© MCS Electronics, 1995-2007

© MCS Electronics , 1995-2007
BASCOM-8051 user manual

Introduction
by MCS Electronics
Dear reader.
Thank you for your interest in BASCOM.
BASCOM was "invented" in 1995. It was intended for personal usage only. I
decided to make it public as I found no other tool that was so simple to use.
Since that time, a lot of options and extensions were added. Without the help
and patience of the many users, BASCOM would not be what it is today :
"the best and most affordable tool for fast proto typing".
We hope that BASCOM will contribute in making your work with

microprocessors Easy and enjoyable.
The MCS Electronics Team

BASCOM-8051
© 2007 MCS Electronics
All rights reserved. No parts of this work may be reproduced in any form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or
mechanical, including photocopying, recording, taping, or information storage and retrieval systems - without the
written permission of the publisher.
Products that are referred to in this document may be either trademarks and/or registered trademarks of the
respective owners. The publisher and the author make no claim to these trademarks.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this document, the publisher and the author assume no
responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use of information contained in this document
or from the use of programs and source code that may accompany it. In no event shall the publisher and the author be
liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damage caused or alleged to have been caused directly or
indirectly by this document.
Printed: september 2007 in (whereever you are located)
Special thanks to:

Publisher
All the people who contributed to this document, all the forum
MCS Electronics
members that contributed in a positive way, all beta testers , and all
customers.
Managing Editor
M.C.Alberts
Technical Editors
M.C.Alberts
Cover Designer
B.F.de Graaff
4 BASCOM-8051
Table of Contents
Foreword 0
Part I INDEX 13
1 Table of contents
................................................................................................................................... 14
2 Keyword...................................................................................................................................
Reference 17
Part II Installing BASCOM-8051 21
Part III Updates 27
Part IV BASCOM IDE 37

1 RUNNING...................................................................................................................................
BASCOM-8051 37
2 BASCOM...................................................................................................................................
IDE 38
3 File New ................................................................................................................................... 39
4 File Open................................................................................................................................... 39
5 File Close................................................................................................................................... 40
6 File Save................................................................................................................................... 40
7 File Save...................................................................................................................................
As... 40
8 File Print...................................................................................................................................
Preview 40
9 File Print................................................................................................................................... 41
10 File Exit ................................................................................................................................... 41
11 Edit Undo
................................................................................................................................... 42
12 Edit Redo................................................................................................................................... 42
13 Edit Copy................................................................................................................................... 42
14 Edit Cut ................................................................................................................................... 42
15 Edit Paste
................................................................................................................................... 43
16 Edit Find................................................................................................................................... 43
17 Edit Find...................................................................................................................................
Next 43
18 Edit Replace
................................................................................................................................... 44
19 Edit Goto................................................................................................................................... 44
20 Edit Indent
...................................................................................................................................
Block 45
21 Edit Unindent
...................................................................................................................................
Block 45
22 Editor Keys
................................................................................................................................... 46
23 Program ...................................................................................................................................
Compile 47
24 Program ...................................................................................................................................
Syntax check 47
25 Program ...................................................................................................................................
Show Result 48
26 Program ...................................................................................................................................
Simulate 49
27 Program ...................................................................................................................................
Send to chip 52
28 Tools Terminal
...................................................................................................................................
Emulator 53
29 Tools LCD
...................................................................................................................................
designer 54

Contents 5
30 Tools Graphic
...................................................................................................................................
Converter 54
31 Tools LIB...................................................................................................................................
Manager 55
32 Tools Triscent
...................................................................................................................................
Converter 56
33 Tools Export
...................................................................................................................................
to RTF 57
34 Options Compiler
...................................................................................................................................
Output 57
35 Options Compiler
...................................................................................................................................
Communication 58
36 Options Compiler
...................................................................................................................................
I2C 58
37 Options Compiler
...................................................................................................................................
LCD 59
38 Options Compiler
...................................................................................................................................
Misc 60
39 Options Communication
................................................................................................................................... 60
40 Options Environment
................................................................................................................................... 62
41 Options hardware
...................................................................................................................................
simulator 64
42 Options Programmer
................................................................................................................................... 64
43 Options Monitor
................................................................................................................................... 65
44 Options Printer
................................................................................................................................... 66
45 Window cascade
................................................................................................................................... 66
46 Window Tile
................................................................................................................................... 67
47 Window arrange
...................................................................................................................................
icons 67
48 Window minimize
...................................................................................................................................
all 67
49 Help About
................................................................................................................................... 67
50 Help Index
................................................................................................................................... 67
51 Help on help
................................................................................................................................... 67
52 Help Shop
................................................................................................................................... 68
53 Help Forum
................................................................................................................................... 68
54 Help Support
................................................................................................................................... 68
55 Help Credits
................................................................................................................................... 68
Part V Language fundamentals 70

1 Language...................................................................................................................................
fundamentals 70
Part VI BASCOM Language Reference 77

1 BASCOM...................................................................................................................................
Statements 77
2 #IF ................................................................................................................................... 80
3 #ELSE ................................................................................................................................... 81
4 #ENDIF ................................................................................................................................... 82
5 1WIRE ................................................................................................................................... 83
6 1WIRECOUNT
................................................................................................................................... 84
7 1WSEARCHFIRST
................................................................................................................................... 85
8 1WSEARCHNEXT
................................................................................................................................... 87
9 $ASM - $END
...................................................................................................................................
ASM 88
10 $BAUD ................................................................................................................................... 89
11 $BGF ................................................................................................................................... 89
12 $CRYSTAL
................................................................................................................................... 91

6 BASCOM-8051
13 $DEFAULT
...................................................................................................................................
XRAM 92
14 $EXTERNAL
................................................................................................................................... 92
15 $INCLUDE
................................................................................................................................... 93
16 $IRAMSTART
................................................................................................................................... 94
17 $LARGE ................................................................................................................................... 94
18 $LIB ................................................................................................................................... 95
19 $LCD ................................................................................................................................... 95
20 $LCDRS ................................................................................................................................... 96
21 $MAP ................................................................................................................................... 97
22 $NOBREAK
................................................................................................................................... 97
23 $NOINIT ................................................................................................................................... 98
24 $NONAN................................................................................................................................... 98
25 $NONULL
................................................................................................................................... 99
26 $NORAMCLEAR
................................................................................................................................... 99
27 $NOSP ................................................................................................................................... 100
28 $OBJ ................................................................................................................................... 100
29 $RAMSIZE
................................................................................................................................... 101
30 $RAMTRON
................................................................................................................................... 101
31 $RAMSTART
................................................................................................................................... 103
32 $REGFILE
................................................................................................................................... 104
33 $ROMSTART
................................................................................................................................... 104
34 $SERIALINPUT
................................................................................................................................... 105
35 $SERIALINPUT2LCD
................................................................................................................................... 105
36 $SERIALOUTPUT
................................................................................................................................... 106
37 $SIM ................................................................................................................................... 107
38 $TIMEOUT
................................................................................................................................... 107
39 $WAIT ................................................................................................................................... 108
40 ALIAS ................................................................................................................................... 108
41 ABS ................................................................................................................................... 109
42 ASC ................................................................................................................................... 110
43 AVG ................................................................................................................................... 110
44 BAUD ................................................................................................................................... 111
45 BCD ................................................................................................................................... 112
46 BITWAIT................................................................................................................................... 112
47 BREAK ................................................................................................................................... 113
48 CALL ................................................................................................................................... 113
49 CHR ................................................................................................................................... 114
50 CLS ................................................................................................................................... 115
51 CONST ................................................................................................................................... 116
52 CONFIG................................................................................................................................... 116
53 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
1WIRE 117
54 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
ADUC812 117

Contents 7
55 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
BAUD 119
56 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
BAUD1 119
57 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
DEBOUNCE 120
58 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
I2CDELAY 120
59 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
GETRC 121
60 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
GRAPHLCD 121
61 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
LCDPIN 125
62 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
LCD 125
63 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
LCDBUS 126
64 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
MICROWIRE 127
65 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
PRINT 127
66 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
SCL 128
67 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
SDA 128
68 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
SERVOS 129
69 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
SPI 130
70 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
TIMER0, TIMER1 131
71 CONFIG...................................................................................................................................
WATCHDOG 132
72 COUNTER
................................................................................................................................... 132
73 CPEEK ................................................................................................................................... 134
74 CURSOR
................................................................................................................................... 135
75 DATA ................................................................................................................................... 136
76 DEBOUNCE
................................................................................................................................... 137
77 DECR ................................................................................................................................... 138
78 DECLARE
................................................................................................................................... 139
79 DEF ................................................................................................................................... 140
80 DEFLCDCHAR
................................................................................................................................... 140
81 DELAY ................................................................................................................................... 141
82 DIM ................................................................................................................................... 141
83 DISABLE
................................................................................................................................... 143
84 DISPLAY
................................................................................................................................... 143
85 DO ................................................................................................................................... 144
86 ELSE ................................................................................................................................... 144
87 ENABLE................................................................................................................................... 145
88 END ................................................................................................................................... 146
89 END IF ................................................................................................................................... 146
90 ERASE ................................................................................................................................... 147
91 EXIT ................................................................................................................................... 148
92 FOR ................................................................................................................................... 148
93 FOURTHLINE
................................................................................................................................... 149
94 FUSING................................................................................................................................... 150
95 GET ................................................................................................................................... 151
96 GETAD ................................................................................................................................... 152

8 BASCOM-8051
97 GETAD2051
................................................................................................................................... 153
98 GETRC ................................................................................................................................... 158
99 GETRC5................................................................................................................................... 160
100 GOSUB................................................................................................................................... 162
101 GOTO ................................................................................................................................... 163
102 HEX ................................................................................................................................... 163
103 HEXVAL................................................................................................................................... 164
104 HIGH ................................................................................................................................... 164
105 HIGHW ................................................................................................................................... 165
106 HOME ................................................................................................................................... 166
107 I2CRECEIVE
................................................................................................................................... 166
108 I2CSEND
................................................................................................................................... 167
109 I2C ................................................................................................................................... 168
110 IDLE ................................................................................................................................... 169
111 IF ................................................................................................................................... 169
112 INCR ................................................................................................................................... 171
113 INKEY ................................................................................................................................... 171
114 INP ................................................................................................................................... 173
115 INPUT ................................................................................................................................... 173
116 INPUTBIN
................................................................................................................................... 175
117 INPUTHEX
................................................................................................................................... 176
118 INSTR ................................................................................................................................... 177
119 LCASE ................................................................................................................................... 178
120 LCD ................................................................................................................................... 178
121 LCDINIT................................................................................................................................... 181
122 LCDHEX................................................................................................................................... 182
123 LEFT ................................................................................................................................... 183
124 LEN ................................................................................................................................... 183
125 LOAD ................................................................................................................................... 184
126 LOCATE................................................................................................................................... 185
127 LOOKUP
................................................................................................................................... 185
128 LOOKUPSTR
................................................................................................................................... 186
129 LOW ................................................................................................................................... 187
130 LOWW ................................................................................................................................... 188
131 LOWERLINE
................................................................................................................................... 188
132 MAKEBCD
................................................................................................................................... 189
133 MAKEDEC
................................................................................................................................... 189
134 MAKEINT
................................................................................................................................... 190
135 MAX ................................................................................................................................... 190
136 MID ................................................................................................................................... 191
137 MIN ................................................................................................................................... 192
138 MOD ................................................................................................................................... 192

Contents 9
139 MWINIT................................................................................................................................... 193

140 MWREAD
................................................................................................................................... 193
141 MWWOPCODE
................................................................................................................................... 194
142 MWWRITE
................................................................................................................................... 195
143 NEXT ................................................................................................................................... 196
144 ON interrupt
................................................................................................................................... 196
145 ON value
................................................................................................................................... 197
146 OPEN ................................................................................................................................... 198
147 OUT ................................................................................................................................... 200
148 PORT ................................................................................................................................... 201
149 PEEK ................................................................................................................................... 202
150 POKE ................................................................................................................................... 202
151 POWERDOWN
................................................................................................................................... 203
152 PRINT ................................................................................................................................... 203
153 PRINTBIN
................................................................................................................................... 204
154 PRINTHEX
................................................................................................................................... 205
155 PRIORITY
................................................................................................................................... 206
156 PSET ................................................................................................................................... 207
157 PUT ................................................................................................................................... 207
158 READ ................................................................................................................................... 208
159 READMAGCARD
................................................................................................................................... 209
160 REM ................................................................................................................................... 211
161 REPLACE
................................................................................................................................... 211
162 RESET ................................................................................................................................... 212
163 RESTORE
................................................................................................................................... 212
164 RETURN
................................................................................................................................... 213
165 RIGHT ................................................................................................................................... 214
166 RND ................................................................................................................................... 214
167 ROTATE................................................................................................................................... 215
168 SELECT................................................................................................................................... 216
169 SET ................................................................................................................................... 216
170 SHIFTCURSOR
................................................................................................................................... 217
171 SHIFT ................................................................................................................................... 217
172 SHIFTIN................................................................................................................................... 218
173 SHIFTLCD
................................................................................................................................... 219
174 SHOWPIC
................................................................................................................................... 220
175 SOUND ................................................................................................................................... 220
176 SOUNDEXT
................................................................................................................................... 221
177 SPACE ................................................................................................................................... 222
178 SPC ................................................................................................................................... 223
179 SPIIN ................................................................................................................................... 224
180 SPIINIT ................................................................................................................................... 224

10 BASCOM-8051
181 SPIOUT................................................................................................................................... 225

182 START ................................................................................................................................... 225
183 STOP ................................................................................................................................... 226
184 STOP Timer
................................................................................................................................... 226
185 STR ................................................................................................................................... 228
186 STRING................................................................................................................................... 228
187 SUB ................................................................................................................................... 229
188 SWAP ................................................................................................................................... 230
189 THIRDLINE
................................................................................................................................... 230
190 UCASE ................................................................................................................................... 231
191 UPPERLINE
................................................................................................................................... 232
192 VAL ................................................................................................................................... 232
193 VARPTR................................................................................................................................... 233
194 WAIT ................................................................................................................................... 233
195 WAITKEY
................................................................................................................................... 234
196 WAITMS................................................................................................................................... 234
197 WAITMSE
................................................................................................................................... 235
198 WATCHDOG
................................................................................................................................... 235
199 WHILE .....................................................................................................................................
WEND 236
Part VII Using assembly 239

1 Using assemly
................................................................................................................................... 239
2 Internal ...................................................................................................................................
registers 246
3 Initialization
................................................................................................................................... 248
Part VIII Additional Hardware 251

1 Additional
...................................................................................................................................
Hardware 251
2 Alternative
...................................................................................................................................
port-pin functions 256
3 Hardware
...................................................................................................................................
- LCD display 257
4 Hardware
...................................................................................................................................
- I2C 258
5 1WIRE INFO
................................................................................................................................... 258
Part IX Supported Programmers 264

1 MCS Flash
...................................................................................................................................
programmer 264
2 MCS SPI...................................................................................................................................
programmer 266
3 Blow IT ...................................................................................................................................
Flashprogrammer 267
4 PG2051...................................................................................................................................
flash programmer 267
5 PG302 programmer
................................................................................................................................... 268
6 SE512 or
...................................................................................................................................
SE514 programmer 269
7 SE-812 ................................................................................................................................... 270
8 Sample ...................................................................................................................................
Electronics ISP programmer 270
9 CYGNAL
...................................................................................................................................
JTAG Programmer 272
10 Futurelec
................................................................................................................................... 272

Contents 11
11 JPK Systems
...................................................................................................................................
X-programmer 272
12 Peter Averill's
...................................................................................................................................
TAFE programmer 273
13 STK200/300
...................................................................................................................................
ISP Programmer 274
14 Rhombus
...................................................................................................................................
SCE-51 275
15 SE511-SE516
...................................................................................................................................
programmer 276
Part X BASCOM Misc 279

1 Error messages
................................................................................................................................... 279
2 Compiler
...................................................................................................................................
Limits 282
3 Reserved
...................................................................................................................................
Words 283
Part XI Microprocessor support 288

1 Microprocessor
...................................................................................................................................
support 288
2 TIMER2................................................................................................................................... 289
3 DATA EEPROM
................................................................................................................................... 292
4 AT898252
...................................................................................................................................
WATCHDOG 292
5 WATCHDOG
...................................................................................................................................
80515 293
6 INTERRUPTS
...................................................................................................................................
and PRIORITY 80515 293
7 INTERRUPTS
...................................................................................................................................
and PRIORITY 80537 294
8 ADUC 812
................................................................................................................................... 294
9 89C51 ................................................................................................................................... 297
Part XII International Resellers 300

1 International
...................................................................................................................................
Resellers 300
Part XIII Third party hardware 302

1 Third party
...................................................................................................................................
Hardware 302
Grifo ......................................................................................................................................................... 302
Rhombus
......................................................................................................................................................... 309
Index 311

Part
I
INDEX 13
1 INDEX
© 1995-2007 MCS Electronics
Help Version 2.0.14.0
See Installing BASCOM-8051 21 for the installation procedure
MCS Electronics may update this documentation without notice.

Products specification and usage may change accordingly.
MCS Electronics will not be liable for any miss-information or errors found in this
document.
All software provided with this product package is provided 'AS IS' without any
warranty expressed or implied.
MCS Electronics will not be liable for any damages, costs or loss of profits arising
from the usage of this product package.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, for any
purpose, without written permission of MCS Electronics.
© MCS Electronics. All rights reserved.

14 BASCOM-8051
1.1 Table of contents

Installing BASCOM-8051 21
BASCOM IDE 38
Running BASCOM 8051 37
Updates 27
File
File New 39 , File Open 39 , File Close 40 , File Save 40 , File Save
As... 40
File Print 41 , File Print Preview 40 , File Exit 41
Edit
Edit Undo 42 , Edit Redo 42 , Edit Copy 42 , Edit Cut 42 , Edit Paste
43
Edit Find 43 , Edit Find Next 43 , Edit Replace 44 , Editor Keys 46 , Edit
Goto 44 , Edit Indent 45 , Edit Unindent 45
Program
Compile 47 , Syntax check 47 , Show Result 48 , Simulate 49 , Send
to chip 52
Tools
Terminal Emulator 53 , LCD designer 54 , Graphic Converter 54 , LIB Manager 55
, Export to RTF 57
Options
Compiler Output 57 , Compiler Communication 58 , Compiler I2C 58 , Compiler
LCD 59
Compiler Misc. 60 , Communication 60 , Environment 62
Hardware Simulator 64 , Programmer 64 , Monitor 65 , Printer 66
Window
Cascade 66 , Tile 67 , Arrange Icons 67 , Minimize all 67
Help
About 67 , Index 67 , Help on Help 67 , Credits 68 , Forum 68 , Shop 68 , Support
68
BASCOM Statements 77
Language Fundamentals 70
Internal Registers 246
Initialization 248

INDEX 15
Microprocessor support 288
Reserved Words 283
Errors 279
Programmers 52
Additional hardware 251
Compiler limits 282
ASM programming 239
International Resellers 300
Available third party hardware 302
Language Reference
-1-
1WRESET, 1WREAD, 1WWRITE 83 , 1WSEARCHFIRST 85 , 1WSEARCHNEXT 87 ,
1WIRECOUNT 84
-COMPILER DIRECTIVES-
#IF 80 , #ELSE 81 , #ENDIF 82 , $ASM - $END ASM 88 ,$INCLUDE 93 , $BAUD 89 ,
$BGF 89 , $CRYSTAL 91 , $DEFAULT XRAM 92 , $IRAMSTART 94 , $LARGE 94 , $LCD
95 , $MAP 97 , $NOBREAK 97 , $NOINIT 98 , $NONAN 98 , $NONULL 99 ,
$NORAMCLEAR 99 , $NOSP 100 , $OBJ 100 , $RAMSIZE 101 , $RAMSTART 103 , $REGFILE
104 , $ROMSTART 104 , $SERIALINPUT 105 , $SERIALINPUT2LCD 105 , $SERIALOUTPUT
106 , $SIM 107
-A-
ABS 109 , ALIAS 108 , ASC 110 , AVG 110
-B-
BITWAIT 112 , BCD 112 , BREAK 113
-C-
CALL 113 , CLOSE 198 , CLS 115 , CHR 114 , CONFIG 116 , CONST 116 ,COUNTER 132 ,
CPEEK 134 , CURSOR 135
-D-
DATA 136 , DEBOUNCE 137 , DECR 138 , DECLARE 139 , DEFINT 140 , DEFBIT 140 ,
DEFBYTE 140 , DEFLCDCHAR 140 , DEFWORD 140 , DELAY 141 , DIM 141 , DISABLE 143 ,
DISPLAY 143 , DO 144
-E-
ELSE 144 , ENABLE 145 , END 146 , END IF 146 , ERASE 147 , EXIT 148
-F-
FOR 148 , FOURTHLINE 149 , FUSING 150

16 BASCOM-8051
-G-
GET 151 , GETAD 152 , GETAD2051 153 , GETRC 158 , GETRC5 160 , GOSUB 162 , GOTO 163
-H-
HEX 163 , HEXVAL 164 , HIGH 164 , HIGHW 165 , HOME 166
-I-
I2CRECEIVE 166 , I2CSEND 167 , I2CSTART 168 , I2CSTOP 168 , I2CRBYTE 168 ,
I2CWBYTE 168 , IDLE 169 , IF 169 , INCR 171 , INKEY 171 , INP 173 , INPUT 173 , INPUTBIN
175 , INPUTHEX 176 , INSTR 177
-L-
LCASE 178 , LCD 178 , LCDINIT 181 , LCDHEX 182 , LEFT 183 , LEN 183 , LOAD 184 , LOCATE
185 , LOOKUP 185 , LOOKUPSTR 186 , LOOP 144 , LOW 187 , LOWW 188 , LOWERLINE 188
-M-
MAKEDEC 189 , MAKEBCD 189 , MAKEINT 190 , MAX 190 , MID 191 , MIN 192 , MOD 192
-N-
NEXT 196
-O-
ON Interrupt 196 , ON Value 197 , OPEN 198 , OUT 200
-P-
P1,P3 201 , PEEK 202 , POKE 202 , PSET 207 , POWERDOWN 203 , PRINT 203 , PRINTBIN 204
, PRINTHEX 205 , PRIORITY 206 , PUT 207
-R-
READ 208 , READMAGCARD 209 , REM 211 , REPLACE 211 , RESET 212 , RESTORE 212 ,
RETURN 213 , RIGHT 214 , RND 214 , ROTATE 215
-S-
SELECT 216 , SET 216 , SHIFT 217 , SHIFTCURSOR 217 , SHIFTIN 218 , SHIFTOUT 218 ,
SHIFTLCD 219 , SHOWPIC 220 , SOUND 220 , SOUNDEXT 221 , SPACE 222 , SPC 223 , SPIIN
224 , SPIOUT 225 , START 225 , STOP 226 , STOP TIMER 226 , STR 228 , STRING 228 , SUB
229 , SWAP 230
-T-
THEN 169 , THIRDLINE 230 , TO 148
-U-
UCASE 231 , UPPERLINE 232
-V-
VAL 232 , VARPTR 233

INDEX 17
-W-
WAIT 233 , WAITKEY 234 , WAITMS 234 , WAITMSE 235 , WHILE .. WEND 236
1.2 Keyword Reference

1WIRE
1Wire routines allow you to communicate with Dallas 1wire chips.
1WRESET, 1WREAD, 1WWRITE 83 , 1WSEARCHFIRST 85 , 1WSEARCHNEXT 87 ,
1WIRECOUNT 84
Conditions
Conditions execute a part of the program depending on the condition
IF 169 , ELSE 144 , END IF 146 , EXIT 148 , DO 144 , LOOP 144 , SELECT 216 , FOR 148 , NEXT
196 , TO 148 , THEN 169 , WHILE .. WEND 236
Configuration
Configuration command initialize the hardware to the desired state.
CONFIG 116
Conversion
A conversion routine is a function that converts a number or string.
ASC 110 , BCD 112 , CHR 114 , FUSING 150 , HEX 163 , HEXVAL 164 , HIGH 164 , HIGHW 165 ,
MAKEDEC 189 , MAKEBCD 189 , MAKEINT 190 , STR 228 , VAL 232
Delay
Delay routines delay the program for the specified time.
DELAY 141 , WAIT 233 , WAITMS 234
Directives
Directives are special instructions for the compiler. They can override a setting from
the IDE.
#IF 80 , #ELSE 81 , #ENDIF 82 , $ASM - $END ASM 88 ,$INCLUDE 93 , $BAUD 89 ,
$BGF 89 , $CRYSTAL 91 , $DEFAULT XRAM 92 , $IRAMSTART 94 , $LARGE 94 , $LCD
95 , $MAP 97 , $NOBREAK 97 , $NOINIT 98 , $NONAN 98 , $NONULL 99 ,
$NORAMCLEAR 99 , $NOSP 100 , $OBJ 100 , $RAMSIZE 101 , $RAMSTART 103 , $REGFILE
104 , $ROMSTART 104 , $SERIALINPUT 105 , $SERIALINPUT2LCD 105 , $SERIALOUTPUT
106 , $SIM 107
Graphical LCD
Graphical LCD commands extend the normal text LCD commands.
PSET 207 , SHOWPIC 220
I2C

18 BASCOM-8051
I2C commands allow you to communicate with I2C chips with the TWI hardware or
with emulated I2C hardware.
I2CRECEIVE 166 , I2CSEND 167 , I2CSTART 168 , I2CSTOP 168 , I2CRBYTE 168 ,
I2CWBYTE 168
Interrups
Interrupt related routines.
ON Interrupt 196 , ENABLE 145 , DISABLE 143 , PRIORITY 206
IO
I/O commands are related to the I/O pins of the processor.
ALIAS 108 , BITWAIT 112 , DEBOUNCE 137 , SET 216 , RESET 212
Math
Math functions
ABS 109 , AVG 110 , MAX 190 , MIN 192 , MOD 192
Micro
Micro statements are highly related to the micro processor.
BREAK 113 , P1,P3 201 , IDLE 169 , END 146 , POWERDOWN 203 , START 225 , STOP 226 ,
STOP TIMER 226
Memory
Memory functions set or read RAM , EEPROM or flash memory.
CPEEK 134 , ERASE 147 , INP 173 , OUT 200 , PEEK 202 , POKE 202 , DIM 141 , READ 208 ,
RESTORE 212 , DATA 136 , VARPTR 233
Remote control
Remote control statements send or receive IR commands for remote control.
GETRC5 160
RS-232
RS-232 are serial routines that use the UART or emulate a UART.
WAITKEY 234 , PRINT 203 , PRINTBIN 204 , PRINTHEX 205 , PUT 207 , OPEN 198 ,SPC 223 ,
INKEY 171 , INPUT 173 , INPUTBIN 175 , INPUTHEX 176 , GET 151 , CLOSE 198
SPI
SPI routines communicate according to the SPI protocol with either hardware SPI or
software emulated SPI.
SPIIN 224 , SPIOUT 225 , SPIINIT 224
String
String routines are used to manipulate strings.

INDEX 19
MID 191 , LCASE 178 , INSTR 177 , LEFT 183 , LEN 183 , RIGHT 214 , STRING 228 , REPLACE
211 , SPACE 222 , UCASE 231
Text LCD
Text LCD routines work with the normal text based LCD displays.
CLS , CURSOR 135 , FOURTHLINE 149 , HOME 166 , LCD 178 , LCDINIT 181 , LCDHEX
115
, LOCATE 185 , SHIFTLCD 219 , SHIFTCURSOR 217 ,DISPLAY 143 , LOWERLINE 188 ,
182
UPPERLINE 232 , THIRDLINE 230
Various
This section contains all statements that were hard to put into another group
CALL 113 , CONST 116 , COUNTER 132 , DECR 138 , DECLARE 139 , DEFINT 140 , DEFBIT
140 ,DEFBYTE 140 , DEFLCDCHAR 140 , DEFWORD 140 , GETAD 152 , GETAD2051 153 ,
GETRC 158 , , GOSUB 162 , GOTO 163 , INCR 171 , LOAD 184 , LOOKUP 185 , LOOKUPSTR
186 , LOW 187 , LOWW 188 , ON Value 197 , READMAGCARD 209 , REM 211 , RETURN 213 ,
RND 214 , ROTATE 215 , SHIFT 217 , SHIFTIN 218 , SHIFTOUT 218 , SOUND 220 , SUB 229 ,
SWAP 230

Part
II
2 Installing BASCOM-8051
After you have downloaded the software you need to UNZIP the downloaded file.
There is only one file named setup.exe
You may run this setup.exe from within the Windows Shell but it is important to
notice that when you use the commercial version, you MUST UNZIP the setup.exe
since you need to copy the license file to the same directory as setup.exe.
You must have Administrator rights in order to be able to run setup.
The opening screen looks like :
You need to click the Next-button to continue.
A license agreement will be shown. You need to read it and accept the agreement.
This is a no-nonsense agreement where you are allowed to install/copy on as many
computers as you want, providing that you use only one computer at the same
time.

22 BASCOM-8051
After clicking the 'I accept the agreeement' option, you need to click the Next-
button again to continue.
The readme.txt file is shown. Basicly it tells you to contact [email protected] in

case of a problem.
Click the Next-button again to continue with the setup.

You can now select where you want to Install BASCOM-8051.

The default is shown below.
Click the Next-button again to continue.
You can now select/enter the Program Group name. The default is shown below.
Click the Next-button again to continue.

24 BASCOM-8051
The files will now be installed.

A screenshot is shown below :
When the files are installed, the installer will install some addiitonal files :
Press the Next-Button to install the additional files. This will go quick in most cases.
When you install from CD-ROM the setup will also copy PDF datasheets. The
installation will take longer then.

When setup is completely finished it will show the last screen :
You MUST reboot your PC since it will install a driver needed for the programming.

Part
III
Updates 27
3 Updates
The update process is simple.
· Go to the main MCS website at http://www.mcselec.com
· In the left pane under 'Main Menu' you will find a link named 'Registration/
Updates'
Notice that the website uses two different accounts : one for the forum/shop and
one for the registration/updates. You will see the following screen:

28 BASCOM-8051
· Click the link and select 'Create new account'
You need to provide a username, password, email and full name. Company name is
optional. When you want to receive notifications when updates are available, select
this option.
When you filled in the information, click 'Submit Registration'.
· After you click submit, you can get various error messages. For example that a
username already exists. Press the Back-button in your browser, and correct the
error, then try again
· If the registration is successful you will get a message that the registration
succeeded.
· Now you can login. You will see the following screen :

Updates 29
· You need to chose 'Product registration'.

· The following screen will be shown:
· Select a product from the list.

· Enter the serial number
It is important that you enter a valid serial number. Do not try to enter serial
numbers from cracked versions. When you enter invalid serial numbers, you will
loose support and the ability to update.
The valid serial number is shown in the Help, About box.

30 BASCOM-8051
When the product is selected, the serial number is entered, and you press 'Register
product' you will see the following message :
· This does mean that you registered successfully.

· MCS Electronics will validate all registrations once in a few days. When the
product is validated you will receive an email. After you receive the email, you can
login to the register again.
· Now you need to select 'Download LIC files'. The following screen will be shown:

Updates 31
At the top you can see which products are registered, and which status they have.
When you want to do a FULL SETUP, you need to download the full version.
You do not need to uninstall a previous version. You can install an update into the
same directory or a new directory.
You can also order the same update on CD-ROM. You will be directed to the on line
shop. Notice that the shop uses a different account/username
The ZIP file you download contains only one setup.exe. You need to run this
executable.
It is also important that you put the license DLL into the same directory as setup.
exe
Setup will copy this file to the bascom application directory. You can also manual
copy this file.
The license file is on CD-ROM, diskette, or the media (email) you received it on. It is
only supplied once.
Without the file, bascom will not run.
The file is named bsc5132L.DLL for BASCOM-8051 and bscavrL.DLL for BASCOM-
AVR
When you got the license by email, it was zipped and probably had a different
extension. Consult the original installation instructions.
The file is only provided once, we can not, and do not provide it again.
See Installing BASCOM 21 on how to do a full install.
It is also possible to do a partial update. For example to update some DAT files, or
to update to a beta which is only available as an update.
For partial updates, you need the Update Wiz.

32 BASCOM-8051
When you do not have the Update Wiz, you can download it.
Unzip it to the same directory as BASCOM.
The Update Wiz uses LIC files which you can download. A LIC file is a text file, it is
not the LICENSE DLL !
Store the downloaded LIC file in the same directory as the Update Wiz.
When you store the Update Wiz into the same directory as BASCOM, the license DLL
already exist there.
When you put the Update Wiz and the LIC files into a separate directory, you need
to copy the BASCOM license DLL to this directory too.
When you run the Update Wiz, it will check for a new version and will download this
if available. It will then run again.

Updates 33
When the Update Wiz finds a LIC file, it will check if the update/install location is
specified. For new downloaded LIC files, the update wiz does not know the update
directory, and will ask for the directory you want to update. This can be any (new)
directory, but usually is the BASCOM application directory.
After you click Ok, the directory to update is stored in the LIC file.
It will not be asked again.
Click the Next button to start the update.

It depends on the downloaded LIC files how many products are found.
You will get a similar window :

34 BASCOM-8051
You need to select the product that you want to update. In the sample there is only
1 choice.
Press the Next-button to continue.
The Wiz will compare files on the web with your local files in the specified directory.
When it finds packages that are newer, they will be shown in a list. By default they
are all selected.
You can unselect the packages you do not want to update.
Press Next to download the selected packages.

Updates 35
During the download you will see the history file.

When all packages are downloaded, they will be installed/unzipped.
Press the Next-button to install the downloaded files.
During the installation you will see the progress.

When installation is ready, you need to press the Finish-button.
The Wiz can also backup all files it will replace.

Part
IV
BASCOM IDE 37
4 BASCOM IDE
4.1 RUNNING BASCOM-8051
When you run BASCOM-8051 the following window will appear.
The last saved/closed program will be loaded automatic.

When reformatting is enabled, the loaded program will be reformatted too.
This is only meaningful for programs written with another editor.
The BASCOM IDE is a so-called multi document application. This means that you can
open more than one source file. The operations that you perform are always done
on the current document, that is, the window with the focus.
The filename is shown in the caption of the window.
The status bar is separated in four panels.

· line, character position indicator
· modified indicator, to indicate that text has changed
· insert/overwrite indicator
· message panel
Some actions such as programming will make a progress indicator visible.

38 BASCOM-8051
4.2 BASCOM IDE

Running BASCOM 8051 37
File
File New 39
File Open 39
File Close 40
File Save 40
File Save As... 40
File Print 41
File Print Preview 40
File Exit 41
Edit
Edit Undo 42
Edit Redo 42
Edit Copy 42
Edit Cut 42
Edit Paste 43
Edit Find 43
Edit Find Next 43
Edit Replace 44
Editor Keys 46
Program
Compile 47
Syntax check 47
Show Result 48
Simulate 49
Send to chip 52
Tools
Terminal Emulator 53
LCD designer 54
Graphic Converter 54
LIB Manager 55
Options

BASCOM IDE 39
Compiler Output 57
Compiler Communication 58
Compiler I2C 58
Compiler LCD 59
Compiler Misc. 60
Communication 60
Environment 62
Hardware Simulator 64
Programmer 64
Monitor 65
Printer 66
Window
Cascade 66
Tile 67
Arrange Icons 67
Minimize all 67
Help
About 67
Index 67
Forum 68
Shop 68
Support 68
Credits 68
4.3 File New

Action
This option creates a new window in which you can write your program.
The focus is set to the new window. Depending on the environment settings, the
window is normal sized or maximized.
Note that you must save your program before you can compile it. Newly created
files will have the name [nonameX] in the window caption. Where X is a number
starting with 1 for the first editor window.
Before you can compile your program, you must give it a valid name.
4.4 File Open

Action
With this option, you can load an existing program from disk.
BASCOM saves files in ASCII format. Therefore, if you want to load a file, which is
made with another editor, be sure that it is saved as an ASCII file.
You can specify that BASCOM must reformat the file when it opens the file.
See Options Environment 62 options.

40 BASCOM-8051
This should only be necessary when loading files made with another editor.
Since saved/closed files are put in a so called 'recent file list' , you can also open a
file by selecting it from the File menu.
4.5 File Close

Action
Close current editor window. When changes are made, and they are not saved yet,
you will be asked to save your program.
4.6 File Save

Action
With this option, you can quick save your current program to disk.
If the program was created with the File New 39 option, you will be asked for a
filename first.
Use the File Save As 40 option to save the file with another name.
Note that the file is saved as an ASCII file.
4.7 File Save As...

Action
With this option, you can save your current program to disk.
You can enter a filename before your program is saved.
Note that the file is saved as an ASCII file.
4.8 File Print Preview

Action
This will display the print preview window.

BASCOM IDE 41
By clicking the Setup-button, you can change some printer properties. For margin
settings, you must use the Options Printer settings 66 . For a hardcopy, click the
Print-button.
See also
Print 41
4.9 File Print

Action
With this option, you can print the current program.
Note that the current program is the editor window, which has the focus.
See also
Print preview 40
4.10 File Exit

Action
With this option, you can leave BASCOM.
If you have made changes to your program, you can save them upon leaving
BASCOM.

42 BASCOM-8051
4.11 Edit Undo

Action
With this option you can undo the last change you made to your program.
By selecting this option again, you can undo the previous change to your program.
See also
Edit Redo 42
Shortcut
CTRL+Z
4.12 Edit Redo

Action
With this option you can redo the last undo action.
See also
Edit Undo 42
Shortcut
SHIFT+CTRL+Z
4.13 Edit Copy

Action
With this option, you can copy selected text into the clipboard. You can select text
by dragging the mouse cursor over the text or by Double clicking on a word.
Another possibility is to hold the shift key down and pressing the cursor keys.
Selected text is shown inverted.
Shortcut
CTRL+C and CTRL+INS
4.14 Edit Cut

Action
With this option, you can cut selected text into the clipboard.
The selected text is copied into the clipboard, and deleted from your program.
Shortcut
CTRL+T

BASCOM IDE 43
4.15 Edit Paste

Action
With this option, you can paste text from the clipboard into the current cursor
position.
Shortcut
CTRL+ V and SHIFT + INS
4.16 Edit Find

Action
With this option, you can search for text in your program. The following dialog
window will appear:
You can choose to search forward or backward. Optional you can search case
sensitive and for whole words.
Regular expressions are also supported.
Shortcut
CTRL+F
4.17 Edit Find Next

Action
With this option you can search for the next occurrence of the specified text.
When you didn't specify a search text, you will be asked for the text to find, with the
windows find-dialog.
See Also

44 BASCOM-8051
Edit Find 43
Shortcut
F3
4.18 Edit Replace

Action
With this option, you can replace text in your program.
The following replace dialog will appear:
Enter the text to search for and the text to replace with, and press return.
Shortcut
CTRL+R
4.19 Edit Goto

Action
With this option you can type the line number of the line you want to go to.
The following screen will be shown :
The current line number will be shown. You can edit this and press RETURN to jump

BASCOM IDE 45
to the line number of your choice.
4.20 Edit Indent Block

Action
Indents a block of selected text.
You need to select at least one line in order to use this option.
When you have a structure like :
Do
a=a+1
b=b+1
Loop
It is hard to see the structure. You can best indent your code.
Do
a=a+1
b=b+1
Loop
When you have code that is not indented you can indent it by selecting the two line
within the structure and choose 'Edit Indent Block'.
4.21 Edit Unindent Block

Action
UnIndents a block of selected text.
You need to select at least one line in order to use this option.
When you have a structure like :
Do
a=a+1
b=b+1
Loop
It is hard to see the structure. You can best indent your code.
Do
a=a+1
b=b+1
Loop
When you have code that is not indented you can indent it by selecting the two line
within the structure and choose 'Edit Indent Block'. The Unindent option can be used
when the code is too much indented :
Do
a=a+1
b=b+1
Loop

46 BASCOM-8051
The sample above show that too much indention does not make the program
readable.
4.22 Editor Keys

The following table lists all editor shortcuts.
Key Action
LEFT ARROW One character to the left
RIGHT ARROW One character to the right
UP ARROW One line up
DOWN ARROW One line down
HOME To the beginning of the line
END To the end of the line
PAGE UP Up one window
PAGE DOWN Down one window
CTRL+LEFT One word to the left
CTRL+RIGHT One word to the right
CTRL+HOME To the start of the text
CTRL+END To the end of the text
CTRL+ Y Delete current line
INS Toggles insert/overstrike mode
F1 Help (context sensitive)
F2 File Simulation
F3 Find next text
F4 Send program to chip or run programmer
F5 Run program (simulator)
F7 Compile File
CTRL+F7 Syntax check
F8 Step through program (simulator)
SHIFT + F8 Step over code (simulator)
F9 Toggle breakpoint (simulator)
F10 Run to cursor (simulator)
CTRL+J Pop up code template
CTRL+G Goto line
CTRL+O Load File
CTRL+S Save File
CTRL+P Print File
CTRL+T Terminal emulator

BASCOM IDE 47
CTRL+F Find text

CTRL+W Show result of compilation
CTRL+L LCD designer
CTRL+X Cut selected text into clipboard
CTRL+C Copy selected text into clipboard
CTRL+V Copy text from clipboard into editor
CTRL+Z Undo
CTRL+SHIFT+Z Redo
CTRL+SHIFT+I Indent block
CTRL+SHIFT+U Unindent block
To select text: Hold the SHIFT key down and use the cursor keys to select text. or
keep the left mouse key pressed and tag the cursor over the text to select.
To select a word, double click on it.
4.23 Program Compile

Action
With this option you can compile your current program. Your program will be saved
automatically before it will be compiled.
So if you didn't give it a name, you will be asked for it.
The following files will be created depending on the Option Compiler Settings.
File Description
xxx.BIN Binary file which can be burned into EPROM.
xxx.DBG Debug file which is needed by the simulator.
xxx.HEX Intel hexadecimal file.
xxx.ERR Error file. (only when errors are found)
xxx.RPT Report file.
xxx.SIM Generated by the simulator to store the variable names of the watch
xxx.PRJ window and the breakpoints.
If an error occurs, you will receive an error message and the compilation will end.
The cursor will be set to the line in which the error occurred. The line will be marked
with a red color too. The red marking color will disappear when you compile the
program again.
Shortcut
F7
4.24 Program Syntax check

Action
With this option you can check the syntax of your program.
No files are generated with this option.

48 BASCOM-8051
Shortcut
CTRL+F7
4.25 Program Show Result

Action
Use this option to view the result of the compilation.
See the Options Compiler Output 57 for specifying which files must be created.
The files that can be viewed are report and error.
Click the Print button to print the selected file.
Click the Ok button to return to the editor.
Shortcut
or CTRL+W
Information provided in the report:

Info Description
Compiler Shows the version of the library (the compiler).
Processor The type of microprocessor the file is compiled for.
Report The name of the source file.
Date and time The compilation date and time.
Comp.time The start and end time needed for compilation.
Baud timer The timer used for the generation of the baud rate.
Baud rate and The baud rate selected for the uP and the used crystal. This
frequency info is used for RS232 related statements such as PRINT and
INPUT. Note that when you use the $crystal and $baud
statements the exact baud rate is shown.

BASCOM IDE 49
ROM start The starting location of ROM memory.

RAM start The starting location of RAM memory.
LCD mode 4 bit or 8 bit LCD mode.
Stack start The starting location of the stack. The space below the stack
is used for internal variables. The stack grows when calls are
made by the machine language routines.
Used ROM Displays the length of the binary file.
Variable The name, type and the location in memory of the used
variables
4.26 Program Simulate

This option displays the Simulator window in which you can simulate a compiled
program. When the source code is saved without compiling, you will be warned that
the debug file differs from the source code. You have the option to compile it before
you simulate or continue without recompiling.
The simulator window is divided in a few sections.

· Toolbar with speed buttons
· Variable watch/modify window
· Source code window
· Terminal (input/output) window
· Register window
· Status bar
The margin
On the left side a margin is visible. This margin can display the following icons:
a yellow dot, indicating that the line holds executable code

50 BASCOM-8051
a read dot, indicating that a break line is set. You can only set a breakpoint
on a line that has a
yellow dot.
a yellow arrow. This arrow shows the line currently executing.
The register window

On the right side the register window is visible. You can change the value of a
register by entering a new value.
The variable watch section

The section below the toolbar is the variable watch section.
You can add a variable by entering one in an empty cell. You can also add a new
variable by selecting it from the source window, and pressing return.
You can insert a new variable watch line by pressing the INS-key.
You can delete a variable watch line by pressing the CTRL+DEL keys.
You can change the value of a variable by setting the focus to the cell with the
variables value and then by entering the new value.
The variable names are saved and loaded after each simulation session.
The terminal section

The blue window emulates the serial port. So serial output (the PRINT statement for
example), is displayed in this window.
When serial input is required, you must set the focus to the serial window, before
you enter text. The INPUT statement for example, requires serial input.
The source code window

The source code windows shows the source file being simulated.
You can start a simulation by pressing F5 or by clicking the run button .
When your program runs, you can pause it by clicking the pause button .
You can stop the simulation by clicking the stop button.
You can also step through the code line by line, by pressing F8, or by clicking the
step button .
By pressing SHIFT+F8 , you can step over code, like GOSUB and CALL.
To pause execution at a certain line, you can set a breakpoint. Just set the cursor on
that line and press F9. By pressing F9 again, you can remove the breakpoint.
Note that a breakpoint can only be set on a line that contains executable code.
This is visible by the yellow dot. Statements like $romstart don't contain executable
code and won't have a corresponding yellow dot.
You can also run to a specified line by clicking the run to button .
The status bar

The status bar is also divided into a few sections. These sections from left to right
display the following information:
· The value of a variable in the source code window. You can select a variable by
moving the mouse cursor over the variable name.
· The status of the simulator (stopped, running or paused)
· The number of clock cycles and the execution time of the executed code.
You can reset the value by clicking on this section.
· The stack depth of the program. The stack depth is the deepest level the stack
has reached during execution. If it exceeds the available internal memory (128
or 256 bytes), the program will not run correctly in the chip.

BASCOM IDE 51
The interrupt buttons

The INT0, INT1, T0, T1 and SER buttons can be clicked to generate an interrupt.
Because this is a software emulator, no hardware interrupts can be generated. You
have to do this yourself by clicking these buttons. TIMER 0 and TIMER 1 are
simulated by software. Therefore, they will generate an interrupt automatically if the
software enables this. The external gate however isn't simulated so for this occasion
you must click the corresponding button.
Depending on the chip used, other interrupt buttons can be visible. They have the
same purpose as the default interrupt buttons.
Hardware simulator button

By clicking the hardware simulator button a special window will become visible.
This window has a LCD simulator, which can simulate custom characters, LED
simulation for port 0-3, and a 7-digit LED display simulation.
The LCD type can be selected from the menu. Note that the display isn't as fast as it
could be, but to assign/display all the dots costs a lot of processor time. The
advantage however is that custom characters can be displayed too.
The LED's can be switched on or off by clicking on it.
The LED type can be set with the CG checkboxes. To select common ground you
must set the marker. This will have the effect that all common cathodes are
connected to ground and so the LED will be on when the port value will be high.
The 7-digit display can be connected to individual port pins.
To change the setting you must press the right mouse button to bring up the digit
properties window.
Each segment is named with a letter. To change a port pin, select the segment from
the list and press the spacebar. Now you can enter the desired port pin.
After you are done with assigning/changing, press the Ok button.
Real hardware simulation

Press the real hardware simulation button to enable the hardware simulation.
You need additional hardware to use this feature. You can use the MCS flash
programmer to simulate one port.
An application note can be downloaded that describes the needed hardware.
The hardware simulator can simulate port 1 and 3.
This way you can test your program in circuit without programming the device.
Now only the status reading and setting of the ports is supported.
This means that interrupts are not yet supported in hardware simulation.
Update source
The displaying of the variables and the arrow costs a lot of processor time. To
simulate faster, you can disable the update of these items. Click the button to
enable/disable the update.

52 BASCOM-8051
Display memory window

To display the memory of the internal RAM, you can click the button. By clicking
again, you can hide the window.
Refresh variables
Normally, variables are only refreshed in step mode (F8), because depending on the
used statements, the value would be hard to watch. You can also choose to display
the value during program execution. The default is on.
The sections can be made larger or smaller by using the splitters.

When you press the right mouse button, a popup menu will be visible.
Depending on the place the mouse cursor was at the time you pressed the right-
mouse button, different options will be showed.
Extra options that will be come available are:

· Clear breakpoints
· Hide register window
· Hide watch window
To end a session close the windows or just set the focus to an editor window.
4.27 Program Send to chip
After you have tested your program you can run one of the supported programmers.
You can also press F4 or click on the button.
Some programmers support the auto flash option from the programmers options.
When you select this option, the programmer window will not be visible, but the
chip will be erased, programmed and verified automatically. The progress will be
visible in the IDE-menu bar.
Different serial comport and parallel printer port based programmers are supported.
You must select one first with the Options Programmers 64 menu.
MCS Flashprogrammer 264

Blow IT Flashprogrammer 267
PG2051 267
MCS SPI programmer 266
PG302 268
JPK Systems X-programmer 272
Peter Averill's TAFE programmer 273
SE512 or SE514 269
SE-812 270
STK200/STK300 ISP programmer 274
Sample Electronics simple cable ISP programmer 270
RHOMBUS SCE-51 Emulator 275

CYGNAL JTAG programmer 272

BASCOM IDE 53
4.28 Tools Terminal Emulator

With this option you can start the built in terminal emulator.
The following window will appear:
The terminal emulator supports ANSI, TTY, VT100 and VT220 terminal emulation.
Information you type and information that the computer board sends,
are displayed in the same window.
You must use the same baud rate for the terminal emulator and the program you
compile. If you compiled your program with the Compiler Settings at 4800 baud,
you must set the Communication Settings also to 4800 baud. The setting for the
baud rate is reported in the report file.
The terminal menu has a few options.
File upload
This will upload the current program in HEX format to a monitor program.
With the Options Monitor settings, you can specify an optional header to be sent
before the actual hex file is sent to the monitor.
Also a delay in mS can be specified for a optional delays after each line sent.
When an ALTAIR ROM is selected from the Monitor Options, a binary file will be sent
to the monitor. The baud rate of the terminal emulator will be used.
For an 552 ALTAIR ROM, the terminal baud rate must be set to 115200 baud.
While sending the hex file to the monitor, an extra menu option will be available:
File Escape
This will abort the upload to the monitor program.
File Exit
This will close the terminal emulator window.

54 BASCOM-8051
4.29 Tools LCD designer

With this option, you can design special characters for LCD displays.
The LCD matrix has 7x5 points.

The bottom row is reserved for the cursor but can be used.
You can select a point by clicking the left mouse button.
If a cell was selected it will be de selected.
By clicking, the Clear All button you can clear all points.
By clicking the Set All button you can set all points.
With the Options Compiler LCD 59 settings you can choose if the 3 most significant
bits must be set high. Some LCD displays require this.
When you are finished you can press the Ok button:

a statement will be inserted in your active program editor window at the current
cursor position.
The statement looks like this :
Deflcdchar 140 ?,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8
You must replace the ?-sign with a number ranging from 0 to7.
When you want to display the custom character you can use the chr() function.
LCD chr(0) 'will display custom character 0.
The numbers after the custom character are representing the row values.
An empty row is converted to 32 (space) since a zero is used to terminate the bytes.
4.30 Tools Graphic Converter

The Graphic converter is intended to convert BMP files into BASCOM Graphic Files
(BGF) that can be used with Graphic LCD displays.
The following dialog box will be shown :

BASCOM IDE 55
To load a picture click the Load button.

The picture may be 64 pixels high and 240 pixels width.
When the picture is larger it will be adjusted.
You can use your favorite graphic tool to create the bitmaps and use the Graphic
converter to convert them into black and white images.
When you click the Save-button the picture will be converted into black and white.
Any non-white color will be converted into black.
The resulting file will have the BGF extension.

Press the Ok-button to return to the editor.
The picture can be shown with the ShowPic 220 statement.
4.31 Tools LIB Manager

With this option you can add and remove ASM routines to the libraries.
The following windows will be displayed:

56 BASCOM-8051
Select a library first by clicking on it.

The Routines list will be refreshed with the contents of the selected library.
By clicking the Add button a dialog box will be shown to select the ASM file that
contains the ASM routine(s).
By clicking on the Delete button the selected Routine will be removed from the
selected library.
A library is an ASCII file that contains ASM routines.
Each routine must be preceded by the name of the routine between brackets.
Each routine must be ended with the [END] line.
A sample routine is shown here :
[_DEC76]
;decrease the register pair r6 and r7 with one
; return zero in ACC when r6r7 is zero
_Dec76:
Dec r6 ; dec LSB
Cjne r6,#255,*+4 ; if it was zero
Dec r7 ; we need to decrease r7 to
Mov a,r7 ; result into a
Orl a,r6 ; OR with r6 to see if it is zero
Ret
[END]
The library can be included with the $LIB 95 directive.

A routine can be imported with the $EXTERNAL 92 directive.
$lib "mylib.lib"
$external _dec76
4.32 Tools Triscent Converter

The Triscent Converter will convert a .H file generated by the Triscend program into
a triscend.DAT file that can be used by BASCOM.
The triscend.DAT file has an additional section named XBYTE.
[XBYTE]
CMAP0_TAR = ff00
CMAP0_ALT = ff01
The 3 lines above show the section and 2 entries. The triscend chips are configured
by writing to locations where normally XRAM is located.
BASCOM handles this automatic for you. So when you assign a value to
CMAP0_TAR, the value is written to location &HFF00 where the CMAP0_TAR register
is located.
Reading this XRAM SFR will do the reverse.

BASCOM IDE 57
At www.triscend.com you can find all info you need. Look for the E5 line of chips.
These are 8051 compatible chips which can be configured with the Triscend
software. You can for example create 3 UARTS, add I2C, SPI, TIMERS etc.
So the E5 chip is hardware configurable by software!
After you created your ‘chip’ , you create the .H file and this file must be imported
with the Tools Triscend Convert option.
There is an evaluation KIT available from triscend. Another pro is that the chips
have many pins. So when your design needs a lot of I/O pins, I advise to look at
these chips.
4.33 Tools Export to RTF

Action
Exports the current file to an RTF file.
Remarks
RTF files can be used in documents such as Word files. RTF files can also be used to
show code with colors on a web page. When your file has the name test.bas , a file
with the name test.rtf will be created in the same directory.
4.34 Options Compiler Output

With this option you can specify which files must be created.
Binary file This will generate a ROM-image of the program. Of course you can

58 BASCOM-8051
also store it in a flashrom.

Debug file This option will generate a DBG-file. It is used by the simulator.
When you don't use the simulator, you don't need to generate it.
Hex file This is an Intel hex-file that is used by most programmers and
monitor programs.
Old Intel hex This option will generate an old style Intel hex file and is used by the
file Elektor monitor. If you choose this option, you must unselect the
Hex File option.
Report file This file contains info about the program, such as the baudrate, used
variables etc.
Error file This file is generated when an error occurs. It holds the error
descriptions.
When there is no error, the file will not be created.
4.35 Options Compiler Communication

With this options you can select the used crystal and the baud rate that must be
used with serial communications.
We advise to use the $BAUD 89 and $CRYSTAL 91 compiler directives in your

program.
This way the settings are stored in your source code.
4.36 Options Compiler I2C

With this option you can select the port pins that serve as the SDA and SCL line for
the I2C statements.

BASCOM IDE 59
You can also use the CONFIG SDA 128 and CONFIG SCL 128 statements.
4.37 Options Compiler LCD

With this option you can select the port pins for the LCD display.
This only applies to the LCD statements when used in 4-bit mode and if the LCD
display is connected to the port pins.
You can also choose the port pins with the CONFIG LCDPIN 125 statement.
In the 4-bit mode, only the highest nibble of the data lines is used.
To spare a pin for the R/W pin, reading from the LCD is not supported and you must
connect the R/W line to ground. See additional hardware 257 for more info.
You can also use the LCD statements in the data bus mode.

60 BASCOM-8051
Some LCD displays needs the upper 3 bits to be set high. So when you have this
kind of display you must select this option. When you select this option the LCD
designer will set the upper 3 bits high when the DEFLCDCHAR 140 statement is
generated.
4.38 Options Compiler Misc

With the miscellaneous options you can change the following
Remarks
register file Select the register file which is suitable for your target uP. The
reg51.DAT file is the common file that works for every uP, but
doesn’t have hardware specific registers. You can use this file as a
base for your own DAT file.
byte end Specifies the last location of internal memory that can be used by
the compiler for storing variables. For uP's with 128 bytes of RAM
set it to 70 for example. All space after this value is used for the
stack. With the simulator you can test if you run out of stack
space. For uP's with 256 bytes of internal RAM, you can use a
higher value, F0 for example.
size warning Select this option to enable the compiler to give a warning
message when the code size exceeds the specified size.(decimal)
4.39 Options Communication

With this option you can modify the communication settings for the BASCOM
terminal emulator.

BASCOM IDE 61
Option Remark
Comport The comport of you computer to use.
Baud rate The baud rate to use.
Parity The parity to use.
Data bits The number of data bits to use.
Stop bits The number of stop bits to use.
Handshake The handshake to use.
Emulation The terminal emulation to use.
Font Click the button to select the font and font color to use.
Backcolor The background color to use (default blue)
Run emulator modal Runs the terminal emulator in modal mode so you can use all
key combinations that are normally reserved to the IDE.
Note that the baud rate of the terminal emulator and the baud rate setting of the
compiler options, must be the same in order to work correctly.

62 BASCOM-8051
4.40 Options Environment

With this option you can modify the environment options.
OPTION DESCRIPTION
Auto indent With auto indent, the cursor will be set to the same left
margin as the current line when you press return.
Don't change case This option will not change the case of your line when you
enabled 'Reformat code'. By default each first characters case
is set to uppercase.
Reformat BAS files Reformat files when loading them into the editor. This is only
necessary when you are loading files that were created with
another editor. Normally you don't need to set this option.
Reformat code Reformat code when entered in the editor. This will reformat
the line after you have set focus to a new line.
Smart tabs Will look at the previous line for non spaces to position the
cursor.
Syntax highlight Enables/disables syntax highlighting
Show margin Shows a margin at position 80.
Comment position The right position of the comment.
Tab size The number of spaces equivalent to one tab.
Key mapping Selects the behavior of the editor. Default behaves like
Delphi.
No reformat Specifies file extensions separated by a space where the
extension reformatting is disabled. (for text files or dat files)
Size of new edit Selects the size of the edit window when a file is opened.
window

BASCOM IDE 63
OPTION DESCRIPTION
Background color Background color of the editor
Keyword color Color used to highlight keywords(statements)
Comment color Color used to highlight comment
ASM color Color used to highlight assembly
HW register color Color used to highlight special function registers
Editor font Font name of the editor
Bold Check to display keywords in bold
Italic Check to display comment in Italic

64 BASCOM-8051
OPTION DESCRIPTION
Tool tips Will enable/disable tool tips.
Show Toolbar Will display/hide the toolbar of the IDE.
Save File As… for When you enable this option you will be prompted to give new
new files files a name before they will be saved with their default
name.
File location The path to the location of your BAS files. Normally Windows
will use My documents as a default.
4.41 Options hardware simulator

This option let you select the address of the LPT connected to the optional hardware
simulator.
4.42 Options Programmer

This option let you select the target programmer.
The supported programmers are :
· MCS Flashprogrammer 264

· Blow IT programmer 267
· PG2051 267
· MCS SPI programmer 266
· PG302 268
· JPK Systems X-programmer 272
· Peter Averill's TAFE programmer 273
· SE512 or SE514 269

· SE-812 270
· CYGNAL 272
· FutureLec 272
· SE511-SE516 276

BASCOM IDE 65
The auto flash options will automatic program a chip without displaying the
programmer window.
The auto verify option will verify automatically after each programming.
Selecting 'Code + Data' will program both the flash and the EEPROM.
You can select various programmers. On the Parallel-TAB you can select the LPT-
address.
You can also Add or Remove an LPT-address. It is only possible to remove address
that you added yourself.
The port delay can best be set to 0. In some cases you might want to increase the
value.
Some programmers have I2C chips on them. For example the MCS Flash
programmer. Since different I2C chips exist for the PCF8574, you need to select the
checkbox when you use the PCF8574A.
4.43 Options Monitor

With the monitor options you can select the monitor you use.
There are only a few monitor programs supported.

· Altair 535/537
· Altair 552
· Monitor hex upload
The Altair monitor needs special instructions and uses binary files.
The hex upload feature is meant for monitor programs that work with hex files.
You can upload a file to the target uP from the terminal emulator with the Upload
file option.
For hex file based monitors there are 3 additional options:

66 BASCOM-8051
o monitor prefix, is sent before the hex file

o monitor suffix, is sent after the hex file upload is completed
The prefix and suffix can contain returns or any ASCII character.
Use {asc} , to imbed an ASCII character. asc=0-255.
For example @{13} for the prefix, will send @ followed by a return.
o monitor delay, must be specified in msec's, and is the delay time for each
line sent.
4.44 Options Printer

These options let you select the printer margins.
Left Margin The left printer margin in mm

Top Margin The top printer margin in mm
Right Margin The right printer margin in mm
Bottom Margin The bottom printer margin in mm
Color Check to print in color.
Wrap Lines Check when you want long lines to be wrapped. This is
convenient when you have long lines of source code that
would otherwise would not fit on the paper.
Print Header Check to print a header with file name and page number
Line Numbers Check to print line numbers
Syntax Check to use syntax highlighting options and colors
4.45 Window cascade

Will cascade all editor windows so they will all be visible.

BASCOM IDE 67
4.46 Window Tile

Window Tile will tile all editor windows.
4.47 Window arrange icons

Will arrange all iconized windows.
4.48 Window minimize all

Will minimize all editor windows.
4.49 Help About

This option shows an about box as displayed below.
Your serial number is shown in the about box.

You will need this when you have questions about the product.
The library version is also shown.
You can compare it with the one from our web site in case you need an update.
Click on the Ok-button to return to the editor.
4.50 Help Index

Will show the help index of BASCOM.
4.51 Help on help

Will bring up help about the Windows help system.

68 BASCOM-8051
4.52 Help Shop

Action
This option will launch your default web browser and will open the MCS Electronics
Shop.
We have a number of BASCOM-8051 KIT's and affordable 89Cx051 programmers
from Sample Electronics
4.53 Help Forum

Action
This option will launch your default web browser and will open the MCS Forum.
The forum can be used to talk to other BASCOM users. You can get idea's there,
discuss your problems and questions, and you can help other members.
4.54 Help Support

Action
This option will launch your default web browser and will open the MCS Support
system.
The support system can be used to search the knowledge base.
4.55 Help Credits

Will launch this help file and show this topic.
MCS would like to thank the following people who have contributed to BASCOM
development :
· Peter Averill from the Victoria University TAFE. Peter designed both the TAFE
AT89C2051 programmer and the software to support it.
· Antti from Silicon Studio Ltd. Antti designed the BlowIT ATA89C2051
programmer and software to support it.
· Jakub Jiricek, he designed the SPI-programmer and software to support it.
· Francois du Plessis, he wrote a Windows version of Jacub's SPI-programmer
software.
· Henry Arndt (DL2TM) , he provided me with the source for his popular Atmel
Programmer.

Part
V
70 BASCOM-8051
5 Language fundamentals
5.1 Language fundamentals
Characters from the BASCOM character set are put together to form labels,
keywords, variables and operators.
These in turn combine to form statements that make up a program.
This chapter describes the character set and the format of BASCOM program lines.
In particular, it discusses:
· The specific characters in the character set and the special meanings of some
characters.
· The format of a line in a BASCOM program.
· Line labels.
· Program line length.
Character Set
The BASCOM BASIC character set consists of alphabetic characters, numeric
characters, and special characters.
The alphabetic characters in BASCOM are the uppercase letters (A-Z) and lowercase
letters (az) of the alphabet.
The BASCOM numeric characters are the digits 0-9.
The letters can be used as parts of hexadecimal numbers.
The following characters have special meanings in BASCOM statements and
expressions:
Character Description
ENTER Terminates input of a line
Blank ( or space)
' Single quotation mark (apostrophe)
* Asterisks (multiplication symbol)
+ Plus sign
, Comma
- Minus sign
. Period (decimal point)
/ Slash (division symbol) will be handled as \
: Colon
" Double quotation mark
; Semicolon
< Less than
= Equal sign (assignment symbol or relational operator)
> Greater than
\ Backslash (integer/word division symbol)
The BASCOM program line

BASCOM program lines have the following syntax:
[[line-identifier]] [[statement]] [[:statement]] ... [[comment]]

Language fundamentals 71
Using Line Identifiers

BASCOM support one type of line-identifier; alphanumeric line labels:
An alphanumeric line label may be any combination of from 1 to 32 letters and
digits, starting with a letter and ending with a colon.
BASCOM keywords are not permitted. The following are valid alphanumeric line
labels:
Alpha:
ScreenSUB:
Test3A:
Case is not significant. The following line labels are equivalent:
alpha:
Alpha:
ALPHA:
Line labels may begin in any column, as long as they are the first characters other
than blanks on the line.
Blanks are not allowed between an alphabetic label and the colon following it.
A line can have only one label.
BASCOM Statements
A BASCOM statement is either " executable" or " nonexecutable" .
An executable statement advances the flow of a programs logic by telling the
program what tot do next.
Non executable statement perform tasks such as allocating storage for variables,
declaring and defining variable types.
The following BASCOM statements are examples of non executable statements:
· REM or (starts a comment)
· DIM
A " comment" is a nonexecutable statement used to clarify a programs operation

and purpose.
A comment is introduced by the REM statement or a single quote character(').
The following lines are equivalent:
PRINT " Quantity remaining" : REM Print report label.
PRINT " Quantity remaining" ' Print report label.
More than one BASCOM statement can be placed on a line, but colons(:) must
separate statements, as illustrated below.
FOR I = 1 TO 5 : PRINT " Gday, mate." : NEXT I
BASCOM LineLength
If you enter your programs using the built-in editor, you are not limited to any line
length, although it is advised to shorten your lines to 80 characters for clarity.
Data Types
Every variable in BASCOM has a data type that determines what can be stored in
the variable. The next section summarizes the elementary data types.
Elementary Data Types

· Bit (1/8 byte)
· Byte (1 byte)
Bytes are stores as unsigned 8-bit binary numbers ranging in value from 0 to
255.
· Integer (two bytes).

72 BASCOM-8051
Integers are stored as signed sixteen-bit binary numbers ranging in value from
-32,768 to +32,767.
· Word (two bytes).
Words are stored as unsigned sixteen-bit binary numbers ranging in value from
0 to 65535.
· Long (four bytes).
Longs are stored as signed 32-bit binary numbers ranging in value from -
2147483648 to 2147483647.
· Single
Singles are stored as signed 32 bit binary numbers.
· String (up to 254 bytes).
Strings are stored as bytes and are terminated with a 0-byte.
A string dimensioned with a length of 10 bytes will occupy 11 bytes.
Variables can be stored internal (default) or external.
Variables
A variable is a name that refers to an object--a particular number.
A numeric variable can be assigned only a numeric value (either integer, word, byte
long, single or bit).
The following list shows some examples of variable assignments:
· A constant value:
A=5
C = 1.1
· The value of another numeric variable:
abc = def
k=g
· The value obtained by combining other variables, constants, and
operators:
Temp = a + 5
Temp = C + 5
Variable Names
A BASCOM variable name may contain up to 32 characters.
The characters allowed in a variable name are letters and numbers.
The first character in a variable name must be a letter.
A variable name cannot be a reserved word, but embedded reserved words are
allowed.
For example, the following statement is illegal because AND is a reserved word.
AND = 8
However, the following statement is legal:
ToAND = 8
Reserved words include all BASCOM commands, statements, function names,
internal registers and operator names.
(see BASCOM Reserved Words 283 , for a complete list of reserved words).
You can specify a hexadecimal or binary number with the prefix &H or &B.
a = &HA , a = &B1010 and a = 10 are all the same.
Before assigning a variable you must tell the compiler about it with the DIM
statement.
Dim b1 As Bit, I as Integer, k as Byte , s As String * 10
You can also use DEFINT 140 , DEFBIT 140 , DEFBYTE 140 and/or DEFWORD 140 .
For example DEFINT c tells the compiler that all variables that are not dimensioned
and that are beginning with the character c are of the Integer type.
Expressions and Operators

This chapter discusses how to combine, modify, compare, or get information about
expressions by using the operators available in BASCOM.
Anytime you do a calculation you are using expressions and operators.
This chapter describes how expressions are formed and concludes by describing the
following kind of operators:
· Arithmetic operators, used to perform calculations.
· Relational operators, used to compare numeric values.
· Logical operators, used to test conditions or manipulate individual bits.
· Functional operators, used to supplement simple operators.
Expressions and Operators

An expression can be a numeric constant, a variable, or a single value obtained by
combining constants, variables, and other expressions with operators.
Operators perform mathematical or logical operations on values. The operators

provides by BASCOM can be divided into four categories, as follows:
1. Arithmetic
2. Relational
3. Logical
4. Functional
Arithmetic
Arithmetic operators are +, - , * and \.
· Integer
Integer division is denoted by the backslash (\).
Example: Z=X\Y
· Modulo Arithmetic
Modulo arithmetic is denoted by the modulus operator MOD.
Modulo arithmetic provides the remainder, rather than the quotient, of an
integer division.
Example: X = 10 \ 4 : remainder = 10 MOD 4
· Overflow and division by zero
Division by zero, produces an error.
At this moment there is no message, so you have to insure yourself that such
wont happen.
Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare two values as shown in the table below.
The result can be used to make a decision regarding program flow.
Operator Relation Tested Expression

= Equality X=Y
<> Inequality X <> Y
< Less than X<Y
> Greater than X>Y
<= Less than or equal to X <= Y
>= Greater than or equal to X >= Y

74 BASCOM-8051
Logical Operators
Logical operators perform tests on relations, bit manipulations, or Boolean
operators.
There are four operators in BASCOM, they are :
Operator Meaning
NOT Logical complement
AND Conjunction
OR Disjunction
XOR Exclusive or
It is possible to use logical operators to test bytes for a particular bit pattern.
For example the AND operator can be used to mask all but one of the bits
of a status byte, while OR can be used to merge two bytes to create a particular
binary value.
Example
A = 63 And 19
PRINT A
A = 10 Or 9
PRINT A
Output
16
11
Floating point
Single numbers conform to the IEEE binary floating point standard.
An eight-bit exponent and 24 bit mantissa are supported.
Using four bytes, the format is shown below:
31 30________23 22______________________________0
s exponent mantissa
The exponent is biased by 128. Above 128 are positive exponents and below are
negative. The sign bit is 0 for positive numbers and 1 for negative. The mantissa is
stored in hidden bit normalized format so that 24 bits of precision can be obtained.
All mathematical operations are supported by the single.

You can also convert a single to an integer or word or vise versa:
Dim I as Integer, S as Single

S = 100.1 'assign the single
I=S 'will convert the single to an integer
Take a look at the single.bas example for more information.
Arrays
An array is a set of sequentially indexed elements having the same type. Each
element of an array has a unique index number that identifies it. Changes made to
an element of an array do not affect the other elements.
The index must be a numeric constant, a byte, an integer or a word. This means
that an array can hold 65535 elements as a maximum. The minimum value is 1 and
not zero as in QB.

Arrays can be used on each place where a 'normal' variable is expected but there
are a few exceptions.
These exceptions are shown in the help topics.
Note that there are no BIT arrays in BASCOM-8051.
Example:
Dim a(10) as byte 'make an array named a, with 10 elements (1 to 10)
Dim c as Integer
For C = 1 To 10
a(c) = c 'assign array element
Print a(c) 'print it
Next
Strings
Strings can be up to 254 characters long in BASCOM.
To save memory you must specify how long each string must be with the DIM
statement.
Dim S As String * 10
This will reserve space for the string S with a length of 10 bytes. The actual length
is 11 bytes because a nul(0) is used to terminate the string.
You can concatenate string with the + sign.

Dim S As String * 10 , Z As String * 10
S = "test"
Z = S + "abc" + var
In QB you can assign a string with a value and add the original string (or a part of
it) too :
S = "test"
S = "a" + s
This will result in the string "atest"

In BASCOM-8051 this is NOT possible because this would require a copy of the
string.
In BASCOM the string S is assigned with "a" and on that moment the original string
S is destroyed. So you must make a copy of the string yourself in the event you
need this functionality.

Part
VI
BASCOM Language Reference 77
6 BASCOM Language Reference

6.1 BASCOM Statements
-1-
1WRESET, 1WREAD, 1WWRITE 83

1WSEARCHFIRST 85 , 1WSEARCHNEXT 87 , 1WIRECOUNT 84
-COMPILER DIRECTIVES-
#IF 80
#ELSE 81
#ENDIF 82
$ASM - $END ASM 88
$INCLUDE 93
$BAUD 89
$BGF 89
$CRYSTAL 91
$DEFAULT XRAM 92
$IRAMSTART 94
$LARGE 94
$LCD 95
$MAP 97
$NOBREAK 97
$NOINIT 98
$NONAN 98
$NONULL 99
$NORAMCLEAR 99
$NOSP 100
$OBJ 100
$RAMSIZE 101
$RAMSTART 103
$REGFILE 104
$ROMSTART 104
$SERIALINPUT 105
$SERIALINPUT2LCD 105
$SERIALOUTPUT 106
$SIM 107
-A-
ABS 109
ALIAS 108
ASC 110
AVG 110
-B-
BITWAIT 112
BCD 112
BREAK 113
-C-
CALL 113
CLOSE 198

78 BASCOM-8051
CLS 115
CHR 114
CONFIG 116
CONST 116
COUNTER 132
CPEEK 134
CURSOR 135
-D-
DATA 136
DEBOUNCE 137
DECR 138
DECLARE 139
DEFINT 140
DEFBIT 140
DEFBYTE 140
DEFLCDCHAR 140
DEFWORD 140
DELAY 141
DIM 141
DISABLE 143
DISPLAY 143
DO 144
-E-
ELSE 144
ENABLE 145
END 146
END IF 146
ERASE 147
EXIT 148
-F-
FOR 148
FOURTHLINE 149
FUSING 150
-G-
GET 151
GETAD 152
GETAD2051 153
GETRC 158
GETRC5 160
GOSUB 162
GOTO 163
-H-
HEX 163
HEXVAL 164
HIGH 164
HIGHW 165
HOME 166
-I-
I2CRECEIVE 166
I2CSEND 167
I2CSTART 168
I2CSTOP 168
I2CRBYTE 168

I2CWBYTE 168
IDLE 169
IF 169
INCR 171
INKEY 171
INP 173
INPUT 173
INPUTBIN 175
INPUTHEX 176
INSTR 177
-L-
LCASE 178
LCD 178
LCDINIT 181
LCDHEX 182
LEFT 183
LEN 183
LOAD 184
LOCATE 185
LOOKUP 185
LOOKUPSTR 186
LOOP 144
LOW 187
LOWW 188
LOWERLINE 188
-M-
MAKEDEC 189
MAKEBCD 189
MAKEINT 190
MAX 190
MID 191
MIN 192
MOD 192
-N-
NEXT 196
-O-
ON Interrupt 196
ON Value 197
OPEN 198
OUT 200
-P-
P1,P3 201
PEEK 202
POKE 202
PSET 207
POWERDOWN 203
PRINT 203
PRINTBIN 204
PRINTHEX 205
PRIORITY 206
PUT 207
-R-
READ 208
READMAGCARD 209
REM 211
REPLACE 211

80 BASCOM-8051
RESET 212
RESTORE 212
RETURN 213
RIGHT 214
RND 214
ROTATE 215
-S-
SELECT 216
SET 216
SHIFT 217
SHIFTCURSOR 217
SHIFTIN 218
SHIFTOUT 218
SHIFTLCD 219
SHOWPIC 220
SOUND 220
SPACE 222
SPC 223
SPIIN 224
SPIOUT 225
START 225
STOP 226
STOP TIMER 226
STR 228
STRING 228
SUB 229
SWAP 230
-T-
THEN 169
THIRDLINE 230
TIMEOUT 107
TO 148
-U-
UCASE 231
UPPERLINE 232
-V-
VAL 232
VARPTR 233
-W-
WAIT 233
WAITKEY 234
WAITMS 234
WHILE .. WEND 236
6.2 #IF
Action
Conditional compilation directive that tests for a condition.
Syntax
#IF test
[#ELSE]

#ENDIF
Remarks
test An expression to test for. The expression may contain defined
constants.
Conditional compilation is used to include parts of your program. This is a

convenient way to build different files depending on some constant values.
Note that unlike the IF statement, the #IF directive does not expect a THEN.
You may nest conditions to 25 levels.
The use of #ELSE is optional.
See Also
#ELSE 81 , #ENDIF 82
Example
Const DEMO = 1 ' 0 = normal , 1= demo
#If Demo
Print "Demo program"
#Else
Print "Full version"
#Endif
Since the constant DEMO is assigned with the value 1, the compiler will compile only
the line : Print "Demo program".
Code between #else and #endif is not compiled!
When you change the constant DEMO to 0, the other line will be compiled.
6.3 #ELSE
Action
Conditional compilation directive that tests for a NOT condition.
Syntax
#IF test
#ELSE
#ENDIF
Remarks
test An expression to test for. The expression may contain defined constants.

The use of #ELSE is optional. The code between #ELSE and #ENDIF will be
compiled when the expression is not true.

82 BASCOM-8051
See Also
#IF 80 , #ENDIF 82
Example
CONST DEMO = 1 ' 0 = normal , 1= demo
#IF Demo
#ELSE
#ENDIF
the line : Print "Demo program" . Code between #else and #endif is not compiled!
6.4 #ENDIF
Action
Conditional compilation directive that ends a test.
Syntax
#IF test
[#ELSE]
#ENDIF
Remarks
Test An expression to test for. The expression may contain defined constants.

The use of #ELSE is optional.
Note that #ENDIF must be written as #ENDIF, not as #END IF
See Also
#IF 80 , #ELSE 82
Example
CONST DEMO = 1 ' 0 = normal , 1= demo
#IF Demo
#ELSE
#ENDIF
the line : Print "Demo program" . Code between #else and #endif is not compiled!

6.5 1WIRE
Action
These routines can be used to communicate with Dallas Semiconductors 1Wire-
devices.
Syntax 1 for use with the CONFIG 1WIRE statement

1WRESET
1WWRITE var1 [ , bytes]
var2 = 1WREAD( [ bytes])
Syntax 2 for use with multiple devices/pins

1WRESET pin
1WWRITE var1 [ , bytes] pin
var2 = 1WREAD( [ bytes] [, pin])
var2 = 1WREAD( [pin])
Pin is the port pin to use with the device such as P1.1
Remarks
1WRESET Reset the 1WIRE bus. The error variable ERR will return 1 if an
error occurred.
1WWRITE var1 Sends the value of var1 to the bus.
Optional is the number of bytes that mist be sent. var1 is a
numeric variable or constant.
var2 = 1WREAD Reads a byte from the bus and places it into var2.
() Optional is the number of bytes that must be read. var2 is a
number variable.
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' 1WIRE.BAS
' demonstrates 1wreset, 1wwrite and 1wread()
' pull-up of 4K7 required to VCC from P.1
' DS2401 serial button connected to P1.1
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Config 1wire = P1.1 'use this pin
Dim Ar(8) As Byte , A As Byte , I As Byte
1wreset 'reset the device

Print Err 'print error 1 if error
1wwrite &H33 'read ROM command
For I = 1 To 8
Ar(i) = 1wread() 'place into array
Next
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i); 'print output
Next
Print
'linefeed
'You can also use multiple pins

84 BASCOM-8051
'alias the pin first

Tsensor Alias P1.2
'the optional argument specifies the pin to use

1wreset Tsensor 'reset
1wwrite &H33 Tsensor 'write

value to Tsensor
1wwrite Ar(1) , 2 Tsensor 'write 2
bytes to Tsensor
A = 1wread(tsensor) 'return
byte from Tsensor
Ar(1) = 1wread(2 , P1.2) 'read 2
bytes from Tsensor
End
6.6 1WIRECOUNT
Action
This statement returns the number of 1wire devices found on the bus.
Syntax
var2 = 1WIRECOUNT(array )
Remarks
var2 A word variable that is assigned with the number if found 1wire devices
on the bus.
Array A variable or array that should be at least 8 bytes long. It is used to
store the 1wire ID’s while counting.
The 1wireCount function uses the 1wSearchFirst() and 1wSearchNexy functions
internally.
See also
1WIRE 83 , 1WSEARCHFIRST 85 , 1WSEARCHNEXT 87
Example
'---------------------------------------------------------------------
------
' 1wirecount.bas
' (c)1995-2006 MCS Electronics
' demonstration of using multiple devices
'---------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
'chip we use
$regfile = "89s8252.dat"
'crystal attached
$crystal = 12000000
'baud rate
$baud = 4800
'wait for 500 mili secs

Waitms 500
'the pins we use

'connect a 4K7 resistor from the data pin to VCC

Config 1wire = P1.0
'we need an array of 8 bytes to hold the result

Dim Ar(8) As Byte
'we also need a counter variable and a word variable
Dim I As Byte , W As Word
'some ids of 1wire chips I tested

' 01 51 B5 8D 01 00 00 56
' 01 84 B3 8D 01 00 00 E5
Print "start"
'get the number of connected 1wire device
W = 1wirecount(ar(1))
'print if there was an error and how many sensors are available
Print "ERR " ; Err ; " count " ; W
'now get the data from the first 1wire device on the bus
Ar(1) = 1wsearchfirst()
'print the ID
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i);
Next
Print
'I assume that there are more than 1 1wire devices

Do
'get the next device
Ar(1) = 1wsearchnext()
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i);
Next
Print
Loop Until Err = 1
'when ERR is 1 it means there are no more devices
' IMPORTANT : 1wsearchfirst and next functions do require that you use
the SAME array
'In this example this is ar(1)
'once you know the ID, you can address a specific device
End
6.7 1WSEARCHFIRST
Action
This statement reads the first ID from the 1wire bus into a variable array.
Syntax
var2 = 1WSEARCHFIRST( )
Remarks
var2 A variable or array that should be at least 8 bytes long and that will be
assigned with the 8 byte ID from the first 1wire device on the bus.
The 1wireSearchFirst() function must be called once to initiate the ID retrieval

process. After the 1wireSearchFirst() function is used you should use successive

86 BASCOM-8051
function calls to the 1wireSearchNext function to retrieve other ID's on the bus.
A string can not be assigned to get the values from the bus. This because a null may
be returned as a value and the null is also used as a string terminator.
We advice to use a byte array as shown in the example.
The ERR bit is set when there are no 1wire devices found.
See also
1WIRE 83 , 1WIRECOUNT 84 , 1WSEARCHNEXT 87
Example
'----------------------------------------------------------------------
' 1wirecount.bas
' (c) 1995-2006 MCS Electronics
'----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
'chip we use
$ r e g f i l e = "89s8252.dat"
'crystal attached
$ c r y s t a l = 12000000
'baud rate
$baud = 4800

Waitms 500
'the pins we use

Config 1wire = P1. 0

Dim Ar(8) As Byte

' 01 51 B5 8D 01 00 00 56
' 01 84 B3 8D 01 00 00 E5
Print " s t a r t "

P r i n t "ERR " ; E r r ; " count " ; W
'print the ID
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i);
Next
Print

Do
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i);

Next
Print
Loop U n t i l E r r = 1
the SAME array
End
6.8 1WSEARCHNEXT
Action
This statement reads the next ID from the 1wire bus into a variable array.
Syntax
var2 = 1WSEARCHNEXT( )
Remarks
var2 A variable or array that should be at least 8 bytes long that will be
assigned with the 8 byte ID from the next 1wire device on the bus.
The 1wireSearchFirst() function must be called once to initiate the ID retrieval

process. After the 1wireSearchFirst() function is used you should use successive
function calls to the 1wireSearchNext function to retrieve other ID's on the bus.
A string can not be assigned to get the values from the bus. This because a null may
be returned as a value and the null is also used as a string terminator.
I would advice to use a byte array as shown in the example.
The ERR variable is set when there are no more devices found.
See also
1WIRE 83 , 1WSEARCHFIRST 85 , 1WIRECOUNT 84
Example
'----------------------------------------------------------------------
-----
' 1wirecount.bas
'----------------------------------------------------------------------
----
'chip we use
'crystal attached
$crystal = 12000000
'baud rate
$baud = 4800

88 BASCOM-8051

Waitms 500
'the pins we use

Config 1wire = P1.0

Dim Ar(8) As Byte

' 01 51 B5 8D 01 00 00 56
' 01 84 B3 8D 01 00 00 E5
Print "start"
Print "ERR " ; Err ; " count " ; W
'print the ID
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i);
Next
Print

Do
For I = 1 To 8
Printhex Ar(i);
Next
Print
Loop Until Err = 1
the SAME array
End
6.9 $ASM - $END ASM

Action
Start of inline assembly code block.
Syntax
$ASM
Remarks
Use $ASM together with $END ASM to insert a block of assembler code in your
BASIC code.
You can also insert ASM code by preceding the line with the ! sign.

See also
ASM programming 239
Example
Dim c as Byte
$ASM
Mov r0,#{C} ;address of c
Mov a,#1
Mov @r0,a ;store 1 into var c
$END ASM
Print c
End
6.10 $BAUD
Action
Instruct the compiler to override the baud rate setting from the options menu.
Syntax
$BAUD = var
Remarks
Var The baud rate that you want to use. Var must be a numeric
constant.
When you want to use a crystal/baud rate that can't be selected from the options,
you can use this compiler directive.
You must also use the $CRYSTAL 91 directive.
These statements always work together.
In the generated report you can view which baud rate is actually generated.
But the baud rate is only shown when RS-232 statements are used like PRINT,
INPUT etc.
See also
$CRYSTAL 91
Example
$baud = 2400
$crystal = 14000000 ' 14 MHz crystal
Print "Hello"
End
6.11 $BGF
Action
Binds a BASCOM Graphic File into the program for use with Graphic LCD displays.

90 BASCOM-8051
Syntax
$BGF "file"
Remarks
"file" is the name of the BGF file that is included in the program,
BMP files can be converted with the Tools Graphic Converter 54 .
See also
SHOWPIC 220
Example
'---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
' GLCD.BAS
' Sample to show support for T6963C based graphic display
' Only 240*64 display is supported with 30 columns(yet)
' At the moment the display can only be used in PORT mode
' Connection :
' P1.0 - P1.7 to DB0-DB7 of LCD
' P3.2 to FS, font select of LCD can be hard wired too
' P3.5 to CE, chip enable of LCD
' P3.4 to CD, code/data select of LCD
' P3.6 to WR of LCD
' P3.7 to RD of LCD
'A future version will allow external data access too which also uses
RD and WR
'The display from www.conrad.com needs a negative voltage for the
contrast.
'I used two 9 V batteries
'---------------------------------------------------------------------
---------
'configure the LCD display
Config Graphlcd = 240 * 64 , Port = P1 , Ce = P3.5 , Cd = P3.4 , Cols
= 30
'dimension some variables used by the DEMO

Dim X As Byte , Y As Byte
'
Reset P3.2 '8 bit
wide char is 30 columns
'The following statements are supported:

Cls 'will
clear graphic and text
'cls TEXT will clear only the text
'cls GRAPH will clear only the graphic part
'To init the display manual you can use:

'Lcdinit
'But this should not be needed as it is initilised at start up.
'Locate is supported and you can use 1-8 for the row and 1-30 for the
column
Locate 1 , 1

'cursor control is the same as for normal LCD

Cursor On Blink
'And to show some text you can use LCD

Lcd "Hello world"
'Note that the cursor position is not adjusted. You can set it with
locate
'Now comes the fun part for using a graphic LCD

'We can display a BMP file. You may use MSPAINT or any other tool that
can create
'a BMP file. With the Graphic converter from the Tools Menu you can
convert the file
'into a BGF file. (BASCOM GRAPHICS FILE). The conversion will convert
all non white
'pixels to BLACK.
'To display the BGF file you use the SHOWPIC statement that needs an X
and Y parameter
'the third param is the label where the data is stored.
'The position must be divideble by 8 because this is the way the
display handles the data
Showpic 0 , 0 , Picture1
'And we use the PSET known from QB to set or reset a single pixel
'A value of 0 means clear the pixel and 1 means set the pixel
'create a block
For X = 0 To 10
For Y = 0 To 10
Pset X , Y , 1
Next
Next
'You could remove it too

For X = 0 To 10
For Y = 0 To 10 Step 2
Pset X , Y , 0
Next
Next
'A simple scope or data logger could be made with PSET !

'We hope to get an AN from an inspired user :-)
End
'label for the picture

Picture1:
'$BGF includes the data from the specified file
$bgf "samples\mcs.bgf"
6.12 $CRYSTAL
Action
Instruct the compiler to override the crystal frequency options setting.
Syntax
$CRYSTAL = var

92 BASCOM-8051
Remarks
var Frequency of the crystal.
var : Constant.
When you want to use an unsupported crystal/baud rate you can use this compiler
directive.
When you do, you must also use the corresponding $BAUD 89 directive.
These statements always work together.
See also
$BAUD 89
Example
$baud = 2400
$crystal = 14000000 ' 14 MHz crystal
Print "Hello"
End
6.13 $DEFAULT XRAM

Action
Compiler directive to handle each dimensioned variable as XRAM variable.
Syntax
$DEFAULT XRAM | IRAM
Remarks
When you are using many XRAM variables it make sense to set this option, so you
don't have to type XRAM each time.
To dimension a variable to be stored into IRAM, specify IRAM in that case.
See Also
DIM 141
Example
$default Xram
Dim X As Integer 'will go to XRAM
Dim Z As Iram Integer 'will be stored in IRAM
6.14 $EXTERNAL
Action
Compiler directive that instructs the compiler to include the specified assembler
routines.

Syntax
$EXTERNAL myrout [, other]
Remarks
The $EXTERNAL directive is used internally by the compiler in order to enable the
customizing of the assembler routines by the user.
You can use it to include your own assembler routines. At the moment using
$EXTERNAL will always include the routine no matter if it is used or not.
See also
$LIB 95 , LIB Manager 55
Example
$LIB "mylib.lib"
$EXTERNAL _dec76
6.15 $INCLUDE
Action
Includes an ASCII file in the program at the current position.
Syntax
$INCLUDE "file"
Remarks
file Name of the ASCII file which must contain valid BASCOM statements.
This option can be used if you make use of the same routines in
many programs. You can write modules and include them into your
program.
If there are changes to make you only have to change the module file,
not all your BASCOM programs.
You can only include ASCII files!
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: INCLUDE.BAS
' demo: $INCLUDE
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Print "INCLUDE.BAS"
$include "123.bas" 'include file that prints
Hello
Print "Back in INCLUDE.BAS"
End

94 BASCOM-8051
6.16 $IRAMSTART
Action
Compiler directive to specify starting internal memory location.
Syntax
$IRAMSTART = constant
Remarks
Constant A constant with the starting value (0-255)
See also
$NOINIT 98 , $RAMSTART 103
Example
$NOINIT
$NOSP
$IRAMSTART = &H60 'first usable memory location
SP = 80
DIM I As Integer
6.17 $LARGE
Action
Instructs the compiler that LCALL statements must be used.
Syntax
$LARGE
Remarks
Internally when a subroutine is called the ACALL statement is used.
The ACALL instruction needs only 2 bytes (the LCALL needs 3 bytes)
The ACALL statement however can only address routines with a maximal offset of
2048 within the page. AT89C2051 chips will have no problems with that.
When code is generated for another uP, the subroutine being called can be further
away and you will receive an error. With the $LARGE statement you instruct the
compiler to use the LCALL statement which can address the full 64K address space.
Example
$LARGE 'I received an error 148 so I need this option

6.18 $LIB
Action
Compiler directive that instructs the compiler to look for assembler routines in the
specified LIB file.
Syntax
$LIB "myrout.LIB"
Remarks
The $LIB directive is used internally by the compiler in order to enable the
customizing of the assembler routines by the user.
You can use it to specify your own libraries. You can for example copy the mcs.lib
file to a new file named mylib.lib and delete the content of the mcs.lib file. This way
the compiler will use your routines. The mcs.lib file must exist in the \LIB
subdirectory and that is why you may not delete it.
Always make a backup of the mcs.lib file before you change it.
It is not encouraged to change the mcs.lib file itself other than making a dummy
because updates will contain more asm routines and you have to change everything
for each update.
See also
$EXTERNAL 92
Example
$LIB "mylib.lib"
$EXTERNAL _dec76
6.19 $LCD
Action
Instruct the compiler to generate code for 8-bit LCD displays attached to the data
bus.
Syntax
$LCD = [&H]address
Remarks
address The address where must be written to, to enable the LCD display.
The db0-db7 lines of the LCD must be connected to the datelines D0-
D7.
The RS line of the LCD must be connected to the address line A0.
On systems with external RAM/ROM it makes more sense to attach the

LCD to the data bus. With an address decoder you can select the LCD
display.

96 BASCOM-8051
See Also
$LCDRS 96
Example
$lcd = &HA000 'writing to this address will make the E line of
the LCD high.
Cls
Lcd "Hello world"
End
6.20 $LCDRS
Action
Instruct the compiler to generate code for 8-bit LCD displays attached to the data
bus.
Syntax
$LCDRS = [&H]address
Remarks
Address The address where must be written to, to enable the LCD display and
the RS of the LCD.
The db0-db7 lines of the LCD must be connected to the data lines D0-
D7.
The RS line of the LCD must be connected to the address line A0 by
default.
When it is connected to another address line you can specify $LCDRS
On systems with external RAM/ROM it makes more sense to attach the
LCD to the data bus. With an address decoder you can select the LCD
display.
See Also
$LCD 95
Example
$lcd = &H8000 'writing to this address will make the E line of
the LCD high.
$lcdrs = &H8002 'writing to this address will make the RS line of
the LCD high.
Cls
Lcd "Elektor"
End

6.21 $MAP
Action
Generates info in the report file with hexadecimal address of each source line.
Syntax
$MAP
Remarks
For debugging it can be useful to know at which address a source line begins.
See also
NONE
Example
$MAP
Print "Hello"
Print "Test"
Will generate the following section in the report file :
Code map
-----------------------------------------------------------
Line Address(hex)
-----------------------------------------------------------
2 52
3 69
5 80
6.22 $NOBREAK
Action
Instruct the compiler that BREAK statements must not be compiled.
Syntax
$NOBREAK
Remarks
With the BREAK statement, you can generate a reserved opcode that is used by the
simulator to pause the simulation.
When you want to compile without these opcode's you don't have to remove the
BREAK statement: you can use the $NOBREAK statement to achieve the same.
See also
BREAK 113

98 BASCOM-8051
Example
$nobreak
Break ' this isn't compiled into code so the simulator will
not pause
End
6.23 $NOINIT
Action
Instruct the compiler that no initialization must be performed.
Syntax
$NOINIT
Remarks
BASCOM initializes the processor depending on the used statements.
When you want to handle this by yourself you can specify this with the compiler
directive $NOINIT.
The only initialization that is always done is the setting of the stack pointer and the
initialization of the LCD display (if LCD statements are used).
When you have selected the Altair as a monitor in the Monitor options, the following
code will be generated:
Mov IE,#255
Mov scon,#82
This because the Altair monitor needs this code despite of the $NOINIT. When you
do not want that, you have to select HEX Monitor for example.
See also
$NOSP 100 , $NORAMCLEAR 99
Example
$NONIT
$NORAMCLEAR 99
'your program goes here
End
6.24 $NONAN
Action
Compiler directive for changing NAN (not a number) into 0.0
Syntax
$NONAN

Remarks
A single can return a NAN when it is not considered to be a number.
With the $NONAN directive 0.0 will be returned.
See also
NONE
Example
NONE
6.25 $NONULL
Action
Compiler directive for changing the behavior of the DATA statements.
Syntax
$NONULL = value
Remarks
value 0 for default behavior. And -1 for special behavior
When a string is stored with a DATA statement, a null is added to indicate the string
end. In some situations you might not want this. When you write a custom routine
to work with a long string for example. With $NONULL = -1 , the additional null byte
is not added. To switch back to normal mode use a value of 0.
See also
NONE
Example
$nonull = -1
Lbl:
Data "test" , "this"
Lbl2:
$nonull = 0 'normal mode
Data "test" , "this"
6.26 $NORAMCLEAR
Action
Instruct the compiler that the internal RAM should not be cleared at start up.
Syntax
$NORAMCLEAR

100 BASCOM-8051
Remarks
BASCOM clears the internal memory after a reset. When you don’t want this
behavior you can use the $NORAMCLEAR compiler directive.
See also
NONE
Example
$NORAMCLEAR
‘your code goes here
End
6.27 $NOSP
Action
Instruct the compiler that the stack pointer must not be set.
Syntax
$NOSP
Remarks
When you want to handle this by yourself you can specify this with the compiler
directive $NOINIT.
initialization of the LCD display (if LCD statements are used).
With the $NOSP directive the stack will not be initialized either.
See also
$NOINIT 98
Example
$NOSP
$NOINIT
End
6.28 $OBJ
Action
Includes Intel object code.
Syntax

$OBJ obj
Remarks
obj is the object code to include.
In some cases it can be useful to include object code. This object code can be
generated with other tools.
Example
$OBJ D291 'this is equivalent to SET P1.1
6.29 $RAMSIZE
Action
Specifies the size of the external RAM memory.
Syntax
$RAMSIZE = [&H] size
Remarks
Size Size of external RAM memory chip.
size : Constant.
See also
$RAMSTART 103
Example
$ROMSTART = &H4000
$RAMSTART = 0
$RAMSIZE = &H1000
DIM x AS XRAM Byte 'specify XRAM to store variable in XRAM
6.30 $RAMTRON
Action
Tell the compiler to use SPI memory as XRAM.
Syntax
$RAMTRON
Remarks
address The (hex)-address where the data is stored.
Or the lowest address which enables the RAM chip.

102 BASCOM-8051
You can use this option when you want to run your code in systems
with external RAM memory.
Ramtron (www.ramtron.com) sell EEPROM's that are as fast as normal RAM chips.
They can be written billions of times. The $ramtron directive will use such as
ramtron device as xram device. This only works for the AT89S8252. You only add a
ramtron EEPROM to the hardware SPI lines and when you dim a variable as XRAM,
the EEPROM will be used to store and retrieve the data.
This is a convenient way to add more memory without adding an address decoder
and a RAM chip. Since the EEPROM is housed in a 8 pins chip it will make your
design simple.
Note however that it is best practice that writing to such a XRAM variable must not
be excessive. The data sheet of the Ramtron chips show that you can write it many
times and in effect it will take years until you reach the limit.
Note that $RAMTRON does not need a parameter.
ASM
When XRAM is written with Movx @dptr,a , a call will be made to _WriteRamtron.
Nothing is destroyed or returned.
When XRAM is read with Movx a,@dptr , a call will be made to _ReadRamtron. Value
is returned in ACC as movx a,@dptr would do too.
Both routines are in the mcs.lib file. Both routines call _Wait_Spif to wait for the
SPI, SPIF bit.
Example
'-------------------------------------------------------
' RAMTRON.BAS
' This example shos how to use the www.ramtron.com eeprom
' to be used a XRAM
'-------------------------------------------------------
'it works only for the 8252
'tell the compiler about ramtron

'THIS SAMPLE WILL NOT SIMULATE beause of the $RAMTON directive
'Suggestion is to add the directive when you simulated your program
$ramtron
'dim some variables

Dim X As Byte , X1 As Byte
'Now dim XRAM. This will be stored in the Ramtron devic

Dim Z(10) As Xram Byte

Wait 1
'I used P1.3 for the CS so the mcs.lib also uses this pin
'P1.4 could be used too but it needs a change in the mcs.lib
'This sample works actually!
'But since I also have code like *+4 it will not work always
'I need to rewrite that code. Let me know when some routines dont work
'with the $ramtron directive
'fill the data

For X = 1 To 10
Z(x) = X
Next
'print the data

For X = 1 To 10
Print Z(x)
Next
End
6.31 $RAMSTART
Action
Specifies the location of the external RAM memory.
Syntax
$RAMSTART = [&H]address
Remarks
address The (hex)-address where the data is stored.
Or the lowest address which enables the RAM chip.
You can use this option when you want to run your code in systems
with external RAM memory.
Address must be a numeric constant.
See also
$RAMSIZE 101
Example
$ROMSTART = &H4000
$RAMSTART = 0
$RAMSIZE = &H1000

104 BASCOM-8051
6.32 $REGFILE
Action
Instructs the compiler to use the specified register file.
Syntax
$REGFILE = "file"
Remarks
File The name of the register file to use.
The $REGFILE statement must be placed before any other executable statements or
compiler directives.
See also
NONE
Example
'comment is no problem before the $REGFILE statement
$REGFILE = "8052.DAT" 'use the 8052.DAT file
6.33 $ROMSTART
Action
Specifies the location of the ROM memory.
Syntax
$ROMSTART = [&H] address
Remarks
address The (hex)-address where the code must start.
Default is 0. This value will be used when $ROMSTART is not
specified.
You can use this option when you want to test the code in RAM.
The code must be uploaded and placed into the specified address and
can be called from a monitor program.
The monitor program must relocate the interrupts to the correct
address! When $ROMSTART = &H4000 is specified the monitor
program must perform a LJMP instruction. For address 3 this must be
&H4003. Otherwise interrupts can not be handled correctly. But that
is up to the monitor program.

See also
$RAMSTART 103
Example
$ROMSTART = &H4000 'ROM enabled at 4000 hex
6.34 $SERIALINPUT
Action
Specifies that serial input must be redirected.
Syntax
$SERIALINPUT = label
Remarks
Label The name of the assembler routine that must be called when an
character is needed from the INPUT routine. The character must be
returned in ACC.
With the redirection of the INPUT command, you can use your own routines.
This way you can use other devices as input devices.
Note that the INPUT statement is terminated when a RETURN code (13) is received.
See also
$SERIALOUTPUT 106
Example
$SERIALINPUT = Myinput
'here goes your program
END
!myinput:
;perform the needed actions here
mov a, sbuf ;serial input buffer to acc
ret
6.35 $SERIALINPUT2LCD
Action
This compiler directive will redirect all serial input to the LCD display instead of
echoing to the serial port.
Syntax
$SERIALINPUT2LCD
Remarks

106 BASCOM-8051
You can also write your own custom input or output driver with the $SERIALINPUT
and $SERIALOUTPUT statements, but the $SERIALINPUT2LCD is handy when you
use a LCD display.
See also
$SERIALINPUT 105 , $SERIALOUTPUT 106
Example
$serialinput2lcd
Dim V As Byte
Cls
Input "Number " , V 'this will go to the LCD
display
6.36 $SERIALOUTPUT
Action
Specifies that serial output must be redirected.
Syntax
$SERIALOUTPUT = label
Remarks
label The name of the assembler routine that must be called when a
character is sent to the serial buffer (SBUF).
The character is placed into ACC.
With the redirection of the PRINT and other serial output related commands, you
can use your own routines.
This way you can use other devices as output devices.
See Also
$SERIALINPUT 105
Example
$SERIALOUTPUT = MyOutput
'here goes your program
END
!myoutput:
;perform the needed actions here
mov sbuf, a ;serial output buffer (default)
ret

6.37 $SIM
Action
Generates code without the actual waiting loops in order to speed up the simulator.
Syntax
$SIM
Remarks
When simulating the WAIT statement, you will experience that it takes a long time
to execute. You can also switch off the updating of variables/source which costs
time, but an alternative is the $SIM directive.
You must remove the $SIM statement when you want to place your program into a
chip/EPROM.
See also
BREAK 113
Example
$SIM 'don't make code for WAIT and WAITMS
WAIT 2 'the simulator is faster now
6.38 $TIMEOUT
Action
Compiler directive to specify that the TIMEOUT option is used with serial input.
Syntax
$TIMEOUT
Remarks
$TIMEOUT will modify the serial input routine so that it enables you to use the
TIMEOUT with the INPUT, INPUTBIN, INPUTHEX etc. statements.
See also
INPUT 173 , GET 207
Example
$TIMEOUT
DIM Name as string * 10
REM Now we can use theTIMEOUT option
INPUT "Name " , name TIMEOUT = 100000 'enable time out
INPUT "Name ", name 'wait until <13> pressed.

108 BASCOM-8051
6.39 $WAIT
Action
Will insert a one second delay in the startup code.
Syntax
$WAIT
Remarks
When using the AT89C8252 ISP facility it is needed that the chip waits 1 second
after reset. Otherwise it can occur that the chip can not be programmed serial
anymore.
Do not confuse $WAIT with the WAIT statement.
$WAIT is only needed for the AT89C8252 !
See also
NONE
Example
$WAIT 'for at89c8252 only
6.40 ALIAS
Action
Indicates that the variable can be referenced with another name.
Syntax
newvar ALIAS oldvar
Remarks
Oldvar Name of the variable such as P1.1
Newvar New name of the variable such as direction
Aliasing port pins can give the pin names a more meaningful name.
You can also ALIAS a variable: M ALIAS var.0 for example.
See also
CONST 116

Example
Direction Alias P1.1 'now you can refer to P1.1
with the variable direction
Set Direction 'has the same effect as SET
P1.1
Dim A As Byte
M Alias A.0
N Alias A.1
Set M
Set N
If M = N Then
Print "Both bits are set"
End If
End
6.41 ABS
Action
Returns the absolute value of a numeric variable.
Syntax
var = ABS(var2)
Remarks
var Variable that is assigned the absolute value of var2. Var must be a
numeric variable.
Var2 The source variable to retrieve the absolute value from. Var2 must be
an integer or long.
The absolute value of a number is always positive.
See also
NONE
Example
Dim a as Integer, c as Integer
a = -1000
c = Abs(a)
Print c
End
Output
1000

110 BASCOM-8051
6.42 ASC
Action
Convert a string into its ASCII value.
Syntax
var = ASC(string)
Remarks
var Target variable that is assigned.
String String variable or constant to retrieve the ASCII value from.
var : Byte, Integer, Word, Long.
string : String, Constant.
Note that only the first character of the string will be used.
When the string is empty, a zero will be returned.
See also
CHR 114
Example
Dim A As Byte , S As String * 10
S = "Abc"
A = Asc(s)
Print A
End
Output
65
6.43 AVG
Action
Returns the average value of a byte array.
Syntax
var = AVG( ar(1) )
Remarks
Var Numeric variable that will be assigned with the lowest value of the
array.
ar() The first array element of the array to return the lowest value of.

At the moment AVG() works only with BYTE arrays.

Support for other data types will be added too.
See also
MAX 190 , MIN 192
Example
Dim ar(10) As Byte
Dim bP as Byte
For bP = 1 to 10
ar(bP) = bP
Next
bP = Avg(ar(1))
Print bP
End
6.44 BAUD
Action
Instruct the compiler to set a new baud rate at run time.
Syntax
BAUD = var
Remarks
Var The baud rate that you want to use.
var : Constant.
When you want to use a crystal/baud rate that can't be selected from the options,
you can assign this special variable.
Do not confuse it with the $BAUD 89 directive!
See also
$CRYSTAL 91 , $BAUD 89
Example
$BAUD = 2400
$CRYSTAL = 14000000 ' 14 MHz crystal
PRINT "Hello"
BAUD = 9600
Print "Hello"
END

112 BASCOM-8051
6.45 BCD
Action
Converts a variable into its BCD value.
Syntax
PRINT BCD( var )
LCD BCD( var )
Remarks
Var Variable to convert. This must be a numeric variable or constant.
When you want to use a I2C clock device which stores its values as BCD values you
can use this function to print the value correctly.
BCD() will displays values with a trailing zero.
The BCD() function is intended for the PRINT/LCD statements.

Use the MAKEBCD function to convert variables.
See also
MAKEBCD 189 , MAKEDEC 189
Example
Dim A As Byte
A = 65
Lcd A
Lowerline
Lcd Bcd(a)
End
6.46 BITWAIT
Action
Wait until a bit is set or reset.
Syntax
BITWAIT x SET | RESET
Remarks
x Bit variable or internal register like P1.x , where x ranges form 0-7.
When using bit variables be sure that they are set/reset by software.
When you use internal registers that can be set/reset by hardware such as P1.0 this
doesn't apply.

See also
NONE
Example
Dim A As Bit
Bitwait A , Set 'wait until bit a is set
Bitwait P1.7 , Reset 'wait until bit 7 of Port 1
is 0.
End
ASM
BITWAIT P1.0 , SET will generate :
Jnb h'91,*+0
BITWAIT P1.0 , RESET will generate :

Jb h'91,*+0
6.47 BREAK
Action
Generates a reserved opcode to pause the simulator.
Syntax
BREAK
Remarks
You can set a breakpoint in the simulator but you can also set a breakpoint from
code using the BREAK statement.
Be sure to remove the BREAK statements when you debugged your program or use
the $NOBREAK directive.
The reserved opcode used is A5.
See also
$NOBREAK 97
Example
PRINT "Hello"
BREAK 'the simulator will pause now
End
6.48 CALL
Action
Call and execute a subroutine.

114 BASCOM-8051
Syntax
CALL Test [(var1, var-n)]
Remarks
var1 Any BASCOM variable or constant.
var-n Any BASCOM variable or constant.
Test Name of the subroutine. In this case Test
With the CALL statement you can call a procedure or subroutine.

As much as 10 parameters can be passed but you can also call a subroutine without
parameters.
For example : Call Test2
The call statement enables you to implement your own statements.
You don't have to use the CALL statement:

Test2 will also call subroutine test2
When you don't supply the CALL statement, you must leave out the parenthesis.
So Call Routine(x,y,z) must be written as Routine x,y,z
See also
DECLARE 139 , SUB 229
Example
Dim A As Byte , Bb As Byte
Declare Sub Test(bb As Byte)
A = 65
Call Test(a) 'call test with parameter A
Test A 'alternative call
End
Sub Test(bb As Byte) 'use the same variable as the

declared one
Lcd Bb 'put it on the LCD
Lowerline
Lcd Bcd(bb)
End Sub
6.49 CHR
Action
Convert a byte, Integer/Word variable or a constant to a character.
Syntax
PRINT CHR(var)
s = CHR(var)

Remarks
Var Byte, Integer/Word variable or numeric constant.
S A string variable.
When you want to print a character to the screen or the LCD display,
you must convert it with the CHR() function.
See also
ASC 110
Example
Dim A As Byte
A = 65
Lcd A
Lowerline
Lcdhex A
Lcd Chr(a)
End
6.50 CLS
Action
Clear the LCD display and set the cursor home.
Syntax
CLS
Syntax for graphic LCD

CLS TEXT
CLS GRAPH
CLS BOTH
Remarks
Clearing the LCD display does not clear the CG-RAM in which the custom characters
are stored.
See also
$LCD 95 , LCD 178
Example
Cls
Lcd "Hello"
Wait 5
Cls
End

116 BASCOM-8051
6.51 CONST
Action
Declares a symbolic constant.
Syntax
CONST symbol = value
Remarks
symbol The name of the symbol.
Value The value to assign to the symbol.
Assigned constants consume no program memory.

The compiler will replace all occurrences of the symbol with the assigned value.
Value may also be an expression that uses other defined constants.
The functions that may be used for the expressions are : ASC , ABS, ATN, COS , EXP
, FIX, INT , LOG, RND , SGN , SIN ,SQR , TAN.
Operators are : AND, OR ,XOR +, - , / , \ , ^ , * , NOT , > , < , = , >= , <=,<> ,
(, )
See also
DIM 141
Example
'----------------------------------------------------
' CONST.BAS
'----------------------------------------------------
Dim A As Const 5 'declare a as a constant
Dim B1 As Const &B1001
Dim S As Single
'Or use the new preferred syntax
Const Cbyte = &HF
Const Cint = -1000
Const Csingle = 1.1
Const Cstring = "test"
S = Csingle
Print S ; " " ; Cstring
Waitms A 'wait for 5 milliseconds
Print A
Print B1
End
6.52 CONFIG
The config statement configures all kind of hardware related statements.
Select one of the following topics to learn more about a specific config statement.
CONFIG TIMER0, TIMER1 131

CONFIG TIMER2 289 (for 8052 compatible chips)

CONFIG LCD 125
CONFIG LCDBUS 126
CONFIG LCDPIN 125
CONFIG BAUD 119
CONFIG 1WIRE 117
CONFIG SDA 128
CONFIG SCL 128
CONFIG DEBOUNCE 120
CONFIG WATCHDOG 132
CONFIG SPI 130
CONFIG I2CDELAY 120
CONFIG MICROWIRE 127
CONFIG SERVOS 129
CONFIG ADUC812 117
CONFIG GETRC 121
CONFIG PRINT 127
CONFIG GRAPHLCD 121
6.53 CONFIG 1WIRE

Action
Configure the pin to use for 1WIRE statements.
Syntax
CONFIG 1WIRE = pin
Remarks
pin The port pin to use such as P1.0
See also
1WRESET 83 , 1WREAD 83 , 1WWRITE 83
Example
Config 1WIRE = P1.0 'P1.0 is used for the 1-wire bus
1WRESET 'reset the bus
6.54 CONFIG ADUC812

Action
Configures the ADUC812 microprocessor.
Syntax for ADC

Config ADUC812 = ADCON , MODE = mode, CLOCK = clock , AQUISITION =
aq , TIMER2 = tm , EXTRIG = value
Syntax for DAC

118 BASCOM-8051
Config ADUC812 = DAC , MODE = mode, RANGE0 = r0 , RANGE1 = r1 ,

CLEAR0 = clr0 , CLEAR1 = clr1 , SYNC = sync, POWER0 = pwr0, POWER1 =
pwr1
Remarks ADC
mode POWERDOWN, NORMAL, PDNE, STANDBY.
PDNE means POWERDOWN if not executing a conversion cycle.
clock This is a constant that specifies the clock division of the master
clock. It may be 1,2,4 or 8.
An ADC conversion will require 16 ADC clocks in addition to the
selected number of acquisition clocks.
aq This is a constant that specifies the time available for the input/track
hold amplifier to acquire the input signal.
It may be in range from 1-4. 1 Acquisition clock is enough for an
impedance up to 8K
tm2 The TIMER2 can be ENABLED or DISABLED. When enabled the
timer2 overflow serves as a trigger for the AD conversion.
value The external trigger may be ENABLED or DISABLED. When enabled
the external pin 23 (CONVST) can start the conversion while it is
low.
Remarks DAC
Mode The DAC can be in 8 bit mode or 12 bit mode. So the parameter may
be 8 or 12. Both DACS are set with this parameter.
r0 The DAC0 range can be set to VDD or VREF. With VDD the range is
from 0-VDD. For VREF it is 0-VREF.
r1 The DAC1 range can be set to VDD or VREF. With VDD the range is
from 0-VDD. For VREF it is 0-VREF
clr0 This parameter when TRUE will clear the DAC0. This will set the
output voltage to 0 V.
clr1 This parameter when TRUE will clear the DAC1. This will set the
output voltage to 0 V
Sync May be ENABLED or DISABLED. While enabled the DAC outputs as
soon as the DACxL SFR's are written. The user can simutaneously
update both DAC's by first updating the DACxL/H SFR's while SYNC
is disabled. Both DACs will then update when the SYNC is enabled.
pwr0 This parameter when ON will power ON the DAC0. When OFF the
DAC0 is powered OFF.
pwr1 This parameter when ON will power ON the DAC1. When OFF the
DAC1 is powered OFF

6.55 CONFIG BAUD

Action
Configure the uP to select the intern baud rate generator.
This baud rate generator is only available in the 80515, 80517, 80535, 80537 and
compatible chips.
Syntax
CONFIG BAUD = baud rate
Remarks
Baud rate Baud rate to use : 4800 or 9600
Example
CONFIG BAUD = 9600 'use internal baud generator
Print "Hello"
End
6.56 CONFIG BAUD1

Action
Configure the uP to select the internal baud rate generator for serial channel 1.
This baud rate generator is only available in the 80517 and 80537.
Syntax
CONFIG BAUD1 = baudrate
Remarks
Baudrate Baud rate to use : 2048 - 37500
The 80517 and 80537 have 2 serial ports on board.
See also
CONFIG BAUD 119
Example
CONFIG BAUD1 = 9600 'use internal baud generator
OPEN "Com2:" for Binary as #1

Print #1, "Hello"
Close #1
End

120 BASCOM-8051
6.57 CONFIG DEBOUNCE

Action
Configures the delay time for the DEBOUNCE statement.
Syntax
CONFIG DEBOUNCE = time
Remarks
time A numeric constant which specifies the delay time in mS.
When the debounce time is not configured, 25 mS will be used as a default.

Note that the delay time is based on a 12 MHz clock frequency.
See also
DEBOUNCE 137
Example
Config Debounce = 25 mS '25 mS is the default
6.58 CONFIG I2CDELAY

Action
Configures the delay for the I2C clock.
Syntax
CONFIG I2CDELAY = value
Remarks
Value A numeric constant.
1 will generate the default clock.
0 will generate a higher clock and >=2 will generate a lower clock
frequency.
By default the following delay routine is called with an ACALL :
Delay5:
Nop
Ret
For 12 MHz, there is a 1 MHz system clock. So not counting the other statement, the
minimal delay is 4 * 2 = 8 cycles.
The I2Cdelay value will insert the number of specified NOP instructions.
By default the settings are right for all I2C devices and when working with a 12 MHz
crystal.

See also
CONFIG SCL 128 , CONFIG SDA 128
Example
CONFIG I2CDELAY = 0 'we need a higher clock
6.59 CONFIG GETRC

Action
Configures the GETRC() charge time.
Syntax
Config GETRC = time
Remarks
Time The time in milli seconds to charge the capacitor
See also
GETRC 158
6.60 CONFIG GRAPHLCD

Action
Configures the Graphical LCD display.
Syntax
Config GRAPHLCD = type , PORT = mode, CE = pin , CD = cd , COLS = 30
Remarks
Type This must be one of the following :
· 240 * 64
· 240 * 128
mode This is the name of the port that is used to put the data on the LCD
data pins db0-db7.
P1 for example.
Ce The name of the pin that is used to enable the chip on the LCD.
Cd The name of the pin that is used to control the CD pin of the display.
Cols The number of columns for use as text display. The current code is
written for 30 columns only.
In the sample the following connections were used:

122 BASCOM-8051
P1.0 to P1.7 to DB0-DB7 of the LCD

P3.2 to FS, font select of LCD can be hard wired too
P3.5 to CE, chip enable of LCD
P3.4 to CD, code/data select of LCD
P3.6 to WR of LCD, write
P3.7 to RD of LCD, read
The LCD used from www.conrad.de needs a negative voltage for the
contrast.
Two 9V batteries were used with a pot meter.
The FS (font select) must be set low to use 30 columns and 8x8 fonts.
It may be connected to ground. This pin is not used by the software
routines.
The current asm code only support 30 columns. You can change it however
to use 40 columns.
The T6963C displays have both a graphical area and a text area. They can
be used together. The routines use the XOR mode to display both text and
graphics layered over each other.
The statements that can be used with the graphical LCD are :
CLS 115 , will clear the graphic display and the text display
CLS GRAPH will clear only the graphic part of the display
CLS TEXT will only clear the text part of the display
CLS BOTH is the same as CLS and will clear both text and graphics.
LOCATE 185 row,column Will place the cursor at the specified row and
column
The row may vary from 1 to 8 and the column from 1 to 30.
CURSOR 135 ON/OFF BLINK/NOBLINK can be used the same way as for
text displays.
LCD 178 can also be the same way as for text displays.
LCDHEX 182 can also be used the same way as for text display
New are:
SHOWPIC 220 X, Y , Label where X and Y are the column and row and Label
is the label where the picture info is placed.
PSET 207 X, Y , color Will set or reset a pixel. X can range from 0-239 and Y
from 9-63. When color is 0 the pixel will turned off. When it is 1 the pixel
will be set on.
$BGF 89 "file.bgf" 'inserts a BGF file at the current location

$TIFF is removed from the Help but it still supported this version. $BGF
should be used however.

Example
'------------------------------------------------------------------------------
' GLCD.BAS
' Sample to show support for T6963C based graphic display
' Only 240*64 display is supported with 30 columns(yet)
' At the moment the display can only be used in PORT mode
' Connection :
' P1.0 - P1.7 to DB0-DB7 of LCD
' P3.2 to FS, font select of LCD can be hard wired too
' P3.5 to CE, chip enable of LCD
' P3.4 to CD, code/data select of LCD
' P3.6 to WR of LCD
' P3.7 to RD of LCD
'A future version will allow external data access too which also uses RD and WR
'The display from www.conrad.com needs a negative voltage for the contrast.
'I used two 9 V batteries
'------------------------------------------------------------------------------
'configure the LCD display
Config Graphlcd = 240 * 64 , Port = P1 , Ce = P3.5 , Cd = P3.4 , Cols = 30
'dimension some variables used by the DEMO

Dim X As Byte , Y As Byte
'
Reset P3.2 '8 bit wide char is 30 columns
'The following statements are supported:

Cls 'will clear graphic and text
'cls TEXT will clear only the text
'cls GRAPH will clear only the graphic part
'To init the display manual you can use:

'Lcdinit
'But this should not be needed as it is initilised at start up.
'Locate is supported and you can use 1-8 for the row and 1-30 for the column
Locate 1 , 1
'cursor control is the same as for normal LCD

Cursor On Blink

124 BASCOM-8051
'And to show some text you can use LCD

Lcd "Hello world"
'Note that the cursor position is not adjusted. You can set it with locate
'Now comes the fun part for using a graphic LCD

'We can display a BMP file. You may use MSPAINT or any other tool that can create
'a BMP file. With the Graphic converter from the Tools Menu you can convert the file
'into a BGF file. (BASCOM GRAPHICS FILE). The conversion will convert all non white
'pixels to BLACK.
'To display the BGF file you use the SHOWPIC statement that needs an X and Y
parameter
'the third param is the label where the data is stored.
'The position must be dividable by 8 because this is the way the display handles the
data
Showpic 0 , 0 , Picture1
'And we use the PSET known from QB to set or reset a single pixel
'A value of 0 means clear the pixel and 1 means set the pixel
'create a block
For X = 0 To 10
For Y = 0 To 10
Pset X , Y , 1
Next
Next
'You could remove it too

For X = 0 To 10
For Y = 0 To 10 Step 2
Pset X , Y , 0
Next
Next
'A simple scope or data logger could be made with PSET !

'We hope to get an AN from an inspired user :-)
End
'label for the picture

Picture1:
'$BGF includes the data from the specified file
$bgf "samples\mcs.bgf"

6.61 CONFIG LCDPIN

Action
Override the LCD-options to store the settings in your program.
Syntax
CONFIG LCDPIN = PIN, DB4= P1.1,DB5=P1.2,DB6=P1.3,DB7=P1.4,E=P1.5,
RS=P1.6
Remarks
P1.1 etc. are just an example in the syntax. The pins of the LCD display that must
be connected in PIN mode are :
Name LCD Display

DB4 DB4
DB5 DB5
DB6 DB6
DB7 DB7
E E
RS RS
The WR line of the display must be connected to GND.
See also
CONFIG LCD 125
Example
CONFIG LCDPIN = PIN ,DB4= P1.1,DB5=P1.2,DB6=P1.3,DB7=P1.4,E=P1.5,
RS=P1.6
6.62 CONFIG LCD

Action
Configure the LCD display.
Syntax
CONFIG LCD = LCDtype
Remarks
LCDtype The type of LCD display used. This can be :
40 * 4, 40 * 2, 16 * 1, 16 * 1a, 16 * 2, 16 * 4, 16 * 4, 20 * 2 or 20
* 4 or 40 * 4a
Default 16 * 2 is assumed.
The 16 * 1a LCD display is a special one. It is intended for the display that has the
memory organized as 2 lines of 8 characters.

126 BASCOM-8051
The 40 * 4a LCD display is also a special one. It has two ENABLE lines.
The CONFIG LCDPIN directive must be used to configure the second E line:
CONFIG LCDPIN = PIN , E1 = Pin, E2 = pin, etc.
To select between E1 and E2 you need to set the B register.

Mov b,#0 'selects E1
Mov b,#1 'selects E2
LCD with a constant will work and also with strings.

To call the low level routines :
Mov a,#2 ; code into acc
Mov B,#0 ; or use Mov b,#1
Acall LCD_CONTROL ; call routine
To send data use the low level routine WRITE_LCD instead of LCD_CONTROL
Most LCD routines will work with the 40*4a display but some will fail. In that case
you need to use the low level ASM routines as shown above.
Example
REM Sample for normal displays
CONFIG LCD = 40 * 4
LCD "Hello" 'display on LCD
FOURTHLINE 'select line 4
LCD "4" 'display 4
END
6.63 CONFIG LCDBUS

Action
Configures the LCD databus.
Syntax
CONFIG LCDBUS = constant
Remarks
constant 4 for 4-bit operation, 8 for 8-bit mode (default)
Use this statement together with the $LCD = address statement.

When you use the LCD display in the bus mode the default is to connect all the data
lines. With the 4-bit mode you only have to connect data lines d7-d4.
See also
CONFIG LCD 125

Example
$LCD = &H8000 'address of enable signal
Config LCDBUS = 4 '4 bit mode
LCD "hello"
6.64 CONFIG MICROWIRE

Action
Configures the micro wire pins.
Syntax
Config Microwire = Pin , Cs = P1.1 , Din = P1.2 , Dout = P1.4 , Clock = P1.5 , Al
=7
Remarks
CS Chip select
DIN Data input
DOUT Data output
CLOCK Pin that generates the Clock
AL Address lines. See table below.
It depends if you work with bytes or words. In our example we will
use the 93C46 and work with bytes. AL will be 7 in this case.
Chip 93C46 93C56 93C57 93C66

Data bits 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 16
AL 7 6 9 8 8 7 9 8
See also
MWINIT 193 , MWWOPCODE 194 , MWWRITE 195 , MWREAD 193
Example
NONE
6.65 CONFIG PRINT

Action
Configures the PRINT statement.
Syntax
Config PRINT = pin

128 BASCOM-8051
Config PRINTMODE = mode
Remarks
Pin The pin to use for the output control such as P3.0
Mode The mode of the control pin. SET or RESET.
When you want to control a RS-485 device you need an additional pin to control the
buffer direction. When the pin must be high during printing use SET. When it must
be low during print use RESET.
Example
Config Print = P3.0 'this pin controls the buffer
Config mode = SET 'during PRINT this pin goes high.
Print "Hello"
6.66 CONFIG SCL

Action
Overrides the SCL pin assignment from the Option Settings 58 .
Syntax
CONFIG SCL = pin
Remarks
Pin The port pin to which the I2C-SCL line is connected.
When you use different pins in different projects, you can use this statement to
override the Options Compiler setting for the SCL pin. This way you will remember
which pin you used because it is in your code and you do not have to change the
settings from the options.
This statement can not be used to change the pin dynamically during runtime.
See also
CONFIG SDA 128 , CONFIG I2CDELAY 120
Example
CONFIG SCL = P3.5 'P3.5 is the SCL line
6.67 CONFIG SDA

Action
Overrides the SDA pin assignment from the Option Settings 58 .
Syntax

CONFIG SDA = pin
Remarks
pin The port pin to which the I2C-SDA line is connected.
When you use different pins in different projects, you can use this statement to
override the Options Compiler setting for the SDA pin. This way you will remember
which pin you used because it is in your code and you do not have to change the
settings from the options.
See also
CONFIG SCL 128 , CONFIG I2CDELAY 120
Example
CONFIG SDA = P3.7 'P3.7 is the SDA line
6.68 CONFIG SERVOS

Action
Configures the number of servos and their pins.
Syntax
Config SERVOS = number , SERVO1 = P1.1 , SERVO2 = P1.2 , SERVO3 = P1.4 ,
SERVO4 = P1.5 , RELOAD = value
Remarks
number The number of servos you want to use.
When you specify 2, you must also add the SERVO1 and SERVO2
parameters.
servo1 The pin that is attached to servo 1.
RELOAD The reload value in uS. Default 100 uS
The CONFIG SERVOS compiler directive will include an interrupt that will execute
every 100 uS. The TIMER0 interrupt is enabled and the TIMER0 is started.
The number of bytes used by the use of SERVO's is 1 + number of servos.
When you use 2 servo's , it will take 3 bytes of internal memory.

TIMER0 can not be used by your program anymore.
To change the pulse duration you assign the special reserved variables the number
of 100 uS steps:
SERVO1 = 8 '800 uS pulse
SERVO2 = 12 '1200 uS duration

130 BASCOM-8051
After 20 mS the pulses will be sent again to the port pins.
The maximum number of servo's is 14. The example shows how to set it up for 4
servo's only.
When you specify RELOAD = 50 , 50 uS steps will be used!
When you have a lot of servo's the RELOAD must be higher than when you have
less servos. When you have a reload of 10 uS for example it will be impossible for
the 8051 to handle more than 1 servo without losing time.
For 2 servo's 20 or 25 should be used for best results.
6.69 CONFIG SPI

Action
Configures the SPI related statements.
Syntax
CONFIG SPI = SOFT, DIN = PIN, DOUT = PIN , CS = PIN, CLK = PIN ,DATA
ORDER = DO, NOCS =
CONFIG SPI = ON
CONFIG SPI = OFF
CONFIG SPI = HARD, INTERRUPT = ON|OFF, DATA ORDER = LSB|MSB,
MASTER=YES|NO,POLARITY=HIGH|LOW,PHASE=0|1,CLOCKRATE=4|16|64|128
Remarks
When you use the software SPI mode you must specify the following information:
DIN Data input. Pin is the pin number to use such as p1.0
DOUT Data output. Pin is the pin number to use such as p1.1
CS Chip select. Pin is the pin number to use such as p1.2
CLK Clock. Pin is the pin number to use such as p1.3
NOCS Option without parameter. Use it to disable the resetting and
setting of the CS pin.
DATA ORDER Use MSB or LSB. With MSB, MS bit will be sent first. LSB option
will send the LS bit first.
SPIOUTEDGE Falling or Rising. Falling is the default. The edge specifies if the
the data will be clocked with a low to high or a high to low edge.
When the NOCS option is used you must reset and set the CS pin yourself.
The option is intended when you want to do large transfers between the micro and
the SPI device. With the little internal memory you can do that in steps but of
course you don't want the CS pin to change after each use of the SPIIN or SPIOUT
routine.
When you want to use the hardware SPI that is available in the 89S8252, you must
specify the following information:
INTERRUPT ON or OFF to enable or disable that the SPI interrupt is set.
DATA ORDER LSB or MSB. Determines which bit is sent first.
MASTER Yes or No. Set it to Yes for usage with the BASCOM SPI routines.

POLARITY High or Low. See the Atmel datasheet

PHASE 0 or 1.
CLOCKRATE 4, 16, 64 or 128. This is a division that determines the clock rate.
The oscillator clock is divided by the number you specify.
ON You can turn on/enable SPI by using this option. It sets the enable
bit.
OFF You an turn off the SPI by using this option. It resets the enable
bit.
See also
SPIIN 224 SPIOUT 225
Example
Config SPI = SOFT, DIN = P1.0 , DOUT = P1.1, CS = P1.2, CLK = P1.3
SPIINIT ‘ init pins
SPIOUT var , 1 'send 1 byte
6.70 CONFIG TIMER0, TIMER1

Action
Configure TIMER0 or TIMER1.
Syntax
CONFIG TIMERx = COUNTER/TIMER , GATE=INTERNAL/EXTERNAL , MODE=0/3
Remarks
TIMERx TIMER0 or TIMER1.
COUNTER will configure TIMERx as a COUNTER and TIMER will
configure TIMERx as a TIMER.
A TIMER has built in clock input and a COUNTER has external clock
input.
GATE INTERNAL or EXTERNAL. Specify EXTERNAL to enable gate control
with the INT input.
MODE Time/counter mode 0-3. See Hardware for more details.
So CONFIG TIMER0 = COUNTER, GATE = INTERNAL, MODE=2 will configure

TIMER0 as a COUNTER with no external gate control , in mode 2 (auto reload)
When the timer/counter is configured the timer/counter is stopped so you must start
it afterwards with the START TIMERx statement.
See the additional statements for other microprocessors that use the CONFIG
statement.
Example
CONFIG TIMER0=COUNTER, MODE=1, GATE=INTERNAL

132 BASCOM-8051
COUNTER0 = 0 'reset counter 0

START COUNTER0 'enable the counter to run
DELAY 'wait a while
PRINT COUNTER0 'print it
END
6.71 CONFIG WATCHDOG

Action
Configures the watchdog timer from the AT89C8252
Syntax
CONFIG WATCHDOG = time
Remarks
Time The interval constant in mS the watchdog timer will count to.
Possible settings:
16 , 32, 64 , 128 , 256 , 512 , 1024 and 2048.
When the WD is started, a reset will occur after the specified number of mS.
With 2048, a reset will occur after 2 seconds, so you need to reset the WD in your
programs periodically.
See also
START WATCHDOG 292 , STOP WATCHDOG 292 , RESET WATCHDOG 292
Example
'-----------------------------------------------------
' WATCHD.BAS demonstrates the AT89S8252 watchdog timer
' select 89s8252.dat !!!
'-----------------------------------------------------
Config Watchdog = 2048 'reset after 2048 mSec
Start Watchdog 'start the watchdog timer
Dim I As Word
For I = 1 To 10000
Print I 'print value
' Reset Watchdog
'you will notice that the for next doesnt finish because of the reset
'when you unmark the RESET WATCHDOG statement it will finish because
the
'wd-timer is reset before it reaches 2048 msec
Next
End
6.72 COUNTER
Action
Set or retrieve the COUNTER0 or COUNTER1 variable.
For 8052 TIMER2 compatible chips, COUNTER2 can be used too.

Syntax
COUNTERX = var
var = COUNTERX
Remarks
Var A byte, Integer/Word variable or constant that is assigned to the
counter.
counterX COUNTER0 , COUNTER1 or COUNTER2.
Use counterX = 0 to reset the counter.

The counter can count from 0 to 255 in mode 2 (8-bit auto reload).
And to 65535 in mode 1(16-bit).
In mode 0 the counter can count to 8192. The MSB and 5 bits of the LSB are used in
that case. When you assign a constant to a TIMER/COUNTER in mode 0, the bits will
be placed in the right place :
COUNTER0 = &B1_1111_1111_1111_1111 '13 bits
Will be translated for mode 0 into 1111_1111_0001_1111
The counterx variables are intended to set/retrieve the TIMER/COUNTER registers

from BASCOM. COUNTER0 = TL0 and TH0.
So the COUNTERx reserved variable is a 16 bit variable.
To set TLx or THx, you can use : TL0 = 5 for example.
Note that the COUNTERx variable operates on both the TIMERS and COUNTER
because the TIMERS and COUNTERS are the same thing except for the mode they
are working in. To load a reload value, use the LOAD 184 statement.
After access to the counter, the timer/counter is stopped. So when it was

running, start it with the statement START COUNTERx
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: COUNTER.BAS
' demo: COUNTER
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' Connect the timer input P3.4 to a frequency generator
' *TIMER/COUNTER 1 is used for RS-232 baud rate generator
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Dim A As Byte , C As Integer
Config Timer0 = Counter , Gate = Internal , Mode = 1
'Timer0 = counter : timer0 operates as a counter
'Gate = Internal : no external gate control
'Mode = 1 : 16-bit counter
Counter0 = 0 'clear counter

Start Counter0 'enable the counter to count
Do 'set up a loop
A = Inkey 'check for input

134 BASCOM-8051
C = Counter0 'get counter value

Print C 'print it
Start Counter0 're-start it because it was stopped by accessing the
COUNTER
Loop Until A = 27 'until escape is pressed
End
For the next example the ASM code is shown:

COUNTER0 = 1000
Generated code :
Clr TCON.4
Mov tl0,#232
Mov th0,#3
6.73 CPEEK
Action
Returns a byte stored in code memory.
Syntax
var = CPEEK( address )
Remarks
var Numeric variable that is assigned with the content of the program
memory at address
address Numeric variable or constant with the address location
There is no CPOKE statement because you cannot write into program memory.
See also
PEEK 202 , POKE 202 , INP 173 , OUT 200
Example
'-----------------------------------------------------
' PEEK.BAS
' demonstrates PEEk, POKE, CPEEK, INP and OUT
'
'-----------------------------------------------------
Dim I As Integer , B1 As Byte
'dump internal memory
For I = 0 To 127 'for a 8052 225 could be used
' Break
B1 = Peek(i) 'get byte from internal

memory
Printhex B1 ; " ";
'Poke I , 1 'write a value into memory
Next
Print 'new line
'be careful when writing into internal memory !!
'now dump a part ofthe code-memory(program)

For I = 0 To 255
B1 = Cpeek(i) 'get byte from internal
memory
Printhex B1 ; " ";
Next
'note that you can not write into codememory!!
Out &H8000 , 1 'write 1 into XRAM at address

8000
B1 = INP(&H8000) 'return value from XRAM
Print B1
End
6.74 CURSOR
Action
Set the LCD cursor state.
Syntax
CURSOR ON / OFF BLINK / NOBLINK
Remarks
You can use both the ON or OFF and BLINK or NOBLINK parameters.
At power up the cursor state is ON and NOBLINK.
For Graphic LCD 121 displays the state is ON BLINK
See also
DISPLAY 143
Example
Dim a as byte
A = 255
LCD a
Cursor Off 'hide cursor
Wait 1 'wait 1 second
Cursor Blink 'blink cursor
End

136 BASCOM-8051
6.75 DATA
Action
Specifies values to be read by subsequent READ statements.
Syntax
DATA var [, varn]
Remarks
Var Numeric or string constant.
To specify a character that cannot be written in the editor such as " you can use
$34. The number is the ASCII value of the string. A null will be added so it will be a
string of one character!
When you want to store the string data without the ending null you can use the
$NONULL directive as shown below:
DATA "abcd" 'stored with and ending 0
$NONULL = -1 'from now on store the data without the extra 0
DATA "abcd" , "edgh"
$NONULL = 0 'and go back to the normal default operation
Version 2.09 supports expressions. You must use either expressions or normal
constant data on the DATA lines. You may not mix them.
DATA INTEGER(15 * constval + x)

Where constval is a declare constant (CONST) and x is a CONST too.
The INTEGER() funtion must be used to indicate that the resulting constant is of the
integer type.
Use WORD(), INTEGER(), LONG() or SINGLE() to specify the resulting constant.
Difference with QB
Integer and Word constants must end with the % -sign.
Long constants must end with the &-sign.
Single constants must end with the !-sign.
See also
READ 208 , RESTORE 212
Example
Dim A As Byte , I As Byte , L As Long , S As Xram String * 15
Restore Dta1 'point to data
For A = 1 To 3
Read I : Print I 'read data and print it
Next
Restore Dta2 'point to data

Read I : Print I ' integer data
Read I : Print I

Restore Dta3
Read L : Print L ' long data
Restore Dta4
Read S : Print S ' string data
END
DTA1:
Data 5 , 10 , 100
DTA2:
Data -1% , 1000%
'Integer and Word constants must end with the %-sign.
' (Integer : <0 or >255)
DTA3:
Data 1235678&
'long constants must end with the &-sign
DTA4:
Data "Hello world" , $34
REM You can also mix different constant types on one line
Data "TEST" , 5 , 1000% , -1& , 1.1!
6.76 DEBOUNCE
Action
Debounces a port pin connected to a switch.
Syntax
DEBOUNCE Px.y , state , label [ , SUB]
Remarks
Px.y A port pin like P1.0 , to examine.
State 0 for jumping when Px.y is low , 1 for jumping when Px.y is high
Label The label to GOTO when the specified state is detected
SUB The label to GOSUB when the specified state is detected
When you specify the optional parameter SUB, a GOSUB to label is performed
instead of a GOTO.
The DEBOUNCE statements wait for a port pin to get high(1) or low(0).
When it does it will wait 25 mS and checks again (eliminating bounce of a switch)
When the condition is still true and there was no branch before, it branches to the
label.
When DEBOUNCE is executed again, the state of the switch must have gone back in
the original position before it can perform another branch.
Each DEBOUNCE statement which uses a different port uses 1 BIT of the internal
memory to hold it's state.
What also should be mentioned is that P2.2-P2.7 and P3 have internal pull up
resistors. This can affect the debounce statement. With these port pins, debounce is

138 BASCOM-8051
best to be used as: Debounce P1.1, 0, Pr [, sub ] , as it will not require an

external pull up resistor.
See also
CONFIG DEBOUNCE 120
Example
'-----------------------------------------------------
' DEBOUN.BAS
' Demonstrates DEBOUNCE
'-----------------------------------------------------
Config Debounce = 30 'when the config statement
is not used a default of 25mS will be used
'Debounce P1.1 , 1 , Pr 'try this for branching when high(1)

Debounce P1.0 , 0 , Pr , Sub
Debounce P1.0 , 0 , Pr , Sub
' ^----- label to branch to
' ^---------- Branch when P1.0 goes low(0)
' ^---------------- Examine P1.0
'When P1.0 goes low jump to subroutine Pr

'P1.0 must go high again before it jumps again
'to the label Pr when P1.0 is low
Debounce P1.0 , 1 'no branch

Debounce P1.0 , 1 , Pr 'will result in a return
without gosub
End
Pr:
Print "P1.0 was/is low"
Return
6.77 DECR
Action
Decrements a variable by one.
Syntax
DECR var
Remarks
Var Variable to be decremented.
var : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single.
There are often situations where you want a number to be decreased by 1.

The DECR statement is faster then var = var - 1.
See also
INCR 171
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: DECR.BAS
' Demo: DECR
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Dim A As Byte
A = 5 'assign value to a
Decr A 'decrease (by one)
Print A 'print it
End
6.78 DECLARE
Action
Declares a subroutine.
Syntax
DECLARE SUB TEST[(var as type)]
Remarks
test Name of the procedure.
Var Name of the variable(s). Maximum 10 allowed.
Type Type of the variable(s). Bit, Byte,Word, Integer, Long or String.
You must declare each sub before writing or using the sub procedure.
See also
CALL 113 , SUB 229
Example
Dim A As Byte , B1 As Byte , C As Byte
Declare Sub Test(a As Byte)
A = 1 : B1 = 2 : C = 3
Print A ; B1 ; C

140 BASCOM-8051
Call Test(b1)
Print A ; B1 ; C
End
Sub Test(a As Byte)

Print A ; B1 ; C
End Sub
6.79 DEF
Action
Declares all variables that are not dimensioned of the DefXXX type.
Syntax
DEFBIT b
DEFBYTE c
DEFINT I
DEFWORD x
Difference with QB
QB allows you to specify a range like DEFINT A - D. BASCOM doesn't support this.
Example
Defbit b : DefInt c 'default type for bit and integers
Set b1 'set bit to 1
c = 10 'let c = 10
6.80 DEFLCDCHAR
Action
Define a custom LCD character.
Syntax
DEFLCDCHAR char,r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6,r7,r8
Remarks
char Variable representing the character (0-7).
r1-r8 The row values for the character.
char : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Constant.
r1-r8 : Constant.
You can use the LCD designer to build the characters.

It is important that after the DEFLCDCHAR statement(s), a CLS follows.
The special characters can be printed with the Chr() function.
See also
Edit LCD designer 54 , LCD 178
Example
DefLCDchar 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 'define special character
Cls 'select LCD DATA RAM
LCD Chr(0) 'show the character
End
6.81 DELAY
Action
Delay program execution for a short time.
Syntax
DELAY
Remarks
Use DELAY to wait for a short time.
The delay time is 100 microseconds based on a system frequency of 12 MHz.
See also
WAIT 233 , WAITMS 234
Example
P1 = 5 'write 5 to port 1
DELAY 'wait for hardware to be ready
6.82 DIM
Action
Dimension a variable.
Syntax
DIM var AS [XRAM/IRAM] type
Remarks
Var Any valid variable name such as b1, i or longname. var can also be an
array : ar(10) for example.

142 BASCOM-8051
Type Bit/Boolean, Byte, Word, Integer, Long, Single or String

XRAM Specify XRAM to store variable in external memory
IRAM Specify IRAM to store variable in internal memory (default)
A string variable needs an additional parameter that specifies the length of the
string:
Dim s As XRAM String * 10
In this case, the string can have a length of 10 characters.
Note that BITS can only be stored in internal memory.
Difference with QB
In QB you don't need to dimension each variable before you use it. In BASCOM you
must dimension each variable before you use it.
Also the XRAM/IRAM options are not available in QB.
See Also
CONST 116 , ERASE 147
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: DIM.BAS
' demo: DIM
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Dim B1 As Bit 'bit can be 0 or 1
Dim A As Byte 'byte range from 0-255
Dim C As Integer 'integer range from -32767 -
+32768
Dim L As Long
Dim S As Single
'Assign bits
B1 = 1 'or
Set B1 'use set
'Assign bytes
A = 12
A = A + 1
'Assign integer
C = -12
C = C + 100
Print C
'Assign long
L = 12345678
Print L
'Assign single

S = 1234.567
Print S
End
6.83 DISABLE
Action
Disable specified interrupt.
Syntax
DISABLE interrupt
Remarks
Interrupt INT0, INT1, SERIAL, TIMER0, TIMER1 or TIMER2.
For other chips : INT2, INT3, INT4, INT5, INT6, INT7 , INT8, CAN
By default all interrupts are disabled.

To disable all interrupts specify INTERRUPTS.
To enable the enabling and disabling of individual interrupts use ENABLE
INTERRUPTS.
Depending on the chip used, there can be more interrupts.

Look at microprocessor support 288 for more details.
See also
ENABLE 145
Example
Enable Interrupts 'enable the setting of
interrupts
Enable Timer0 'enable TIMER0
Disable Serial 'disables the serial
interrupt.
Disable Interrupts 'disable all interrupts
6.84 DISPLAY
Action
Turn LCD display on or off.
Syntax
DISPLAY ON / OFF
Remarks
The display is turned on at power up.

144 BASCOM-8051
See also
CURSOR 135 , LCD 178
Example
Dim a as byte
a = 255
LCD a
DISPLAY OFF
Wait 1
DISPLAY ON
End
6.85 DO
Action
Repeat a block of statements until condition is true.
Syntax
DO
statements
LOOP [ UNTIL expression ]
Remarks
You can exit a DO..LOOP with the EXIT DO 148 statement.
See also
EXIT 148 , WHILE 236 WEND 236 , FOR 148 , NEXT 196
Example
Dim A As Byte
Do 'start the loop
A = A + 1 'increment A
Print A 'print it
Loop Until A = 10 'Repeat loop until A = 10
Print A 'A is still 10 here
6.86 ELSE
Action
Executed if the IF-THEN expression is false.
Syntax
ELSE
Remarks

You don't have to use the ELSE statement in an IF THEN .. END IF structure.
You can use the ELSEIF statement to test for another condition.
IF a = 1 THEN
...
ELSEIF a = 2 THEN
..
ELSEIF b1 > a THEN
...
ELSE
...
END IF
See also
IF 169 , END IF 146 SELECT CASE 216
Example
Dim A As Byte
A = 10 'let a = 10
If A > 10 Then 'make a decision
Print "A >10" 'this will not be printed
Else 'alternative
Print "A not greater than 10" 'this will be printed
END IF
6.87 ENABLE
Action
Enable specified interrupt.
Syntax
ENABLE interrupt
Remarks
Interrupt INT0, INT1, SERIAL, TIMER0, TIMER1 or TIMER2
For other chips also : INT2, INT3, INT4, INT5, INT6, INT7, INT8 , CAN
By default all interrupts are disabled.

To enable the enabling and disabling of interrupts use ENABLE INTERRUPTS.
Other microprocessors can have more interrupts than the 8051/8052.

Look at specific microprocessor support 288 for more details.
See also
DISABLE 143

146 BASCOM-8051
Example
ENABLE INTERRUPTS 'allow interrupts to be set
ENABLE TIMER1 'enables the TIMER1 interrupt
6.88 END
Action
Terminate program execution.
Syntax
END
Remarks
STOP can also be used to terminate a program.
When an END or STOP statement is encountered, a never ending loop is generated.
See also
STOP 226
Example
PRINT " Hello" 'print this
END 'end program execution
6.89 END IF
Action
End an IF .. THEN structure.
Syntax
END IF
Remarks
You must always end an IF .. THEN structure with an END IF statement.
You can nest IF ..THEN statements.

The use of ELSE is optional.
The editor converts ENDIF to End If when the reformat option is switched on.
See also
IF THEN 169 , ELSE 144
Example

Dim Nmb As Byte

Again: 'label
Input " Number " , Nmb 'ask for number
If Nmb = 10 Then 'compare
Print " Number is 10" 'yes
Else 'no
If Nmb > 10 Then 'is it greater
Print " Number > 10" 'yes
Else 'no
Print " Number < 10" 'print this
End If 'end structure
End If 'end structure
End 'end program
6.90 ERASE
Action
Erases a variable so memory will be released.
Syntax
ERASE var
Remarks
var The name of the variable to erase.
The variable must be dimensioned before you can erase it.
When you need temporary variables you can erase them after you used them. This
way your program uses less memory.
You can only ERASE the last dimensioned variables. So when you DIM 2 variables
for local purposes, you must ERASE these variables. The order in which you ERASE
them doesn't matter.
For example :
Dim a1 as byte , a2 as byte , a3 as byte , a4 as byte
'use the vars
ERASE a3 : ERASE a4 'erase the last 2 vars because they were temp vars
Dim a5 as Byte 'Dim new var
Now you can't erase the vars a1 and a2 anymore !
Note that ERASED variables don't show up in the report file nor in the simulator.
Example
Dim A As Byte 'DIM variable
A = 255 'assign value
Print A 'PRINT variable
Erase A 'ERASE

148 BASCOM-8051
Dim A As Integer 'DIM again but now as INT

Print A 'PRINT again
REM Note that A uses the same space a the previous ERASED var A so
REM it still holds the value of the previous assigned variable
6.91 EXIT
Action
Exit a FOR..NEXT, DO..LOOP , WHILE ..WEND or SUB..END SUB.
Syntax
EXIT [FOR] [DO] [WHILE] [SUB]
Remarks
With the EXIT ... statement you can exit a structure at any time.
See also
FOR 148 , DO 144 , WHILE 236
Example
Dim A As Byte , B1 As Byte 'DIM variable
A = 2 : B1 = 1
If A >= B1 Then 'some silly code
Do 'begin a DO..LOOP
A = A + 1 'inc a
If A = 100 Then 'test for a = 100
Exit Do 'exit the DO..LOOP
End If 'end the IF..THEN
Loop 'end the DO
End If 'end the IF..THEN
6.92 FOR
Action
Execute a block of statements a number of times.
Syntax
FOR var = start TO/DOWNTO end [STEP value]
Remarks
Var The variable counter to use
Start The starting value of the variable var
End The ending value of the variable var
Value The value var is increased/decreased with each time NEXT is
encountered.


start: Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single, Constant.
end : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single, Constant.
step : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single, Constant.
For incremental loops you must use TO.

For decremental loops you must use DOWNTO.
You may use TO for a decremental loop but in that case you must use a negative
STEP :
For a = 10 To 1 STEP -1
You must end a FOR structure with the NEXT statement.
The use of STEP is optional. By default a value of 1 is used.
See also
NEXT 196 , EXIT FOR 148
Example
Dim Y As Byte , A As Byte,x as byte
y = 10 'make y 10
For A = 1 To 10 'do this 10 times
For X = Y To 1 'this one also
Print X ; A 'print the values
Next 'next x (count down)
Next 'next a (count up)
Dim S As Single
For S = 1 To 2 Step 0.1
Print S
Next
End
6.93 FOURTHLINE
Action
Reset LCD cursor to the fourth line.
Syntax
FOURTHLINE
Remarks
Only valid for LCD displays with 4 lines.
See also
HOME 166 , UPPERLINE 232 , LOWERLINE 188 , THIRDLINE 230 , LOCATE 185

150 BASCOM-8051
Example
Dim a as byte
a = 255
LCD a
Fourthline
LCD a
Upperline
END
6.94 FUSING
Action
Formats a floating point value.
Syntax
var = Fusing( source, mask)
Remarks
Var The string that is assigned with the result.
Source A variable of the type single that must be formatted.
Mask The formatting mask . ###.##
The # sign is used to indicate the number of digits before and
after the decimal point. Normal rounding is used.
When you don't need rouding the result, use the & sign instead of
the # sign after the point.
When you want leading zero's use the 0 character before the
point.
See also
STR 228
Example
Dim S As Single , Targ As String * 16
'The FUSING() function formats a single into a string in order to
'represent it better without all the digits after the point
'assign single
S = 99.4999
Targ = Fusing(s , ##.#)
Print Targ
'with the # mask, you can provide the number of digits before and
after 'the point

'the result should be 99.5
'with a 0 before the point, you can indicate how many digits you want
to 'have filled with zeros
Targ = Fusing(s , 000.#)
'the result should be 099.5
'When you dont want that the result is rounded, you can use the &
indicator
Targ = Fusing(s , 000.&&)

'result should be 099.49
'note that if the number of digits you provide is not enough to store
the 'result result is extended automaticly
'Also note that the - sign will use one digit of the mask too
S = -99.12
Targ = Fusing(s , 00.&&)
'result is -99.12
End
6.95 GET
Action
Retrieves a byte from the software UART.
Syntax
GET #channel , var
Remarks
Channel Positive numeric constant that refers to the opened channel.
Var A variable that receives the value from the software UART.
Note that the channel must be opened with the OPEN statement.
Also, note that the CLOSE statement, must be the last in your program. Please see
comment on OPEN 198 statement
An optional TIMEOUT can be specified so that the routine will return when no
character is received.
See also
PUT 207 , $TIMEOUT 107
Example

152 BASCOM-8051
Dim S As String * 12 , I As Byte , A As Byte , Dum As Byte
Open "com3.1:9600" For Output As #1 'p3.1 is normally used for tx so

testing is easy
Open "com3.0:9600" For Input As #2 'p3.0 is normally used for RX so
testing is easy
S = "test this" 'assign string

Dum = Len(s) 'get length of string
For I = 1 To Dum 'for all characters from left to right
A = Mid(s , I , 1) 'get character
Put #1 , A 'write it to comport
Next
Do
Get #2 , A 'get character from comport
Put #1 , A 'write it back
Print A 'use normal channel
Loop
Printbin #1, a 'Printbin is also supported

Inputbin #2, a 'Inputbin is also supported
Close #1 ' finally close device

Close #2
End
'To use the TIMEOUT option include (without the remarks):

'$TIMEOUT
' Get #2 , A TIMEOUT = 10000 'get character from comport
6.96 GETAD
Action
Retrieves the analog value from channel 0-7.
Channel ranges from 0-11 on a 80517 or 80537.
Syntax
var = GETAD(channel, range)
Remarks
Var The variable that is assigned with the A/D value
Channel The channel to measure

Range The internal range selection.
0 = 0-5 Volt
192 = 0 - 3.75 Volt
128 = 0 - 2.5 Volt
64 = 0 - 1.25 Volt
12 = 3.75 - 5 Volt
200 = 2.5 - 3.75 Volt
132 = 1.25 - 2.5 Volt
The GETAD() function is only intended for the 80515, 80535,80517, 80535 and
80552.
For the 89Cc051 use GETAD2051().
It is a microprocessor depended support 288 feature.
See also
GETAD2051 153
Example
Dim b1 as Byte, Channel as byte,ref as byte
channel=0 'input at P6.0
ref=0 'range from 0 to 5 Volt
b1=getad(channel,ref) 'place A/D into b1
6.97 GETAD2051
Action
Retrieves the analog value from a 89C2051 or 89C4051.
Syntax
var = GETAD2051()
Remarks
var The variable that is assigned with the A/D value
The GETAD2051() function is only intended for the 89C2051 and 89C4051. It uses
the analog comparator of the chip.
Connect the hardware as following :

154 BASCOM-8051
See also
GETAD 152
Example
$regfile = "89c2051.dat"
Dim A As Byte
Do
A = Getad2051()
A = Lookup(a , Dta)
Print A
Loop
End
'this table converts the value into a packed BCD value

'this value can be used to diaplay the value on 2 7-segment displays
Dta:
Data 0 ' 0 0.000
Data 1 ' 1 0.047
Data 1 ' 2 0.093

Data 2 ' 3 0.138

Data 2 ' 4 0.184
Data 3 ' 5 0.229
Data 3 ' 6 0.273
Data 3 ' 7 0.317
Data 4 ' 8 0.361
Data 4 ' 9 0.404
Data 5 ' 10 0.447
Data 5 ' 11 0.489
Data 6 ' 12 0.531
Data 6 ' 13 0.573
Data 6 ' 14 0.614
Data 7 ' 15 0.655
Data 7 ' 16 0.696
Data 8 ' 17 0.736
Data 8 ' 18 0.776
Data 8 ' 19 0.815
Data 9 ' 20 0.854
Data 9 ' 21 0.893
Data &H10 ' 22 0.931
Data &H10 ' 23 0.969
Data &H10 ' 24 1.006
Data &H11 ' 25 1.044
Data &H11 ' 26 1.080
Data &H11 ' 27 1.117
Data &H12 ' 28 1.153
Data &H12 ' 29 1.189
Data &H12 ' 30 1.224
Data &H13 ' 31 1.260
Data &H13 ' 32 1.295
Data &H13 ' 33 1.329
Data &H14 ' 34 1.363
Data &H14 ' 35 1.397
Data &H14 ' 36 1.431
Data &H15 ' 37 1.464
Data &H15 ' 38 1.497
Data &H15 ' 39 1.530
Data &H16 ' 40 1.562
Data &H16 ' 41 1.594
Data &H16 ' 42 1.626
Data &H17 ' 43 1.657
Data &H17 ' 44 1.688
Data &H17 ' 45 1.719
Data &H18 ' 46 1.750

156 BASCOM-8051
Data &H18 ' 47 1.780

Data &H18 ' 48 1.810
Data &H19 ' 49 1.840
Data &H19 ' 50 1.869
Data &H19 ' 51 1.898
Data &H19 ' 52 1.927
Data &H20 ' 53 1.956
Data &H20 ' 54 1.984
Data &H20 ' 55 2.012
Data &H21 ' 56 2.040
Data &H21 ' 57 2.068
Data &H21 ' 58 2.095
Data &H21 ' 59 2.122
Data &H22 ' 60 2.149
Data &H22 ' 61 2.176
Data &H22 ' 62 2.202
Data &H22 ' 63 2.228
Data &H23 ' 64 2.254
Data &H23 ' 65 2.279
Data &H23 ' 66 2.305
Data &H23 ' 67 2.330
Data &H24 ' 68 2.355
Data &H24 ' 69 2.379
Data &H24 ' 70 2.404
Data &H24 ' 71 2.428
Data &H25 ' 72 2.452
Data &H25 ' 73 2.476
Data &H25 ' 74 2.499
Data &H25 ' 75 2.523
Data &H26 ' 76 2.546
Data &H26 ' 77 2.569
Data &H26 ' 78 2.591
Data &H50 ' 79 5.000

Data &H49 ' 80 4.953
Data &H49 ' 81 4.907
Data &H48 ' 82 4.862
Data &H48 ' 83 4.816
Data &H47 ' 84 4.771
Data &H47 ' 85 4.727
Data &H47 ' 86 4.683
Data &H46 ' 87 4.639
Data &H46 ' 88 4.596
Data &H45 ' 89 4.553

Data &H45 ' 90 4.511

Data &H44 ' 91 4.469
Data &H44 ' 92 4.427
Data &H44 ' 93 4.386
Data &H43 ' 94 4.345
Data &H43 ' 95 4.304
Data &H42 ' 96 4.264
Data &H42 ' 97 4.224
Data &H42 ' 98 4.185
Data &H41 ' 99 4.146
Data &H41 ' 100 4.107
Data &H40 ' 101 4.069
Data &H40 ' 102 4.031
Data &H40 ' 103 3.994
Data &H39 ' 104 3.956
Data &H39 ' 105 3.920
Data &H39 ' 106 3.883
Data &H38 ' 107 3.847
Data &H38 ' 108 3.811
Data &H38 ' 109 3.776
Data &H37 ' 110 3.740
Data &H37 ' 111 3.705
Data &H37 ' 112 3.671
Data &H36 ' 113 3.637
Data &H36 ' 114 3.603
Data &H36 ' 115 3.569
Data &H35 ' 116 3.536
Data &H35 ' 117 3.503
Data &H35 ' 118 3.470
Data &H34 ' 119 3.438
Data &H34 ' 120 3.406
Data &H34 ' 121 3.374
Data &H33 ' 122 3.343
Data &H33 ' 123 3.312
Data &H33 ' 124 3.281
Data &H32 ' 125 3.250
Data &H32 ' 126 3.220
Data &H32 ' 127 3.190
Data &H31 ' 128 3.160
Data &H31 ' 129 3.131
Data &H31 ' 130 3.102
Data &H31 ' 131 3.073
Data &H30 ' 132 3.044
Data &H30 ' 133 3.016

158 BASCOM-8051
Data &H30 ' 134 2.988

Data &H29 ' 135 2.960
Data &H29 ' 136 2.932
Data &H29 ' 137 2.905
Data &H29 ' 138 2.878
Data &H28 ' 139 2.851
Data &H28 ' 140 2.824
Data &H28 ' 141 2.798
Data &H28 ' 142 2.772
Data &H27 ' 143 2.746
Data &H27 ' 144 2.721
Data &H27 ' 145 2.695
Data &H27 ' 146 2.670
Data &H26 ' 147 2.645
Data &H26 ' 148 2.621
Data &H26 ' 149 2.596
Data &H26 ' 150 2.572
Data &H25 ' 151 2.548
Data &H25 ' 152 2.524
Data &H25 ' 153 2.501
Data &H25 ' 154 2.477
Data &H24 ' 155 2.454
Data &H24 ' 156 2.431
Data &H24 ' 157 2.409
6.98 GETRC
Action
Retrieves the value of a resistor or a capacitor.
Syntax
var = GETRC( pin )
Remarks
var The variable that receives the value.
pin The port pin the R/C is connect to.
GETRC needs a resistor and capacitor in order to work. The capacitor is discharged
and the charging time will vary depending on the user resistor/capacitor value.

Uses
This function uses TIMER0.
See also
NONE
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
---
' GETRC.BAS
' Retrieve resistor value
' Connect 10KOhm variable resistor from +5V to P1.7 for this example
' Connect 10nF capacitor from P1.7 to ground
' The GETRC(pin) function measures the time needed to discharge the
capacitor
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
---
Config Timer0 = Timer , Gate = Internal , Mode = 1 'the GETRC()
functions needs timer 0
Config Getrc = 10 '10mS
wait for charging the capacitor. This is the default so for 10 the
CONFIG is not needed
$baud = 9600 'just my settings
$crystal = 11059200
Dim W As Word 'allocate space for
variable
Do 'forever
W = Getrc(p1.7) 'get RC value
Print W 'print it
Wait 1 'wait a moment
Loop
'return values for cap=10nF .The resistor values where measured with
a DVM
' 250 for 10K9

160 BASCOM-8051
' 198 for 9K02

' 182 for 8K04
' 166 for 7K
' 154 for 6K02
' 138 for 5K04
' 122 for 4K04
' 106 for 3K06
' 86 for 2K16
' 54 for 1K00
' 22 for 198 ohm
' 18 for 150 ohm
' 10 for 104 ohm
' 6 for 1 ohm (minimum)
'As you can see there is a reasonable linearity

'So you can do some math to get the resistor value
'But the function is intended to serve as a rough indication for
resistor values
'You can also change the capacitor to get larger values.
'With 10nF, the return value fits into a byte
6.99 GETRC5
Action
Retrieves a RC5 infrared code and sub address.
Syntax
GETRC5(address , command)
Remarks
Address The RC5 sub address received.
Command The RC5 command received.
Use a Siemens infrared receiver SFH506-36 and connect it to port pin 3.2 to use this
command.
This statement works together with the INT0 interrupt. See the example below on
how to use it.
In version 2.09 the command returns the toggle bit in bit position 5 of the address.
You can clear it like : address = address AND &B0001_1111
The toggle bit will toggle after each key press of the remote control.

See Also
NONE
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
' RC5.BAS (c) 1995-2006 MCS Electronics
' connect SFH506-36 IR-receiver to PORT 3.2 (INT0)
' choose the correct port from the Compiler I2C TAB. Int0 should
have P3.2 pin
' On other chips it may be another pin!
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
--------
Dim New As Bit
Dim Command As Byte , Subaddress As Byte
Reset Tcon.0
'triggered by rising edge
On Int0 Receiverc5
Enable Int0
Enable Interrupts
Do
If New = 1 Then
'received new code
Disable Int0
Print Command ; " " ; Subaddress
New = 0 'reset
new bit
Enable Int0
End If

162 BASCOM-8051
Loop
Receiverc5:
'interrupt routine
'the getrc5 routine uses 30 bytes ! of the stack for measuring
'the interval between the bits
Getrc5(Subaddress,command)
New = 1 'set
flag
Return
6.100 GOSUB
Action
Branch to and execute subroutine.
Syntax
GOSUB label
Remarks
label The name of the label where to branch to.
With GOSUB, your program jumps to the specified label, and continues execution at
that label.
When it encounters a RETURN statement, program execution will continue after the
GOSUB statement.
See also
GOTO 163 , CALL 113 , RETURN 213
Example
GOSUB Routine 'branch to routine
Print "Hello" 'after being at 'routine' print this
END 'terminate program
Routine: 'this is a subroutine

x=x+2 'perform some math
PRINT X 'print result
RETURN 'return

6.101 GOTO
Action
Jump to the specified label.
Syntax
GOTO label
Remarks
Labels can be up to 32 characters long.
When you use duplicate labels, the compiler will give you a warning.
See also
GOSUB 162
Example
Dim A As Byte
Start: 'a label must end with a

colon
A = A + 1 'increment a
If A < 10 Then 'is it less than 10?
Goto Start 'do it again
End If 'close IF
Print " Ready" 'that is it
6.102 HEX
Action
Returns a string representation of a hexadecimal number.
Syntax
var = HEX( x )
Remarks
Var A string variable.
X A numeric variable such as Byte, Integer or Word.
See also
HEXVAL 164 , VAL 232 , STR 228

164 BASCOM-8051
Example
Dim A As Byte , S As String * 10
A = 123
S = Hex(a)
Print S
End
6.103 HEXVAL
Action
Convert string representing a hexadecimal number into a numeric variable.
Syntax
var = HEXVAL( x )
Remarks
var The numeric variable that must be assigned.
X The hexadecimal string that must be converted.
var : Byte, Integer, Word, Long.
x : String.
The string that must be converted must have a length of 2 bytes ,4 bytes or 8
bytes, for bytes, integers/words and longs respectively.
Difference with QB
In QB you can use the VAL() function to convert hexadecimal strings.
But since that would require an extra test for the leading &H signs, that are required
in QB, a separate function was designed.
See also
HEX 163 , VAL 232 , STR 228
Example
Dim A As Integer , S As String * 15
S = "000A"
A = Hexval(s) : Print A '10
End
6.104 HIGH
Action
Retrieves the most significant byte of a variable.

Syntax
var = HIGH( s ) ‘ high function gets the upper byte of a word
HIGH(word) = byte ‘high statement set the upper byte of a word
Remarks
Var The variable that is assigned with the MSB of var S.
S The source variable to get the MSB from.
Word A word or integer variable that is assigned
Byte The value to set to the MSB of the Word/Integer variable
The HIGH() function returns the MSB of a variable while the HIGH() statement sets
the MSB of a word variable.
See also
LOW 187 , LOWW 188 , HIGHW 165
Example
Dim I As Integer , Z As Byte
I = &H1001
Z = High(I) ' is 16
6.105 HIGHW
Action
Retrieves the two most significant bytes of a long.
Syntax
var = HIGHW( s )
Remarks
Var The variable that is assigned with the two MSB of var S. It must
be an Integer or Word
S The source variable to get the MSB from. Must be a long
See also
LOW 187 , HIGH 164 , LOWW 188
Example
Dim I As Long , Z As Word
I = &H10011001

166 BASCOM-8051
Z = HighW(I)
6.106 HOME
Action
Place the cursor at the specified line at location 1.
Syntax
HOME UPPER | LOWER | THIRD | FOURTH
Remarks
If only HOME is used than, the cursor will be set to the upper line.
You can also specify the first letter of the line like: HOME U
See also
CLS 115 , LOCATE 185 , LCD 178
Example
Lowerline
LCD " Hello"
Home Upper
LCD " Upper"
6.107 I2CRECEIVE
Action
Receives data from an I2C serial device.
Syntax
I2CRECEIVE slave, var
I2CRECEIVE slave, var ,b2W, b2R
Remarks
slave A byte, Word/Integer variable or constant with the slave address from
the I2C-device.
Var A byte or integer/word variable that will receive the information from
the I2C-device.
b2W The number of bytes to write.
Be cautious not to specify too many bytes!
b2R The number of bytes to receive.
Be cautious not to specify too many bytes!

In BASCOM LT you could specify DATA for var, but since arrays are supported now
you can specify and array instead of DATA.
This command works only with some additional hardware. See appendix D 251 .
See also
I2CSEND 167
Example
x=0 'reset variable
slave = &H40 'slave address of a PCF 8574 I/O IC
I2CRECEIVE slave, x 'get the value
PRINT x 'print it
Dim buf(10) as String

buf(1) = 1 : buf(2) = 2
I2CRECEIVE slave, buf(), 2, 1'send two bytes and receive one byte
Print buf(1) 'print the received byte
6.108 I2CSEND
Action
Send data to an I2C-device.
Syntax
I2CSEND slave, var
I2CSEND slave, var , bytes
Remarks
slave The slave address off the I2C-device.
var A byte, integer/word or number that holds the value which will be sent
to the I2C-device.
bytes The number of bytes to send.
This command works only with additional hardware. See appendix D 251 .
See also
I2CRECEIVE 166
Example
x=5 'assign variable to 5
Dim ax(10) As Byte
slave = &H40 'slave address of a PCF 8574 I/O IC

168 BASCOM-8051
bytes = 1 'send 1 byte

I2CSEND slave, x 'send the value or
For a = 1 to 10
ax(a) = a 'Fill dataspace
Next
bytes = 10
I2CSEND slave,ax(),bytes
END
6.109 I2C
Action
I2CSTART generates an I2C start condition.
I2CSTOP generates an I2C stop condition.
I2CRBYTE receives one byte from an I2C-device.
I2CWBYTE sends one byte to an I2C-device.
Syntax
I2CSTART
I2CSTOP
I2CRBYTE var, 8|9
I2CWBYTE val
Remarks
var A variable that receives the value from the I2C-device.
8/9 Specify 8 or ACK if there are more bytes to read. (ACK)
Specify 9 or NACK if it is the last byte to read. (NACK)
val A variable or constant to write to the I2C-device.
This command works only with additional hardware. See appendix D 251 .
These functions are provided as an addition to the I2CSEND 167 and I2CRECEIVE 166
functions.
See also
I2CRECEIVE 166 , I2CSEND 167
Example
'----- Writing and reading a byte to an EEPROM 2404 -----------------
Dim A As Byte
Const Adresw = 174 'write of 2404
Const Adresr = 175 'read adres of 2404
I2cstart 'generate start
I2cwbyte Adresw 'send slaveadres
I2cwbyte 1 'send adres of EEPROM

I2cwbyte 3 'send a value

I2cstop 'generate stop
Waitms 10 'wait 10 mS because that is
the time that the chip needs to write the data
'----------now read the value back into the var a -------------------

I2cstart 'generate start
I2cwbyte Adresw 'write slaveadres
I2cwbyte 1 'write adres of EEPROM to
read
I2cstart 'generate repeated start
I2cwbyte Adresr 'write slaveadres of EEPROM
I2crbyte A , 9 'receive value into a. 9
means last byte to receive
I2cstop 'generate stop
Print A 'print received value
End
6.110 IDLE
Action
Put the processor into the idle mode.
Syntax
IDLE
Remarks
In the idle mode, the system clock is removed from the CPU but not from the
interrupt logic, the serial port or the timers/counters.
The idle mode is terminated either when an interrupt is received or upon system
reset through the RESET pin.
See also
POWERDOWN 203
Example
IDLE
6.111 IF
Action
Allows conditional execution or branching, based on the evaluation of a Boolean
expression.

170 BASCOM-8051
Syntax
IF expression THEN
[ ELSEIF expression THEN ]
[ ELSE ]
END IF
Remarks
expression Any expression that evaluates to true or false.
New is the ability to use the one line version of IF :

IF expression THEN statement [ ELSE statement ]
The use of [ELSE] is optional.
Also new is the ability to test on bits :

IF var.bit = 1 THEN
In V 2.00 support for variable bit index is added:

Dim Idx as Byte
For IDX = 0 To 7
If P3.IDX = 1 Then
Print "1" ;
Else
Print "0" ;
End if
Next
A new feature in V2 is the ability to use multiple tests:

If a > 10 AND A < 10 OR A = 15 Then
NOP
End if
It does not work with strings but only numeric conditions.
When you want to test on bytes you can also use the string representation:
Dim X As Byte
If X = "A" then ' normally you need to write :
If X = 65 Then 'so these two lines do the same thing
See also
ELSE 144 , END IF 146
Example
Dim A As Integer
A = 10
If A = 10 Then 'test expression
Print " This part is executed." 'this will be printed
Else
Print " This will never be executed." 'this not

End If
If A = 10 Then Print "New in BASCOM"
If A = 10 Then Goto Label1 Else Print "A<>10"
Label1:
Rem The following example shows enhanced use of IF THEN
If A.15 = 1 Then 'test for bit
Print "BIT 15 IS SET"
End If
REM the following example shows the 1 line use of IF THEN [ELSE]
If A.15 = 0 Then Print "BIT 15 is cleared" Else Print "BIT 15 is set"
6.112 INCR
Action
Increments a variable by one.
Syntax
INCR var
Remarks
Var Any numeric variable.
There are often situations where you want a number to be increased by 1.

The INCR statement is faster then var = var + 1.
See also
DECR 138
Example
Dim A As Integer
Do 'start loop
Incr A 'increment a by 1
Print A 'print a
Loop Until A > 10 'repeat until a is greater
than 10
6.113 INKEY
Action
Returns the ASCII value of the first character in the serial input buffer.

172 BASCOM-8051
Syntax
var = INKEY()
var = INKEY(#channel)
Remarks
Var Byte, Integer, Word, Long or String variable.
Channel The channel number of device
If there is no character waiting, a zero will be returned.
The INKEY routine can be used when you have a RS-232 interface on your uP.
See the manual for a design of an RS-232 interface.
The RS-232 interface can be connected to a comport of your computer.
The INKEY() function only works with the hardware UART, not the software UART.
See also
WAITKEY 234
Example
Dim A As Byte
Do 'start loop
A = Inkey() 'look for character
If A > 0 Then 'is variable > 0?
Print A 'yes , there was a character in
the buffer
'so print it
End If
Loop 'loop forever
Example
$regfile = "80517.dat"
Open "COM2:" For Binary As #1 'open serial channel 1 on
80537
Dim St As Byte
St = Inkey(#1) 'get key from com2
If St > 0 Then
Printbin #1 , St 'send to com 2
End If
Close #1

6.114 INP
Action
Returns a byte read from a hardware port or external memory location.
Syntax
var = INP(address)
Remarks
var Numeric variable that receives the value.
address The address where to read the value from.
The INP statement only works on systems with an uP that can address external
memory.
See also
OUT 200 , PEEK 202 , POKE 202
Example
Dim a As Byte
a = INP(&H8000) 'read value that is placed on databus(d0-d7) at
'hex address 8000
PRINT a
END
6.115 INPUT
Action
Allows input from the keyboard during program execution.
Syntax
INPUT [" prompt" ] , var [ , varn ] [ NOECHO ] [ TIMEOUT = xx]
Remarks
Prompt An optional string constant printed before the prompt character.
Var,varn A variable to accept the input value or a string.
NOECHO Disables input echoed back to the Comport.
TIMEOUT Optional delay time. When you specify the delay time, the routine will
return when no input data is available after the specified time. No
timer is used but a long is used to count down.
The INPUT routine can be used when you have a RS-232 interface on your uP.
See the manual for a design of a RS-232 interface.
The RS-232 interface can be connected to a serial communication port of your
computer.

174 BASCOM-8051
This way you can use a terminal emulator and the keyboard as an input device.
You can also use the built in terminal emulator. A backspace will remove the last
entered character.
Difference with QB
In QB you can specify &H with INPUT so QB will recognize that a hexadecimal string
is used.
BASCOM implements a new statement: INPUTHEX.
See also
INPUTHEX 176 , PRINT 203 , $TIMEOUT 107
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: INPUT.BAS
' demo: INPUT, INPUTHEX
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'To use another baudrate and crystalfrequency use the
'metastatements $BAUD = and $CRYSTAL =
$baud = 1200 'try
1200 baud for example
$crystal = 12000000 '12 MHz
'---------------------------------------------------------------
' When you need that the program times out on waiting for a
character
' you need to use the TIMEOUT option.
' When the charcter is not received within the specified time ERR
will be set to 1
' otherwise ERR will be 0.
' IMPORTANT : the TIMEOUT variable will use 4 bytes of internal
memory
'---------------------------------------------------------------
Dim V As Byte , B1 As Byte

Dim C As Integer , D As Byte
Dim S As String * 15 'only
for uP with XRAM support
Input "Use this to ask a question " , V

Input B1 'leave
out for no question
Input "Enter integer " , C

Print C

Inputhex "Enter hex number (4 bytes) " , C

Print C
Inputhex "Enter hex byte (2 bytes) " , D
Print D
Input "More variables " , C , D

Print C ; " " ; D
Input C Noecho 'supress

echo
Input "Enter your name " , S

Print "Hello " ; S
Input S Noecho 'without

echo
Print S
'unremark next line and remark all lines above for the TIMEOUT option
'this because when you use TIMEOUT once, you need to use it for all
INPUT statements
'Input "Name " , S Timeout = 0
'Print Err ; " " ; s
End
6.116 INPUTBIN
Action
Read binary values from the serial port.
Syntax
INPUTBIN var1 [,var2]
INPUTBIN #dev, var1 [,var2]
Remarks
var1 The variable that is assigned with the characters from the serial port.
var2 An optional second (or more) variable that is assigned with the
characters from the serial.
#dev Device number. For use with OPEN and CLOSE. Dev is the device number.
The number of bytes to read is depending from the variable you use.
When you use a byte variable, 1 character is read from the serial port.
An integer will wait for 2 characters and an array will wait wait until the whole array
is filled.

176 BASCOM-8051
Note that the INPUTBIN statement doesn't wait for a <RETURN> but just for the
number of bytes.
See also
PRINTBIN 204 , INPUT 173 , INPUTHEX 176
Example
Dim a as Byte, C as Integer
INPUTBIN a, c 'wait for 3 characters
End
'This code only for 80517 and 80537 with dual serial port
Open "COM2:" For Binary As #1 'open serial channel 1
INPUTBIN #1, a
Close #1
6.117 INPUTHEX
Action
Allows input from the keyboard during program execution.
Syntax
INPUTHEX [" prompt" ] , var [ , varn ] [ NOECHO ] [TIMEOUT=xx]
Remarks
prompt An optional string constant printed before the prompt character.
Var,varn A numeric variable to accept the input value.
NOECHO Disables input echoed back to the Comport.
TIMEOUT Optional delay time. When you specify the delay time, the routine
will return when no input data is available after the specified time.
No timer is used but 4 bytes are taken from the internal memory to
provide a count down timer.
When you use the TIMEOUT option once, you must use it for all INPUT/INPUTHEX
statements. Providing zero as the timeout parameter will wait for the longest
possible time.
The INPUTHEX routine can be used when you have a RS-232 interface on your uP.
See the manual for a design of a RS-232 interface.
computer.
This way you can use a terminal emulator and the keyboard as input device.
You can also use the build in terminal emulator.
If var is a byte then the input must be 2 characters long.

If var is an integer/word then the input must be 4 characters long.
If var is a long then the input must be 8 characters long.

Difference with QB
In QB you can specify &H with INPUT so QB will recognize that a hexadecimal string
is used.
BASCOM implement a new statement : INPUTHEX.
See also
INPUT 173 , INPUTBIN 175 , PRINTBIN 204
Example
Dim x As Byte
INPUTHEX " Enter a number " , x 'ask for input
6.118 INSTR
Action
Returns the position of a sub string in a string.
Syntax
var = INSTR( start , string , substr )
var = INSTR( string , substr )
Remarks
Var Numeric variable that will be assigned with the position of the
sub string in the string. Returns 0 when the sub string is not
found.
Start An optional numeric parameter that can be assigned with the first
position where must be searched in the string. By default (when
not used) the whole string is searched starting from position 1.
String The string to search.
Substr The search string.
At the moment INSTR() works only with internal strings.

Support for external strings will be added too.
Difference with QB
No constants can be used for the string and sub string.
See also
None
Example
Dim Bp As Byte
S = "This is a test"

178 BASCOM-8051
Z = "is"
Bp = Instr(s , Z) : Print Bp 'should print 3
Bp = Instr(4 , S , Z) : Print Bp 'should print 6
End
6.119 LCASE
Action
Converts a string into lower or upper case.
Syntax
dest = LCASE( source )
Remarks
dest The string variable that will be assigned with the lower case of string
SOURCE.
source The source string. The original string will be unchanged.
See also
UCASE 231
Example
Input "Hello " , S 'assign string
S = Lcase(s) 'convert to lowercase
Print S 'print string
S = Ucase(s) 'convert to upper case

6.120 LCD
Action
Send constant or variable to LCD display.
Syntax
LCD x
Remarks

X Variable or constant to display.
More variables can be displayed separated by the ; -sign

LCD a ; b1 ; " constant"
The LCD statement behaves just like the PRINT statement.
See also
LCDHEX 182 , $LCD 95 CONFIG LCD 125
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: LCD.BAS
' demo: LCD, CLS, LOWERLINE, SHIFTLCD, SHIFTCURSOR, HOME
' CURSOR, DISPLAY
'--------------------------------------------------------------
$sim
Rem The $sim statement will remove long delays for the simulator
Rem It is important to remove this statement when compiling the final
file
'Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = P3.1 , Db5 = P3.2 , Db6 = P3.3 , Db7 =
P3.4 , E = P3.5 , Rs = P3.6
Rem with the config lcdpin statement you can override the compiler
settings
Dim A As Byte
Config Lcd = 16 * 2 'configure lcd screen
'other options are 16 * 4 and 20 * 4, 20 * 2 , 16 * 1a
'When you dont include this option 16 * 2 is assumed
'16 * 1a is intended for 16 character displays with split addresses
over 2 lines
'$LCD = address will turn LCD into 8-bit databus mode

' use this with uP with external RAM and/or ROM
' because it doesnt need the port pins !
Cls 'clear the LCD display

Lcd "Hello world." 'display this at the top line
Wait 1
Lowerline 'select the lower line
Wait 1
Lcd "Shift this." 'display this at the lower
line
Wait 1
For A = 1 To 10

180 BASCOM-8051
Shiftlcd Right 'shift the text to the right

Next
For A = 1 To 10
Shiftlcd Left 'shift the text to the left
Next
Locate 2 , 1 'set cursor position

Lcd "*" 'display this
Shiftcursor Right 'shift the cursor

Lcd "@" 'display this
Home Upper 'select line 1 and return home

Lcd "Replaced." 'replace the text
Cursor Off Noblink 'hide cursor

Cursor On Blink 'show cursor
Display Off 'turn display off
Display On 'turn display on
'-----------------NEW support for 4-line LCD------
Thirdline
Lcd "Line 3"
Fourthline
Lcd "Line 4"
Home Third 'goto home on line three
Home Fourth
Home F 'first letteer also works
Locate 4 , 1 : Lcd "Line 4"
Wait 1
'Now lets build a special character

'the first number is the characternumber (0-7)
'The other numbers are the rowvalues
'Use the LCD tool to insert this line
Deflcdchar 0 , 31 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 17 , 31 , 0' replace ? with
number (0-7)
Deflcdchar 1 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 16 , 31' replace ? with
number (0-7)

Cls 'select data RAM

Rem it is important that a CLS is following the deflcdchar statements
because it will set the controller back in datamode
Lcd Chr(0) ; Chr(1) 'print the special character
'----------------- Now use an internal routine ------------

Acc = 1 'value into ACC
Call Write_lcd 'put it on LCD
End
6.121 LCDINIT
Action
Reinitialize the LCD display.
Syntax
LCDINIT
Remarks
When you use any of the LCD display routines the LCD display will be initialized
automatic at startup of your program.
The LCD routines demand that the WR of the LCD display is connected to GND.
When in your design the WR pin of the LCD is connected to a PIN of the micro
processor, it will be high during the initialization and so the display will not be
initialized properly.
The LCDINIT routine allows you to perform initialization after you have set the
pin that controls WR of the LCD to 0V.
See also
LCDHEX 182 , $LCD 95 CONFIG LCD 125
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: LCD.BAS
' demo: LCD, CLS, LOWERLINE, SHIFTLCD, SHIFTCURSOR, HOME
' CURSOR, DISPLAY
'--------------------------------------------------------------
$sim
Rem The $sim statement will remove long delays for the simulator
Rem It is important to remove this statement when compiling the final
file

182 BASCOM-8051
'Config Lcdpin = Pin , Db4 = P3.1 , Db5 = P3.2 , Db6 = P3.3 , Db7 =
P3.4 , E = P3.5 , Rs = P3.6
Rem with the config lcdpin statement you can override the compiler
settings
Dim A As Byte
Config Lcd = 16 * 2 'configure lcd screen
'other options are 16 * 4 and 20 * 4, 20 * 2 , 16 * 1a
'When you dont include this option 16 * 2 is assumed
'16 * 1a is intended for 16 character displays with split addresses
over 2 lines
'$LCD = address will turn LCD into 8-bit databus mode

' use this with uP with external RAM and/or ROM
' because it doesnt need the port pins !
'----------------- these 2 lines can be used when WR is connected to

P1.0 for example ---
P1.0 = 0
INITLCD
'----------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------
Cls 'clear the LCD display
Lcd "Hello world." 'display this at the top line
Wait 1
Lowerline 'select the lower line
Wait 1
Lcd "Shift this." 'display this at the lower line
6.122 LCDHEX
Action
Send variable in hexadecimal format to the LCD display.
Syntax
LCDHEX var
Remarks
var Variable to display.
var1 : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Single, Constant.
The same rules apply as for PRINTHEX 205 .
See also

LCD 178
Example
Dim a as byte
a = 255
LCD a
Lowerline
LCDHEX a
End
6.123 LEFT
Action
Return the specified number of leftmost characters in a string.
Syntax
var = LEFT(var1 , n )
Remarks
var The string that is assigned.
Var1 The sourcestring.
n The number of characters to get from the sourcestring.
n : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Constant.
For string operations, all the strings must be of the same type : internal or external.
See Also
RIGHT 214 , MID 191
Example
Dim S As Xram String * 15 , Z As Xram String * 15
S = "ABCDEFG"
Z = Left(s , 5)
Print Z 'ABCDE
End
6.124 LEN
Action
Returns the length of a string.
Syntax
var = LEN( string )

184 BASCOM-8051
Remarks
var A numeric variable that is assigned with the length of string.
string The string to calculate the length of.
Example
Dim S As String * 12
Dim A As Byte
S = "test"
A = Len(s)
Print A ' prints 4
6.125 LOAD
Action
Load specified TIMER with a value for auto reload mode.
Syntax
LOAD TIMER , value
Remarks
TIMER TIMER0, TIMER1 or TIMER2.
Value The variable or value to load.
When you use the ON TIMERx statement with the TIMER/COUNTER in mode 2,
you can specify on which interval the interrupt must occur.
The value can range from 1 to 255 for TIMER0 and TIMER1.
For TIMER2 the range is 1-65535.
The LOAD statement calculates the correct reload value out of the parameter.
The formula : TLx = THx = (256-value)
For TIMER2 : RCAP2L = RCAP2H = (65536 - value)
The load statement is not intended to assign/read a value to/from the timers/
counters. Use COUNTER 132 x instead.
See Additional hardware 251 for more details
Example
LOAD TIMER0, 100 'load TIMER0 with 100
Will generate :
Mov tl0,#h'9C
Mov th0,#h'9C
LOAD TIMER2, 1000

Will generate:
Mov RCAP2L,#24
Mov RCAP2H,#252
6.126 LOCATE
Action
Moves the LCD cursor to the specified position.
Syntax
LOCATE y , x
Remarks
X Constant or variable with the position. (1-64*)
Y Constant or variable with the line (1 - 4*)
* depending on the used display

For Graphical displays X can be in the range from 1-30 and y in the range from 1-8.
See also
CONFIG LCD 125 , LCD 178 , HOME 166 , CLS 115
Example
LCD "Hello"
Locate 1,10
LCD "*"
6.127 LOOKUP
Action
Returns a value from a table.
Syntax
var =LOOKUP( value, label )
Remarks
var The returned value
value A value with the index of the table
label The label where the data starts
value : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Constant.

186 BASCOM-8051
See also
LOOKUPSTR 186
Example
Dim B1 As Byte , I As Integer
B1 = Lookup(1 , Dta)
Print B1 ' Prints 2 (zero based)
I = Lookup(0 , Dta2)
End
Dta:
Data 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5
Dta2: 'integer data

Data 1000% , 2000%
6.128 LOOKUPSTR
Action
Returns a string from a table.
Syntax
var =LOOKUPSTR( value, label [, language , length])
Remarks
var The string returned
value A value with the index of the table. The index is zero-based. That is, 0
will return the first element of the table.
label The label where the data starts
language An optional variable that holds a number to identify the language. The
first language starts with the number 0.
length The length of the data for each language.
value : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, Constant. Range(0-255)
See also
LOOKUP 185
Example
Dim S As String * 8 , Idx As Byte

Idx = 0 : S = Lookupstr(idx , Sdata)

Print S 'will print 'This'
End
Sdata:
Data "This" , "is" , "a test"
Example 2
Dim S As String * 8 , Idx As Byte , Language As Byte
Idx = 0 : Language = 1
S = Lookupstr(idx , Sdata , Language , 17)
Print S ' will print 'Dit '
End
Sdata:
Data "This" , "is" , "a test " 'each language data must have the
same length
Data "Dit " , "is" , "een test" 'the length is 17 because strings
include a 0 byte
6.129 LOW
Action
Retrieves the least significant byte of a variable.
Syntax
var = LOW( s )
Remarks
Var The variable that is assigned with the LSB of var S.
S The source variable to get the LSB from.
See also
HIGH 164 , LOWW 188 , HIGHW 165
Example
Dim I As Integer , Z As Byte
I = &H1001
Z = Low(I) ' is 1

188 BASCOM-8051
6.130 LOWW
Action
Retrieves the two least significant bytes of a long.
Syntax
var = LOWW( s )
Remarks
var The variable that is assigned with the two LSB of var S.
s The source variable to get the LSB's from.
See also
HIGHW 165 , HIGH 164 , LOW 187
Example
Dim L As Integer , Z As Long
L = &H1001
Z = LowW(L)
6.131 LOWERLINE
Action
Reset the LCD cursor to the lower line.
Syntax
LOWERLINE
Remarks
None
See also
UPPERLINE 232 , THIRDLINE 230 , FOURTHLINE 149 , HOME 166
Example
LCD "Test"
LOWERLINE
LCD "Hello"
End

6.132 MAKEBCD
Action
Convert a variable into its BCD value.
Syntax
var1 = MAKEBCD(var2)
Remarks
var1 Variable that will be assigned with the converted value.
Var2 Variable that holds the decimal value.
When you want to use an I2C clock device, which stores its values as BCD values
you can use this function to convert variables from decimal to BCD.
For printing the bcd value of a variable, you can use the BCD() function.
See also
MAKEDEC 189 , BCD() 112
Example
Dim a As Byte
a = 65
LCD a
Lowerline
LCD BCD(a)
a = MakeBCD(a)
LCD " " ; a
End
6.133 MAKEDEC
Action
Convert a BCD byte or Integer/Word variable to its DECIMAL value.
Syntax
var1 = MAKEDEC(var2)
Remarks
var1 Variable that will be assigned with the converted value.
var2 Variable that holds the BCD value.
When you want to use an I2C clock device which stores its values as BCD values you
can use this function to convert variables from BCD to decimal.

190 BASCOM-8051
See also
MAKEBCD 189 , BCD 112
Example
Dim a As Byte
a = 65
LCD a
Lowerline
LCD BCD(a)
a = MakeDEC(a)
LCD " " ; a
End
6.134 MAKEINT
Action
Compacts 2 bytes into a word or integer.
Syntax
varn = MAKEINT(LSB , MSB)
Remarks
Varn Variable that will be assigned with the converted value.
LSB Variable or constant with the Least Significant Byte.
MSB Variable or constant with the Most Significant Byte.
The equivalent code is :
varn = (256 * MSB) + LSB
See also
MAKEDEC 189 BCD() 112
Example
Dim a As Integer , I As Integer
a=2
I = MakeINT(a , 1) 'I = (1 * 256) + 2 = 258
End
6.135 MAX
Action
Returns the highest value of an array.
Syntax
var = MAX( ar(1) )

Remarks
Var Numeric variable that will be assigned with the highest value of the
array.
ar() The first array element of the array to return the highest value of.
At the moment MAX() works only with BYTE arrays.

See also
MIN 192 , AVG 110
Example
Dim ar(10) As Byte
Dim bP as Byte
For bP = 1 to 10
ar(bP) = bP
Next
bP = Max(ar(1))
Print bP 'should print 10
End
6.136 MID
Action
The MID function returns part of a string (a sub string).
The MID statement replaces part of a string variable with another string.
Syntax
var = MID(var1 ,st [, l] )
MID(var ,st [, l] ) = var1
Remarks
Var The string that is assigned.
Var1 The source string.
St The starting position.
L The number of characters to get/set.
Operations on strings require that all strings are of the same type(internal or
external)
See also
LEFT 183 , RIGHT 214
Example

192 BASCOM-8051
Dim S As Xram String * 15 , Z As Xram String * 15

S = "ABCDEFG"
Z = Mid(s , 2 , 3)
Print Z 'BCD
Z = "12345"
Mid(s , 2 , 2) = Z
Print S 'A12DEFG
End
6.137 MIN
Action
Returns the lowest value of an array.
Syntax
var = MIN( ar(1) )
Remarks
Var Numeric variable that will be assigned with the lowest value of the
array.
ar() The first array element of the array to return the lowest value of.
At the moment MIN() works only with BYTE arrays.

See also
MAX 190 , AVG 110
Example
Dim ar(10) As Byte
Dim bP as Byte
For bP = 1 to 10
ar(bP) = bP
Next
bP = Min(ar(1))
Print bP 'should print 1
End
6.138 MOD
Action
Returns the remainder of a division.
Syntax
ret = var1 MOD var2

Remarks
Ret The variable that receives the remainder.
var1 The variable to divide.
var2 The divisor.
Example
a = 10 MOD 3 'divide 10 through 3
PRINT a 'print remainder (1)
6.139 MWINIT
Action
Initializes the pins in order to use them with the micro wire statements.
Syntax
MWINIT
See also
CONFIG MICROWIRE 127 , MWREAD 193 , MWWRITE 195 , MWWOPCODE 194
6.140 MWREAD
Action
Read a value from the micro wire bus.
Syntax
MWREAD variable , opcode , address, bytes
Remarks
Variable The variable that is assigned with the value retrieved from the
micro wire bus.
Opcode The opcode to use.
Address The address of the device.
Bytes Number of bytes to send.
See also
MWWRITE 195 , MWWOPCODE 194 , MWINIT 193
Example
'-----------------------------------------------------------------
' MicroWire test file

194 BASCOM-8051
' please read microwire specs for understanding microwire

'-----------------------------------------------------------------
'CS - chip select
'DIN - data in
'DOUT - data Out
'CLOCK- Clock
'AL - address lines
' 93C46 93C56 93C57 93C66

'----------------------------------------------------------------------------
' Data bits: 8 16 8 16 8 16 8 16
' AL : 7 6 9 8 8 7 9 8
'you could use the same pin for DIN and DOUT
'we use a 93C46 and send bytes not words so AL is 7
Config Microwire = Pin , Cs = P1.1 , Din = P1.2 , Dout = P1.4 , Clock = P1.5 , Al = 7
'init pins
Mwinit
'dimension variable used

Dim X As Byte
'enable write to eeprom

'send startbit, opcode (00) and 11 + address
'Mwwopcode opcode, numberOfBits

Mwwopcode &B1001100000 , 10
'the mwwopcode can send a command(opcode) to a device
X = 10
'write value of X to address 0
'opcode is 01
'we write 1 byte
'Mwwrite var,opcode,address,numberOfBytes
Mwwrite X , &B101 , 0 , 1
Waitms 10
X=0
'read back
' mwread var,opcode,address,numberofbytes
Mwread X , &B110 , 0 , 1
'disable write
'send startbit, opcode (00) and 00 + address
Mwwopcode &B1000000000 , 10
End
6.141 MWWOPCODE
Action
Write an opcode to a micro wire device.
Syntax
MWWOPCODE opcode , bits

Remarks
Opcode The opcode that needs to be send to the micro wire device.
See the micro wire docs for the right values.
Bits The number of bits to send.
Before you can work with micro wire you must send an opcode to enable writing an
EEPROM for example.
See also
MWINIT 193 , MWWRITE 195 , MWREAD 193
[****] 193
Example
'enable write to EEPROM
'Needed bits : startbit (1), opcode (00) and (11) + address
'Mwwopcode opcode, numberOfBits
Mwwopcode &B1001100000 , 10 'send the code
6.142 MWWRITE
Action
Writes a value to the micro wire bus.
Syntax
MWWRITE variable , opcode , address, bytes
Remarks
Variable The variable which's content must be send to the micro wires
device.
Opcode The opcode to use.
Address The address of the device.
Bytes Number of bytes to send.
See also
MWINIT 193 , MWREAD 193 , MWWOPCODE 194
Example
'write value of X to address 0
'opcode is 01 and we write one byte
Mwwrite X , &B101 , 0 , 1

196 BASCOM-8051
6.143 NEXT
Action
Ends a FOR..NEXT structure.
Syntax
NEXT [var]
Remarks
Var The index variable that is used as a counter when you form the
structure with FOR var. Var is optional and not needed.
You must end each FOR statement with a NEXT statement.
See also
FOR 148
Example
Dim X As Byte , Y As Byte , A As Byte
Y = 10 'make y 10
For A = 1 To 10 'do this 10 times
For X = Y To 1 'this one also
Print X ; A 'print the values
Next 'next x (count down)
Next A 'next a (count up) END
6.144 ON interrupt
Action
Execute subroutine when specified interrupt occurs.
Syntax
ON interrupt label [NOSAVE]
Remarks
interrupt INT0, INT1, SERIAL, TIMER0 ,TIMER1 or TIMER2.
Chip specific interrupts can be found under microprocessor
support.
Label The label to jump to if the interrupt occurs.
NOSAVE When you specify NOSAVE, no registers are saved and restored in
the interrupt routine. So when you use this option be sure to save
and restore used registers.
You must return from the interrupt routine with the RETURN statement.
You may have only one RETURN statement in your interrupt routine because the
compiler restores the registers and generates a RETI instruction when it encounters

a RETURN statement in the ISR.
You can't use TIMER1 when you are using SERIAL routines such as PRINT
because TIMER1 is used as a BAUDRATE generator.
When you use the INT0 or INT1 interrupt you can specify on which condition the
interrupt must be triggered.
You can use the Set/Reset statement in combination with the TCON-register for this
purpose.
SET TCON.0 : trigger INT0 by falling edge.

RESET TCON.0 : trigger INT0 by low level.
SET TCON.2 : trigger INT1 by falling edge.
RESET TCON.2 : trigger INT1 by low level.
See Hardware 251 for more details
See Also
ON VALUE 197
Example
ENABLE INTERRUPTS
ENABLE INT0 'enable the interrupt
ON INT0 Label2 nosave 'jump to label2 on INT0
DO 'endless loop
LOOP
END
Label2:
PRINT " A hardware interrupt occurred!" 'print message
RETURN
6.145 ON value
Action
Branch to one of several specified labels, depending on the value of a variable.
Syntax
ON var [GOTO] [GOSUB] label1 [, label2 ]
Remarks
Var The numeric variable to test.
This can also be a SFR such as P1.
label1, label2 The labels to jump to depending on the value of var.
Note that the value is zero based. So when var = 0, the first specified label is
jumped/branched.
See Also

198 BASCOM-8051
ON interrupt 196
Example
Dim X As Byte
X = 2 'assign a variable interrupt

On X Gosub Lbl1 , Lbl2 , Lbl3 'jump to label lbl3
X = 0
On X Goto Lbl1 , Lbl2 , Lbl3
End
Lbl3:
Print "lbl3"
Return
Lbl1:
nop
Lbl2:
nop
'nop is an ASM statement that does nothing
6.146 OPEN
Action
Opens and closes a device.
Syntax
OPEN "device" for MODE As #channel
CLOSE #channel
Remarks
Device There are 2 hardware devices supported: COM1 and COM2.
With the software UART, you must specify the port pin and the baud
rate.
COM3.0:9600 will use PORT 3.0 at 9600 baud.
Optional is ,INVERTED this will use inverted logic so you don't need
MAX232 inverters.
MODE You can use BINARY, INPUT or OUTPUT for COM1 and COM2, but for the
software UART pins, you must specify INPUT or OUTPUT.
Channel The number of the channel to open. Must be a positive constant.

Since there are uP's such as the 80537 with 2 serial channels on board, the compiler
must know which serial port you want to use. That is why the OPEN statement is
implemented. With only 1 serial port on board, you don't need this statement.
The statements that support the device are PRINT 203 , PRINTHEX 205 , INPUT 173 and
INPUTHEX 176 .
Every opened device must be closed using the CLOSE #channel statement. Of
course you must use the same channel number.
The software UART, only supports the GET 151 and PUT 207 statements to retrieve and
send data and the PRINTBIN 204 and INPUTBIN 175 statement.
The SW UART uses timed loops and interrupts can slow down these loops. So turn
interrupts off before you use the SW UART.
COM1: and COM2: are hardware ports, and can be used with PRINT etc.
For the software UART it is important that the pin you use is bit addressable. In
most cases a PORT is bit addressable but some chips have ports that are not bit
addressable. When you use such a port you will get errors like : Error 208, bit
variable not found.
Since the OPEN statement doesn't use real file handles like DOS but only serves as a
compiler directive, it is important that you must use the CLOSE statement as the
last statement in your program.
The following example shows when it will NOT WORK :
OPEN "COM2:" FOR BINARY AS #1 'open the port

PRINT #1, "Hello" 'print to serial 1
Gosub Test
PRINT "Hello" 'print to serial 0
CLOSE #1
Test:
Print #1, "test"
Return
Since the compiler frees the handle when it encounters the CLOSE statement, the
PRINT #1, "test" code is never executed. To solve this you should put the CLOSE #1
statement under the Return statement.

Gosub Test
Test:
Print #1, "test"
Return
Close #1
See also
GET 151 , PUT 207
Example 1

200 BASCOM-8051
'only works with a 80517 or 80537

CONFIG BAUD1 = 9600 'serial 1 baudrate
CLOSE #1 'close the channel
Example 2
'works with every port pin
Dim A As Byte , S As String * 16 , I As Byte , Dum As Byte
'a software comport is named after the pin you use

'for example P3.0 will be "COM3.0:" (so there is no P)
'for software comports, you must provide the baudrate
'So for 9600 baud, the devicename is "COM3.0:9600"
'When you want to use the pin for sending, you must open the device for OUTPUT
'When you want to use the pin for receiving, you must open the device for INPUT
'At this time only variables can be sent and received with the PUT and GET
statements.
'In the feature PRINT etc. will support these software comports.
Open "com3.1:9600" For Output As #1 'p3.1 is normally used for tx so testing is

easy
Open "com3.0:9600,INVERTED" For Input As #2 'p3.0 is normally used for RX
so testing is easy

Next
Do
Loop

Close #2
End
6.147 OUT
Action
Sends a byte to a hardware port or external memory address.
Syntax
OUT address, value

Remarks
address The address where to send the byte to.
value The variable or value to send.
The OUT statement only works on systems with a uP that can address external
memory.
See also
INP 173 , PEEK 202 , POKE 202
Example
Dim a as byte
OUT &H8000,1 'send 1 to the databus(d0-d7) at hex address 8000
END
Will generate :
Mov A,#1
Mov dptr,#h'8000
Movx @dptr,a
6.148 PORT
Action
P1 and P3 are special function registers that are treated as variables.
Syntax
Px = var
var = Px
Remarks
X The number of the port. (1 or 3). P3.6 can't be used with an
AT89C2051!
Var The variable to retrieve or to set.
Note that other processors can have more ports such as P0, P2, P4 etc.
When you select the proper .DAT file you can also use these ports as variables.
In fact you can use any SFR as a byte variable in BASCOM.
ACC = 0 'will reset the accumulator for example
See hardware 251 for a more detailed description of the ports.
Example
Dim A As Byte , B1 As Bit

202 BASCOM-8051
A = P1 'get value from port 1

A = A Or 2 'manipulate it
P1 = A 'set port 1 with new value
P1 = &B10010101 'use binary notation
P1 = &HAF 'use hex notation
B1 = P1.1 'read pin 1.1
P1.1 = 0 'set it to 0
6.149 PEEK
Action
Returns a byte stored in internal memory.
Syntax
var = PEEK( address )
Remarks
var Numeric variable that is assigned with the content of the memory
location address
address Numeric variable or constant with the address location.(0-255)
See also
POKE 202 , CPEEK 134 , INP 173 , OUT 200
Example
DIM a As Byte
a = Peek( 0 ) 'return the first byte of the internal memory (r0)
End
6.150 POKE
Action
Write a byte to an internal memory location.
Syntax
POKE address , value
Remarks
address Numeric variable with the address of the memory location to set. (0-
255)
value Value to assign. (0-255)

Be careful with the POKE statement because you can change variables with it, which
can cause your program to function incorrect.
See also
PEEK 202 , CPEEK 134 , INP 173 , OUT 200
Example
POKE 127, 1 'write 1 to address 127
End
6.151 POWERDOWN
Action
Put processor into power down mode.
Syntax
POWERDOWN
Remarks
The power down mode stops the system clock completely.
The only way to reactivate the micro controller is by system reset.
See also
IDLE 169
Example
POWERDOWN
6.152 PRINT
Action
Send output to the RS-232 port.
Syntax
PRINT var ; " constant"
Remarks
var The variable or constant to print.
You can use a semicolon (;) to print more than one variable at one line.
When you end a line with a semicolon, no linefeed will be added.
The PRINT routine can be used when you have a RS-232 interface on your uP.

204 BASCOM-8051

computer.
This way you can use a terminal emulator as an output device.
See also
PRINTHEX 205 , INPUT 173 , OPEN 198 , CLOSE 198 , SPC 223
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: PRINT.BAS
' demo: PRINT, PRINTHEX
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Dim A As Byte , B1 As Byte , C As Integer
A = 1
Print "print variable a " ; A
Print 'new line
Print "Text to print." 'constant to print
B1 = 10
Printhex B1 'print in hexa notation
C = &HA000 'assign value to c%
Printhex C 'print in hex notation
Print C 'print in decimal notation
C = -32000
Print C
Printhex C
Rem Note That Integers Range From -32767 To 32768
End
6.153 PRINTBIN
Action
Print binary content of a variable to the serial port.
Syntax
PRINTBIN var [ ; varn]
PRINTBIN #dev, var ; [,varn]
Remarks
var The variable which value is sent to the serial port.

varn Optional variables to send separated by a ;.

#dev Device number for use with OPEN and CLOSE
PRINTBIN is equivalent to PRINT CHR(var); but whole arrays can be printed this
way.
When you use a Long for example, 4 bytes are printed.
See also
INPUTBIN 175 , PRINT 203 , PRINTHEX 205 , INPUTHEX 176
Example
Dim a(10) as Byte, c as Byte
For c = 1 To 10
a(c) = a 'fill array
Next
PRINTBIN a(1) 'print content
'This code only for 80517/80537 with dual serial port

Open "COM2:" For Binary As #1 'open serial channel 1
PRINTBIN #1 , a(1) ; a(2) ; a(3) 'note that the channel is separated by a , and
the vars by ;
Close #1
6.154 PRINTHEX
Action
Sends a variable in hexadecimal format to the serial port.
Syntax
PRINTHEX var
Remarks
var The variable to print.
The same rules apply to PRINTHEX as PRINT.
The PRINTHEX routine can be used when you have a RS-232 interface on your uP.
computer.
This way you can use a terminal emulator as an output device.
See also
PRINT 203 , INPUTHEX 176 , SPC 223

206 BASCOM-8051
Example
Dim x As Byte
INPUT x 'ask for var
PRINT x 'print it in decimal format
PRINTHEX "Hex " ; x 'print it in hex format
6.155 PRIORITY
Action
Sets the priority level of the interrupts.
Syntax
PRIORITY SET / RESET interrupt
Remarks
SET Bring the priority level of the interrupt to a higher level.
RESET Bring the priority level of the interrupt to a lower level.
Interrupt The interrupt to set or reset.
The interrupts are: INT0, INT1, SERIAL, TIMER0, TIMER1 and TIMER2.
Interrupt INT0 always has the highest priority.

When more interrupts occur at the same time the following order is used to handle
the interrupts.
Note that other microprocessors can have additional/other interrupt setting.

Read microprocessor support 288 to check the additions.
Interrupt Priority
INT0 1 (highest)
TIMER0 2
INT1 3
TIMER1 4
SERIAL 5 (lowest)
Example
PRIORITY SET SERIAL 'serial int highest level
ENABLE SERIAL 'enable serial int
ENABLE TIMER0 'enable timer0 int
ENABLE INTERRUPTS 'activate interrupt handler
ON SERIAL label 'branch to label if serial int occur
DO 'loop for ever
LOOP

Label: 'start label

PRINT " Serial int occurred." 'print message
RETURN 'return from interrupt
6.156 PSET
Action
Sets or resets a single pixel.
Syntax
PSET X , Y, value
Remarks
X The X location of the pixel. In range from 0-239.
Y The Y location of the pixel. In range from 0-63.
value The value for the pixel. 0 will clear the pixel. 1 Will set the pixel.
The PSET is handy to create a simple data logger or oscilloscope.
See also
CONFIG GRAPHLCD 121
Example
Dim X as Byte, Y as Byte
For X = 0 To 10
For Y = 0 To 10
Pset X , Y , 1 'make a nice block
Next
Next
End
6.157 PUT
Action
Sends a byte to the software UART.
Syntax
PUT #channel , var
Remarks
channel Positive numeric constant that refers to the opened channel.
var A variable or constant who's value is sent to the the software
UART.

208 BASCOM-8051
See also
GET 151 , PRINT 203 , INPUT 173 , OPEN 198
Example
Open "com3.1:9600" For Output As #1 'p3.1 is normally used for
tx so testing is easy
Open "com3.0:9600" For Input As #2 'p3.0 is normally used for
RX so testing is easy

Next
Do
Loop

Close #2
End
6.158 READ
Action
Reads those values and assigns them to variables.
Syntax
READ var
Remarks
var Variable that is assigned data value.
Difference with QB
It is important that the variable is of the same type as the stored data.
See also
DATA 136 , RESTORE 212

Example
Dim A As Byte, I As Byte, C As Integer, S As XRAM String * 10
RESTORE dta
FOR a = 1 TO 3
READ i : PRINT i
NEXT
RESTORE DTA2
READ C : PRINT C
READ C : PRINT C
Restore dta3 : Read s : Print s
END
dta:
Data 5,10,15
dta2:
Data 1000%, -2000%
dta3:
Data " hello"
6.159 READMAGCARD
Action
Reads data from a magnetic card reader.
Syntax
READMAGCARD var , bytes , code, timeout
Remarks
Var A byte array large enough to store the data from the magnetic
card reader.
bytes The number of bytes read from the card.
Shifts The coding used. Must be 5 or 7. In version 2.03 only 5 is
supported.
Timeout A LONG variable or constant that the routine will wait for a card.
Err will be set when no card is detected within Timeout.
There can be 3 tracks on a magnetic card.

Track 1 strores the data in 7 bit including the parity bit. This is handy to store alpha
numeric data.
On track 2 and 3 the data is stored with 5 bit coding.
The ReadMagCard routine works with ISO7811-2 5 and 7 bit decoding.
The returned numbers for 5 bit coding are:
Returned number ISO characterT
0 0
1 1
2 2

210 BASCOM-8051
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
10 hardware control
11 start byte
12 hardware control
13 separator
14 hardware control
15 stop byte
See also
None
Calls
_Read_Magcard_Code5
Example
'[DIM used variables]
Dim X(40) As Byte , I As Byte , Bts As Byte
'[ALIAS the pins used]

_mcs Alias P1.1
_mclock Alias P1.2
_mdata Alias P1.0
Do
Print "Slide magcard through reader"
Readmagcard X(1) , Bts , 5, 10000 'call routine
' ^ may be 5 or 7. 7 bit coding not implemented yet
Print "Error " ; Err '1 if error occured
Print ; " " ; Bts ; " bytes read" 'show number of bytes read
Print Err
For I = 1 To Bts
Print X(i) ; " "; 'show number
Next
Print

Loop
End
6.160 REM
Action
Instruct the compiler that comment will follow.
Syntax
REM or '
Remarks
You can comment your program for clarity.
You can use REM or ' followed by your comment.
All statements after REM or ' are treated as comment so you cannot
use statements after a REM statement.
It is also possible to use block comments:

'( start block comment
print "This will not be compiled
') end block comment
Note that the starting ' sign will ensure compatibility with QB
Each block must be closed with a ')
Example
REM TEST.BAS version 1.00
PRINT a ' " this is comment : PRINT " hello"
^--- this will not be executed!
6.161 REPLACE
Action
Replace all occurrences of a single character in a string.
Syntax
REPLACE string , old , new
Remarks
string The source string to change.
old A string constant or byte that specifies the character to replace.
new The new character. Also a string constant or a byte.
Example
Dim S as String * 12

212 BASCOM-8051
s = "Hello"
REPLACE s , "e" , "a" ' now we got some dutch :-)
Print s ' should print Hallo
6.162 RESET
Action
Reset a bit of a PORT (P1.x, P3.x) or an internal bit/byte/integer/word/long variable.
Syntax
RESET bit
RESET var.x
Remarks
bit Can be a P1.x, P3.x or any bitvariable where x=0-7.
var Can be a byte, integer or word variable.
x Constant of variable to reset.(0-7) for bytes and (0-15) for Integer/
Word. 0-31 for a LONG.
See also
SET 216
Example
Dim b1 as bit, b2 as byte, I as Integer
RESET P1.3 'reset bit 3 of port 1
RESET b1 'bitvariable
RESET b2.0 'reset bit 0 of bytevariable b2
RESET I.15 'reset MS bit from I
6.163 RESTORE
Action
Allows READ to reread values in specified DATA statements.
Syntax
RESTORE label
Remarks
Label The label of a DATA statement.
See also
DATA 136 , READ 208

Example
DIM a AS BYTE, I AS BYTE
RESTORE dta
FOR a = 1 TO 3
READ a : PRINT a
NEXT
RESTORE DTA2
READ I : PRINT I
READ I : PRINT I
END
DTA1:
Data 5, 10, 100
DTA2:
Data -1%, 1000%
Integers must end with the %-sign. (Integer : <0 or >255)
6.164 RETURN
Action
Return from a subroutine.
Syntax
RETURN
Remarks
Subroutines must be ended with a related RETURN statement.
Interrupt subroutines must also be terminated with the Return statement.
See also
GOSUB 162
Example
Dim Result As Byte , Y As Byte
Gosub Pr 'jump to subroutine

Print Result 'print result
End 'program ends
Pr: 'start subroutine with label

Result = 5 * Y 'do something stupid
Result = Result + 100 'add something to it
Return 'return

214 BASCOM-8051
6.165 RIGHT
Action
Return a specified number of rightmost characters in a string.
Syntax
var = RIGHT(var1 ,st )
Remarks
var The string that is assigned.
Var1 The sourcestring.
st The starting position.
All strings must be of the same data type, internal or external.
See also
LEFT 183 , MID 191
Example
Dim s As XRAM String * 15, z As XRAM String * 15
s = "ABCDEFG"
z = Right(s,2)
Print z 'FG
End
6.166 RND
Action
Returns a random number.
Syntax
var = RND(limit)
Remarks
Limit The maximum number that will be assigned to the random
number.
The RND() function uses 2 internal bytes to store the value of the random seed.
It is important to understand that the RND() function is a math function. Every

time you reset the micro, it will produce the same sequence. Only when you vary
the variables with for example a timer, temperature reading, or a clock, you can
make a more random value.
See also

NONE
Example
'---------------------------------------------------------
' RND.BAS
'---------------------------------------------------------
Dim W As Word
Do
'get a random number and limit it to be maximum 100
W = Rnd(100)
Print W
Loop
End
6.167 ROTATE
Action
Shifts all bits one place to the left or right.
Syntax
ROTATE var , LEFT/RIGHT [ , shifts]
Remarks
Var Byte, Integer/Word or Long variable.
Shifts The number of shifts to perform.
Note that the behavior of ROTATE is just like the ASM RL or RR mnemonic. It works
for integer, words, single and longs also. All bits in the variable are preserved so for
a byte after 8 rotations, the value will be the same.
See also
SHIFTIN 218 , SHIFTOUT 218 , SHIFT 217
Calls
_ROTATE_LEFT or _ROTATE_RIGHT
Example
Dim a as Byte
a = 128
ROTATE a, LEFT , 2
Print a '1

216 BASCOM-8051
6.168 SELECT
Action
Executes one of several statement blocks depending on the value of a variable.
Syntax
SELECT CASE var
CASE test1 : statements
[CASE test2 : statements ]
CASE ELSE : statements
END SELECT
Remarks
var Variable. to test
Test1 Value to test for.
Test2 Value to test for.
See also
IF THEN 169
Example
Dim b2 as byte
SELECT CASE b2 'set bit 1 of port 1
CASE 2 : PRINT "2"
CASE 4 : PRINT "4"
CASE IS >5 : PRINT ">5" 'a test requires the IS keyword
CASE 10 TO 20 'test the range from 10 to 20
CASE ELSE
END SELECT
END
6.169 SET
Action
Set a bit of a PORT(P1.x,P3.x) or a bit/byte/integer/word/long variable.
Syntax
SET bit
SET var.x
Remarks
Bit P1.x, P3.x or a Bit variable.
Var A byte, integer, word or long variable.

X Bit of variable (0-7) to set. (0-15 for Integer/Word) and 0-31 for a
LONG.
See also
RESET 212
Example
Dim b1 as Bit, b2 as byte, c as Word
SET P1.1 'set bit 1 of port 1
SET b1 'bitvariable
SET b2.1 'set bit 1 of var b2
SET C.15 'set highest bit of Word
6.170 SHIFTCURSOR
Action
Shift the cursor of the LCD display left or right by one position.
Syntax
SHIFTCURSOR LEFT | RIGHT
See also
SHIFTLCD 219 , LCD 178 , CLS 115 , LOCATE 185 , HOME 166
Example
LCD "Hello"
SHIFTCURSOR LEFT
End
6.171 SHIFT
Action
Shifts all bits one place to the left or right.
Syntax
SHIFT var , LEFT/RIGHT [ , shifts]
Remarks
Var Byte, Integer/Word or Long variable.
Shifts The number of shifts to perform.
The SHIFT statements shifts all bits to the left or right and so for a byte after 8
shifts, the byte will be zero.

218 BASCOM-8051
See also
SHIFTIN 218 , SHIFTOUT 218 ROTATE 215
Example
Dim a as Word
a = 128
SHIFT a, LEFT , 1
Print a '256
6.172 SHIFTIN
Action
Shifts a bit stream in or out a variable.
Syntax
SHIFTIN pin , pclock , var , option [PRE]
SHIFTOUT pin , pclock , var , option
Remarks
pin The portpin which serves as as input/output.
pclock The portpin which generates the clock.
var The variable that is assigned.
option Option can be :
0 - MSB shifted in/out first when clock goes low
1 - MSB shifted in/out first when clock goes high
2 - LSB shifted in/out first when clock goes low
3 - LSB shifted in/out first when clock goes high
For the SHIFTIN statement you can add 4 to the parameter to use
the external clock signal for shifting.
PRE Add this additional parameter (no comma) to sample the input pin
before the clock signal is generated.
It depends on the type of the variable, how many shifts will occur.
When you use a byte, 8 shifts will occur and for an integer, 16 shifts will occur.
See also
NONE
Example
Dim a as byte
SHIFTIN P1.0 , P1.1 , a , 0
SHIFTOUT P1.2 , P1.1 , a , 0

For the SHIFTIN example the following code is generated:

Setb P1.1
Mov R0,#h'21
Mov r2,#h'01
__UNQLBL1:
Mov r3,#8
__UNQLBL2:
Clr P1.1
Nop
Nop
Mov c,P1.0
Rlc a
Setb P1.1
Nop
Nop
Djnz r3,__UNQLBL2
Mov @r0,a
Dec r0
Djnz r2,__UNQLBL1
Of course, it depends on the parameter, which code will be generated.

To shift with an external clock signal:
SHIFTIN P1.0, P1.1 , a , 4 'add 4 for external clock
Generated code:
Mov R0,#h'21
Mov r2,#h'01
__UNQLBL1:
Mov r3,#8
__UNQLBL2:
Jnb P1.1,*+0
Mov c,P1.0
Rlc a
Jb P1.1,*+0
Djnz r3,__UNQLBL2
Mov @r0,a
Dec r0
Djnz r2,__UNQLBL1
6.173 SHIFTLCD
Action
Shift the LCD display left or right by one position.
Syntax
SHIFTLCD LEFT / RIGHT
Remarks
NONE

220 BASCOM-8051
See also
SHIFTCURSOR 217 , CLS 115 , LCD 178 , HOME 166 , LOCATE 185
Example
LCD "Very long text"
SHIFTLCD LEFT
Wait 1
SHIFTLCD RIGHT
End
6.174 SHOWPIC
Action
Shows a BGF file on the graphic display
Syntax
SHOWPIC x, y , label
Remarks
Showpic can display a converted BMP file. The BMP must be converted into a BGF
file with the Tools Grahic Converter 54 .
The X and Y parameters specify where the picture must be displayed. X and Y must
be 0 or a multiple of 8. The picture height and width must also be an multiple of 8.
The label tells the compiler where the graphic data is located. It points to a label
where you put the graphic data with the $BGF directive.
See also
$BGF 89 , CONFIG GRAPHLCD 121 , PSET 207
Example
CLS GRAPH 'clear graphic part of display
ShowPic 0,0, label 'show picture
End
Label:
$BGF "mypic.bgf" 'data will be inserted here
6.175 SOUND
Action
Sends pulses to a port pin.
Syntax
SOUND pin, duration, frequency [,NOINT]

Remarks
Pin Any I/O pin such as P1.0 etc.
duration The number of pulses to send. Byte, integer/word or constant.
(1- 32768).
Frequency The time the pin is pulled low and high.
NOINT An option to disable interrupts during the sound statement.
When you connect a speaker or a buzzer to a port pin (see hardware) , you can use
the SOUND statement to generate some tones.
The NOINT will clear the global interrupts so no interrupts can occur during the
sound statement. When the sound statement has completed the interrupt register is
restored.
The port pin is switched high and low for frequency uS. The pin will be in the low
state when the sound statement ends.
This loop is executed duration times.
See also
SOUNDEXT 221
Example
SOUND P1.1 , 10000, 10 'BEEP
End
6.176 SOUNDEXT
Action
Sends pulses to a port pin.
Syntax
SOUND pin, duration, frequency [,NOINT]
Remarks
Pin Any I/O pin such as P1.0 etc.
duration This is an integer, word or constant that specifies how long the sound
is generated. A bigger value will result in a longer duration of the
sound.
Frequency This is an integer, word, or constant that that will be used to
generate the frequency. A higher value will result in a higher
frequency. A very low value might result in a sound that can not be
heard.
NOINT An option to disable interrupts during the sound statement.
The SOUNDEXT should be used instead of the SOUND statement. It has a wider
range.

222 BASCOM-8051
When you connect a speaker or a buzzer to a port pin (see hardware) , you can use
the SOUNDEXT statement to generate some tones.
The NOINT will clear the global interrupts so no interrupts can occur during the
sound statement. When the sound statement has completed the interrupt register is
restored.
The SoundExt routine will create the sound as following:

· The port pin is set LOW
· The specified frequency is inverted
· The inverted value is decreased
· The port pin is set HIGH
· The inverted value is restored and decreased again
The actions are executed for DURATION times.
When the statement is ready, it will leave the pin in the HIGH state.
The time the pin is low is exact the same time as the pin is high. So the created
pulse width is 50%.
Since loops are used, the frequency is relatively to the processor speed.
The width range of the frequency will ensure that you can create hearable tones
width a variety of oscillator values. When you want to create tones that are
independent of the processor speed, you need to use a timer.
See also
SOUND 220
Example
$crystal = 8000000
Dim X As Word
X = 0
Do
X = X - 10
Soundext P3.4 , 500 , X
Waitms 1
Loop
6.177 SPACE
Action
Returns a string of spaces.
Syntax
var = SPACE(x )
Remarks
X The number of spaces.
Using 0 for x, will result in a string of 255 bytes because there is no check for a zero

length assign.
See also
STRING 228 , SPC 223
Example
Dim s as XRAM String * 15, z as XRAM String * 15
s = Space(5)
Print " {" ;s ; " }" '{ }
Dim A as Byte
A=3
S = Space(a)
Genereated code for last 2 lines :

; ---------- library routine -----------
_sStr_String:
Mov @r1,a
Inc r1
Djnz r2,_sStr_String
Clr a
Mov @r1,a
Ret
;---------------------------------------
Mov R1,#h'22 ; location of string
Mov R2,h'21 ; number of spaces
Mov a,#32
Acall _sStr_String
6.178 SPC
Action
Prints spaces to the serial port or LCD display.
Syntax
PRINT SPC(x )
Remarks
x The number of spaces to print. Range from 1 - 255.
Use SPACE() function to assign spaces to a string.

SPC() can only be used in combination with PRINT and LCD.
See Also
SPACE 222
Example
Dim s as XRAM String * 15, z as XRAM String * 15

224 BASCOM-8051
s = "Hello"
Print " {" ;s ; SPC(3) ; "}"
6.179 SPIIN
Action
Reads a value from the SPI-bus.
Syntax
SPIIN var, bytes
Remarks
Var The variable that is assigned with the value read from the SPI-bus.
Bytes The number of bytes to read.
See also
SPIOUT 225 , CONFIG SPI 130 , SPIINIT 224
Example
Dim a(10) as byte
CONFIG SPI = SOFT, DIN = P1.0, DOUT = P1.1, CS=P1.2, CLK = P1.3
SPIINIT
SPIIN a(1) , 4 'read 4 bytes
6.180 SPIINIT
Action
Initializes the pins of the SPI-bus.
Syntax
SPIINIT
Remarks
The pins used for the SPI bus must be set to the proper logical level before you can
use the SPI commands.
See also
SPIOUT 225 , CONFIG SPI 130 , SPIIN 224
Example
Dim a(10) as byte
SPIINIT

SPIIN a(1) , 4 'read 4 bytes
6.181 SPIOUT
Action
Sends a value of a variable to the SPI-bus.
Syntax
SPIOUT var , bytes
Remarks
var The variable woes content must be send to the SPI-bus.
bytes The number of bytes to send.
See also
SPIIN 224 , CONFIG SPI 130 , SPIINIT 224
Example
SPIINIT ‘ init SPI pins
Dim a(10) as Byte , X As Byte
SPIOUT a(1) , 5 'send 5 bytes
SPIOUT X , 1 'send 1 byte
6.182 START
Action
Start the specified timer/counter.
Syntax
START timer
Remarks
timer TIMER0, TIMER1, TIMER2, COUNTER0 or COUNTER1.
You must start a timer/counter in order for an interrupt to occur (when the external
gate is disabled).
TIMER0 and COUNTER0 are the same device.
See also
STOP TIMERx 226

226 BASCOM-8051
Example
ON TIMER0 label2
LOAD TIMER0, 100
START TIMER0
DO 'start loop
LOOP 'loop forever
label2: 'perform an action here
RETURN
6.183 STOP
Action
Stop program execution.
Syntax
STOP
Remarks
END can also be used to terminate a program.
When an END or STOP statement is encountered a never ending loop is generated.
See Also
STOP TIMER 226 , START 225
Example
PRINT var 'print something
STOP 'thats it
6.184 STOP Timer

Action
Stop the specified timer/counter.
Syntax
STOP timer
Remarks
timer TIMER0, TIMER1, TIMER2, COUNTER0 or COUNTER1.
You can stop a timer when you don't want an interrupt to occur.

TIMER0 and COUNTER0 are the same.
See also
START TIMERx 225 , STOP 226
Example
'--------------------------------------------------------------
'--------------------------------------------------------------
' file: TIMER0.BAS
' demo: ON TIMER0
' *TIMER1 is used for RS-232 baudrate generator
'--------------------------------------------------------------
Dim Count As Byte , Gt As Byte
Config Timer0 = Timer , Gate = Internal , Mode = 2

'Timer0 = counter : timer0 operates as a counter
'Gate = Internal : no external gate control
'Mode = 2 : 8-bit auto reload (default)
On Timer0 Timer_0_int
Load Timer0 , 100 'when the timer reaches 100 an
interrupt will occur
Enable Interrupts 'enable the use of interrupts
Enable Timer0 'enable the timer
Rem Setting Of Priority

Priority Set Timer0 'highest priority
Start Timer0 'start the timer
Count = 0 'reset counter

Do
Input "Number " , Gt
Print "You entered : " ; Gt
Loop Until Gt = 1 'loop
until users enters 1
Stop Timer0
End
Rem The Interrupt Handler For The Timer0 Interrupt

Timer_0_int:
Inc Count
If Count = 250 Then
Print "Timer0 Interrupt occured"
Count = 0

228 BASCOM-8051
End If
Return
6.185 STR
Action
Returns a string representation of a number.
Syntax
var = STR( x )
Remarks
Var A string variable.
X A numeric variable.
The string must be big enough to store the string.
See also
VAL 232 , HEX 163 , HEXVAL 164
Difference with QB
In QB STR() returns a string with a leading space. This behaviour is not in
BASCOM.
Example
Dim a as Byte, S as XRAM String * 10
a = 123
s = Str(a)
Print s
End
6.186 STRING
Action
Returns a string consisting of m repetitions of the character with ASCII
code n.
Syntax
var = STRING(m ,n )

Remarks
N The ASCII-code that is assigned to the string.
M The number of characters to assign.
Since a string is terminated by a 0 byte, you can't use 0 for n.
Using 0 for m will result in a string of 255 bytes, because there is no check on a
length assign of 0. When you need this let me know.
See also
SPACE 222
Example
Dim s as XRAM String * 15
s = String(5,65)
Print s 'AAAAA
End
6.187 SUB
Action
Defines a Sub procedure.
Syntax
SUB Name[(var1)]
Remarks
name Name of the sub procedure, can be any non reserved word.
var1 The name of the parameter.
You must end each subroutine with the END SUB statement.
You must Declare Sub procedures before the SUB statement.

The parameter names and types must be the same in both the declaration and the
Sub procedure.
Parameters are global to the application.

That is the used parameters must be dimensioned with the DIM statement.
Therefore, the variables can be used by the program and sub procedures.
The following examples will illustrate this :
Dim a as byte, b1 as byte, c as byte 'dim used variables

Declare Sub Test(a as byte) 'declare subroutine
a = 1 : b1 = 2: c = 3 'assign variables
Print a ; b1 ; c 'print them

230 BASCOM-8051
Call Test(b1) 'call subroutine

Print a ;b1 ; c 'print variables again
End
Sub Test(a as byte) 'begin procedure/subroutine

print a ; b1 ; c 'print variables
End Sub
See also
CALL 113 , DECLARE 139
Example
NONE
6.188 SWAP
Action
Exchange two variables of the same type.
Syntax
SWAP var1, var2
Remarks
var1 A variable of type bit, byte, integer or word.
var2 A variable of the same type as var1.
After the swap, var1 will hold the value of var2 and var2 will hold the value of var1.
Example
Dim a as integer,b1 as integer
a = 1 : b1 = 2 'assign two integers
SWAP a, b1 'swap them
PRINT a ; b1
6.189 THIRDLINE
Action
Reset LCD cursor to the third line.
Syntax
THIRDLINE
Remarks

NONE
See also
UPPERLINE 232 , LOWERLINE 188 , FOURTHLINE 149
Example
Dim a as byte
a = 255
LCD a
Thirdline
LCD a
Upperline
End
6.190 UCASE
Action
Converts a string into upper case.
Syntax
dest = UCASE( source )
Remarks
dest The string variable that will be assigned with the upper case of string
SOURCE.
source The source string. The original string will be unchanged.
See also
LCASE 178
Example
Input "Hello " , S 'assign string
S = Lcase(s) 'convert to lowercase
S = Ucase(s) 'convert to upper case


232 BASCOM-8051
6.191 UPPERLINE
Action
Reset LCD cursor to the upper line.
Syntax
UPPERLINE
Remarks
NONE
See also
LOWERLINE 188 , THIRDLINE 230 , FOURTHLINE 149
Example
Dim a as byte
a = 255
LCD a
Lowerline
LCD a
Upperline
End
6.192 VAL
Action
Converts a string representation of a number into a number.
Syntax
var = Val( s )
Remarks
Var A numeric variable that is assigned with the value of s.
S Variable of the string type.
See also
STR 228 , HEXVAL 164
Example
Dim a as byte, s As XRAM string * 10
s = "123"
a = Val(s) 'convert string

Print a
End
6.193 VARPTR
Action
Retrieves the memory-address of a variable.
Syntax
var = VARPTR( var2 )
Remarks
Var The variable that is assigned with the address of var2.
var2 A variable to retrieve the address from.
See also
PEEK 202 POKE 202
Example
Dim I As Integer , B1 As Byte
B1 = Varptr(I)
Generated code:
Mov h'23,#h'21
6.194 WAIT
Action
Suspends program execution for a given time.
Syntax
WAIT seconds
Remarks
seconds The number of seconds to wait.
The delay time is based on the used X-tal (frequency).

When you use interrupts the delay can be extended.
See also
DELAY 141 , WAITMS 234 , WAITMSE 235

234 BASCOM-8051
Example
WAIT 3 'wait for three seconds
Print "*"
6.195 WAITKEY
Action
Wait until a character is received in the serial buffer.
Syntax
var = WAITKEY()
var = WAITKEY(#channel)
Remarks
Var Variable that is assigned with the ASCII value of the serial buffer.
channel The channel number of the device
var : Byte, Integer, Word, Long, String.
See also
INKEY 171
Example
Dim A As Byte
A = Waitkey 'wait for character
Print A
Example
Dim A As Byte
Open "COM2:" For Binary As #1 'open serial chan.1 COM2 of 80517/80537
Dim St As Byte
St = Inkey(#1) 'get key
St = Inkey() 'get key from COM1 (the default)
6.196 WAITMS
Action
Suspends program execution for a given time in mS.
Syntax
WAITMS mS
Remarks
mS The number of milliseconds to wait. (1-255)


The use of interrupts can slow down this routine.
This statement is provided for the I2C statements.
When you write to an EEPROM you must wait for 10 mS after the write instruction.
See also
DELAY 141 , WAIT 233 , WAITMSE 235
Example
WAITMS 10 'wait for 10 mS
Print "*"
6.197 WAITMSE
Action
Suspends program execution for a given time in mS.
Syntax
WAITMS mS
Remarks
mS The number of milliseconds to wait. (1-65535)

So it is important that you provide the right $CRYSTAL 91 value.
The use of interrupts can slow down this routine.

For a real precise delay you should use a timer.
The WAITMS statement can only delay for 255 mS. That is why the WAITMSE
statement was added, it can give a longer delay.
See also
DELAY 141 , WAIT 233 , WAITMS 234
Example
WAITMSE 1000 'wait for 1000 mS
Print "*"
6.198 WATCHDOG
Action
Start and stop the watchdog timer.
Syntax

236 BASCOM-8051
START WATCHDOG 'will start the watchdog timer.

STOP WATCHDOG 'will stop the watchdog timer.
RESET WATCHDOG 'will reset the watchdog timer.
Remarks
The AT89S8252 has a built in watchdog timer.
A watchdog timer is a timer that will reset the uP when it reaches a certain value.
So during program execution this WD-timer must be reset before it exceeds its
maximum value. This is used to be sure a program is running correct.
When a program crashes or sits in an endless loop it will not reset the WD-timer so
an automatic reset will occur resulting in a restart.
You need to configure the reset time with CONFIG WATCHDOG.
CONFIG WATCHDOG = value
value The time in mS it takes the WD will overflow, causing a reset.

Possible values are :
16,32,64,128,256,512,1024 or 2048
See Also
CONFIG WATCHDOG 132
Example
DIM A AS INTEGER
CONFIG WATCHDOG = 2048 'after 2 seconds a reset will occur
START WATCHDOG 'start the WD
DO
PRINT a
a=a+1 'notice the reset
REM RESET WATCHDOG 'delete the REM to run properly
LOOP
END
6.199 WHILE .. WEND

Action
Executes a series of statements in a loop, as long as a given condition is true.
Syntax
WHILE condition
statements
WEND
Remarks
If the condition is true then any intervening statements are executed until the
WEND statement is encountered.
BASCOM then returns to the WHILE statement and checks condition.
If it is still true, the process is repeated.
If it is not true, execution resumes with the statement following the WEND

statement.
See also
DO .. LOOP 144 , FOR .. NEXT 148
Example
Dim A As Byte
While A <= 10
Print A
Incr A
Wend

Part
VII
Using assembly 239
7 Using assembly
7.1 Using assemly
In line assembly
Assembler statements are recognized by the compiler.
The only exception is SWAP because this is a valid BASIC statement.
You must precede this ASM-statement with the !-sign so the compiler knows that
you mean the ASM SWAP statement.
Note that for the ACC register, A is used in mnemonics.( Except for bit operations )
Example:
Mov a, #10 'ok
Mov acc,#10 'also ok but generates 1 more byte
Setb acc.0 'ok
Setb a.0 'NOT OK
You can also include an assembler file with the $INCLUDE FILE.ASM statement.
The assembler is based on the standard Intel mnemonics.

The following codes are used to describe the mnemonics:
Rn working register R0-R7

Direct 128 internal RAM locations, any IO port, control or status register.
For example : P1, P3, ACC
@Ri indirect internal RAM location addressed by register R0 or R1
#data 8-bit constant included in instruction
#data16 16-bit constant included in instruction
Bit 128 software flags, any IO pin, control or status bit
For example : ACC.0, P1.0, P1.1
Boolean variable
manipulation
CLR C clear carry flag
CLR bit clear direct bit
SETB C set carry flag
SETB bit set direct bit
CPL C complement carry flag
CPL bit complement direct bit
ANL C, bit AND direct bit to carry flag
ORL C,bit OR direct bit to carry flag
MOV C,bit Move direct bit to carry flag
Program and machine

control

240 BASCOM-8051
LCALL addr16 long subroutine call

RET return from subroutine
RETI return from interrupt
LJMP addr16 long jump
SJMP rel short jump (relative address)
JMP @A+DPTR jump indirect relative to the DPTR
JZ rel jump if accu is zero
JNZ rel jump if accu is not zero
JC rel jump if carry flag is set
JNC rel jump if carry flag is not set
JB bit,rel jump if direct bit is set
JNB bit,rel jump if direct bit is not set
JBC bit,rel jump if direct bit is set & clear bit
CJNE A,direct,rel compare direct to A & jump of not equal
CJNE A,#data,rel comp. I'mmed. to A & jump if not equal
CJNE Rn,#data,rel comp. I'mmed. to reg. & jump if not equal
CJNE @Ri,#data,rel comp. I'mmed. to ind. & jump if not equal
DJNZ Rn,rel decrement register & jump if not zero
DJNZ direct,rel decrement direct & jump if not zero
NOP No operation
Arithmetic
operations
ADD A,Rn add register to accu
ADD A,direct add register byte to accu
ADD A,@Ri add indirect RAM to accu
ADD A,#data add immediate data to accu
ADDC A,Rn add register to accu with carry
ADDC A,direct add direct byte to accu with carry flag
ADDC A,@Ri add indirect RAM to accu with carry flag
ADDC A,#data add immediate data to accu with carry flag
SUBB A,Rn subtract register from A with borrow
SUBB A,direct subtract direct byte from A with borrow
SUBB A,@Ri subtract indirect RAM from A with borrow
SUBB A,#data subtract immediate data from A with borrow
INC A increment accumulator

Using assembly 241
INC Rn increment register

INC direct increment direct byte
INC@Ri increment indirect RAM
DEC A decrement accumulator
DEC Rn decrement register
DEC direct decrement direct byte
DEC@Ri decrement indirect RAM
INC DPTR increment datapointer
MUL AB multiply A & B
DIV AB divide A by B
DA A decimal adjust accu
Logical operations
ANL A,Rn AND register to accu
ANL A,direct AND direct byte to accu
ANL A,@Ri AND indirect RAM to accu
ANL A,#data AND immediate data to accu
ANL direct,A AND accu to direct byte
ANL direct,#data AND immediate data to direct byte
ORL A,Rn OR register to accu
ORL A,direct OR direct byte to accu
ORL A,@Ri OR indirect RAM to accu
ORL A,#data OR immediate data to accu
ORL direct,A ORL accu to direct byte
ORL direct,#data ORL immediate data to direct byte
XRL A,Rn exclusive OR register to accu
XRL A,direct exclusive OR direct byte to accu
XRL A,@Ri exclusive OR indirect RAM to accu
XRL A,#data exclusive OR immediate data to accu
XRL direct,A exclusive OR accu to direct byte
XRL direct,#data exclusive OR immediate data to direct byte
CLR A clear accu
CPL A complement accu
RL A rotate accu left
RLC A rotate A left through the carry flag
RR A rotate accu right
RRC A rotate accu right through the carry flag

242 BASCOM-8051
SWAP A swap nibbles within the accu
Data transfer
MOV A,Rn move register to accu
MOV A,direct move direct byte to accu
MOV A,@Ri move indirect RAM to accu
MOV A,#data move immediate data to accu
MOV Rn,A move accu to register
MOV Rn,direct move direct byte to register
MOV Rn,#data move immediate data to register
MOV direct,A move accu to direct byte
MOV direct,Rn move register to direct byte
MOV direct,direct move direct byte to direct
MOV direct,@Ri move indirect RAM to direct byte
MOV direct,#data move immediate data to direct byte
MOV@Ri,A move accu to indirect RAM
MOV@Ri,direct move direct byte to indirect RAM
MOV@Ri,#data move immediate to indirect RAM
MOV DPTR,#data16 load datapointer with a 16-bit constant
MOVC A,@A+DPTR move code byte relative to DPTR to A
MOVC A,@A+PC move code byte relative to PC to A
MOVX A,@Ri move external RAM (8-bit) to A
MOVX A,@DPTR move external RAM (16 bit) to A
MOVX@Ri,A move A to external RAM (8-bit)
MOVX@DPTR,A move A to external RAM (16-bit)
PUSH direct push direct byte onto stack
POP direct pop direct byte from stack
XCH A,Rn exchange register with accu
XCH A,direct exchange direct byte with accu
XCH A,@Ri exchange indirect RAM with A
XCHD A,@Ri exchange low-order digit ind. RAM w. A
How to access labels from ASM.

Each label in BASCOM is changed into a period followed by the label name.
Example :
GOTO Test
Test:

Using assembly 243
generated ASM code:

LJMP .Test
.Test:
When you are using ASM-labels you can also precede them with the !-Sign so the
label won't be converted.
Jb P1.0, Test ; no period
!test : ; indicate ASM label
Or you can include the period in the labelname.

Another good alternative is to use the $ASM $END ASM directives.
Example:
$Asm
mov a,#1
test:
sjmp test
$End Asm
How variables are stored.

BIT variables are stored in bytes.
These bytes are stored from 20hex -2Fhex thus allowing 16 * 8 = 128 bit variables.
You can access a bit variable as follows:
Dim var As Bit 'dim variable

SETB {var} ; set bit
CLR {var} ; clear bit
Print var ; print value
End
Or you can use the BASIC statement SET and RESET which do the same thing.
BYTE variables are stored after the BIT variables.

Starting at address 20 hex + (used bytes for bit vars).
INTEGER/WORD variables are stored with the LSB at the lowest memory position.
LONG variables are stored with the LSB at the lowest memory position too.
You can access variables by surrounding the variable with {}.

To refer to the MSB of an Integer/Word use var+1.
To refer to the MSB of a Long use var+3.
The following example shows how to access the variables from ASM
Dim t as Byte, c as Integer

CLR a ; clear register a
MOV {t} , a ; clear variable t
INC {t} ; t=t + 1
MOV {c} , {t} ;c=t
MOV {c+0}, {t} ; LSB of C = t (you don't have to enter the +0)
MOV {lain+1}, {t} ; MSB of C = t
MOV {c},#10 ; assign value
You can also change SFRs from BASIC.

P1 = 12 'this is obvious
ACC = 5 'this is ok too
B=3 'B is a SFR too

244 BASCOM-8051
MUL AB 'acc = acc * b

Print acc
EXTERNAL variables are stored similar.

Strings are stored with a terminating zero.
Example :
$RAMSTART = 0
Dim s As String * 10 'reserve 10 bytes + 1 for string terminator
s = "abcde" 'assign string constant to string
ram location 0 = a 'first memory location

ram location 1 = b
ram location 2 = c
ram location 3 = d
ram location 4 = e
ram location 5 = #0
External variables must be accessed somewhat different.
Dim T as XRAM Byte

mov dptr,#{T} ; address of T to datapointer
mov a,#65 ; place A into acc
movx @dptr,a ; move to external memory
Print T ; print it from basic
Dim T1 as XRAM Integer

mov dptr,#{T1} ; set datapointer
mov a,#65 ; place A into acc (LSB)
inc dptr ; move datapointer
mov a,#1 ; 1 to MSB
Print T1 ; print it from basic
Helper routines
There are two ASM helper routines that can make it a bit easier:
PLACEVALUE var , SFR
PLACEADRES var, SFR
PLACEVALUE assigns the variable, var, to the specified register, SFR.

Placevalue 1, A will generate :
Mov a,#1
Dim x as Byte
Placevalue x ,R0 will generate:
Mov a, h'3A ; in this example only of course
Where it is becoming handy is with arrays :

Placevalue a(x), RO will generate :
Mov r0,#h'3A
Mov a,@r0

Using assembly 245
Rl a
Add a,#h'1F
Mov R0,a
Mov a,@r0
These are all examples, the generated code will differ with the type of variables
used.
You can only assign 1 SFR with the PLACEVALUE statement.
This is where PLACEADRES comes around the corner.
Placeadres , places a variables address into a register.
Placeadres ar(x),A
Placeadres z , R0
When external variables are used, you don't need to specify a register because DPTR
is always assigned.
Dim X as xram Integer

PLACEADRES x , dptr or PLACEADRES x
Will generate :
Mov dptr,#2
Or with arrays :
PLACEADRES ar(x)
Mov dptr,#2
Mov r0,#h'37
Mov a,@r0
Mov r2,a
Inc r0
Mov a,@r0
Mov r3,a
Mov r1,#1
Acall _AddIndex
Of course these are also examples, the generated code depends on the types and if
they are internal or external variables.
Hexdecimal notation
You can also use hexadecimal notation.
Example : Mov a,#h'AA
Or use the BASIC notation :
Mov a,#&HAA
Binary notation
You can also use binary notation.
Example : Mov a,#&B10001000
Jumping with offset

You can specify an offset instead of a labelname when jumping.
Jb P1.0 , *+12 ;jump forward
Jb P1.0 , *-12 ;jump back
Jnb P1.0 , *+0 ;loop until P1.0 becomes high

246 BASCOM-8051
This also applies to the other instructions where can be jumped to a label like SJMP,
LJMP DJNZ etc.
Internal buffer for string conversion

The string conversion routines used for PRINT num , STR() and VAL(), use an
internal buffer of 16 bytes. This has the advantage that no stack handling is needed
but the disadvantage that a fixed space is used.
Of course you can use this buffer. It can be referenced with ___TMP_S1
So when you need a temp string, you can use this buffer.
Note that this buffer is only available with the mentioned statements!
Example :
Dim s as single
s = 1.1
Print s 'now the buffer is needed
___TMP_S1 = "Use this space"
Print ___TMP_S1
Comment
The ; sign can be used or the BASIC comment sign '
Mov a,#1 ; comment
Mov a,#2 'comment
7.2 Internal registers

You can manipulate the register values directly from BASIC.
They are also reserved words. The internal registers are :
BIT addressable registers

TCON Timer/counter control
P1 Port 0 latch
SCON Serial port control
IE Interrupt enable
P3 Port 3 latch
IP Interrupt priority control
PSW Program status word
ACC Accumulator
B B register
BYTE addressable register

SP Stack pointer
DPL Data pointer low word
DPH Data pointer high word
PCON Power control
TMOD Timer/counter mode control

Using assembly 247
TL0 Timer/counter 0 low byte

TL1 Timer/counter 1 low byte
TH0 Timer/counter 0 high byte
TH1 Timer/counter 1 high byte
SBUF Serial data port
P1 Port 1 latch
P3 Port 3 latch
The registers and their addresses are defined in the REG51.DAT file which
is placed in the BASCOM application directory.
You can use an other file for other uPs.
You can select the appropriate register file with the Options Compiler settings 60 .
Take care when you are directly manipulating registers!

The ACC and B register are frequently used by BASCOM.
Also the SP register is better to be left alone.
Altering SP will certainly crash your application!
Bit addressable registers can be used with the SET 216 /RESET 212 statements and as
bit-variables.
Byte addressable registers can be used as byte variables.
P1 = 40 will place a value of 40 into port 40.
Please note that internal registers are reserved words.

This means that they can't be dimensioned as BASCOM variables!
So you can't use the statement DIM B as Byte because B is an internal register.
You can however manipulate the register with the B = value statement.
Making your own register file is very simple:

· copy the 8052.DAT file to a new DAT file for example myproc.DAT
DOS c:\bascom copy 8052.dat myproc.dat
· edit the registerfile with BASCOM
A register file has a few sections. The following example shows only a few items
under each section.
The [BIT] section contains all SFR's which are bit addressable. A bit addressable
SFR ends with 0 or 8.
After the SFR name you can write the hexadecimal address.
An optional initial value for the simulator can also be specified. Separate the values
by a comma.
Acc = E0 , 00
The [BYTE] section contains all the other SFR's.
The [MISC] section has a few items:

· up : here you can enter a short name for the uP.
· IRAM : the amount of available internal memory (128 or 256 bytes)
· org : the hexadecimal address where the code can start. This is 3 bytes after the
last interrupt entry address, because the last interrupt will have a LJMP to an
ISR and a LJMP needs 3 bytes.
· I_xxx : where xxx is the name of the additional interrupt. The name must be no

248 BASCOM-8051
longer than 6 characters. As you can see in the example below the last interrupt
T2 has an entry address of 73 (hex). So the org is set to 73+3 = 76 (hex).
You only need to specify the additional interrupts. The interrupts for INT0,INT1,
TIMER0, TIMER1 and SERIAL are already handled by the compiler.
· CLOCKDIV : The division factor of the oscillator. By default this is 12 and when
you don't specify it, 12 will be used. Some micro processors have a division
factor of 6 or 4.
EXAMPLE
[BIT]
ACC = E0
B = F0
[BYTE]
ADCH = C6
ADCON = C5
CTCON = EB
[MISC]
up = 80552
I_TIMER2 = 2B
I_CT0 = 33
I_CT1 = 3B
I_CT2 = 43
I_CT3 = 4B
I_ADC = 53
I_CM0 = 5B
I_CM1 = 63
I_CM2 = 6B
I_T2 = 73
org = 76
IRAM = 256
CLOCKDIV = 12
7.3 Initialization
When you want to handle this by yourself you can specify this by the meta
command $NOINIT 98 .
initialization of the LCD display (if LCD related statements are used).
You can use the $NOSP 100 statement when you don't want the stack pointer to be
set.
All data used for variables like the internal RAM or external RAM, is in an unknown
condition at startup. This means that you can not assume that a variables is 0.
For example:
Dim a as byte
Print a
End
When you run the code, 'a' can contain any value. When you want to be sure the
variable is 0, assign it with 0. During a reset, the memory content might be the

Using assembly 249
same as before the reset, but again, there is no guarantee.

Part
VIII
Additional Hardware 251
8 Additional Hardware
8.1 Additional Hardware
You can attach additional hardware to the ports of the microprocessor.
The following statements will become available :
I2CSEND and I2CRECEIVE and other I2C related statements.
LCD, LCDHEX, DISPLAY and other related LCD statements.
1 WIRE bus explanation. 258
More about connecting a LCD display 257 .
More about the I2C bus 258
Hardware related commands

The uP must be connected to a crystal. The frequency of the crystal can range from
0 to 24 Mhz for most chips. The frequency is divided by 12 internally.
So with a 12 Mhz crystal the processor is clocked with 1 Mhz.
Because almost each instruction takes, 1 clock cycle to execute the processor can
handle 1 MIPS.
When RS-232 statements such as INKEY, PRINT and INPUT are used, TIMER1 is
connected to the system clock.
So TIMER1 cant be used for other purposes such as ON TIMER1 anymore.
When no RS-232 related statements are used you can use TIMER1.
The Baud rate is generated by dividing the system clock.

When a crystal of 11.0592 Mhz is used, the Baud rate can be generated very
accurately.
Other crystals can be used too but the generated baud rate will never be exactly
2400 or 4800 baud and higher baud rates are almost impossible.
The exact baud rate is shown in the report file.
Clock
The clock frequency is the system frequency divided by 12.
With a 12 Mhz crystal this means that every microsecond the register is
incremented.
Timers and Counters

The 8051 has two 16-bit timers named TIMER0 and TIMER1.
Below the internal representation of timer0 is shown.
TIMER0 and TIMER1 are almost identical so you can read TIMER1 for TIMER0.

252 BASCOM-8051
Each counter register has two SFRs associated with it.

For TIMER0 the SFRs are TL0 and TH0.
TL0 is the lowest byte of TIMER0 and TH0 is the highest byte of TIMER0.
These two registers make the timers 16-bit wide.
The timer can operate as a timer or as a counter.

A timer uses the system clock divided by 12 as the source of its input
pulses.
So it increments periodical.
A counter uses external pulses to increment its count.

The external pulses are received at alternative pin P3.4 for TIMER0 and P3.5 for
TIMER1.
The timer/counter can be controlled by the run-bit TR0.
You can stop a timer/counter with the statement STOP TIMER0 226 /COUNTER0.
You can start a timer/counter with the statement START TIMER0 225 /TIMER1.
The timer/counter can also be controlled with the alternative pin P3.2.
This pin is labeled for its alternative INT0-input but it can be used to control the
timer.
When GATE is reset the timer/counter is enabled.
When GATE is set the timer/counter is enabled if INT0 is active(low). (provided that
the timer is started)
The timer/counter can operate in four modes:

· mode 0 : 13-bit counter.
An interrupt is generated when the counter overflows. So it takes 8192 pulses
to generate the next interrupt.
· mode 1 : 16-bit counter.

Mode 1 is similar to mode 0. It implements a 16-bit counter.

It takes 65536 input pulses to generate the next interrupt.
· mode 2 : 8-bit auto reload.
TL0 serves as an 8-bit timer/counter.
When the timer/counter overflows the number stored in TH0 is copied into TL0
and the count continues.
An interrupt is generated each time the counter overflows and a reload is
performed.
· mode 3 : TIMER1 is inactive and holds its count. (TIMER1).
For TIMER0 in timer mode two 8-bit timers are available and in counter mode
one 8-bit timer is available.
See a datasheet for more details.
The timer/counter can be configured with the CONFIG statement.

CONFIG TIMER0= COUNTER/TIMER, GATE=INTERNAL/EXTERNAL, MODE=0-3
The first argument is the timer/counter you want to configure, TIMER0 in this case.
GATE specifies if external timer control with the INT0 pin is enabled.
MODE specifies the timer/counter mode (0-3).
So CONFIG TIMER0 = COUNTER, GATE = INTERNAL, MODE=2 will configure

TIMER0 as a COUNTER with no external gate control , in mode 2 (auto reload)
When the timer/counter is configured the timer/counter is stopped so you must start
it afterwards with the START TIMER0 statement.
The ON TIMERx statement can be used to respond to a timer/counter interrupt when

the timer overflows.
When the timer/counter is used in mode 2 (auto reload) the reload value can be
specified with the LOAD TIMERx, value statement.
Because it is an 8-bit register a maximum time of 255 uS can be achieved.
So for a period of 10 uS you must supply a value of (256-10) is 246. To make things
easier you can assign the value directly : LOAD TIMERx , 250 will internally be
transformed into 256-250=6.
This saves you the trouble of calculating the correct value.
The COUNTER0 and COUNTER1 variables hold the values of timer/counter 0 and 1.
You can also set the timer/counter contents with the COUNTER0 = value statement.
Please note that with the LOAD statement, you can only load a byte value into the
timer/counter.
Because the statement is meant for timer/counter mode 2.
Also note that you can assign a value to the timer/counter with the COUNTER0/
COUNTER1 variables. You can not use the TIMER0/TIMER1 in it's place but it does
the same thing : assigning/retrieving the timer/counter.
Port 3 is a unique port because it has alternative functions.

That is you can use it as a port like P3.1 = 1 or SET P3.1 or you can make use of the
double function of this port.
Port Alternative function

P3.0 RxD receive data for RS-232
P3.1 TxD transmit data for RS-232

254 BASCOM-8051
P3.2 INT0 interrupt 0 input/timer 0 gate control

P3.4 T0 timer 0 input or counter input
P3.5 -
P3.7 -
When you make use of the PRINT, INPUT and other RS-232 related statements
P3.0 and P3.1 are used for the RS-232 interface.
When you make use of the INT0/INT1 interrupts, you must connect an interrupt
source to the corresponding pins. A switch for example.
The INTx interrupt can occur on the falling edge of a signal or when the signal is
low.
Use the following statements to specify the trigger:
SET TCON.0 Falling edge generates interrupt for INT0.

RESET TCON.0 Low signal generates interrupt for INT0.
SET TCON.2 Falling edge generates interrupt for INT1.
RESET TCON.2 Low signal generates interrupt for INT1.
When TCON.x is RESET the interrupts keep on occurring while the input is low.r
When TCON.x is SET the interrupt only occurs on the falling edge.
To test if a hardware interrupt is generated you can test the TCON.1 and TCON.3
flags.
These flags are set by hardware when an external interrupt edge is detected.
They are reset by the RETURN statement of the interrupt service routine or
subroutine.
TCON.1 must be tested for INT0 and TCON.3 must be tested for INT1.
Some uPs have an additional timer named TIMER2 289 . It depends on the used chip
which features TIMER2 has.
Ports and Power Up

Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port. Port pins P1.2 to P1.7 provide internal
pull-ups.
P1.0 and P1.1 requires external pull-ups. P1.0 and P1.1 also serve as the positive
input(AIN0) and the negative input(AIN1), respectively, of the on-chip precision
analog comparator.
The port 1 output buffers can sink 20 mA and can drive LED displays directly.
When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they can be used as inputs.
When pins P1.2 to P1.7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low,
they will source current because of the internal pullups.
Port 3 pins P3.0 to P3.5, P3.7 are seven bi-directional I/O pins with internal pull-
ups.
P3.6 is hard wired as an input to the output of the on-chip comparator and is not
accessible as a general purpose I/O pin.

The port3 output buffers can sink 20 mA.

When 1's are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pullups and
can be used as inputs.
Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current because of the
pullups.
Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C2051 as
listed below.
Port Alternative function

P3.0 RxD receive data for RS-232
P3.1 TxD transmit data for RS-232
P3.5 -
P3.7 -
Writing to a Port
P1 = 255 will write the value 255 to the port 1, setting all the pins to 1
so all pins can be used as inputs.
P1 = 0 will write the value 0 to port 1, setting al pins to zero.
Reading from a Port

byte = P1 will read the value from port 1 and will assign the value to variable byte.
Setting individual pins of a Port

You can also set individual pins of the ports in BASCOM.
SET P1.0 will set pin P1.0 high.

P1.0 = 1 will also set pin P1.0 high.
RESET P1.0 will set pin P1.0 low.

P1.0 = 0 will also set pin P1.0 low.
At power up both ports are high and can be used an inputs.

Individual bits can be set to use a port both as input/output.
For example : P1 = &B00001111 , will set a value of 15 to port 1.
P1.0 to P1.3 can be used as inputs because they are set high.
How to interface the port pins

256 BASCOM-8051
The schematic above shows how to connect a LED as an output, a speaker as an

output and a switch as an input device.
8.2 Alternative port-pin functions

The AT89S8252 ports have alternative functions.
The following table shows the alternative functions.
Port pin Alternate function

P1.0 T2 external count input to timer.counter 2, clock out
P1.1 T2EX timer/counter 2 capture/reload trigger and direction flag
P1.4 /SS Slave port select input
P1.5 MOSI Master data output, slave data input pin for SPI channel
P1.6 MISO Master data input, slave data output pin for SPI channel
P1.7 SCK Master clock output, slave clock input pin for SPI channel
P3.0 RxD serial input port
P3.1 TxD serial output port
P3.2 /INT0 external interrupt 0
P3.3 /INT1 external interrupt 1
P3.4 T0 timer 0 external input

P3.5 T1 timer 1 external input

P3.6 /WR external data memory write strobe
P3.7 /RD external data memory read strobe
/ means active low
8.3 Hardware - LCD display
The LCD display can be connected as follows:
LCD-DISPLAY PORT PIN

DB7 P1.7 14
DB6 P1.6 13
DB5 P1.5 12
DB4 P1.4 11
E P1.3 6
RS P1.2 4
RW Ground 5
Vss Ground 1
Vdd +5 Volt 2
Vo 0-5 Volt 3
This leaves P1.1 and P1.0 and P3 for other purposes.
You can change the LCD pin layout from the Options LCD menu.
You can select the display used with the CONFIG LCD 125 statement.
The LCD display operates in 4-bit mode.

See the $LCD 95 statement for operation in 8-bit mode.
BASCOM supports a lot of statements to control the LCD display.

For those who want to have more control the example below shows how to do so.
Acc = 5 'load register A with value

Call Lcd_control 'it is a control value to control the display
Acc = 65 'load with new value (letter A)
Call Write_lcd 'write it to the LCD display
Note that lcd_control and write_lcd are assembler subroutines which can be called
from BASCOM.
See manufacture details from your LCD display for the correct assignment.

258 BASCOM-8051
8.4 Hardware - I2C
The design below shows how to implement an I2C-bus.

Note that you can select which port pins you want to use for the I2C interface with
the compiler settings 58 .
You can also select the SDA and SCL pin with the CONFIG SDA 128 and
CONFIG SCL 128 statement.
8.5 1WIRE INFO

The following information is written by Göte Haluza, thanks!
Dallas Semiconductor (DS) 1wire. This is a brief description of DS 1wirebus when

used in combination with BASCOM. For more detailed explanations about the 1w-
bus, please go to http://www.dalsemi.com/techbriefs/tb1.html. Using BASCOM,
makes the world a lot easier. This paper will approach the subject from a "BASCOM-
user-point-of-view".
1wire-net is a serial communication protocol, used by DS devices. The bus could be

implemented in two basic ways :
With 2 wires, then DQ and ground is used on the device. Power is supplied on the
DQ line, which is +5V, and used to charge a capacitor in the DS device. This power
is used by the device for its internal needs during communication, which makes DQ
go low for periods of time. This bus is called the 1wirebus.
With 3 wires, when +5V is supplied to the VDD line of the device, and DQ +
ground as above. This bus is called the 2wirebus.
So, the ground line is "not counted" by DS. But hereafter we use DS naming
conventions.

How it works. (1wire)

The normal state of the bus is DQ=high. Through DQ the device gets its power, and
performs the tasks it is designed for.
When the host (your micro controller (uC)) wants something to happen with the
1w-bus, it issues a reset-command. That is a very simple electric function that
happens then; the DQ goes active low for a time (480uS on original DS 1w-bus).
This put the DS-devices in reset mode; then (they) send a presence pulse, and then
(they) listen to the host.
The presence pulse is simply an active low, this time issued by the device(s).
Now, the host cannot know what is on the bus, it is only aware of that at least 1 DS
device is attached on the bus.
All communication on the 1w-bus is initialized by the host, and issued by time-slots
of active-low on a normally high line (DQ), issued by the device, which is sending at
the moment. The devices(s) internal capacitor supplies its power needs during the
low-time.
How you work with 1w-bus

Thereafter, you can read a device, and write to it. If you know you only have 1
sensor attached, or if you want to address all sensors, you can start with a "Skip
Rom" - command. This means; take no notice about the Ids of the sensors - skip
that part of the communication.
When you made a 1w-reset, all devices of the bus are listening. If you chose to
address only one of them, the rest of them will not listen again before you have
made a new 1w-reset on the bus.
I do not describe BASCOM commands in this text - they are pretty much self-
explaining. But the uC has to write the commands to the bus - and thereafter read
the answer. What you have to write as a command depends on devices you are
using - and what you want to do with it. Every DS chip has a datasheet, which you
can find at http://www.dalsemi.com/datasheets/pdfindex.html. There you can find
out all about the actual devices command structure.
There are some things to have in mind when deciding which of the bus-
types to use.
The commands, from BASCOM, are the same in both cases. So this is not a problem.
The +5V power-supply on the VDD when using a 2wire-bus has to be from separate
power supply, according to DS. But it still works with taking the power from the
same source as for the processor, directly on the stabilising transistor. I have not
got it to work taking power directly from the processor pin.
Some devices consume some more power during special operations. The DS1820
consumes a lot of power during the operation "Convert Temperature". Because the
sensors knows how they are powered (it is also possible to get this information from
the devices) some operations, as "Convert T" takes different amount of time for the

260 BASCOM-8051
sensor to execute. The command "Convert T" as example, takes ~200mS on 2wire,
but ~700mS on 1wire. This has to be considered during programming.
And that power also has to be supplied somehow.

If you use 2wire, you don't have to read further in this part. You can simultaneously
"Convert T" on all the devices you attach on the bus. And save time. This command
is the most power-consuming command, possible to execute on several devices, I
am aware of.
If you use 1wire, there are things to think about. It is about not consuming more
power than you feed. And how to feed power? That depends on the devices (their
consumption) and what you are doing with them (their consumption in a specific
operation).
Short, not-so-accurate description of power needs, not reflecting on cable

lengths
Only the processor pin as power supplier, will work < 5 sensors. (AVR, 1w-functions
use an internal pull-up. 8051 not yet tested). Don't even think of simultaneous
commands on multiple sensors.
With +5V through a 4K7 resistor, to the DQ-line, 70 sensors are tested. But, take
care, cause issuing "Convert T" simultaneously, would cause that to give false
readings. About ~15 sensors is the maximum amount of usable devices, which
simultaneously performs some action. This approach DS refers to as "pull-up
resistor".
With this in mind, bus up to 70 devices has been successfully powered this way.
The resistor mentioned, 4K7, could be of smaller value. DS says minimum 1K5, I
have tested down to 500 ohm - below that the bus is not usable any more. (AVR).
Lowering the resistor feeds more power - and makes the bus more noise -resistant.
But, the resistor minimum value is naturally also depending on the uC-pin electric
capabilities. Stay at 4K7 - which is standard recommendation.
DS recommends yet another approach, called "strong pull-up" which (short) works
via a MOS-FET transistor, feeding the DQ lines with enough power, still on 1wire,
during power-consuming tasks. This is not tested, but should naturally work. Cause
this functionality is really a limited one; BASCOM has no special support for that.
But anyway, we tell you about it, just in case you wonder. Strong pull-up has to use
one uC pin extra - to drive the MOS-FET.
Cable lengths (this section is only for some limited understanding)

For short runs up to 30 meters, cable selection for use on the 1W bus is less critical.
Even flat modular phone cable works with limited numbers of 1-Wire devices.
However, the longer the 1W bus, the more pronounced cable effects become, and
therefore the greater importance placed on cable selection.
For longer distances, DS recommends twisted-pair-cable (CAT5).
DS standard examples show 100 meters cable lengths, so they say, that's no

problem. They also show examples with 300m cabling, and I think I have seen
something with 600-meter bus (but I cant find it again).
Noise and CRC

The longer cable and the noisier environment, the more false readings will be made.
The devices are equipped with a CRC-generator - the LSByte of the sending is
always a checksum. Look in program examples to learn how to re-calculate this
checksum in your uC. AND, if you notice that there are false readings - do
something about your cables. (Shield, lower resistor)
Transfer speed
On the original 1w-bus, DS says the transfer speed is about 14Kbits /second. And, if
that was not enough, some devices has an overdrive option. That multiplies the
speed by 10. This is issued by making the communication-time-slots smaller (from
60 uS to 6uS ) which naturally will make the devices more sensitive, and CRC-error
will probably occur more often. But, if that is not an issue, ~140Kbit is a reachable
speed to the devices. So, whatever you thought before, it is FAST.
The BASCOM scanning of the bus is finds about 50 devices / second , and reading a
specific sensors value to a uC should be about 13 devices / second.
Topology
Of the 1w-net - that is an issue we will not cover so much. Star-net, bus-net? It
seems like you can mix that. It is a bus-net, but not so sensitive about that.
The benefit of the 1w-bus

Each device is individual - and you can communicate with it over the media of 2
wires. Still, you can address one individual device, if you like. Get its value. There
are 64 ^ 2 unique identifications-numbers.
Naturally, if lot of cables are unwanted, this is a big benefit. And you only occupy 1
processor pin.
DS supplies with different types of devices, which all are made for interfacing an uC
- directly. No extra hardware. There are sensors, so you can get knowledge about
the real world, and there are also potentiometers and relays, so you can do
something about it. On the very same bus.
And the Ibutton approach from DS (ever heard of it?) is based on 1wire technology.
Maybe something to pick up.
BASCOM let you use an uC with 1wire-devices so easy, that (since now) also has to
count as a benefit - maybe one of the largest. ;-)
The disadvantages of the 1w-bus

So far as I know, DS is the only manufacturer of sensors for the bus. Some people
think their devices are expensive. And, until now, it was really difficult to
communicate with the devices. Particularly when using the benefit of several devices
on one bus. Still some people say that the 1w-bus is slow - but I don't think so.

262 BASCOM-8051
Göte Haluza
System engineer

Part
IX
264 BASCOM-8051
9 Supported Programmers
9.1 MCS Flash programmer
There are different models of the MCS Flash programmer, but all of them are
compatible with the driver software.
The MCS Flash programmer is a parallel printer port based programmer.

It can only program the ATMEL 89C1051 , AT89C2051 and AT89C4051.
Select the correct printer port address before you run the programmer.
Be sure to switch on the power supply before running BASCOM.
When you run the programmer, the buffer will be filled automatically with your
program data. The programmer works with binary files. The following menu options
are available.
Exit
Exit the programmer.
Buffer clear
Clear the buffer. That is, fill it with zero bytes.
Buffer Read from disk

Load a file into the buffer. By default the current program.BIN file is selected.
Select a file with the file selection dialog box and press the Ok-button.
Buffer Write to disk

Write the content of the buffer to a file.
Note that the file size is 1024 ,2048 or 4096 bytes depending on the chip type.

Supported Programmers 265
Buffer read from chip

Read the content of the FLASGROM into the buffer.
If the lock bits are set all bytes will return FF.
Buffer Write to chip

Program the chip with the content of the buffer.
The chip is erased before the buffer is written to the chip.
Buffer Verify
Compares the content of the buffer with the content of the chip.
Buffer program chip

Erases the chip, writes the buffer to the chip and finally verifies the buffer with the
chip.
Chip get type

Retrieves the chip type. AT89C1051 , AT89C2051 or AT89C4051.
Chip Erase
Erases the chip. Lock bits are also erased.
Chip Set lockbit 1

When LB1 is set the chip can not be programmed anymore.
Chip Set lockbit 2

When LB2 is set the chip can not be programmed nor can it be verified (read)
Use LB1 and LB2 together for securing your program.
Options LPT1 .. LPT3

Select the printer port the programmer is connected to.
Option Port delay

Because computers become faster every day and the hardware is run by software a
delay can be specified for very fast computers.
A value of 5 is used on a 486DX266. You must increase the value on faster
computers if problems occur.
The default is 0, and for best results, 0 should be used.

266 BASCOM-8051
9.2 MCS SPI programmer

The MCS SPI programmer is a parallel printer port based SPI-programmer.
It is a modified design of Jakub Jiricek's SPI-programmer. (two LED's were added)
The programmer can program the AT89S52 which has an extra 2048 bytes built in
EEPROM for storing data and the AT89S53.
The nice thing about SPI-programmable chips is that the chip can be programmed in
circuit. You only must design your application so that the SPI-port pins will not be
pulled low.
The following menu options are available:
File exit
Will exit the programmer.
Write code
Will program the chip with the current programs binary image.
Write data
Will ask for a file and will write the data to the EEPROM.
Verify code
Will verify the programs binary image with the chip content.
Verify data
Will verify a file with the chips EEPROM content.
Read code
Will ask for a filename and will write the chip content to the file.
Read data
Will ask for a filename and will write the EEPROM content to the file.
Chip reset
Will reset the chip.
Chip erase
Will erase the chip.
Chip set lockbits

Will set the selected lock bits.
The following use feedback was received:

I have at last found my problem with the SPI flash programmer designed by
Jakub Jiricek.
My PC's LPT port was set to NORMAL mode in the BIOS. Symptoms include
normal reset pulse but very slow progress bar with eventual failure to verify.
Correct programmer operation was achieved by changing to EPP (enhanced

parallel port) mode in BIOS. I can only assume that the s/w must be using
one line in bi-directional mode. Of course, this "fix" may only apply to my PC.
Not recommended for new programmers.
9.3 Blow IT Flashprogrammer

The Blow IT flashprogrammer is a parallel printer port based programmer and can
only erase, and program a chip. The programmer works only with the AT89C1051 to
AT89C4051 chips.
The programmer uses the same interface as the MCS Flashprogrammer, but doesn't
support all the features due it's design. So for a description read the MCS
Flashprogrammer 264 help.
Not recommended for new programmers.
9.4 PG2051 flash programmer

The PG2051 is a serial comport based programmer and can program AT89C1051
and ATC2051 chips only. A nice feature is that the programmer can serve as an
simulator too. The programmer works with Intel HEX files only.
The following menu options are available:
File Exit
This will exit the programmer.
Buffer read from disk

This allows you to load a binary file from disk.
The current projects binary file is always loaded automatic.
Buffer write to disk

This option can be used to save the buffer to disk.
Buffer download
With this option you send the programs' hex file to the programmer/simulator.
After it is sent, you can program the chip or simulate the program.
Buffer retrieve
Use this option to load the chip content into the buffer.
Buffer verify
This option will verify the buffer with the chip content.
Buffer autoprogram
This option will erase the chip, download the buffer, program the chip and finally
verifies the chip.
Chip get type

To identify the chip you can select this option.

268 BASCOM-8051
The radio-button 89C1051 or 89C2051 will be set.
Chip set lockbit 1

Set lockbit 1 so the chip can not be programmed anymore.
Chip set lockbit 2

Set lockbit 2 so the chip can not be programmed or verified/read anymore .
Chip erase
Erases the chip.
Chip program
Will program the chip with the downloaded buffer.
Chip simulate
Will simulate the programmed program. This saves swapping the chip in and out of
the target application.
9.5 PG302 programmer

The PG302 is a serial comport based programmer.
The programmer can program a wide variety of chips with additional adapters.
The BASCOM interface is designed to look similar with the original PG302 driver
software.
You must select the target chip from the device list.
Some chips will enable the memory radio buttons. For example the AT89S8252.
You can select the memory-area with the radio buttons in these cases.
Blank check
Will perform a blank check on the chip. That is, every memory location will be
checked if it is equal to 255 (hex FF), indicating an un-programmed byte.
Erase
Will erase the chip. All memory locations will be set to 255.
Program
Will program the chip with the current program.
If EEPROM-memory is selected, you will be asked for a filename.
Verify
Will verify the current program with the target chip.
Read
Will read the target chip and saves the result to a file.
Set lockbit
Will set the selected lock bits.
You must select the lock bits first. The lock bits to set depend on the selected target
chip.

Auto erase
When this checkbox is selected, the target chip will be erased before it will be
programmed.
Auto verify
When this checkbox is selected, the result will be verified after each programming.
9.6 SE512 or SE514 programmer

The SE512 and SE514 are parallel printer port based programmers.
The nice thing about these programmers is that they can simulate the application
too. This has the advantage that no device swapping is needed until your application
works like you want. The SE512 can program the AT89C1051 to AT89C4051. The
SE514 can program larger chips too.
Buffer clear
Will clear the buffer.
Buffer load from file

With this option you can load a file into the buffer. By default the current program is
loaded into the buffer.
Buffer save to file

With this option you can save the buffer to a binary file.
Chip Write buffer into chip

With this option you program the chip.
Chip Read chipcode into buffer

This option will read the target device its memory into the buffer.
Chip Blank check

Performs a blank check on the target device. A chip is considered blank if every
memory location contains 255 (FF hex)
Chip Erase
Will erase the target chip.
Chip verify
Will verify the buffer with the chipcontent.
Chip autoprogram
Will erase, program and verify the chip.
Note that the targetchip will be detected automatic. When the targetchip can't be
detected, the menu options will not work.

270 BASCOM-8051
9.7 SE-812
The SE-812 from Sample Electronics is a programmer for the aduc812.
The programmer is well suited for in circuit programming.
Since it is a serial programmer that operates via the COM port, the programming is
done with the terminal emulator. When you select the SE812 from the programmer
options there will be an additional menu in the terminal emulator.
- Erase chip. This option will erase both the code flash and the EEPROM.
- Erase code flash. This option will erase only the code flash memory.
- Program chip. This will program the chip with the current program.
- Auto program. This will erase the chip and program the chip.
The programmer works only with version 2.00 of the boot loader.
9.8 Sample Electronics ISP programmer

The simple cable programmer was submitted by Sample Electronics.
They produce professional programmers too. This simple programmer you can make
yourself within a 10 minutes. And only a few resistors are needed.
The operation is the same a for the STK200/300 programmer 274 .
What you need is a DB25 centronics male connector, a flat cable and a connector
that can be connected to the target MCU board.
The connections to make are as following:
DB25 pin Target MCU pin(AT89S8252) DT104

2, D0 MOSI, pin 6 J5, pin 4
4, D2 RESET, pin 9 J5, pin 8
5, D3 CLOCK, pin 8 J5, pin 6
11, BUSY MISO, pin 7 J5, pin 5
18-25,GND GROUND J5, pin 1
The MCU pin numbers are shown for an 8252!

Note that 18-25 means pins 18,19,20,21,22,23,24 and 25
You can use a small resistor of 100 ohm in series with the D0, D2 and D3 line in
order not to short circuit your LPT port in the event the MCU pins are high.
But it was tested without these resistors and my PC still works :-)
Tip : when testing programmers etc. on the LPT it is best to buy an I/O card for
your PC that has a LPT port. This way you dont destroy your LPT port that is on the
motherboard in the event you make a mistake!

The following picture shows the connections to make. Both a setup for the DT104
and stand alone PCB are shown.
I received the following useful information :

Hi Mark,
I have been having spurious success with the simple cable programmer from
Sample Electronics for the AVR series.
After resorting to hooking up the CRO I have figured it out (I think). When
trying to identify the chip, no response on the MISO pin indicates that the
Programming Enable command has not been correctly received by the target.
The SCK line Mark/Space times were okay but it looked a bit sad with a slow
rise time but a rapid fall time. So I initially tried to improve the rise
time with a pullup. No change ie still could not identify chip. I was about
to add some buffers when I came across an Atmel app note for their serial
programmer
"During this first phase of the programming cycle, keeping the SCK line
free from pulses is critical, as pulses will cause the target AVR to loose
syncronisation with the programmer. When syncronisation is lost, the only
means of regaining syncronisation is to release the RESET line for more
than 100ms."
I have added a 100pF cap from SCK to GND and works first time every time
now. The SCK rise time is still sad but there must have been enough noise
to corrupt the initial command despite using a 600mm shielded cable.
This may be useful to your users.

272 BASCOM-8051
Regards,
Mark Hayne
9.9 CYGNAL JTAG Programmer

The CYGNAL JTAG programmer comes with the CYGNAL development kit and is also
available from www.sample.co.kr
All tests were performed with the programmer/evaluation board from Sample
Electronics.
The Cygnal JTAG programmer is controlled by a COM port.

You need to select a free COM port of your PC that is connected to the programmer.
When you program the cygnal chip BASCOM will erase and program the chip.
9.10 Futurelec
The Futurelec programmer from www.futurlec.com is an ISP programmer for the
89S8252.
All tests are performed with the AT89S8252 board from Futurelec Electronics.
9.11 JPK Systems X-programmer

The JPK Systems X-programmer is a serial comport based SPI-programmer.
It is fully optical isolated and so an ideal device for industrial equipment.
It supports AVR chips too, but these aren't supported in BASCOM of course so there
is only support for the 89S8252 and the 89S53.
Since it is serial based, the support is placed in the terminal emulator.

After selecting the JPK programmer, there will be additional menu options available
in the terminal emulator. All these options can be found under the JPK menu.
The transfer between the PC and the programmer is implemented with the X-
modem CRC protocol.
Select device
Use this option to select the targetdevice. You can choose between the 89S8252 and
the 89S53.
Erase
Erase the target chip.
Read code
Will read the codememory from the chip. You will be asked for a filename first.
Program chip

Will program the targetchip with the current program.
Set lockbits
Will set the lockbits of the targetchip. All lockbits will be set.
Read EEPROM
Will save the EEPROM data into a file. This only applies to the AT89S8252.
Write EEPROM
Will program the EEPROM with a file. This only applies to the AT89S8252.
Of course all commands can be typed manually too, but you must set the terminal
emulator communication settings to 2400N82 in that case.
9.12 Peter Averill's TAFE programmer

The TAFE flashprogrammer is a parallel printer port based programmer and can be
build with the DT004 and DT206 SimmSticks from Dontronics. The programmer can
program only AT89C1051 to AT89C4051 chips.
Peter also has schematics available on the web so you can build your own PCB.
The programmer supports all the usual features except the 'read signature' feature.
Thats is why you have to select the used chip yourself from the mnu.
The programmer uses the same interface as the MCS Flashprogrammer, so for a
description read the MCS Flashprogrammer 264 help.
I got some feedback from a user that had problems with his programmer.
he added 5K1 pullup resistors to +5V. This is shown in the picture below. The dots
(11) must each have a resistor of 5K1 to +5V.

274 BASCOM-8051
9.13 STK200/300 ISP Programmer

The STK200 and STK300 are AR starter kits from Atmel.
They come with a parallel printer port programmer dongle for in system
programming of the chips.
This dongle can be used to program the 89S8252 or 89S53.
For those who don't have this kit and the programmer the following schematic
shows how to make your own programmer:
The dongle has a chip with no identification but since the schematic is all over the
web, I have included it. Kanda also sells a very cheap separate programmer dongle.
So I suggest you buy this one!
MCS also sells a compatible dongle.
The following screen will pop up when you have selected this programmer:

You must select the chip you use. By selecting the FlashROM TAB or the EEPROM
TAB you can write that info to the chip. When the chip does not have EEPROM
memory, the EEPROM TAB will not be visible.
When the chip such as the 89S8253, 89S2051 or 89S4051 has USER data, an
additional TAB will be shown.
This is intended to read/write the user data.
When you select auto Flash, pressing F4 from the IDE will program the chip
automatic and the window will not be displayed.
When Code + Data is selected from the programmer options 64 both the Code and
the EEPROM data are programmed.
The STK200/300 is recommended for new programmers.
9.14 Rhombus SCE-51

Rhombus developed the SCE-51. A powerful small 8051 micro processor board with
on board RAM and FLASHROM and bootloader.
In addition the board serves as an in circuit emulator.
Transferring your program to RAM goes very fast. Faster than loading it into the
traditional FLASHROM. So during debugging it is well suited for debugging large
applications.
When you select the SCE-51, the following window will appear when you press F4.

276 BASCOM-8051
The filename is automatic filled.

The original SCE-51 software from Rhombus has much more options and BASCOM
only supports programming to RAM and FLASH.
You must select the target memory before you click the Program button.
By clicking the Erase button you can erase the memory.

During programming a status bar will be shown.
The baud rate is fixed to 19200 baud. Support for 115200 baud will be added later.
9.15 SE511-SE516 programmer

The SE511-SE516 can be used for the SE511 and SE516 programmers from Sample
Electronics.
These programmers are serial programmers. They require a COM port.

When you launch the programmer, the current program will be loaded into the
memory.
You can also use the LOAD button to load a program into the buffer.
Reset This button will reset the programmer and will determine the used chip.
Load Load a binary or Intel HEX file into the buffer
Save Save the current buffer to file
Read Read the chip flash content
Blank Test if a chip is blank
Erase Erase (blank) a chip
Write Write(program) the buffer into the chip
Verify Verify if the buffer is the same as the chip content
Write the selected lock bits
Lock Bits

Part
X
BASCOM Misc 279
10 BASCOM Misc
10.1 Error messages
The following table list all errors that can occur.
Nr Error message
1 BASIC source file not found
2 Code does not fit into FLASHROM
3 Unknown statement
4 Extension expected
5 Wrong variable or variable not dimensioned
6 Two parameters expected
7 No more space for BIT
8 No more space for BYTE
9 No more space for INTEGER/WORD
10 Wrong type (BIT,BYTE or INTEGER/WORD) expected
11 AS expected by DIM
12 , expected
13 Unknown interrupt
14 IF THEN expected
15 FOR, DO or WHILE expected
16 Wrong number of parameters
17 Illegal compare (=,>,<,<>,<=,>=) expected
18 THEN expected
19 TIMER0 or TIMER1 expected
20 DO expected
21 UNTIL expected
22 Illegal mathematical operation
23 FOR expected
24 WHILE expected
25 Variable not dimensioned
26 Source file not found
27 Label not found
100-134 These are internal assembler warnings. Contact MCS
Electronics .
135 Too many RAM used
136 Variable already dimensioned
137 Constant must be in range of 1-8
138 Baudrate not supported with selected frequency

280 BASCOM-8051
139 9 parameters expected

140 COUNTER0 or COUNTER1 expected.
141 = expected.
142 Maximum of 128 aliases statements allowed
143 Duplicate label
144 Value does not fit into byte
145 No more space for external BYTE
146 No more space for external INTEGER/WORD
147 No more space for STRING
148 Call outside 2048 page range. Use $LARGE to compile this
program.
150 Unsupported LCD display
151 Unsupported mode
152 Variable not found or dimensioned
153 Wrong type (BYTE,INTEGER/WORD, LONG or STRING)
expected
154 : expected
155 SELECT CASE expected
156 Numeric variable expected
157 (external) LONG expected
158 Value does not fit into Integer
159 Value does not fit into Word
160 Value does not fit into Long
161 * xxx (xxx=length) expected
162 Variable expected
163 Small string expected.
164 Variable not DIMensioned
166 Three parameters expected
167 1 or 0 expected
168 4 or 8 expected
170 Wrong value for WATCHDOG
171 Wrong parameter for I2C
172 Byte,Integer or Long expected
173 Variable expected
174 Integer or Long expected
175 Value does not fit into bit
176 Variables must be of the same type

BASCOM Misc 281
177 Illegal operation

178 Value doesn't fit
179 Not supported
180 Illegal operation in PlaceValue
181 Constant or Internal byte or integer expected for index
182 Invalid device
183 Channel not opened
184 Device already open
185 Device was not open
186 Value does not fit into byte
187 IF ... THEN not allowed on same line as CASE
188 END IF expected
189 CONST expected
190 Channel expected (#x)
191 ALIAS already used
192 Word or Integer expected
193 CONST already defined
194 = expected
195 TO expected
196 Jump out of address range
197 RNDDATA variable not dimensioned
198 ') expected
199 '( expected
206 Library file not found
207 Library file already registered
208 ) expected
209 ( expected
210 LEFT or RIGHT expected
211 External routine not found
212 Valid number must be in range from 1-16
213 Numeric constant expected
214 No SUB found.
215 Already in SUB
216 Wrong mode
217 NOINT expected
218 + must be between {}
219 Address >127, use indirect addressing

282 BASCOM-8051
999 DEMO allows 2048 bytes of code only
10.2 Compiler Limits

There are some limitations to the compiler :
You can perform only one calculation in a formula.
Good False
a = a * b1 a = a * b1 + c
Maximum allowed labels 5000

Maximum allowed variable names 1000
Maximum number of INTEGER/WORD variables 10*
Maximum number of BYTE variables 20*
Maximum number of BIT variables 120*
Maximum number of STRING variables Up to available
external memory
Maximum number of ALIAS statements 128
*Depending on the used statements and the used variables of the other types.
A maximum of 32 bytes is used internally. This depends on the used statements.

The stack uses some space too. So it depends on the used statements how much
variables you can use. In the worst case (32+16+8) = 56 bytes are used.
You can find out by viewing the report file 48 how much bytes are used by your
program.
When you have a micro such as the 89S8252 with 256 bytes of internal memory,
you can have more variables.
8 used bit vars will use 1 byte;

1 used byte will use 1 byte;
1 used integer/word will use 2 bytes;
1 used long will use 4 bytes;
1 used single will use 4 bytes;
1 string with a length of 10 bytes will use 11 bytes.
Maximum nesting :
FOR .. NEXT 50
IF .. THEN 50
DO .. LOOP 50
WHILE .. WEND 50
SELECT .. CASE 25

BASCOM Misc 283
10.3 Reserved Words

The following table shows the reserved BASCOM statements.
Red keywords can only be used on systems, which can address external RAM
memory.
!
;
$INCLUDE
$NOINIT
$NOSP
$NOBREAK
$BAUD
$BGF
$DEFAULT
$CRYSTAL
$LARGE
$LCD
$ROMSTART
$RAMSIZE
$RAMSTART
$SERIALINPUT
$SERIALOUTPUT
$SIM
1WRESET
1WREAD
1WWRITE
ACK
ALIAS
ABS()
AND
AS
ASC()
BAUD
BCD()
BIT
BITWAIT
BLINK
BOOLEAN
BREAK
BYTE
CALL
CASE
CLS
CHR()
CONFIG
CONST
COUNTER
COUNTER0
COUNTER1
CPEEK()
CURSOR
DATA
DEC
DECLARE
DEFBIT
DEFBYTE

284 BASCOM-8051
DEFLCDCHAR
DEFINT
DEFWORD
DELAY
DIM
DISABLE
DISPLAY
DO
DOWNTO
ELSE
ELSEIF
ENABLE
END
ERR
EXIT
EXTERNAL
FOR
FOURTH
FOURTHLINE
GATE
GETAD
GOSUB
GOTO
HEXVAL()
HIGH()
HIGHW()
HOME
I2CRECEIVE
I2CSEND
I2CSTART
I2CSTOP
I2CRBYTE
I2CWBYTE
IDLE
IF
INC
INKEY
INP()
INPUT
INPUTHEX
INT0
INT1
INTEGER
INTERNAL
IS
LCD
LCDHEX
LEFT
LEFT()
LOAD
LOCATE
LONG
LOOKUP
LOOP
LOW()
LOWW()
LOWER

BASCOM Misc 285
LOWERLINE
MAKEBCD()
MAKEDEC()
MAKEINT()
MID()
MOD
MODE
NACK
NEXT
NOBLINK
NOSAVE
NOT
OFF
ON
OR
OUT
P0-P6
PEEK()
POKE
POWERDOWN
PSET
PRINT
PRINTHEX
PRIORITY
READ
READEEPROM
REM
RESET
RESTORE
RETURN
RIGHT
RIGHT()
RND()
ROTATE
SELECT
SERIAL
SET
SHIFT
SHIFTLCD
SHIFTCURSOR
SHIFTIN
SHIFTOUT
SHOWPIC
SOUND
SPACE()
START
STEP
STR()
STRING()
STOP
STOP TIMER
SUB
SWAP
THEN
THIRD
THIRDLINE
TIMEOUT

286 BASCOM-8051
TIMER0
TIMER1
TO
UNTIL
UPPER
UPPERLINE
VAL()
WAIT
WAITKEY
WAITMS
WATCHDOG
WRITEEEPROM
WEND
WHILE
WORD
XOR
XRAM
The internal registers are also reserved words (variables)
TCON
P1
SCON
IE
P3
IP
PSW
ACC
B
SP
DPL
DPH
PCON
TMOD
TL0
TL1
TH0
TH1
SBUF
Note that you can change the internal registers with the Register File 60 settings
from the Options menu.

Part
XI
288 BASCOM-8051
11 Microprocessor support
11.1 Microprocessor support
Some microprocessors have additional features compared to the AT89C2051/8051.
8032/8052/AT89S8252
TIMER2 289
AT89S8252
WATCHDOG 235
DATA EEPROM 292
Alternative port-pin functions 256
80515,80535,80517,80535
GETAD 152
WATCHDOG 293
BAUDRATE GENERATOR 119
INTERRUPTS and PRIORITY 293
80517,80537
GETAD 152
WATCHDOG 293
BAUDRATE GENERATOR 119
BAUDRATE GENERATOR1 119
INTERRUPTS and PRIORITY 294
89C51+
WATCHDOG 297
PRIORITY 206
ADUC812
CONFIG ADUC812 117
Using the DAC 294 that also contains an example
The additional interrupts are :
ADCI , I2CSPI and PSMI
To enable them :
ENABLE 145 ADCI, ENABLE I2CSPI, ENABLE PSMI
To disable them:
DISABLE 143 ADCI, DISABLE I2CSPI, DISABLE PSMI
To set the priority to the highest level in addition to the normal priority interrupt
sources:
PRIORITY 206 SET|RESET ADCI
PRIORITY 206 SET|RESET I2CSPI
80552

GETAD(channel, prm) where channel is the channel and the prm is a paramter that
may be 0 for software trigger only or 32(dec) for trigger by rising edge on STADC
too.
To use the PWM of the 80552 :
Dim Pwp As Byte, Pwa as Byte, Pwb as Byte

Pwp = 200 'set output frequency (0 - 255)
Pwa = 50 'set channel 0 (a) pulse width (0 - 255)
Pwb = 0 'set channel 1 (b) pulse width (0 - 255)
Do
Gosub Pwm
Loop
Pwm:
$asm
MOV PWMP , {Pwp}
MOV PWM0 , {Pwa}
MOV PWM1 , {Pwb}
$end asm
Return
11.2 TIMER2
Some microprocessors have an additional timer on board : TIMER2.
This section describes the 8032 compatible TIMER2 and is not compatible with the
TIMER2 found in the 80C535 and others.
TIMER2 is a 16-bit timer/counter which can operate as either an event timer or an
event counter. TIMER2 has three main operating modes : capture, auto-reload(up or
down counting) , and baud rate generator.
When using the TIMER2 interrupt, you must reset the interrupt bit that caused the
interrupt yourself in the ISR handler.
Capture mode
In the capture mode there are two options :
· 16-bit timer/counter which upon overflowing sets bit TF2, the TIMER2 overflow
bit. This bit can be used to generate an interrupt.
Counter mode :
CONFIG TIMER2 = COUNTER, GATE = INTERNAL, MODE = 1
Timer mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=TIMER, GATE= INTERNAL,MODE =1
· As above but with the added future that a 1 to 0 transition on at external input
T2EX causes the current values in the TIMER2 registers TL2 and TH2 to be
captured into the capture registers RCAP2L and RCAP2H.
Counter mode:
CONFIG TIMER2 = COUNTER, GATE = EXTERNAL, MODE = 1

290 BASCOM-8051
Timer mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=TIMER,GATE=EXTERNAL,MODE=1
In addition the transition at T2EX causes bit EXF2 in T2CON to be set and EXF2 like
TF2 can generate an interrupt.
The TIMER2 interrupt routine can interrogate TF2 and EXF2 to determine which
event caused the interrupt.
(there is no reload value in this mode. Even when a capture event occurs from T2EX
the counter keeps on counting T2EX pin transitions or osc/12 pulses)
Auto reload mode

In the 16-bit auto reload mode, TIMER2 can be configured as a timer or counter
which can be programmed to count up or down. The counting direction is
determined by bit DCEN.
TIMER2 will default to counting up to &HFFFF and sets the TF2 overflow flag bit
upon overflow. This causes the TIMER2 registers to be reloaded with the 16-bit
value in RCAP2L and RCAP2H.
The values in RCAP2L and RCAP2H are preset by software means.
Counter mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=INTERNAL,MODE=0
Timer mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=INTERNAL,MODE=0
If EXEN2=1 then a 16-bit reload can be triggered either by an overflow or by a 1 to

0 transition at input T2EX. This transition also sets the EXF2 bit. The TIMER2
interrupt, if enabled, can be generated when either TF2 or EXF2 are 1.
Counter mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=EXTERNAL,MODE=0
Timer mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=TIMER,GATE=EXTERNAL,MODE=0
TIMER2 can also count up or down. This mode allows pin T2EX to control the
direction of count. When a logic 1 is applied at pin T2EX TIMER2 will count up.
TIMER2 will overflow at &HFFFF and sets the TF2 flag, which can then generate an
interrupt, if the interrupt is enabled. This timer overflow also causes the 16-bit
value in RCAP2L en RCAP2H to be reloaded in to the timer registers TL2 and TH2.
Counter mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=INTERNAL/EXTERNAL,MODE=0,DIRECTION=UP
Timer mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=INTERNAL/EXTERNAL,MODE=0,DIRECTION=UP
A logic 0 applied at pin T2EX causes TIMER2 to count down. The timer will under
flow when TL2 and TH2 become equal to the value stored in RCAP2L and RCAP2H.
TIMER2 under flows sets the TF2 flag and causes &HFFFF to be reloaded into the
timer registers TL2 and TH2.
Counter mode:
CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=INTERNAL/EXTERNAL,MODE=0,
DIRECTION=DOWN
Timer mode:

CONFIG TIMER2=COUNTER,GATE=INTERNAL/EXTERNAL,MODE=0,
DIRECTION=DOWN
The external flag TF2 toggles when TIMER2 under flows or overflows.
The EXF2 flag does not generate an interrupt in counter UP/DOWN mode.
Baud rate generator

This mode can be used to generate a baud rate for the serial port. TIMER1 can be
used for an other task this way.
CONFIG TIMER2=TIMER,GATE=INTERNAL,MODE=2
Receive only
This mode can be used to generate the baudrate for the receiver only.
TIMER1 can be used for the transmission with an other baudrate.
Note that TIMER1 must be setup from assembler this way.
Transmit only
This mode can be used to generate the baud rate for transmitter only.
TIMER1 can be used for the reception with an other baudrate.
Note that TIMER1 must be setup from assembler this way.
Clock output
Some 8052 deviants have the ability to generate a 50% duty cycle clock on P1.0.
CONFIG TIMER2=TIMER,MODE=5
The output frequency = (fOSC / 4) / (65536-CAPTURE)
Use CAPTURE = value to set the capture register.
How to determine what caused the interrupt

You can test the bit T2CON.7 to see if an overflow caused the interrupt.
You can test bit T2CON.6 whether either a reload or capture is caused by a negative
transition on T2EX.
Timer2_ISR:
If T2CON.7 = 1 Then
Print "Timer overflowed"
Reset T2con.7
Else
If T2CON.6 = 1 Then
Print "External transition"
Reset t2con.6
End if
End If
Return

292 BASCOM-8051
11.3 DATA EEPROM

The AT89S8252 has a built in 2Kbytes flash EEPROM.
You can use this to store data.
Two statements are provided : WRITEEEPROM and READEEPROM.
WRITEEEPROM var [, address ]
var Any BASCOM variable name.

Address The address of the EEPROM where to write the data to.
Ranges from 0 to 2047.
When you omit the address the address will be assigned
automatically. You can view the assigned address in the report file.
READEEPROM var [, address ]
var Any BASCOM variable name.

Address The address of the EEPROM where to read the data from.
Ranges from 0 to 2047.
You can omit the address when you have written a value before with
the WRITEEEPROM var statement.
Because in that case the compiler knows about the address because it
is assigned by the compiler.
Example
Dim S As String * 15 , S2 As String * 10
S = "Hello" : S2 = "test"
Dim L As Long
L = 12345678
Writeeeprom S
Writeeeprom S2 'write strings
Writeeeprom L 'write long
S = "" : S2 = "" : L = 0 'clear variables

Readeeprom L : Print L
Readeeprom S : Print S
Readeeprom S2 : Print S2
End
11.4 AT898252 WATCHDOG

The AT89S8252 has a built in watchdog timer.
A watchdog timer is a timer that will reset the uP when it reaches a certain value.
So during program execution this WD-timer must be reset before it exceeds its
maximum value.
This is used to be sure a program is running correct.
When a program crashes or sits in an endless loop it will not reset the WD-timer so
an automatic reset will occur resulting in a restart.
START WATCHDOG will start the watchdog timer.

STOP WATCHDOG will stop the watchdog timer.
RESET WATCHDOG will reset the watchdog timer.

See also
CONFIG WATCHDOG 132
Example
'-----------------------------------------------------
' (c) 1998 MCS Electronics
' WATCHD.BAS demonstrates the AT89S8252 watchdog timer
' select 89s8252.dat !!!
'-----------------------------------------------------
Config Watchdog = 2048 'reset after 2048 mSec
Start Watchdog 'start the watchdog timer
Dim I As Word
For I = 1 To 10000
Print I 'print value
' Reset Watchdog
'you will notice that the for next doesnt finish because of the reset
'when you unmark the RESET WATCHDOG statement it will finish because the
'wd-timer is reset before it reaches 2048 msec
Next
End
11.5 WATCHDOG 80515

The 80515 and 80535 both have a WD-timer.
This is a 16 bit timer that can't be stopped!
It will reset the system after 65535 uS at 12MHz.
START WATCHDOG 'start the WD-timer.

RESET WATCHDOG 'will reset the WD-timer.
11.6 INTERRUPTS and PRIORITY 80515

The 80515, 80535, 80517 and 80537 have more interrupt sources and priority is
handled different compared to the 8051.
Enable interrupts:
ENABLE AD 'AD converter
ENABLE INT2|INT3|INT4|INT5|INT6 'external interrupt 2-6
ENABLE TIMER2EX 'timer2 external reload
Disable interrupts:
DISABLE AD 'AD converter
DISABLE INT2|INT3|INT4|INT5|INT6 'external interrupt 2-6
DISABLE TIMER2EX 'timer2 external reload
Selecting of priority:
PRIORITY SET|RESET source , level
level can be 0,1,2 or 3.(0=lowest,3=highest)
The source can be :

INT0/ADC
TIMER0/INT2
INT0/INT3

294 BASCOM-8051
TIMER1/INT4
SERIAL/INT5
TIMER2/INT6
Note that only one of the pairs must be selected.

PRIORITY SET INT4,3 'will set INT4 to the highest priority.
When two ints occur with the same priority the first source in the list will be handled
first. So when both TIMER1 and INT4 have the same priority, TIMER1 will be
serviced first. Look at a datasheet for more details.
11.7 INTERRUPTS and PRIORITY 80537

The 80517 and 80537 have more interrupts and priority is handled different
compared to the 8051.
Enable interrupts:
ENABLE AD 'AD converter
ENABLE INT2|INT3|INT4|INT5|INT6 'external interrupt 2-6
ENABLE TIMER2EX 'timer2 external reload
ENABLE CTF 'compare timer interrupt
ENABLE SERIAL1 'serial1 interrupt
Disable interrupts:
DISABLE AD 'AD converter
DISABLE INT2|INT3|INT4|INT5|INT6 'external interrupt 2-6
DISABLE TIMER2EX 'timer2 external reload
DISABLE CTF 'compare timer interrupt
DISABLE SERIAL1 'serial1 interrupt
Selecting of priority:
source can be :
INT0/ADC/SERIAL1
TIMER0/INT2
INT0/INT3
TIMER1/CTF/INT4
SERIAL/INT5
TIMER2/INT6
Note that only one of the TRIPLE-pairs must be selected.
When two ints occur with the same priority the first source in the list will be handled
first. So when both TIMER1 and INT4 have the same priority, TIMER1 will be
serviced first.
Look at a datasheet for more details.
11.8 ADUC 812

The 812 has 2 DACS named DAC0 and DAC1.
You can use the CONFIG ADUC812 117 statement to set the DAC behaviour.

The DAC can be powered on or off.

DAC0.POWEROFF will power off the DAC0
DAC1.POWERON will power on the DAC1
To force the output of the DAC to 0 volt use :

DAC0.CLEAR
To let it output the voltage use :

DAC0.NORMAL
The DAC values can be written with the following statements:

DAC0.value = 1024 'or a variable
DAC1.value = word
The sync bit is reset and to sync the DAC with the supplied values use :
DAC.SYNC
Note that the SYNC method operates on both DACS and so there is no 0 or 1
specified!
All the previous methods shown can work with 0 for DAC0 or 1 for DAC1.
See the aduc812.bas example:
'---------------------------------------------------------------------
' ADCU812.bas (c) 2000 MCS Electronics
' Note that the support for this chip is untested
' Any feedback appreciated!
'---------------------------------------------------------------------
'Use this dat file
$regfile = "812.dat"
'configure ADC
Config Aduc812 = Adcon , Mode = Normal , Clock = 1 , Aquisition = 1 , Timer2 =
Disabled , Extrig = Disabled
'configure DACS
Config Aduc812 = Dac , Mode = 12 , Range1 = Vref , Range0 = Vref , Clear0 =
False , Sync = Enabled , Power0 = On , Power1 = Off
Declare Sub Write_ebyte

Declare Sub Read_ebyte
'dim variables

296 BASCOM-8051
Dim Wdac As Word

Dim Adc As Word
Dim Eeadr As Word , Eebyte As Byte , Page As Word

'get value from adc channel 0
'note that simulator will halt until you make the adccon2 bit 4 zero.
Adc = Getad(0)
'enable dac0 by powering it on

Dac0.poweron
'0V to output of dac0

Dac0.clear
'put voltage into dacs

Dac0.value = 12
Dac1.value = 500
'dac0 was 0V but must work normal now

Dac0.normal
'and after setting the value(s) the dacs must be updated with the sync method
Dac.sync
'the EEPROM is accessed via pages

'each page is 4 bytes
'to write 1 byte you need to write the whole 4 byte page
'assign eeadr with the address
'and eebyte with the value to write
Eeadr = 100 : Eebyte = 5 : Call Write_ebyte
Eeadr = 100 : Call Read_ebyte

Print Eebyte
End
Sub Write_ebyte
Page = Eeadr \ 4 'page
mov edarl,{page} ; page address
mov econ,#1 ; read 4 current bytes
mov econ,#5 ; erase page
Waitms 20 'wait 20 msecs
Page = Page * 4
Page = Eeadr - Page
If Page = 0 Then

mov edata1,{eebyte} ; data register to write

Elseif Page = 1 Then
mov edata3,{ebyte} ; data register to write
Else 'must be 3
End If
mov econ,#2 ; write registers
End Sub
Sub Read_ebyte
Page = Eeadr \ 4 'page
mov edarl,{page} ; page address
mov econ,#1 ; read 4 current bytes
Page = Page * 4
Page = Eeadr - Page
If Page = 0 Then
mov {EEbyte},edata1 ; data register to read
mov {eebyte},edata2 ; data register to read
Else 'must be 3
End If
mov econ,#2 ; write registers
End Sub
End
11.9 89C51
The 89C51 has an additional PCA interrupt.
The priority mechanism is also different compared to a normal 8051.
You can set a level in the range from 0-3.
The source can be :

INT0
TIMER0
INT1
TIMER1
SERIAL
TIMER2
PCA

298 BASCOM-8051

Look at a datasheet for more details.
The WATCHDOG can be started with the statement :

START WATCHDOG.
RESET WATCHDOG must be used in your program to reset the WD-timer.
When it reaches 16384 the chip will be reset.
The input to the WD-timer is the XTAL frequency!

Part
XII
300 BASCOM-8051
12 International Resellers
12.1 International Resellers
The list with resellers is updated frequently. Please look at the resellers list at the
MCS website :
http://www.mcselec.com/index.php?option=com_contact&catid=82&Itemid=59

Part
XIII
302 BASCOM-8051
13 Third party hardware

13.1 Third party Hardware
There is a lot of third party hardware available.
Below you find links to some of the available hardware
Grifo , boards for BASCOM-AVR, BASCOM-8051 and BASCOM-LT 302
Rhombus SCE-51 , small 8051 board and in circuit emulator 309
13.1.1 Grifo
EXAMPLES
BASCOM - BASIC
The content of this page is provided by Grifo.

As following you can find a wide range of demo programs.The programs have been
realized to be used on a well-known hardware, as the K51-AVR or the DEB-01, etc.
in order to avoid any doubts about the interpretation of the results.
The demo programs are well documented in order to allow a fast approach for
anybody.In addition to that, being the same demoes written in different languages,
it is possible to get an efficient comparison both for Quality and Speed terms.
INDEX
BASIC
· Examples - \BASCOM-LT

Third party hardware 303
· Examples - \BASCOM-8051
· Examples - \BASCOM-AVR
SHORT PROGRAM DESCRIPTION

x_AD11
This program monitors one anagogic channel out of eleven, managed by IC12
(TLC2543), visualization of the channel is in hexadecimal format, through T1 and T2
the channel to convert is selected, T1 increments while T2 decrements.
The display shows first the channel being converted, then the 12 bits wide
hexadecimal value of the channel converted: Before compiling set in menu Option/
Compiler/Misc: Byte End 5F; Register File 89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
For use with 8xC51/52 modify the source where the pins used are described
replacing pins for 89c1051 with pins for 8xc51.
x_AD4
This program monitors one analogue channel out of four, managed by IC12
(PCF8591), visualization of the channel is in hexadecimal format, through T1 the
channel to convert is selected: Whenever a key is pressed, an acoustic signal is
emitted.
Display DY1 shows the channel to convert, while displays DY3 and DY4 show the
converted value in HEX.
Before compiling set in menu Option/Compiler/Misc: Byte End 5F; Register File
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
x_DA
This program monitors one D/A converter channel on IC2 (PCF8591), key T1
increments the value, while key T2 decrements the value which is shown in
hexadecimal format the 7 segments displays.
Whenever a key is pressed, an acoustic signal is emitted.
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
x_REE
This program allows to read a serial EEPROM on IC4 (max 24c08), with addresses
ranging from &H400 to &H7ff, addresses from &H0 to &H0FF are taken by IC7 (RTC
PCF8583) while addresses from &H100 to &H3FF are free space.
At start the program shows the address where to write, through keys T1 and T2 the
value in incremented or decremented.
Through key T3 the address is accepted and the value read at such address is
shown.
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.

304 BASCOM-8051
x_WEE
This program allows to write to a serial EEPROM on IC4 (max 24c08), with
addresses ranging from &H400 to &H7ff, addresses from &H0 to &H0FF are taken by
IC7 (RTC PCF8583) while addresses from &H100 to &H3FF are free space.
At start the program shows the address where to write, through keys T1 and T2 the
value in incremented or decremented.
Through key T3 the address is accepted, then the value to write is selected through
T1 and T2, as last press key T3 to write.
After the operation is terminated the selected address and the written data are
shown one after the other.
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
x_LCD
This program allows to manage an alphanumeric LCD featuring a number rows and
columns definable by User.
The display must be connected to CN5 following the connections shown in the
diagram of K51-AVR page 4 of 4.
Before compiling select in menu Option/Compiler/Misc/ :
Byte End 5F, Register File REG51.DAT
In menu Option/ LCD select:
Db4 = P1.5 , Db5 = P1.6 , Db6 = P1.7 , Db7 = P1.2 , E
= P1.4 , Rs = P1.3
x_PPI
This program shows, in hexadecimal format, the status of the eight lines connected
to IC1 (PCF8547A9).
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
x_PPO
This program activates sequentially one at a time all the 8 lines connected to IC1
(PCF8574A).
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.

x_PPO2
This program turns on in sequence the 16 TTL lines available on connector CN3.
Before compiling select in menu Option/Compiler/Misc/ :
Byte End 5F; Register File 8052.DAT
x_RTC
This program allows you to show the RTC or Real Time Clock on IC7 (PCF8583) to
the four 7 segments displays: To set the RTC values keys T2 and T3 are used, in
detail key T2 increments the hours and T3 increments the minutes.
Whenever one of the two keys is pressed the seconds are reset.
Key T1 switches between visualization of seconds and hours.
Date and eventual alarm are not managed: Before compiling set in menu Option/
Compiler/Misc: Byte End 5F; Register File 89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
x_TER
This program reads the temperature measured by IC3 (DS1621) and shows it in
centigrade degreases with values ranging from -55 to +125.
89c1051.DAT or 8052.DAT.
BASCOM Examples for boards

KND_08 - KND_44 - KAD_08
KND_08
This program allows to manage the board resources of KND 08 card through a
menu, using 2 TTL lines driven by a family 51 micro controller.
This program is managed through a RS 232 serial line, so it is essential to connect a
free COM port of the PC to connector CN2 of K51-AVR.
To configure the BASCOM 8051 terminal in menu Options/Communication select the
COM port and set Baud Rate to 19200, parity to none, data bits to 8, stop bits to 1.
The board used to drive KND 08 is K51-AVR, connections are:
K51-AVR ................ KND 08
L1 (pin4 CN6) ----> SC (pin2 CN1 KND08)
L2 (pin5 CN6) ----> SD (pin1 CN1 KND08)

306 BASCOM-8051
Supply both the boards.

Before compiling in menu Option/Compiler/Misc set Byte End(Hex) = 60.
KND_44
This program allows to manage the board resources of KND 44 card through a
menu, using 2 TTL lines driven by a family 51 micro controller.
This program is managed through a RS 232 serial line, so it is essential to connect a
free COM port of the PC to connector CN2 of K51-AVR.
To configure the BASCOM 8051 terminal in menu Options/Communication select the
COM port and set Baud Rate to 19200, parity to none, databits to 8, stopbits to 1.
The board used to drive KND 44 is K51-AVR, connections are.
K51-AVR .................. KND 44
L1 (pin4 CN6) ----> SC (pin2 CN1 KND44)
L2 (pin5 CN6) ----> SD (pin1 CN1 KND44)
KAD_08
This program manages a sliding alphanumeric message on eight 14-segments
displays, installed on KAD 08 board, through 2 TTL signals driveb by a micro
controller of family 51.
The master board is K51-AVR which must be connected to KAD 08 as follows:
K51-AVR ........... KAD 08
L1 (pin4 CN6) ----> SC (pin2 CN1 KAD08)
L2 (pin5 CN6) ----> SD (pin1 CN1 KAD08)
KAD_08_2
This program allows to manage the resources on the KAD 08 board through a menu
and 2 TTL lines driven by a micro controller of the 51 family.
This program is controlled through the RS 232 serial line so it is essential to connect
a free COM port on the PC to the connector CN2 of K51-AVR.
Configure the BASCOM 8051 terminal using menu Option/Communication, select the
COM port and set baud rate to 19200, parity to none, data bits to 8 and stop bits to
1.
The master board is K51-AVR which must be connected to KAD 08 as follows:
K51-AVR ........... KAD 08
L1 (pin4 CN6) ----> SC (pin2 CN1 KAD08)
L2 (pin5 CN6) ----> SD (pin1 CN1 KAD08)

EXAMPLEs
BASCOM-LT
for K51-AVR.
K51-AVR
DEMO_AD11, DEMO_AD4, DEMO_DA, DEMO_REE, DEMO_WEE, DEMO_LCD,
DEMO_PPI, DEMO_PPI1, DEMO_PPO, DEMO_PPO1, DEMO_PPO2,
DEMO_RTC, DEMO_TER,
BASCOM-LT Examples for boards

KND_08 - KND_44 - KAD_08
KND_08, KND_44, KAD_08
EXAMPLEs
BASCOM-8051
for K51-AVR..
K51-AVR
51_AD11, 51_AD4, 51_DA, 51_REE, 51_WEE, 51_PPI, 51_PPO, 51_RTC,
51_TER
GPC® F2
F2_AD11, F2_AD4, F2_DA, F2_REE, F2_WEE, F2_PPI, F2_PPO, F2_RTC,
F2_TER
BASCOM-8051 Examples for boards

KND_08 - KND_44 - KAD_08

308 BASCOM-8051
KND_08, KND_44, KAD_08, KAD_08_2
GPC® F2
F2_KND_08, F2_KND_44, F2_KAD_08, F2_KND_08_2
EXAMPLEs
BASCOM-AVR
for K51-AVR.
K51-AVR
DEMO_AD11, DEMO_AD4, DEMO_DA, DEMO_REE, DEMO_WEE, DEMO_PPI,
DEMO_PPO, DEMO_RTC, DEMO_TER
BASCOM-AVR Examples for boards

KND_08 - KND_44 - KAD_08
KND_08, KND_44, KAD_08
Page up-dated at June 7st, 2000
GRIFO®
Via dell'Artigiano, 8/6
40016 San Giorgio di Piano
Bologna ITALY
Tel: +39 051 892.052 (4 lines)

FAX: +39 051 893.661
E-mail:
for commercial communications [email protected]
for technical communications [email protected]
for general communications [email protected]

13.1.2 Rhombus
Rhombus developed the SCE-51. A powerful small 8051 micro processor board with
on board RAM and FLASHROM and bootloader.
In addition the board serves as an in circuit emulator.
Transferring your program to RAM goes very fast. Faster than loading it into the
traditional FLASHROM. So during debugging it is well suited for debugging large
applications.
There are many possibilities with this board and you have to look at www.
rhombusinc.com for all the details.
A picture of the board is included here:

Since the help file must be kept small, the quality of the picture is poor.

310 BASCOM-8051
A bootloader is integrated into BASCOM. Select the Rhombus SCE-51 programmer

to enable it.

Index 311
1WRESET 83
Index 1WSEARCHFIRST
1WSEARCHNEXT
85
87
1WWRITE 83
-#- -8-
#ELSE 81 8032_Alternative port-pin functions 256
#ENDIF 82 8032_TIMER2 289
#IF 80 80515_WATCHDOG 293
89C51 297
-$-
-A-
$BAUD 89
$BGF 89 ABS 109
$CRYSTAL 91 Additional Hardware 251
$DEFAULT XRAM 92 ALIAS 108
$END ASM 88 ASC 110
$EXTERNAL 92 AT898252 WATCHDOG 292
$INCLUDE 93 AVG 110
$IRAMSTART 94
$LARGE 94 -B-
$LCD 95, 97
$LCDRS 96 BASCOM 38
$LIB 95 BASCOM statements 77
$NOBREAK 97 BAUD 111
$NOINIT 98 BCD 112
$NONAN 98 BITWAIT 112
$NONULL 99, 136 Blow IT Flashprogrammer 267
$NORAMCLEAR 99 BREAK 113
$NOSP 100 BROWSE001e 144
$OBJ 100
$RAMSIZE 101 -C-
$RAMSTART 103
$RAMTRON 101 CALL 113
$REGFILE 104 CASE 216
$ROMSTART 104 CHR 114
$SERIALINPUT 105 CLOSE 198
$SERIALINPUT2LCD 105 CLS 115
$SERIALOUTPUT 106 Compiler Limits 282
$SIM 107 CONFIG 116
$TIMEOUT 107 CONFIG 1WIRE 117
$WAIT 108 CONFIG ADUC812 117
CONFIG BAUD 119
-1- CONFIG BAUD1 119
CONFIG DEBOUNCE 120
1WIRE 258 CONFIG GETRC 121
1WIRECOUNT 84 CONFIG GRAPHLCD 121
1WREAD 83 CONFIG I2CDELAY 120

312 BASCOM-8051
CONFIG LCD 125 Editor Keys 46

CONFIG LCDBUS 126 ELSE 144
CONFIG LCDPIN 125 ENABLE 145
CONFIG MICROWIRE 127 END 146
CONFIG PRINT 127 END IF 146
CONFIG SCL 128 ERASE 147
CONFIG SDA 128 Error messages 279
CONFIG SERVOS 129 EXIT 148
CONFIG SPI 130
CONFIG TIMER0 -F-
TIMER1 131
CONFIG WATCHDOG 132 File Close 40
CONST 116 File Compile 47
COUNTER 132 File End 41
CPEEK 134 File Exit 41
Credits 68 File New 39
CURSOR 135 File Open 39
CYGNAL JTAG Programmer 272 File Print 41
File Print Preview 40
-D- File Save 40
File Save As... 40
DATA 136 File Simulate 49
DATA EEPROM 292 File Transmit 53
DEBOUNCE 137 FOR 148
DECLARE 139 FOURTHLINE 149
DECR 138 FUSING 150
DEF 140 Futurelec 272
DEFBIT 140
DEFBYTE 140 -G-
DEFINT 140
DEFLCDCHAR 140 GET 151, 198
DELAY 141 GETAD 152
DIM 141 GETAD2051 153
DISABLE 143 GETRC 158
DISPLAY 143 GETRC5 160
GOSUB 162
-E- GOTO 163
Grifo 302
Edit Copy 42
Edit Cut 42 -H-
Edit Find 43
Edit Find Next 43 Hardware - I2C 258
Edit Goto 44 Hardware - LCD display 257
Edit Indent Block 45 Help About 67
Edit Paste 43 Help Credits 68
Edit Redo 42 Help Forum 68
Edit Replace 44 Help index 67
Edit Undo 42 Help on help 67
Edit Unindent Block 45 Help Shop 68

Index 313
Help Support 68 LEFT 183

HEX 163 LEN 183
HEXVAL 164 LIB 55
HIGH 164 LOAD 184
HIGHW 165 LOCATE 185
HOME 166 LOOKUP 185
LOOKUPSTR 186
-I- LOOP 144
LOW 187
I2C 168 LOWERLINE 188
I2CRBYTE 168 LOWW 188
I2CRECEIVE 166
I2CSEND 167 -M-
I2CSTART 168
I2CSTOP 168 MAKEBCD 189
I2CWBYTE 168 MAKEDEC 189
IDLE 169 MAKEINT 190
IF 169 MAX 190
INCR 171 MCS Flash programmer 264
INDEX 13 MCS SPI programmer 266
Initialization 248 Microprocessor support 288
INKEY 171 MID 191
INP 173 MIN 192
INPUT 173 MOD 192
INPUTBIN 175 MWINIT 193
INPUTHEX 176 MWREAD 193
Installing BASCOM-8051 21 MWWOPCODE 194
INSTR 177 MWWRITE 195
Internal registers 246
International Resellers 300 -N-
INTERRUPTS and PRIORITY 80515 293
INTERRUPTS and PRIORITY 80537 294 NEXT 196
-J- -O-
JPK Systems X-programmer 272 ON interrupt 196
ON value 197
-K- OPEN 198
Options Communication 60
Keyword Reference 17 Options Compiler Communication 58
Options Compiler I2C 58
-L- Options Compiler LCD 59
Options Compiler Misc 60
Language fundamentals 70 Options Compiler Output 57
LCASE 178 Options Environment 62
LCD 178 Options hardware simulator 64
LCD designer 54 Options Monitor 65
LCDHEX 182 Options Printer 66
LCDINIT 181 Options Programmer 64

314 BASCOM-8051
Options View Report 48 SHOWPIC 220

OUT 200 SOUND 220
SPACE 222
-P- SPC 223
SPIIN 224
PEEK 202 SPIINIT 224
Peter Averill's TAFE programmer 273 SPIOUT 225
PG2051 flash programmer 267 START 225
PG302 programmer 268 STK200/300 ISP Programmer 274
POKE 202 STOP 226
PORT 201 STOP TIMER 226
POWERDOWN 203 STR 228
PRINT 203 STRING 228
PRINTBIN 204 SUB 229
PRINTHEX 205 SWAP 230
PRIORITY 206 Syntax check 47
PSET 207
PUT 198, 207 -T-
-R- Table of contents 14
THIRDLINE 230
READ 208 Tool LIB Manager 55
READMAGCARD 209 Tool Triscent Converter 56
REM 211 Tools Export to RTF 57
REPLACE 211 Tools Graphic Converter 54
Reserved Words 283
RESET 212 -U-
RESTORE 212
RETURN 213 UCASE 231
Rhombus 309 UPPERLINE 232
Rhombus SCE-51 275 Using assemly 239
RIGHT 214 Using the DAC 294
RND 214
ROTATE 215 -V-
RUNNING BASCOM-8051 37
VAL 232
-S- VARPTR 233
Sample Electronics ISP programmer 270 -W-

SE 512 or SE514 programmer 269
SE511-SE516 programmer 276 WAIT 233
SE-812 270 WAITKEY 234
SELECT 216 WAITMS 234
Send to chip 52 WATCHDOG 235
SET 216 WEND 236
SHIFT 217 WHILE 236
SHIFTCURSOR 217 WHILE.. WEND 236
SHIFTIN 218 Window arrange icons 67
SHIFTLCD 219 Window cascade 66

Index 315
Window tile 67
Windows minimize all 67

© MCS Electronics 1995-2007
www.mcselec.com
Making BASIC Easy

© MCS Electronics, 1995-2007

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BASCOM-8051 user manual

Thank you for your interest in BASCOM.

We hope that BASCOM will contribute in making your work with

The MCS Electronics Team

© 2007 MCS Electronics

Printed: september 2007 in (whereever you are located)

Special thanks to:

Part II Installing BASCOM-8051 21

Part III Updates 27

Part IV BASCOM IDE 37

© 2007 MCS Electronics

Part V Language fundamentals 70

Part VI BASCOM Language Reference 77

© 2007 MCS Electronics

© 2007 MCS Electronics

© 2007 MCS Electronics

© 2007 MCS Electronics

139 MWINIT................................................................................................................................... 193

© 2007 MCS Electronics

181 SPIOUT................................................................................................................................... 225

Part VII Using assembly 239

Part VIII Additional Hardware 251

Part IX Supported Programmers 264

© 2007 MCS Electronics

Part X BASCOM Misc 279

Part XI Microprocessor support 288

Part XII International Resellers 300

Part XIII Third party hardware 302

© 2007 MCS Electronics

© 1995-2007 MCS Electronics

Help Version 2.0.14.0

See Installing BASCOM-8051 21 for the installation procedure

MCS Electronics may update this documentation without notice.

No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

© MCS Electronics. All rights reserved.

© 2007 MCS Electronics

1.1 Table of contents

Running BASCOM 8051 37

Hardware Simulator 64 , Programmer 64 , Monitor 65 , Printer 66

Internal Registers 246

© 2007 MCS Electronics

Microprocessor support 288

Reserved Words 283

Additional hardware 251

Compiler limits 282

ASM programming 239

International Resellers 300

Available third party hardware 302

© 2007 MCS Electronics

, PRINTHEX 205 , PRIORITY 206 , PUT 207

© 2007 MCS Electronics

1.2 Keyword Reference

© 2007 MCS Electronics

© 2007 MCS Electronics

UPPERLINE 232 , THIRDLINE 230

© 2007 MCS Electronics

You must have Administrator rights in order to be able to run setup.

The opening screen looks like :