Python String

Python string is the collection of the characters surrounded by single quotes, double quotes, or
triple quotes. The computer does not understand the characters; internally, it stores manipulated
character as the combination of the 0's and 1's.

Each character is encoded in the ASCII or Unicode character. So we can say that Python strings
are also called the collection of Unicode characters.

In Python, strings can be created by enclosing the character or the sequence of characters in the
quotes. Python allows us to use single quotes, double quotes, or triple quotes to create the string.

Consider the following example in Python to create a string.

Syntax:

1. str = "Hi Python !"    

Here, if we check the type of the variable str using a Python script

1. print(type(str)), then it will print a string (str).    

In Python, strings are treated as the sequence of characters, which means that Python doesn't
support the character data-type; instead, a single character written as 'p' is treated as the string of
length 1.

Creating String in Python

We can create a string by enclosing the characters in single-quotes or double- quotes. Python
also provides triple-quotes to represent the string, but it is generally used for multiline string or
docstrings.

1. #Using single quotes  
2. str1 = 'Hello Python'  
3. print(str1)  
4. #Using double quotes  
5. str2 = "Hello Python"  
6. print(str2)  
7.   
8. #Using triple quotes  
9. str3 = '''''Triple quotes are generally used for  
10.     represent the multiline or 
11.     docstring'''   
12. print(str3)  
Strings indexing and splitting
Like other languages, the indexing of the Python strings starts from 0. For example, The string
"HELLO" is indexed as given in the below figure.

Consider the following example:

1. str = "HELLO"  
2. print(str[0])  
3. print(str[1])  
4. print(str[2])  
5. print(str[3])  
6. print(str[4])  
7. # It returns the IndexError because 6th index doesn't exist  
8. print(str[6])  

As shown in Python, the slice operator [] is used to access the individual characters of the string.
However, we can use the : (colon) operator in Python to access the substring from the given
string. Consider the following example.
Here, we must notice that the upper range given in the slice operator is always exclusive i.e., if
str = 'HELLO' is given, then str[1:3] will always include str[1] = 'E', str[2] = 'L' and nothing else.

Consider the following example:

1. # Given String  
2. str = "JAVATPOINT"  
3. # Start Oth index to end  
4. print(str[0:])  
5. # Starts 1th index to 4th index  
6. print(str[1:5])  
7. # Starts 2nd index to 3rd index  
8. print(str[2:4])  
9. # Starts 0th to 2nd index  
10. print(str[:3])  
11. #Starts 4th to 6th index  
12. print(str[4:7])  
We can do the negative slicing in the string; it starts from the rightmost character, which is
indicated as -1. The second rightmost index indicates -2, and so on. Consider the following
image.

Consider the following example

1. str = 'JAVATPOINT'  
2. print(str[-1])  
3. print(str[-3])  
4. print(str[-2:])  
5. print(str[-4:-1])  
6. print(str[-7:-2])  
7. # Reversing the given string  
8. print(str[::-1])  
9. print(str[-12])  

Output:

T
I
NT
OIN
ATPOI
TNIOPTAVAJ
IndexError: string index out of range

Reassigning Strings
Updating the content of the strings is as easy as assigning it to a new string. The string object
doesn't support item assignment i.e., A string can only be replaced with new string since its
content cannot be partially replaced. Strings are immutable in Python.

Consider the following example.

Example 1

1. str = "HELLO"    
2. str[0] = "h"    
3. print(str)    

Output:

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "12.py", line 2, in <module>
str[0] = "h";
TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

However, in example 1, the string str can be assigned completely to a new content as specified
in the following example.

Example 2

1. str = "HELLO"    
2. print(str)    
3. str = "hello"    
4. print(str)    

Output:

HELLO
hello

Deleting the String

As we know that strings are immutable. We cannot delete or remove the characters from the
string.  But we can delete the entire string using the del keyword.

1. str = "JAVATPOINT"  
2. del str[1]  

Output:

TypeError: 'str' object doesn't support item deletion

Now we are deleting entire string.

 1. str1 = "JAVATPOINT"  
2. del str1  
3. print(str1)  

Output:

NameError: name 'str1' is not defined

String Operators
Operato Description
r
+ It is known as concatenation operator used to join the strings given either side of
the operator.
* It is known as repetition operator. It concatenates the multiple copies of the same
string.
[] It is known as slice operator. It is used to access the sub-strings of a particular
string.
[:] It is known as range slice operator. It is used to access the characters from the
specified range.
in It is known as membership operator. It returns if a particular sub-string is present
in the specified string.
not in It is also a membership operator and does the exact reverse of in. It returns true if
a particular substring is not present in the specified string.
r/R It is used to specify the raw string. Raw strings are used in the cases where we
need to print the actual meaning of escape characters such as "C://python". To
define any string as a raw string, the character r or R is followed by the string.
% It is used to perform string formatting. It makes use of the format specifiers used
in C programming like %d or %f to map their values in python. We will discuss
how formatting is done in python.

Example

Consider the following example to understand the real use of Python operators.

1. str = "Hello"     
2. str1 = " world"    
3. print(str*3) # prints HelloHelloHello    
4. print(str+str1)# prints Hello world     
5. print(str[4]) # prints o                
6. print(str[2:4]); # prints ll                    
7. print('w' in str) # prints false as w is not present in str    
8. print('wo' not in str1) # prints false as wo is present in str1.     
9. print(r'C://python37') # prints C://python37 as it is written    
10. print("The string str : %s"%(str)) # prints The string str : Hello     
Output:

HelloHelloHello
Hello world
o
ll
False
False
C://python37
The string str : Hello

Python String Formatting

Escape Sequence

Let's suppose we need to write the text as - They said, "Hello what's going on?"- the given
statement can be written in single quotes or double quotes but it will raise the SyntaxError as it
contains both single and double-quotes.

Example
Consider the following example to understand the real use of Python operators.

1. str = "They said, "Hello what's going on?""  
2. print(str)  

Output:

SyntaxError: invalid syntax

We can use the triple quotes to accomplish this problem but Python provides the escape
sequence.

The backslash(/) symbol denotes the escape sequence. The backslash can be followed by a
special character and it interpreted differently. The single quotes inside the string must be
escaped. We can apply the same as in the double quotes.

Example -

1. # using triple quotes  
2. print('''''They said, "What's there?"''')  
3.   
4. # escaping single quotes  
5. print('They said, "What\'s going on?"')  
6.   
7. # escaping double quotes  
8. print("They said, \"What's going on?\"")  
Output:

They said, "What's there?"

They said, "What's going on?"
They said, "What's going on?"

The list of an escape sequence is given below:

Sr Escape Sequence Description Example

.
1. \newline It ignores the new line. print("Python1 \
Python2 \
Python3")
Output:
Python1 Python2 Python3
2. \\ Backslash print("\\")
Output:
\
3. \' Single Quotes print('\'')
Output:
'
4. \\'' Double Quotes print("\"")
Output:
"
5. \a ASCII Bell print("\a")
6. \b ASCII Backspace(BS) print("Hello \b World")
Output:
Hello World
7. \f ASCII Formfeed print("Hello \f World!")
Hello World!
8. \n ASCII Linefeed print("Hello \n World!")
Output:
Hello
World!
9. \r ASCII Carriege Return(CR) print("Hello \r World!")
Output:
World!
10 \t ASCII Horizontal Tab print("Hello \t World!")
. Output:
Hello World!
11 \v ASCII Vertical Tab print("Hello \v World!")
. Output:
Hello
World!
12 \ooo Character with octal value print("\110\145\154\154\157")
Output:
. Hello
13 \xHH Character with hex value. print("\x48\x65\x6c\x6c\x6f")
Output:
Hello

Here is the simple example of escape sequence.

 1. print("C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32\\Lib")  
2. print("This is the \n multiline quotes")  
3. print("This is \x48\x45\x58 representation")  

Output:

C:\Users\DEVANSH SHARMA\Python32\Lib
This is the
multiline quotes
This is HEX representation

We can ignore the escape sequence from the given string by using the raw string. We can do this
by writing r or R in front of the string. Consider the following example.

1. print(r"C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32")  

Output:

C:\\Users\\DEVANSH SHARMA\\Python32

The format() method

The format() method is the most flexible and useful method in formatting strings. The curly
braces {} are used as the placeholder in the string and replaced by the format() method
argument. Let's have a look at the given an example:

1. # Using Curly braces  
2. print("{} and {} both are the best friend".format("Devansh","Abhishek"))  
3.   
4. #Positional Argument  
5. print("{1} and {0} best players ".format("Virat","Rohit"))  
6.   
7. #Keyword Argument  
8. print("{a},{b},{c}".format(a = "James", b = "Peter", c = "Ricky"))  

Output:

Devansh and Abhishek both are the best friend

Rohit and Virat best players
James,Peter,Ricky

Python String Formatting Using % Operator

Python allows us to use the format specifiers used in C's printf statement. The format specifiers
in Python are treated in the same way as they are treated in C. However, Python provides an
additional operator %, which is used as an interface between the format specifiers and their
values. In other words, we can say that it binds the format specifiers to the values.
Consider the following example.

1. Integer = 10;    
2. Float = 1.290    
3. String = "Devansh"    
4. print("Hi I am Integer ... My value is %d\nHi I am float ... My value is %f\nHi I am string 
... My value is %s"%(Integer,Float,String))    

Output:

Hi I am Integer ... My value is 10

Hi I am float ... My value is 1.290000
Hi I am string ... My value is Devansh

Python String functions

Python provides various in-built functions that are used for string handling. Many String fun

Method Description
capitalize() It capitalizes the first character of the String. This
function is deprecated in python3
casefold() It returns a version of s suitable for case-less
comparisons.
center(width ,fillchar) It returns a space padded string with the original string
centred with equal number of left and right spaces.
count(string,begin,end) It counts the number of occurrences of a substring in a
String between begin and end index.
decode(encoding = 'UTF8', errors = Decodes the string using codec registered for encoding.
'strict')
encode() Encode S using the codec registered for encoding.
Default encoding is 'utf-8'.
endswith(suffix It returns a Boolean value if the string terminates with
,begin=0,end=len(string)) given suffix between begin and end.
expandtabs(tabsize = 8) It defines tabs in string to multiple spaces. The default
space value is 8.
find(substring ,beginIndex, It returns the index value of the string where substring is
endIndex) found between begin index and end index.
format(value) It returns a formatted version of S, using the passed
value.
index(subsring, beginIndex, It throws an exception if string is not found. It works
endIndex) same as find() method.
isalnum() It returns true if the characters in the string are
alphanumeric i.e., alphabets or numbers and there is at
least 1 character. Otherwise, it returns false.
isalpha() It returns true if all the characters are alphabets and there
 is at least one character, otherwise False.
isdecimal() It returns true if all the characters of the string are
decimals.
isdigit() It returns true if all the characters are digits and there is
at least one character, otherwise False.
isidentifier() It returns true if the string is the valid identifier.
islower() It returns true if the characters of a string are in lower
case, otherwise false.
isnumeric() It returns true if the string contains only numeric
characters.
isprintable() It returns true if all the characters of s are printable or s
is empty, false otherwise.
isupper() It returns false if characters of a string are in Upper case,
otherwise False.
isspace() It returns true if the characters of a string are white-
space, otherwise false.
istitle() It returns true if the string is titled properly and false
otherwise. A title string is the one in which the first
character is upper-case whereas the other characters are
lower-case.
isupper() It returns true if all the characters of the string(if exists)
is true otherwise it returns false.
join(seq) It merges the strings representation of the given
sequence.
len(string) It returns the length of a string.
ljust(width[,fillchar]) It returns the space padded strings with the original
string left justified to the given width.
lower() It converts all the characters of a string to Lower case.
lstrip() It removes all leading whitespaces of a string and can
also be used to remove particular character from leading.
partition() It searches for the separator sep in S, and returns the part
before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the
separator is not found, return S and two empty strings.
maketrans() It returns a translation table to be used in translate
function.
replace(old,new[,count]) It replaces the old sequence of characters with the new
sequence. The max characters are replaced if max is
given.
rfind(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It is similar to find but it traverses the string in backward
direction.
rindex(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It is same as index but it traverses the string in backward
direction.
rjust(width,[,fillchar]) Returns a space padded string having original string
right justified to the number of characters specified.
rstrip() It removes all trailing whitespace of a string and can
also be used to remove particular character from trailing.
rsplit(sep=None, maxsplit = -1) It is same as split() but it processes the string from the
backward direction. It returns the list of words in the
string. If Separator is not specified then the string splits
according to the white-space.
split(str,num=string.count(str)) Splits the string according to the delimiter str. The string
splits according to the space if the delimiter is not
provided. It returns the list of substring concatenated
with the delimiter.
splitlines(num=string.count('\n')) It returns the list of strings at each line with newline
removed.
startswith(str,beg=0,end=len(str)) It returns a Boolean value if the string starts with given
str between begin and end.
strip([chars]) It is used to perform lstrip() and rstrip() on the string.
swapcase() It inverts case of all characters in a string.
title() It is used to convert the string into the title-case i.e., The
string meEruT will be converted to Meerut.
translate(table,deletechars = '') It translates the string according to the translation table
passed in the function .
upper() It converts all the characters of a string to Upper Case.
zfill(width) Returns original string leftpadded with zeros to a total of
width characters; intended for numbers, zfill() retains
any sign given (less one zero).
rpartition()