INDEX 427

INDEX

– halogenation mechanism 381

A – Isomerisation 382
Acid rain 409, 410 – ozonolysis 391
Acidic dehydration of alcohols 388 – pyrolysis 382
Activating groups 403 – reaction with steam 382
Acyclic compounds 339 Alkenes 384
Alicyclic compounds 339 – addition of dihydrogen 388
Alkali metals 300 – addition of hydrogen halides 389
– atomic radii 300 – addition of hydrogen halides, mechanism 389
– chemical properties 301 – addition of sulphuric acid 390
– halides 303 – addition of water 391
– hydration enthalpy 300 – chemical properties 388
– hydroxides 303 – geometrical isomers 386
– ionic radii 300 – oxidation 391
– ionisation enthalpy 300 – physical properties 389
– oxides 303 – position isomerism 386
– physical properties 300 – preparation 387
– reactivity towards air 301 – structural isomerism 385
– reactivity towards dihydrogen 302 Alkynes 392
– reactivity towards halogens 302 – acidic characters 394
– reactivity towards water 302 – addition of dihydrogen 395
– reducing nature 302 – addition of halogens 395
– salts of oxoacids 303 – addition of hydrogen halides 395
– solution in liquid ammonia 302 – addition of water 395
– uses 302 – addition reaction 394
Alkaline earth metals 306 – cyclic polymerisation 396
– atomic radii 306 – linear polymerisation 395
– carbonates 309 – polymerisation 395
– chemical properties 308 – preparation 393
Allotropes of carbon 325
– electronic configuration 306
Aluminium 317, 318, 322
– halides 309
Aluminium, uses 322
– hydration enthalpies 307
Angle of tortion 384
– hydroxides 309
Anti Markovnikov rule 390
– ionic radii 306
Arenes 396
– ionisation enthalpies 307
Arenium ion, formation 401
– nitrates 309
Arenium ion, stabilisation 401
– oxides 309 Aromatic compounds 339
– physical properties 307 Aromaticity 399
– reactivity towards air 308 Atmospheric pollution 407
– reactivity towards halogens 308
– reactivity towards water 308
– reducing nature 308 B
– salts of oxoacids 309 Baking soda 306
– solution in liquid ammonia 308 Balancing of redox reaction 274
– uses 308 Benzene 396
– sulphates 309
– Friedel-crafts alkylation 400
Alkanes 374 – chemical properties 400
– aromatisation 382 – combustion 402
– chain isomerism 386 – electrophilic substitution 400
– combustion 381
– Friedel–crafts acylation 400
– controlled oxidation 382 – mechanism of electrophilic substitution 401
– geometrical isomerism 386 – nitration 400
– halogenation 380

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– physical properties 400 Conformations, relative stability 384

– preparation 399 Crystallisation 356
– resonance 398
– stability
– structure
398
397
D
– sulphonation 400 Deactivating groups 403
Benzenoid aromatic compounds 339 Decarboxylation 379
Benzenoids 396 Decomposition reaction 270
Beryllium 306 Dehalogenation 388
– anomalous behaviour 310 Detection of Carbon 362
– diagonal relationship with aluminium 310 Detection of hydrogen 362
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) 415 Deuterium 285
Biological importance of calcium 312 Diamond 325
Biological importance of magnesium 312 Diborane 321
Biological importance of potassium 306 Differential extraction 360
Biological importance of sodium 306 Dihedral angle 383
Bond line structural formula 336 Dihydrogen 285
Borax 320 Dihydrogen, as a fuel 289, 294
Borohydrides 322 Dihydrogen, chemical properties 286
Boron, anomalous properties 320 Dihydrogen, commercial production 286
Boron, uses 322 Dihydrogen, laboratory preparation 286
Branched chain hydrocarbons 341 Dihydrogen, physical properties 286
Dihydroges, uses 287
Directive influence of functional groups 402
C Displacement reaction 270
Calcium 306, 307 Disproportionation reaction 272
– hydroxide 311 Distillation under reduced pressure 358
– oxide 310 Distillation 357
– sulphate (Plaster of Paris) 311 Dry ice 328
– sulphate 311
Carbocation
Carbon
349
322, 323, 325
E
– allotropes 325 Effects of depletion of the ozone layer 414
– anomalous behaviour 325 Electrochemical series 267
– uses 327 Electrodes 278
Carbon monoxide 327 Electrode potential 278
Carbon dioxide 328 Electrode process 277
Carcinogenicity 403 Electromeric effect 355
Catenation 325 Electron deficient molecules 319
Caustic soda 305 Electronic configuration,
Cement 312 – p-block elements 315, 317
Cement, setting 312 – s-block elements 299
Cement, uses 312 Electrophile 350
Chain isomerism 348 Electrophilic reaction 350
Chain isomers, alkanes 375 Electrophilic substitution reaction 400
Characteristic features of double bond 335 β-Elimination reaction 388
Chemical pollutants 415 Environment pollution, control 418
Chromatography 360 Environmental pollution 406
Chromatography, adsorption 360 Estimation of halogens, Carius method 367
Chromatography, column 360 Estimation of nitrogen, Dumas method 364
Chromatography, partition 361 Estimation of nitrogen, Kjeldahl’s method 365
Chromatography, thin layer 361 Estimation of oxygen 368
Cis-isomer 386 Estimation of phosphorous 368
Combination reactions 270 Estimation of sulphur 367
Compressed natural gas (CNG) 373 Eutrophication 415
Condensed Structural formula 336
Conformation 383
Conformation Eclipsed 383
F
Conformation Staggered 383 Fractional distillation 357
Conformational isomers 383 Fullerenes 325

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Functional group isomerism 348 – reducing action in acidic medium 294

Functional groups 340 – reducing action in basic medium 294
– storage 294
– structure 294
G – uses 294
Gaseous air pollutants 407 Hydrogen storage 289
Global warming 408 Hydrogenation 378
Graphite 326 Hydrolysis 291
Green chemistry 419 Hyperconjugation 355
Green house effect 328, 408
Group 13 elements, atomic radii 317
– chemical properties 318 I
– electronegativity 318 Ice structure 290
– ionisation enthalpy 317 Inductive effect 352
– oxidation states 318 Industrial waste 417
– physical properties 318 Inert pair effect 315
– reactivity towards acids 319 Inner core 315
– reactivity towards air 319 International standard for drinking water 415
– reactivity towards alkalies 319 Ionisation enthalpy, s-block elements 300
– reactivity towards halogens 320 Isomerism 348, 374
– trends in chemical reactivity 318 Isotopes 285
Group 14 elements, chemical properties 324
– covalent radius
– electronegativity
323
323
K
Kekulé, structure 397
– electronic configuration 323
Kharash effect 390
– ionization enthalpy 323
– oxidation states 324 Kolbe’s electrolytic method 379
– physical properties 323
– reactivity towards halogens 324 L
– reactivity towards oxygen 324 Lassaigne’s test 362
– reactivity towards water 324 Liquified petroleum gas (LPG) 373
– trends in chemical reactivity 324 Lithium 300, 301, 304
– anomalus properties 304
H – difference from alkali metals 304
Heavy hydrogen 285 – points of similarities with magnesium 304
Heterolytic cleavage 349
Homologous series 340, 374 M
Homolytic cleavage 349, 350 Markovnikov rule 389
Hückel rule 399 Meta directing groups 403
Hydrate formation 291 Metal activity series 267
Hydration enthalpy s-block elements 300 Metal carbonyles 328
Hydrides 288 Metamerism 349
– covalent 288 Methyl carbocation 350
– interstitial 289 Molecular models 338
– ionic 288 Monomers 392
– electron precise 288
– electron rich 288
– metallic 289 N
– molecular 288 Newman projections of ethane 383
– non-stoichiometric 289 Nomenclature 340
– saline 288 – alkanes 374
Hydrogen economy 295 – alkenes 384
Hydrogen peroxide 293 – arenes 396
– chemical properties 294 – IUPAC system 340
– oxidising action in acidic medium 294 – of substituted benzene compounds 346
– oxidising action in basic medium 294 Non-benzenoid compound 339
– physical properties 293 Nucleophiles 350
– preparation 293 Nucleophilic reaction 350

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Silicon dioxide 328

O Silicones 329
Ortho directing groups 402 Slaked lime 311
Orthoboric acid 320 Smog 411
Oxidant 269 Sodium carbonate 304
Oxidation number 267 Sodium carbonate, properties 305
Oxidation state 268 Sodium chloride 305
Oxidation 265, 268 Sodium hydrogencarbonate 306
Ozone hole 413 Sodium hydroxide 305
Soil pollution 416
P Standard electrode potential 278, 279
Para directing groups 402 Steam distillation 359
Particulate pollutant 411 Stereoisoisomers, alkenes 349
Permanent hardness 292 Stereoisomerisms 349
– removal by calagon’s method 292 Stock notation 269
– removal by ion exhange method 292 Straight chain hydrocarbons 341
– removal by synthetic resins 292 Stratospheric pollution 413
Peroxide effect 390 Structural isomerism 348
Photochemical smog 413 Structural isomers, alkanes 375
Photochemical smog control 413 Structure of double bond 384
Photochemical smog, effects 412 Structure of triple bond 393
Photosynthesis 328 Sublimation 356
Plaster of paris 311 Syngas 286
Polar reaction 350 Synthesis gas 286, 327
Polymerisation 391
Portland cement 312 T
Position isomerism 348
Temporary hardness 292
Potassium 300, 301, 306
Test for halogens 363
Producer gas 327
Test for nitrogen 362
Protium 285
Test for phosphorous 363
Test for sulphur 363
Q Tortional strain 383, 384
Quantitative analysis for carbon 363 Trans-isomer 386
Quantitative analysis for halogens 367 Tritium 285
Quantitative analysis for hydrogen 363 Tropospheric pollution 407
Quantitative analysis for nitrogen 364
Quick lime 310
W
Washing soda 304
R Water, amphoteric nature 291
Redox couple 278 Water, chemical properties 291
Redox reactions 263, 269, 291 Water, hard 291
Redox reactions, type 270 Water, heavy 294
Reducing Agent 265, 269 Water gas 327
Reductant 269 Water pollution 414
Reduction 265, 269 Water pollution, causes 414
Resonance effect 354
Water, hydrate formation 291
Resonance stabilisation energy 353
Water, in hydrolysis reactions 291
Resonance structure 353
Water, physical properties 289
Rf value 361
Water, Soft 291
Rotamers 383
Water, structure 290
Water-gas shift reaction 286
S Wurtz reaction 379
Sawhorse projections of ethane 383
Sigma complex 401
Silicates 330 Z
Silicic acid 325 Zeolites 330

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