Math205

Advanced Calculus
TOPIC OUTLINE:

• Rolle’s Theorem and the Mean Value Theorem

• Maxima and Minima Problems
• Related Rates
• The Differentials
ROLLE’S THEOREM
AND
THE MEAN-VALUE
THEOREM
 ROLLE’S THEOREM

This theorem states the geometrically obvious

fact that if the graph of a differentiable function
intersects the x-axis at two places, a and b there
must be at least one place where the tangent
line is horizontal.
Figure 4.8.1
EXAMPLE:
Find the two x-intercepts of the function f (x) = x 2 − 5 x + 4
and confirm that f’(c) = 0 at some point between those
intercepts.
y

2
1
x
1 2 3 4
-1
-2
5
f'  = 0
2
 THE MEAN-VALUE THEOREM
Rolle’s Theorem is a special case of a more general
result, called the Mean-value Theorem.
Geometrically, this theorem states that between
any two points A (a,f(a)) and B(b,f(b)) on the graph
of a differentiable function f, there is at least one
place where the tangent line to the graph is
parallel to the secant line joining A and B.
Note that the slope of the secant line joining A(a,f(a)) and B(b,f(b)) is
f (b ) − f (a )
m=
b−a
EXAMPLE:
Show that the function f (x ) = 1 x 3 + 1 satisfies the hypotheses
4
of the mean-value theorem over the interval [0,2], and
find all values of c in the interval (0,2) at which the tangent
line to the graph of f is parallel to the secant line joining
the points (0,f(0)) and (2,f(2)).

1 3
y y= x +1
4

4
3
2
1
x
-1 1 2 3 4
-2
MAXIMA and MINIMA
PROBLEMS
OBJECTIVES:
• identify the quantity to be maximized or
minimized,
• apply the knowledge of derivatives and
critical points in solving maximum and
minimum problems and
• solve maximum and minimum problems
with ease and accuracy.
Steps in solving maximum and minimum problems.
1. If needed, draw the figure and indicate the unknown
parts by variables.
2. Make the necessary representation for the variables
used.
3. Determine the quantity, the dependent variable, to be
maximized or minimized.
4. Find a formula relating the variables.
5. Express the dependent variable in step 3 in terms of a
single variable, the independent variable.
6. Differentiate the dependent variable in terms of the
independent variable.
7. Equate the derivative in step 6 to zero, for maximum or
minimum value, to find the critical numbers.
8. Answer the problem completely.
Example 1
Divide 120 into two parts such that the product of one part
and the square of the other is a maximum. Find the numbers.
Example 2
A box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 16in.x10in.
by cutting equal squares out of the corners and turning up
the sides. Find the volume of the largest box that can be
made this way.

x x
x x x x
x x
10-2x 10
x x
x x x x
x x
16-2x

16
x

16-2x
Example 3
Find the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed
in a circle of a given radius, R = 10 inches.

2x

R R y
2y

x
Example 4
Find the altitude of the largest circular cylinder that can be
inscribed in a circular cone of radius R=5” and height H=10”.

10-y

H=10”
y

x
R=5”
Example 5
A statue 10ft. high is standing on a base 13ft. high. If
an observer’s eye is 5ft. above the ground, how far
should he stand from the base in order that the
angle between his lines of sight to the top and
bottom of the statue be a maximum?

10’

13’
x
5’
Example 6
A rectangular field of fixed area is to be enclosed and
divided into three lots by parallels to one of the sides. What
would be the relative dimensions of the field to make the
amount of fencing a minimum?

L
Example 7
Find the most economical proportions for a quart can.

d
Example 8
Find the proportion of the circular cylinder of largest
volume that can be inscribed in a given sphere.

r r
a
a h/2

C h 2a
 1. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that may be inscribed in
the parabola x =16 - 2 y with one side on the x-axis.
2

2. Find the shortest distance from the curve y 2

= 8 x to the point (8, 0).

3. Find the dimensions of the largest rectangle that 9 x 2 + 4 y 2 = 36

may be inscribed in the ellipse
4. A wire 20 cm long is to be cut into 2 parts, one to be bent to form a
square and the other to form a circle. What is the side of the square and
the diameter of the circle so that the combined area is least?
5. Find the largest rectangle with sides parallel to the coordinate axes that can
be inscribed in the area bounded by the parabolas 3x = 12 - y 2 and 6 x = -12+ y 2
6. Find two numbers whose sum is 10 if the product of the square of one by
the cube of the other is a maximum.
 1. A rectangular area is to be enclosed by 440 feet of fence. Find the dimensions if the
area is a maximum.
2. A rectangular area is bounded on one side by a wall and on the other three by 440
feet of fence. What should be the dimensions if the area is to be a maximum?
3. The sum of the bases and altitude of a trapezoid is 36 inches and one base is 6
inches longer than the other. Find all three dimensions if the area is a maximum.
4. A trapezoidal gutter will be made from a sheet of metal 18 inches wide by bending
up the edges at the one-third points. Find the width at the top for maximum carrying
capacity.
5. A certain printer charges P1.00 for every thousand books per page if only 2,000
books are printed. For every thousand in excess of 2,000 it will charge P2 less.
Thus, if 3,000 are ordered the price is P98 per thousand, for 4,000 is P96 per
thousand, etc. Find the total number of books it should print for a maximum
income.
6. The LRt system runs from the Bonifacio Monument to Baclaran to a total distance
of 15 km. The cost of electric energy consumed by a train per hour is directly
proportional to the cube of its speed and is P250 per hour at 50 kph. Other expenses
such as salaries, depreciation, overhead etc amounts to P1687.50 per hour. Find the
most economical speed of the train in kph.
RELATED RATES
PROBLEMS
 If a particle is moving along a straight line according
to the equation of motion s = f ( t,)since the velocity
may be interpreted as a rate of change of distance
with respect to time, thus we have shown that the
velocity of the particle at time “t” is the derivative of
“s” with respect to “t”.
There are many problems in which we are
concerned with the rate of change of two or more
related variables with respect to time, in which it is
not necessary to express each of these variables
directly as function of time. For example, we are given
an equation involving the variables x and y, and that
both x and y are functions of the third variable t,
where t denotes time.
Since the rate of change of x and y with respect to t is
dx dy
given by and dt , respectively, we differentiate both
dt
sides of the given equation with respect to t by
applying the chain rule.

When two or more variables, all functions of t, are

related by an equation, the relation between their
rates of change may be obtained by differentiating the
equation with respect to t.
Example 1
A 17 ft ladder is leaning against a wall. If the bottom of the
ladder is pulled along the ground away from the wall at the
constant rate of 5 ft/sec, how fast will the top of the ladder
be moving down the wall when it is 8 ft above the ground?

dy
=?
dt y =8 ft
y

x
dx ft
=5
dt sec
Let x = distance ( ft ) of the bottom of the ladder from the wall at any instant
y = distance ( ft ) of the top of the ladder from the ground at any instant
t = time (sec ) since the bottom of the ladder is pulled along the ground
away from the wall
Example 2
A balloon leaving the ground 60 feet from an observer,
rises vertically at the rate 10 ft/sec . How fast is the balloon
receding from the observer after 8 seconds?

dL
h
L =?
dh ft dt t =8 sec
= 10
dt sec

Viewer
60 feet

Let h = height ( ft ) of the balloon from the ground at any instant

L = distance ( ft ) of the balloon from the observer at any instant
t = time (sec ) since the balloon starts to rise from the ground
Example 3
A man on a wharf of 20 feet above the water pulls in a
rope, to which a boat is attached, at the rate of 4 ft/sec. At
what rate is the boat approaching the wharf when there is
25 feet of rope out?

dR ft
= −4
dt sec

R
20ft

x
Example 4
Water is flowing into a conical reservoir 20 feet deep and
10 feet across the top, at the rate of 15 ft3/min . Find how
fast the surface is rising when the water is 8 feet deep?
10 feet
dV ft 3 5 feet
= 15
dt min

r
20 feet

h
Example 5
Water is flowing into a vertical tank at the rate of 24
ft3/min . If the radius of the tank is 4 feet, how fast is
the surface rising?
4 feet

dV ft 3
= 24
dt min

h
Example 6
A triangular trough is 10 feet long, 6 feet across the top,
and 3 feet deep. If water flows in at the rate of 12
ft3/min, find how fast the surface is rising when the
water is 6 inches deep?

6 feet

ft 3
12
min

x
3 feet

h
Example 7
A train, starting at noon, travels at 40 mph going north.
Another train, starting from the same point at 2:00 pm
travels east at 50 mph . Find how fast the two trains are
separating at 3:00 pm.
C
3pm

B
2pm
L

dy mi
= 40
80 miles

dt hr

dx mi
= 50
dt hr 3pm
A 12pm
2pm D
x
Example 8
A billboard 10 feet high is located on the edge of a
building 45 feet tall. A girl 5 feet in height approaches
the building at the rate of 3.4 ft/sec . How fast is the
angle subtended at her eye by the billboard changing
when she is 30 feet from the billboard?
10’



45’ 

ft
− 3.4 5’
sec

x
9. A picture 40 cm high is placed on a wall with its base
30 cm above the level of the eye of an observer. If the
observer is approaching the wall at the rate of 40
cm/sec, how fast is the measure of the angle
subtended at the observer’s eye by the picture
changing when the observer is 1 m from the wall?

 =  2 − 1
x x
 = cot −1 − cot −1
70 30
1 dx 1 dx
− −
d
= 70 dt − 30 dt
dt x2 x2
1+ 2 1+ 2
70 30

x
THE DIFFERENTIALS
 The derivative of a function can often be used to
approximate certain function values with a surprising
degree of accuracy. To do this, the concept of the
differential of the independent variable and the
dependent variable must be introduced.
The definition of the derivative of a function y = f ( x ) as you recall is
f (x + x ) − f (x )
f' (x ) = lim
x →0 x
which represents the slope of the tangent line to the curve at some point
(x, f (x )). If x is very small (x  0 ), then the slope of the tangent is
approximat ely the same as the slope of the secant line through ( x, f ( x )).
 f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
That is f' ( x )    or equivalent ly
 x 
f ' (x )  x  f ( x + x ) − f ( x )
The differential of the independent variable x is written as
dx and is the same as the change in x, x. That is
dx = x, x  0
hence, f' (x )  dx  f ( x + x ) - f ( x )

The differential of the dependent variable y is written as dy,

and is defined to be
dy = f' (x )  dx  f (x + x ) - f (x )
Because y = f ( x + x ) - f ( x )
therefore dy = f' (x )dx  y
The conclusion drawn from the preceding discussion is that
the differential of y (dy ) is approximately equal to the exact
change in y (y ), provided that the chage in x (x = dx ) is
relatively small. The smaller the change in x,the closer dy
will be to y, enabling you to approximate function values
close to f (x ).
EXAMPLE 1: Find dy for y = x3 + 5 x −1.

EXAMPLE 2: Use differentials to approximate the change

in the area of a square if the length of its side increases
from 6 cm to 6.23 cm.

EXAMPLE 3: Use differentials to approximate the value

of 3 26.55 to the nearest thousandth.
THANK YOU!