Activity Data Type

Number of beatings from Wife Discrete

Results of rolling a dice Discrete
Weight of a person Continuous
Weight of Gold Continuous
Distance between two places Continuous
Length of a leaf Continuous
Dog's weight Continuous
Blue Color Categorical
Number of kids Discrete
Number of tickets in Indian railways Discrete
Number of times married Discrete
Gender (Male or Female) Categorical
Q1) Identify the Data type for the Following:

Q2) Identify the Data types, which were among the following
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio.
Data Data Type
Gender Nominal
High School Class Ranking Ordinal
Celsius Temperature Interval
Weight Ratio
Hair Color Nominal
Socioeconomic Status Ordinal
Fahrenheit Temperature Interval
Height Ratio
Type of living accommodation Ordinal
Level of Agreement Ordinal
IQ(Intelligence Scale) Interval
Sales Figures Interval
Blood Group Nominal
Time Of Day Interval
Time on a Clock with Hands Interval
Number of Children Ratio
Religious Preference Ordinal
Barometer Pressure Interval
SAT Scores Interval
Years of Education Interval

Q3) Three Coins are tossed, find the probability that two heads and one tail are
obtained?
Ans- There coins are tossed so the possibility of outcomes will be: HHH, HHT,
HTH, THH, TTT, TTH, THT and HTT
The probability of getting two Heads and one tail = (interested events / total no of
outcomes) = 3/8 = 37 %
In Python
def event_probability(event_outcomes, sample_space):
probability = (event_outcomes / sample_space) * 100
return round(probability, 1)
tevents = 8
ievents = 3
HT_probability = event_probability(ievents,tevents)
print('Probability of getting 2 heads & 1 tails is:',str(HT_probability) + '%')
Probability of getting 2 heads & 1 tails is: 37.5%

Q4) Two Dice are rolled, find the probability that sum is
a) Equal to 1
b) Less than or equal to 4
c) Sum is divisible by 2 and 3
Ans –
Two Dice are rolled, so the no of outcomes = 6 * 6 = 36
a) When we rolled two dice the probability of sum is minimum 2, because it
starts from (1,1) so the probability that sum is equal to 1 = ZERO

b) The probability that sum is less than or equal to 4

 According to above condition the outcomes are (1,1),(1,2),(1,3),(2,1),(2,2)
and (3,1)
So now the probability that sum is less than or equal to 4 = 6/36 =16.66 %

c) The probability that sum is divisible by 2 and 3

For the above condition the outcomes are: (1,5),(2,4),(3,3),(4,2),(5,1),(6,6)
So now the probability that sum is divisible by 2 and 3 = 6/36 = 16.66%

Q5) A bag contains 2 red, 3 green and 2 blue balls. Two balls are drawn at
random. What is the probability that none of the balls drawn is blue?
Ans-
Total number of balls = (2 + 3 + 2) = 7
Let S be the sample space
Then, n(S) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of 7
n(S)=7C2
n(S)=(7×6) / (2×1)= 21

Let E = Event of 2 balls, none of which is blue

∴ n(E) = Number of ways of drawing 2 balls out of (2 + 3) balls
n(E)=5C2
n(E)=(5×4) / (2×1) = 10
∴P(E)=n(E) /n(S)=10 /21

Q6) Calculate the Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
Below are the probabilities of count of candies for children (ignoring the nature of
the child-Generalized view)
CHILD Candies count Probability
A 1 0.015
B 4 0.20
C 3 0.65
D 5 0.005
E 6 0.01
 F 2 0.120
Child A – probability of having 1 candy = 0.015.
Child B – probability of having 4 candies = 0.20
Ans –
Expected number of candies for a randomly selected child
= (1 x 0.015) + (4 x 0.20) + (3 x 0.65) + (5 x 0.005) + (6 x 0.01) + (2 x 0.12)
= 0.015 + 0.8 + 1.95 + 0.025 + 0.06 + 0.24 = 3.09

Q7) Calculate Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, Range &
comment about the values / draw inferences, for the given dataset
- For Points, Score, Weigh>
Find Mean, Median, Mode, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Range
and also Comment about the values/ Draw some inferences.
Use Q7.csv file
Ans-
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv('D:\\Study\\Assignments\\Q7.csv')
df
df.describe()
df.var()
Points Score Weigh
Mean 3.596563 3.217250 17.848750
Median 3.695000 3.325000 17.710000
Mode 3.92 3.44 17.02
Variance(s2) 0.285881 0.957379 3.193166
Standard 0.534679 0.978457 1.786943
Deviation(s)
Range 2.17 3.911 8.4

Inferences:
Here in this case of different models of cars data, most type of cars have average
points of 3.596563 , score of 3.217150 and weigh of 17.848750. Also here in this
scenario the standard deviation is very low in points and score so chances of
presence of outliers in both the case is very low and comparing to weigh there is
little bit higher standard deviation so may be some outliers are present.
Somehow data points in every case have less spread so most of the data points lie
near to the median.

Q8) Calculate Expected Value for the problem below

a) The weights (X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds), are
108, 110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
Assume one of the patients is chosen at random. What is the Expected
Value of the Weight of that patient?
Ans:
The weights(X) of patients at a clinic (in pounds) are 108,110, 123, 134, 135, 145,
167, 187 and 199
There are 9 patients and also their weights are different
So the probability of choose each patient = 1/9
Here E(X) - 108,110, 123, 134, 135, 145, 167, 187, 199
P(X) - 1/9, 1/9, 1/9, 1/9, 1/9, 1/9, 1/9, 1/9, 1/9
Expected Value = ∑ (probability x Value)
 ∑ P(x).E(x)
Expected Value = ((1/9) x 108) + ((1/9) x 110) + ((1/9) x 123) + ((1/9) x 134) +
((1/9) x 135) + ((1/9) x 145) + ((1/9) x 167) + ((1/9) x 187) + ((1/9) x 199)
= (1/9) x (108 + 110 + 123 + 134 + 135 + 145 + 167 + 187 + 199)
= (1/9) x (1308)
= 145.33 ~ 145
Q9) Calculate Skewness, Kurtosis & draw inferences on the following data
Cars speed and distance
Use Q9_a.csv
Ans:
import pandas as pd
Q9_a = pd.read_csv("D:\\Study\\Assignments\\Q9_a.csv")
Q9_a
Q9_a.skew(axis = 0, skipna = True)
Q9_a.kurt(axis = 0, skipna = True)
Skewness of car speed = -0.117510
Skewness of distance = 0.806895
Kurtosis of car speed = -0.508994
Kurtosis of distance = 0.405053

Inferences:
 For car speed skewness is negative and also the kurtosis is negative, which
suggests that the distribution is more towards left. It means the distribution
is left skewed or negative skewed. Here in negative skewed mean is less
than median. As taking kurtosis into consideration it shows that the
distribution has broad peak and thin tail.
 For the distance travel by the car skewness is positive and also the kurtosis
is positive, which suggests that the distribution is more towards right. It
means the distribution is right skewed or positive skewed. Here in positive
skewed mean is greater than median. As taking kurtosis into consideration
it shows that the distribution has pointed peak and wide tail.
SP and Weight (WT)
Use Q9_b.csv
Ans:
import pandas as pd
Q9_b = pd.read_csv("D:\\Study\\Assignments\\Q9_b.csv")
Q9_b
 Q9_b.skew(axis = 0, skipna = True)
Q9_b.kurt(axis = 0, skipna = True)

Skewness of SP = 1.611450
Skewness of WT = -0.614753
Kurtosis of SP = 2.977329
Kurtosis of WT = 0.950291
Inferences:
 For SP skewness is positive and also the kurtosis is positive, which suggests
that the distribution is more towards right. It means the distribution is right
skewed or positive skewed. Here in positive skewed mean is greater than
median. As taking kurtosis into consideration it shows that the distribution
has pointed peak and wide tail.
 For WT skewness is negative and the kurtosis is positive, which suggests
that the distribution is more towards left. It means the distribution is left
skewed or negative skewed. Here in negative skewed mean is less than
median.
Q10) Draw inferences about the following boxplot & histogram
Inference:
From this above Histogram and Box plot, it shows that the distribution has
outliers at the end (means in histogram tail side and in box plot at in upper
extreme). The distribution is positive skewed or right skewed.

Q11) Suppose we want to estimate the average weight of an adult male in

Mexico. We draw a random sample of 2,000 men from a population of
3,000,000 men and weigh them. We find that the average person in our
sample weighs 200 pounds, and the standard deviation of the sample is 30
pounds. Calculate 94%,98%,96% confidence interval?

Ans:

Here total no of sample men(n) = 2000

The avg weight of person in sample(X̅) = 200

Standard deviation of sample(δ ) = 30

σ
Confidence Interval = x́ ± z n
√
For 94% of CI value Z score = 1.89

Confidence interval for 94% = 200 ± (1.89 x (30/√ 2000))

=198.73 to 201.27

For 98% of CI value Z score = 2.33

Confidence interval for 98% = 200 ± (2.33 x (30/√ 2000))

=198.43 to 201.56

For 96% of CI value Z score = 2.06

Confidence interval for 96% = 200 ± (2.06 x (30/√ 2000))

=198.62 to 201.38

OR in Python

1.
from scipy import stats
import numpy as np
from math import sqrt
ci_94 = stats.norm.interval(0.94,200,scale = (30/sqrt(2000)))
print('Weight at 94% confidence interval is:',np.round(ci_94,4))
Weight at 94% confidence interval is: [198.7383 201.2617]
2.
ci_98 = stats.norm.interval(0.98,200,scale = (30/sqrt(2000)))
print('Weight at 98% confidence interval is:',np.round(ci_98,4))
Weight at 98% confidence interval is: [198.4394 201.5606]
3.
ci_98 = stats.norm.interval(0.98,200,scale = (30/sqrt(2000)))
print('Weight at 98% confidence interval is:',np.round(ci_98,4))
Weight at 96% confidence interval is: [198.6223 201.3777]

Q12) Below are the scores obtained by a student in tests

34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56
1) Find mean, median, variance, standard deviation.
Ans:
import pandas as pd
import statistics as sts
st = [34,36,36,38,38,39,39,40,40,41,41,41,41,42,42,45,49,56]
sts.mean(st)
sts.median(st)
round(sts.variance(st),4)
round(sts.stdev(st),4)
Mean = 41
Median = 40.5
Variance = 25.5294
Standard Deviation = 5.0527

2) What can we say about the student marks?

Ans: The student score 41 mark most of the time. He scores average 41 mark.
Q13) What is the nature of skewness when mean, median of data are equal?
Ans- The Nature of skewness is zero.
Q14) What is the nature of skewness when mean > median ?
Ans- When mean > median, the nature of skewness is Positive. It means right
skewed.
Q15) What is the nature of skewness when median > mean?
Ans- When the median > mean, the nature of skewness is Negative. It means left
skewed.
Q16) What does positive kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Ans- Positive kurtosis indicates that the distribution is peaked and possess thick
tails. It means most of the data located on the tail side. And it also indicates that
the distribution has heavier tails than the normal distribution.
Q17) What does negative kurtosis value indicates for a data?
Ans- Negative kurtosis value for a data indicates that the distribution has lighter
tails than the normal distribution.
Q18) Answer the below questions using the below boxplot visualization.

What can we say about the distribution of the data?

Ans: Most of the data distributed between of “10 to 18.3”.
What is nature of skewness of the data?
Ans: Nature of skewness of the data is Negative Skewness. It means left skewed.
What will be the IQR of the data (approximately)?
Ans: IQR = 8.2 (approximately). 50 % of data lies in between IQR range.

Q19) Comment on the below Boxplot visualizations?

Draw an Inference from the distribution of data for Boxplot 1 with respect
Boxplot 2.
Ans: From the both box plot the mean is around 262.5 for both cases. The
distribution in both the cases looks like symmetric distribution. We can also say
that both the box plot are normally distributed.
Q 20) Calculate probability from the given dataset for the below cases

Data _set: Cars.csv

Calculate the probability of MPG of Cars for the below cases.
MPG <- Cars$MPG
a. P(MPG>38) =
b. P(MPG<40)
c. P (20<MPG<50)
In Python:
import pandas as pd
cars = pd.read_csv('D:\\Study\\Assignments\\Cars.csv')
cars.head()
HP MPG VOL SP WT
0 49 53.700681 89 104.185353 28.762059
1 55 50.013401 92 105.461264 30.466833
2 55 50.013401 92 105.461264 30.193597
3 70 45.696322 92 113.461264 30.632114
4 53 50.504232 92 104.461264 29.889149
cars["MPG"].mean()
34.422075728024666
cars["MPG"].std()
9.131444731795982

#a. P(MPG>38)
 from scipy import stats
1-stats.norm.cdf(38,34.42,9.13)
0.34748702501304063
#b. P(MPG<40)
stats.norm.cdf(40,34.42,9.13)
0.7294571279557076
#c. P(20<MPG<50)
stats.norm.cdf(50,34.42,9.13)-stats.norm.cdf(20,34.42,9.13)
0.8989177824549222

Q 21) Check whether the data follows normal distribution

a) Check whether the MPG of Cars follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: Cars.csv
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
plt.boxplot(cars['MPG'])

plt.hist(cars['MPG'])
From this above box plot and histogram we can say the MPG of Cars follows
normal distribution.

b) Check Whether the Adipose Tissue (AT) and Waist Circumference(Waist)

from wc-at data set follows Normal Distribution
Dataset: wc-at.csv
Ans:
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
wc_at = pd.read_csv('D:\\Study\\Assignments\\wc-at.csv')
plt.hist(wc_at["AT"])
plt.boxplot(wc_at["AT"])

plt.hist(wc_at["Waist"])
plt.boxplot(wc_at["Waist"])

From the above histogram and box plot for both AT & Waist of wc-at data
set , it shows that both AT & Waist follows normal distribution.

Q 22) Calculate the Z scores of 90% confidence interval,94% confidence

interval, 60% confidence interval.
Ans:
from scipy import stats
 stats.norm.ppf(0.95)
Z scores of 90% confidence interval = 1.65
from scipy import stats
stats.norm.ppf(0.97)
Z scores of 94% confidence interval = 1.89
from scipy import stats
stats.norm.ppf(0.80)
Z scores of 60% confidence interval = 0.85

Q 23) Calculate the t scores of 95% confidence interval, 96% confidence

interval, 99% confidence interval for sample size of 25.
Ans:
from scipy import stats
stats.t.ppf(0.975,24)
t score of 95% confidence interval for sample size of 25 = 2.064
from scipy import stats
stats.t.ppf(0.98,24)
t score of 96% confidence interval for sample size of 25 = 2.172
from scipy import stats
stats.t.ppf(0.995,24)
t score of 99% confidence interval for sample size of 25 = 2.797

Q 24) A Government company claims that an average light bulb lasts 270
days. A researcher randomly selects 18 bulbs for testing. The sampled bulbs
last an average of 260 days, with a standard deviation of 90 days. If the
CEO's claim were true, what is the probability that 18 randomly selected
bulbs would have an average life?

of no more than 260 days

Hint:

rcode  pt(tscore,df)
df  degrees of freedom

Ans:

Population mean,µ = 270

Sample size, n = 18

Sample mean, x̅ = 260

Standard deviation, s =90

t score = (x̅- µ)/(s/sqrt(n))

=(260-270)/(90/sqrt(18))

= -10/21.23

= -0.47

df= degrees of freedom = n-1 = 18-1= 17

Probability
pt(tscore,df)
pt(-0.47,17)
ans = 0.3221639