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Lesson 2 Examples

This document discusses key concepts in mathematics and logic. It contains 3 main sections: 1) Examples of mathematical sentences written in symbols and English, including statements about real numbers, integers, rational numbers, and their relationships. 2) Properties of binary operations like closure, commutativity, associativity, distributivity, identity elements, and inverses as they relate to addition and multiplication of real numbers. 3) Fundamentals of logic through examples of negation, implications, and identifying the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of conditional statements. Logical concepts are expressed both in words and symbols.

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Rommel Soliven Estabillo
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© © All Rights Reserved
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50 views

Lesson 2 Examples

This document discusses key concepts in mathematics and logic. It contains 3 main sections: 1) Examples of mathematical sentences written in symbols and English, including statements about real numbers, integers, rational numbers, and their relationships. 2) Properties of binary operations like closure, commutativity, associativity, distributivity, identity elements, and inverses as they relate to addition and multiplication of real numbers. 3) Fundamentals of logic through examples of negation, implications, and identifying the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of conditional statements. Logical concepts are expressed both in words and symbols.

Uploaded by

Rommel Soliven Estabillo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATHEMATICS

IN THE
MODERN WORLD
MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE
EXAMPLES
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCES
Example 1: Write as English sentences and say whether they are
true or false.
a) Ɐx ∈ R, x2 ≥ 0
For any real number x, its square is greater than or equal
to zero. TRUE
b) Ɐx,y ∈ R, (x+y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
For any real numbers x and y, the square of their sum is
equal to the sum of their squares plus twice their product.
TRUE
c) ∃m,n ∈ Z, m-n ≤ m+n
There exist integers m and n such that m minus n is less
than or equal to m plus n. TRUE
d) Ɐa,b ∈ Q, ab = 0 ⇒ a = 0 ∨ b = 0
For any rational numbers a and b, if their product is zero
then either a or b equals zero. TRUE
MATHEMATICAL SENTENCES
Example 2: Write as mathematical sentences.
a) Ten is the square root of one hundred.
100 = 10
b) Ten is greater than nine.
10 > 9
c) Ten is an even number.
10 ∈ 2𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
d) Ten is a multiple of 5.
10 ∈ 5𝑛, 𝑛 ∈ 𝑁
BINARY OPERATIONS
Closure of Binary Operations
The product and the sum of any two numbers is also a real number.
Ɐx,y ∈ R, x + y ∈ R and x ∙ y ∈ R
Commutativity of Binary Operations
Addition and multiplication of any two real numbers is commutative.
Addition: Ɐx,y ∈ R, x + y = y + x
Multiplication: Ɐx,y ∈ R, x ∙ y = y ∙ x
Associativity of Binary Operations
Given any real numbers you may take any two and perform addition or multiplication as
the case maybe and you will end with the same answer.
Addition: Ɐx,y,z ∈ R, (x + y) + z = x + (y + z)
Multiplication: Ɐx,y,z ∈ R, (x ∙ y) ∙ z = x ∙ (y ∙ z)
BINARY OPERATIONS
Distributivity of Binary Operations
Distributivity applies when multiplication is performed on a group of two numbers added
or subtracted together.
Ɐx,y,z ∈ R, z(x ± y) = zx ± zy
Identity Elements of Binary Operations
Zero is the identity element for addition.
Addition: Ɐx ∈ R, x + e = e + x = x, e = 0
One is the identity element for multiplication.
Multiplication: Ɐx ∈ R, x ∙ e = e ∙ x = x, e = 1
Inverses of Binary Operations
Adding the inverse of a real number x to itself will give you the identity element e = 0
Addition: Ɐx ∈ R, x + (-x) = -x + x = 0
Multiplying the inverse of a real number x to itself will give you the identity element e = 1
Multiplication: Ɐx ∈ R, x ∙ (1/x) = x/x = 1
FUNDAMENTALS OF LOGIC
EXAMPLES
NEGATION
What is the negation of the following statements?
a) P: 2 is a rational number.
¬P: 2 is not a rational number. or 2 is an irrational number.

b) R: 6 is an odd number.
¬R: 6 is not an odd number. or 6 is an even number
IMPLICATIONS
a) P: The weather remains mild.
R: There is frost.
Q: There will be a good harvest.
¬P⇒¬Q
(¬ P ∨ R) ⇒ ¬ Q
Q ⇔ (P ∧ ¬ R)
b) P: All men are mortal.
R: No gods are mortal.
Q: No men are gods.
¬P⇒¬Q
Q ⇔ (P ∧ R)
CONVERSE, INVERSE,
CONTRAPOSITIVE
Give the converse, inverse, and contrapositive of the following
implications:
a) If this movie is interesting, then I am watching it.
Inverse: If this movie is not interesting, then I am not watching it.
Converse: If I am watching this movie, then it is interesting.
Contrapositive: If I am not watching this movie, then it is not
interesting.
b) If p is a prime number, then it is odd.
Inverse: If p is not a prime number, then it is not odd.
Converse: If p is an odd number, then it is prime.
Contrapositive: If p is not odd, then it is not a prime number.
CONVERSE, INVERSE,
CONTRAPOSITIVE
Identify three simple propositions in the statement below and
label them P, Q, R. Then express symbolically the statement using
the logical operators ∧, ∨, ⇒, ⇔, and ¬.
A function f has an inverse if and only if f is one-to-one and
onto.
Let P: A function f has an inverse.
Q: f is one-to-one.
R: f is onto.
P ⇔ (Q ∧ R)
or
[P ⇔ (Q ∧ R)] ∧ [(Q ∧ R) ⇔ P ]

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