Mechanical Engineering Design Chapter 8 Compress

ME 307
Machine
Design I
Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints CH-8 LEC 36 Slide 1
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-1 Thread Standards and Definitions

8-2 The Mechanics of Power Screws
8-3 Strength Constraints
8-4 Joints-Fasteners Stiffness
8-5 Joints-Member Stiffness
8-6 Bolt Strength
8-7 Tension Joints-The External Load
8-8 Relating Bolt Torque to Bolt Tension
8-9 Statically Loaded Tension Joint with Preload
8-10 Gasketed Joints
8-11 Fatigue Loading of Tension Joints
8-12 Shear Joints
8-13 Setscrews
8-14 Keys and Pins
8-15 Stochastic Considerations
ME 307
Machine
Design I
8-3 Strength Constraints

8-4 Joints-Fasteners Stiffness
8-5 Joints-Member Stiffness
8-6 Bolt Strength
ME 307
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Design I 8-4 Joints: Fastener Stiffness
When a connection is desired that can be disassembled without destructive

methods and that is strong enough to resist external tensile loads, moment
loads, and shear loads, or a combination of these, then the simple bolted joint
using hardened steel washers is a good solution.
 Twisting the nut stretches the bolt to
produce the clamping force. This clamping
force is called the pretention or bolt
preload.
 This force exists in the connection after the
nut has been properly tightened.
Figure 8-13
A bolted connection loaded in tension by the forces P.
Note the use of two washers. Note how the threads
extend into the body of the connection. This is usual and
is desired. LG is the grip of the connection.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
Joints: Fastener Stiffness
Figure 8-14 shows another

tension-loaded connection. This
joint uses cap screws threaded
into one of the members.
Figure 8-14
Section of cylindrical pressure vessel.
Hexagon-head caps crews are used to
fasten the cylinder head to the body.
Note the use of an O-ring seal. LG’ is
the effective length of the connection
(See Table 8-7) .
ME 307
Machine
Design I
 An alternative approach to this problem

(of not using a nut) would be to use studs.
 A stud is a rod threaded on both ends. The

stud is screwed into the lower member
first; then the top member is positioned
and fastened down with hardened washers
and nuts
 Studs are regarded as permanent, and so

the joint can be disassembled merely by
removing the nut and washer.
ME 307
Machine
Design I
 Spring Rate : The ratio between the
force applied to the member and the
deflection produced by that force.
 The grip LG of a connection is the total

thickness of the clamped material.
 Total distance between the underside of

the nut to the bearing face of the bolt
head; includes washer, gasket thickness
etc.
The grip LG here is the sum
of the thicknesses of both
members and both washers.
ME 307
Machine
Design I Table 8-7
Suggested Procedure for Finding
fastener Stiffness
To find different parameters use table

8-7
InME joint
307 under tension the members are under compression and the bolt under
Machine
tension:
Design I kb = equivalent spring constant of bolt composed of threaded kt and
unthreaded kd parts acting as springs in series.
1 1 1 From Chapter 5
 
kb kd kt (Springs in series)
kd kt
kb 
kd  kt
For short bolts
A E AE
kd  d , kt  t kb= kt
ld lt
Ad At E
kb 
Adlt  Atld
At: tensile stress area (Tables 8-1, 8-2), lt: length of threaded portion of the
grip; Ad: major diameter area of fastener; ld: length of unthreaded portion in
grip. kb: is the estimated effective stiffness of the bolt or cap screw in the
clamped zone.
ME 307
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Design I 8-5 Joints- Member Stiffness
ME 307
Machine
Design I 8-5 Joints- Member Stiffness
 There may be more than two members included in the grip

of the fastener.
 All together these act like compressive springs in series.
 Equivalent spring constant km
1 1 1 1 1
    ....
km k1 k2 k3 ki
 If one of the members is a soft gasket, its stiffness relative
to the other members is usually so small that for all
practical purposes the others can be neglected and only
gasket stiffness used.
 With no gasket, the stiffness of the members is difficult to
obtain, except by experimentation.
 Compression spreads out between the bolt head and the
nut and area is not uniform.
ME 307
Machine
Design I 8-5 Joints Member Stiffness
Joint pressure distribution theoretical models
 Ito used ultrasonic techniques to determine pressure distribution at

the member interface. Results show that pressure stays high out to
about 1.5 bolt radii.
 Ito suggested the use of Rotscher’s pressure cone method for stiffness
calculations with a variable cone angle. This method is quite
complicated.
ME 307
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Figure 8-15
ME 307
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 We choose a simpler approach using a fixed

cone angle.
 The contraction of an element of the cone of
thickness dx is subjected to a compressive
force P is, from Eq. (5-3),
Pdx
d 
EA
 The area of the element is
 D
2
d  
2
 0
2

A   r  ri    x tan       
2
2  2  
 Figure 8-15b general cone
 D  d  D d  geometry using a half-apex
   x tan   x tan   angle .
 2   2 
ME 307
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 Substituting this into the previous equation and integrating the resulting
equation from 0 to t gives.
P (2t tan   D  d)(D  d)

  ln
 Ed tan  (2t tan   D  d)(D  d)
P  Ed tan 
k  (8-19)
 ln (2t tan   D  d)(D  d)
(2t tan   D  d)(D  d)
 For Members made of Aluminum, hardened steel and cast iron 25o<<33o
 With =30o, this becomes 0.574  E d

k 
(1.55 t  D  d)(D  d) (8-20)
ln
(1.55 t  D  d)(D  d)
ME 307
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 Substituting this into the previous equation and integrating the resulting
equation from 0 to t gives.
P (2t tan   D  d)(D  d)
  ln
 Ed tan  (2t tan   D  d)(D  d)
P  Ed tan 
k 
 ln (2t tan   D  d)(D  d) (8-19)
(2t tan   D  d)(D  d)
 With =30o, this becomes
0.574  E d
k 
(1.55 t  D  d)(D  d) (8-20)
ln
(1.55 t  D  d)(D  d)
ME 307
Machine
 If members of the joint have the same E with symmetrical frusta (l=2t),
then they act as two identical springs in series km = k/2. For = 30° and
D = dw = 1.5 d, this can be written as,
0.5774  E d
km  (8-22)
 0.5774 l  0.5d 
2 ln  5 
 0.5774 l  2.5d 
o
 Finite element analysis agree with  = 30 recommendation coinciding
exactly at the aspect ratio d/l = 0.4.
 Additionally, FEM offered an exponential curve-fit of the form
km
 Ae(Bd/l) (8-23)
Ed
where A and B are given in Table 8-8.
ME 307
Machine
Figure 8-16
The dimensionless plot
of stiffness versus aspect
ratio of the members of
a bolted joint, showing
the relative accuracy of
method of Rotsher,
Michke and Motosh,
compared to Finite
Element Analysis (FEA)
conducted by Wileman,
Choudury, and Green.
ME 307
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ME 307
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Design I 8-6 Bolt Strength
 Bolt strength is specified by:
1. minimum proof strength Sp

2. or minimum proof load Fp,
3. and minimum tensile strength, Sut
 The proof load is the maximum load (force)

that a bolt can withstand without acquiring
a permanent set.
 The proof strength is the quotient of the
proof load and the tensile-stress area.
 The proof strength is about 90% of the 0.2%
offset yield strength.
ME 307
Machine
 The SAE specifications are given in

Table 8-9 bolt grades are numbered
according to minimum tensile strength.
 The ASTM Specs for steel bolts (structural)
are in Table 8-10.
 Metric Specs are in Table 8-11.
If Sp not available use:
Sp =0.85 Sy
Fp = At Sp
ME 307
Machine
ME 307
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Design I
ME 307
Machine
Design I

Mechanical Engineering Design Chapter 8 Compress

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ME 307

8-1 Thread Standards and Definitions

8-3 Strength Constraints

When a connection is desired that can be disassembled without destructive

Figure 8-14 shows another

 An alternative approach to this problem

 A stud is a rod threaded on both ends. The

 Studs are regarded as permanent, and so

 The grip LG of a connection is the total

 Total distance between the underside of

To find different parameters use table

 There may be more than two members included in the grip

Joint pressure distribution theoretical models

 Ito used ultrasonic techniques to determine pressure distribution at

 We choose a simpler approach using a fixed

P (2t tan   D  d)(D  d)

 With =30o, this becomes 0.574  E d

 With =30o, this becomes

 Bolt strength is specified by:

1. minimum proof strength Sp

 The proof load is the maximum load (force)

 The SAE specifications are given in

If Sp not available use:

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