of medical aircraft on their territory. Such possible conditions
or restrictions shall be applied equally to all Parties to the conflict.

Unless agreed otherwise between the neutral Power and the Parties to the
conflict, the wounded and sick who are disembarked, with the consent of the
local authorities, on neutral territory by medical aircraft, shall be detained by the
neutral Power, where so required by international law, in such a manner that they
cannot again take part in operations of war. The cost of their accommodation and
internment shall be borne by the Power on which they depend.

Chapter VII. The Distinctive Emblem

Art. 38. As a compliment to Switzerland, the heraldic emblem of the red cross on
a white ground, formed by reversing the Federal colours, is retained as the
emblem and distinctive sign of the Medical Service of armed forces.

Nevertheless, in the case of countries which already use as emblem, in place of

the red cross, the red crescent or the red lion and sun on a white ground, those
emblems are also recognized by the terms of the present Convention.

Art. 39. Under the direction of the competent military authority, the emblem shall
be displayed on the flags, armlets and on all equipment employed in the Medical
Service.

Art. 40. The personnel designated in Article 24 and in Articles 26 and 27 shall
wear, affixed to the left arm, a water-resistant armlet bearing the distinctive
emblem, issued and stamped by the military authority.

Such personnel, in addition to wearing the identity disc mentioned in Article 16,
shall also carry a special identity card bearing the distinctive emblem. This card
shall be water-resistant and of such size that it can be carried in the pocket. It
shall be worded in the national language, shall mention at least the surname and
first names, the date of birth, the rank and the service number of the bearer, and
shall state in what capacity he is entitled to the protection of the present
Convention. The card shall bear the photograph of the owner and also either his
signature or his finger-prints or both. It shall be embossed with the stamp of the
military authority.

The identity card shall be uniform throughout the same armed forces and, as far
as possible, of a similar type in the armed forces of the High Contracting Parties.
The Parties to the conflict may be guided by the model which is annexed, by way
of example, to the present Convention. They shall inform each other, at the
outbreak of hostilities, of the model they are using. Identity cards should be made
out, if possible, at least in duplicate, one copy being kept by the home country.

In no circumstances may the said personnel be deprived of their insignia or

identity cards nor of the right to wear the armlet. In case of loss, they shall be
entitled to receive duplicates of the cards and to have the insignia replaced.

Art. 41. The personnel designated in Article 25 shall wear, but only while carrying
out medical duties, a white armlet bearing in its centre the distinctive sign in
miniature; the armlet shall be issued and stamped by the military authority.

Military identity documents to be carried by this type of personnel shall specify

what special training they have received, the temporary character of the duties
they are engaged upon, and their authority for wearing the armlet.

Art. 42. The distinctive flag of the Convention shall be hoisted only over such
medical units and establishments as are entitled to be respected under the
Convention, and only with the consent of the military authorities. In mobile units,
as in fixed establishments, it may be accompanied by the national flag of the
Party to the conflict to which the unit or establishment belongs.

Nevertheless, medical units which have fallen into the hands of the enemy shall
not fly any flag other than that of the Convention. Parties to the conflict shall take
the necessary steps, in so far as military considerations permit, to make the
distinctive emblems indicating medical units and establishments clearly visible to
the enemy land, air or naval forces, in order to obviate the possibility of any
hostile action.

Art. 43. The medical units belonging to neutral countries, which may have been
authorized to lend their services to a belligerent under the conditions laid down in
Article 27, shall fly, along with the flag of the Convention, the national flag of that
belligerent, wherever the latter makes use of the faculty conferred on him by
Article 42.

Subject to orders to the contrary by the responsible military authorities, they may
on all occasions fly their national flag, even if they fall into the hands of the
adverse Party.
Art. 44. With the exception of the cases mentioned in the following paragraphs of
the present Article, the emblem of the red cross on a white ground and the words
" Red Cross" or " Geneva Cross " may not be employed, either in time of peace
or in time of war, except to indicate or to protect the medical units and
establishments, the personnel and material protected by the present Convention
and other Conventions dealing with similar matters. The same shall apply to the
emblems mentioned in Article 38, second paragraph, in respect of the countries
which use them. The National Red Cross Societies and other societies
designated in Article 26 shall have the right to use the distinctive emblem
conferring the protection of the Convention only within the framework of the
present paragraph.

Furthermore, National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion and Sun) Societies
may, in time of peace, in accordance with their national legislation, make use of
the name and emblem of the Red Cross for their other activities which are in
conformity with the principles laid down by the International Red Cross
Conferences. When those activities are carried out in time of war, the conditions
for the use of the emblem shall be such that it cannot be considered as
conferring the protection of the Convention; the emblem shall be comparatively
small in size and may not be placed on armlets or on the roofs of buildings.

The international Red Cross organizations and their duly authorized personnel
shall be permitted to make use, at all times, of the emblem of the red cross on a
white ground.

As an exceptional measure, in conformity with national legislation and with the

express permission of one of the National Red Cross (Red Crescent, Red Lion
and Sun) Societies, the emblem of the Convention may be employed in time of
peace to identify vehicles used as ambulances and to mark the position of aid
stations exclusively assigned to the purpose of giving free treatment to the
wounded or sick.

Chapter VIII. Execution of the Convention

Art. 45. Each Party to the conflict, acting through its Commanders-in-Chief, shall
ensure the detailed execution of the preceding Articles, and provide for
unforeseen cases, in conformity with the general principles of the present
Convention.

Art. 46. Reprisals against the wounded, sick, personnel, buildings or equipment
protected by the Convention are prohibited.

Art. 47. The High Contracting Parties undertake, in time of peace as in time of
war, to disseminate the text of the present Convention as widely as possible in
their respective countries, and, in particular, to include the study thereof in their
programmes of military and, if possible, civil instruction, so that the principles
thereof may become known to the entire population, in particular to the armed
fighting forces, the medical personnel and the chaplains.

Art. 48. The High Contracting Parties shall communicate to one another through
the Swiss Federal Council and, during hostilities, through the Protecting Powers,
the official translations of the present Convention, as well as the laws and
regulations which they may adopt to ensure the application thereof.

Chapter IX. Repression of Abuses and Infractions

Art. 49. The High Contracting Parties undertake to enact any legislation
necessary to provide effective penal sanctions for persons committing, or
ordering to be committed, any of the grave breaches of the present Convention
defined in the following Article.

Each High Contracting Party shall be under the obligation to search for persons
alleged to have committed, or to have ordered to be committed, such grave
breaches, and shall bring such persons, regardless of their nationality, before its
own courts. It may also, if it prefers, and in accordance with the provisions of its
own legislation, hand such persons over for trial to another High Contracting
Party concerned, provided such High Contracting Party has made out a prima
facie case.

Each High Contracting Party shall take measures necessary for the suppression
of all acts contrary to the provisions of the present Convention other than the
grave breaches defined in the following Article.

In all circumstances, the accused persons shall benefit by safeguards of proper

trial and defence, which shall not be less favourable than those provided by
Article 105 and those following, of the Geneva Convention relative to the
Treatment of Prisoners of War of 12 August 1949.

Art. 50. Grave breaches to which the preceding Article relates shall be those
involving any of the following acts, if committed against persons or property
protected by the Convention: wilful killing, torture or inhuman treatment, including
biological experiments, wilfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or
health, and extensive destruction and appropriation of property, not justified by
military necessity and carried out unlawfully and wantonly.

Art. 51. No High Contracting Party shall be allowed to absolve itself or any other
High Contracting Party of any liability incurred by itself or by another High
Contracting Party in respect of breaches referred to in the preceding Article.

Art. 52. At the request of a Party to the conflict, an enquiry shall be instituted, in a
manner to be decided between the interested Parties, concerning any alleged
violation of the Convention.

If agreement has not been reached concerning the procedure for the enquiry, the
Parties should agree on the choice of an umpire who will decide upon the
procedure to be followed.

Once the violation has been established, the Parties to the conflict shall put an
end to it and shall repress it with the least possible delay.

Art. 53. The use by individuals, societies, firms or companies either public or
private, other than those entitled thereto under the present Convention, of the
emblem or the designation " Red Cross " or " Geneva Cross " or any sign or
designation constituting an imitation thereof, whatever the object of such use,
and irrespective of the date of its adoption, shall be prohibited at all times.

By reason of the tribute paid to Switzerland by the adoption of the reversed

Federal colours, and of the confusion which may arise between the arms of
Switzerland and the distinctive emblem of the Convention, the use by private
individuals, societies or firms, of the arms of the Swiss Confederation, or of
marks constituting an imitation thereof, whether as trademarks or commercial
marks, or as parts of such marks, or for a purpose contrary to commercial
honesty, or in circumstances capable of wounding Swiss national sentiment, shall
be prohibited at all times.

Nevertheless, such High Contracting Parties as were not party to the Geneva
Convention of 27 July 1929, may grant to prior users of the emblems,
designations, signs or marks designated in the first paragraph, a time limit not to
exceed three years from the coming into force of the present Convention to
discontinue such use provided that the said use shall not be such as would
appear, in time of war, to confer the protection of the Convention.

The prohibition laid down in the first paragraph of the present Article shall also
apply, without effect on any rights acquired through prior use, to the emblems
and marks mentioned in the second paragraph of Article 38.

Art. 54. The High Contracting Parties shall, if their legislation is not already
adequate, take measures necessary for the prevention and repression, at all
times, of the abuses referred to under Article 53

Final Provisions

Art. 55. The present Convention is established in English and in French. Both
texts are equally authentic.
The Swiss Federal Council shall arrange for official translations of the
Convention to be made in the Russian and Spanish languages.

Art. 56. The present Convention, which bears the date of this day, is open to
signature until 12 February 1950, in the name of the Powers represented at the
Conference which opened at Geneva on 21 April 1949; furthermore, by Powers
not represented at that Conference but which are Parties to the Geneva
Conventions of 1864, 1906 or 1929 for the Relief of the Wounded and Sick in
Armies in the Field.

Art. 57. The present Convention shall be ratified as soon as possible and the
ratifications shall be deposited at Berne. A record shall be drawn up of the
deposit of each instrument of ratification and certified copies of this record shall
be transmitted by the Swiss Federal Council to all the Powers in whose name the
Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been notified.

Art. 58. The present Convention shall come into force six months after not less
than two instruments of ratification have been deposited.

Thereafter, it shall come into force for each High Contracting Party six months
after the deposit of the instrument of ratification.

Art. 59. The present Convention replaces the Conventions of 22 August 1864, 6
July 1906, and 27 July 1929, in relations between the High Contracting Parties.

Art. 60. From the date of its coming into force, it shall be open to any Power in
whose name the present Convention has not been signed, to accede to this
Convention.

Art. 61. Accessions shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, and
shall take effect six months after the date on which they are received.

The Swiss Federal Council shall communicate the accessions to all the Powers
in whose name the Convention has been signed, or whose accession has been
notified.

Art. 62. The situations provided for in Articles 2 and 3 shall give immediate effect
to ratifications deposited and accessions notified by the Parties to the conflict
before or after the beginning of hostilities or occupation. The Swiss Federal
Council shall communicate by the quickest method any ratifications or
accessions received from Parties to the conflict.

Art. 63. Each of the High Contracting Parties shall be at liberty to denounce the
present Convention.

The denunciation shall be notified in writing to the Swiss Federal Council, which
shall transmit it to the Governments of all the High Contracting Parties.

The denunciation shall take effect one year after the notification thereof has been
made to the Swiss Federal Council. However, a denunciation of which notification
has been made at a time when the denouncing Power is involved in a conflict
shall not take effect until peace has been concluded, and until after operations
connected with release and repatriation of the persons protected by the present
Convention have been terminated.

The denunciation shall have effect only in respect of the denouncing Power. It
shall in no way impair the obligations which the Parties to the conflict shall
remain bound to fulfil by virtue of the principles of the law of nations, as they
result from the usages established among civilized peoples, from the laws of
humanity and the dictates of the public conscience.

Art. 64. The Swiss Federal Council shall register the present Convention with the
Secretariat of the United Nations. The Swiss Federal Council shall also inform
the Secretariat of the United Nations of all ratifications, accessions and
denunciations received by it with respect to the present Convention.

In witness whereof the undersigned, having deposited their respective full

powers, have signed the present Convention.

Done at Geneva this twelfth day of August 1949, in the English and French
languages. The original shall be deposited in the archives of the Swiss
Confederation. The Swiss Federal Council shall transmit certified copies thereof
to each of the Signatory and Acceding States.

Annex I. Draft Agreement Relating to Hospital Zones and Localities

Article 1. Hospital zones shall be strictly observed for the persons named in
Article 23 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the
Wounded and Sick in the Armed Forces in the Field of 12 August 1949, and for
the personnel entrusted with the organization and administration of these zones
and localities, and with the care of the persons therein assembled.

Nevertheless, persons whose permanent residence is within such zones shall

have the right to stay there.

Art. 2. No persons residing, in whatever capacity, in a hospital zone shall perform

any work, either within or without the zone, directly connected with military
operations or the production of war material.

Art. 3. The Power establishing a hospital zone shall take all necessary measures
to prohibit access to all persons who have no right of residence or entry therein.
Art. 4. Hospital zones shall fulfil the following conditions:
(a) They shall comprise only a small part of the territory governed by the Power
which has established them.
(b) They shall be thinly populated in relation to the possibilities of
accommodation.
(c) They shall be far removed and free from all military objectives, or large
industrial or administrative establishments.
(d) They shall not be situated in areas which, according to every probability, may
become important for the conduct of the war.

Art. 5. Hospital zones shall be subject to the following obligations:

(a) The lines of communication and means of transport which they possess shall
not be used for the transport of military personnel or material, even in transit.
(b) They shall in no case be defended by military means.

Art. 6. Hospital zones shall be marked by means of red crosses (red crescents,
red lions and suns) on a white background placed on the outer precincts and on
the buildings. They may be similarly marked at night by means of appropriate
illumination.

Art. 7. The Powers shall communicate to all High Contracting Parties in

peacetime or on the outbreak of hostilities, a list of the hospital zones in the
territories governed by them. They shall also give notice of any new zones set up
during hostilities.

As soon as the adverse Party has receive the above-mentioned notification, the
zone shall be regularly constituted.

If, however, the adverse Party considers that the conditions of the present
agreement have not been fulfilled, it may refuse to recognize the zone by giving
immediate notice thereof to the Party responsible for the said Zone, or may make
its recognition of such zone dependent upon the institution of the control provided
for in Article 8.

Art. 8. Any Power having recognized one of several hospital zones instituted by
the adverse Party shall be entitled to demand control by one or more Special
Commissioners, for the purpose of ascertaining if the zones fulfil the conditions
and obligations stipulated in the present agreement.

For this purpose, the members of the Special Commissions shall at all times
have free access to the various zones and may even reside there permanently.
They shall be given all facilities for their duties of inspection.

Art. 9. Should the Special Commissions note any facts which they consider
contrary to the stipulations of the present agreement, they shall at once draw the
attention of the Power governing the said zone to these facts, and shall fix a time
limit of five days within which the matter should be rectified. They shall duly notify
the Power who has recognized the zone.

If, when the time limit has expired, the Power governing the zone has not
complied with the warning, the adverse Party may declare that it is no longer
bound by the present agreement in respect of the said zone.

Art. 10. Any Power setting up one or more hospital zones and localities, and the
adverse Parties to whom their existence has been notified, shall nominate or
have nominated by neutral Powers, the persons who shall be members of the
Special Commissions mentioned in Articles 8 and 9,

Art. 11. In no circumstances may hospital zones be the object of attack. They
shall be protected and respected at all times by the Parties to the conflict.

Art. 12. In the case of occupation of a territory, the hospital zones therein shall
continue to be respected and utilized as such.

Their purpose may, however, be modified by the Occupying Power, on condition

that all measures are taken to ensure the safety of the persons accommodated.

Art. 13. The present agreement shall also apply to localities which the Powers
may utilize for the same purposes as hospital zones.

Annex II.
Identity Card for Members of Medical and Religious Personnel attached to the
Armed Forces