SAINT THERESA COLLEGE OF TANDAG, INC.

Cor. Magsaysay & Quezon St., Tandag City, Surigao del Sur, Philippines
Telefax No. (086) 211-3046/211-5092* Email Add: [email protected]
>
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
TEACHING-LEARNING MODULE

Course Code : Free Elect 1 Gen Psych

Course Title : GEN PSYCH
Class Schedule :
Room No. :
Professor : Maria Satthia Q. Luna
E-mail Address : [email protected]
Consultation Hours :

A. Course Description

The course gives a bird’s eye view of the nature and scope of psychology. It discusses the meaning
and perspective used in exploring behaviour. It illustrates the roles played by the nervous system, endocrine
system and genetic endowment in the control or regulation behaviour. It also discusses about personality, stress,
stress coping and mental disorder associated with stress. It presents some cases and examples within the Filipino
setting to which the students can easily relate for easier comprehension.

B. Course Outcomes (CMO): At the end of the course, the students should be able to:

1. Discussed the meaning of behaviour and the perspectives used in explaining the behaviour.
2. Illustrated the divisions of the human nervous system and integrated the roles played by the nervous
system, endocrine system, and genetic endowment in the control or regulation of behaviour.
3. Discussed the developmental changes in the physical, cognitive, social, and moral domains.
4. Explained how we see, hear, smell, taste, and experience cutaneous sensations.
5. Identified and compared the dynamics of the different categories of sensations.
6. Elucidated practical applications of learning theories.
7. Explained and give the differences between motivation, emotions, and memory.
8. Explained what stress is and the different stressed induced disorder.

C. Course Requirements:

The course will focus on the understanding the human behavior. Behavior, as we know, is the subject
matter of psychology. However, knowing one’s behavior and the behavior of others is not only of utmost interest
to psychologists. People in walks of life will stop even for a minute to know something about the personality of
another as it is reflected in the person’s overt behavior. Nothing is more interesting to man than the intricacies
and complexities of human behavior, consciousness, human growth and development, social interactions,
emotional reactions, learning experiences, and adaptive mechanisms.

Page 1 of 72
 MODULE 1 LESSON 1

NATURE AND SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY AND NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR

Lesson Introduction:

The word “Psychology” comes from two words: “logos” which means a science or study and “psyche” which
means mind or soul. In other words, Psychology is the study of mind or soul. The mind is something that we don’t
see and is immaterial; this is one of the difficulties in studying the mind.

DAY 1
LESSON NO. 1
LESSON TITLE Nature and Scope of Psychology and Neurobiological Basis of Behavior
DURATION/HOURS 3 1/2 Hours
Specific Learning During the students' learning engagements, they will be able to:
Outcomes:  Evaluate the relevance of Psychology and behavior by identifying their
learned and unlearned behavior.
 Select and determine a psychological perspective that would best fit a
scenario through case analysis.
 Identify the different structure that forms the central and peripheral
nervous system and elaborate how the endocrine system and genetic
endowments regulates behavior.
TEACHING LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Engaging Activity 1: Enumeration (15-20 minutes)

(LO 1: Evaluate the relevance of Psychology and behavior by identifying their learned and unlearned behavior.)

Instruction: Behavior is considered learned when you acquire it while undergoing developmental process.
Behavior is unlearned when it is something innate, inherent or inborn. In the space given below, enumerate
examples of your learned and unlearned behavior.

Example:

Learned Behavior: Loving someone

Unlearned Behavior: Blinking your eyes upon seeing an approaching object

LEARNED BEHAVIOR UNLEARNED BEHAVIOR

1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.
10. 10.

Engaging Activity 2: "Case Analysis" (30 minutes)

(LO 2: Select and determine a psychological perspective that would best fit a scenario through case analysis.)

Instruction: Read and analyze the case provided above. Looking at these two individuals, you may wonder why
they have this kind of behavior. You become interested to find out the factors that bring about the behavior. By
utilizing different psychological perspectives as the basis for the explanation of behaviors. Choose a psychological
perspective to explain Case A. Note: You may select multiple perspectives to better expound your ideas.
(Biological, Psychodynamic, Behavioral, Cognitive, Phenomenological)

Case A.

Paolo was a young college student in one of the universities in Metro Manila. He belonged to the
top 10% of the class. He wanted to become an engineer just like his father with whom he was very
close. He was an active student not only academically but also in extracurricular activities. He was
also a member of the college basketball team. Because he was endowed with a good singing voice,
he was also an active member of the college Glee Club. However, a negative and undesirable
event struck the family when he was in his senior year. His father succumbed to a heart attack. The
death of his father came by surprise. At the time, he was one month away from graduation. The
sudden death of his father had a great impact on him causing him to lose appetite to eat and have
difficulty going to sleep. He lost interest in the things he usually enjoyed doing. He developed an
emotional turmoil. In short, he exhibited depression.

Page 2 of 72
WHAT IS BEHAVIOR?

Behavior is defined as any response or reaction to a stimulus (anything that can elicit a response). Behavior can
be normal or abnormal. The behavior is considered normal if it is something that is acceptable to the society,
according to a set of standards, or is something expected at a given moment.

Behavior can also be learned or unlearned. Behavior is considered learned when you acquire it when undergoing
developmental processes. Loving someone is a learned behavior. Also, being polite, helpful, lazy, untidy, and the
like are examples of learned behavior. Behavior is unlearned when it Is something innate, inherent, or inborn.
Reflexive behaviors, such as withdrawing your hand from a hot surface or blinking your eyes upon seeing an
approaching object that may hit your eye, are examples of unlearned behavior.

In addition, behavior can also be conscious or unconscious. Having a full awareness of one’s action is a conscious
behavior. Example, chatting with your seatmate while the professor is discussing the lesson. On the contrary,
actions done without the individual’s awareness is an unconscious behavior. For example: Sleeptalking.

Psychology did not start right away as a science. It was under the umbrella of Philosophy. Ancient Greek
philosophers merely gave the assumptions about the nature of man, his personality, and behavior. It was Wilhelm
Wundt (1832-1920), a German philosopher-physician, who put the pieces of the philosophy-natural science puzzle
together to create the academic discipline of Psychology (King, 2008 as cited in De Guzman et al. 2012).

There are four main goals of psychology as a science, First is Description; a psychologist is trained to describe
behavior using scientific processes. Through the administration of valid and reliable psychological tests. Second is
Understanding; different people exhibit different behaviors and personalities. This is explained by the fact that one
principle of development is the Principle of Individual Difference. This means that no two persons are exactly alike.
A Psychologist can give an elucidation of the determinants of behavior so that people may understand the “why” of
the manifested behavior. Third, Prediction; Psychology as a science has the goal of predicting behavior to attain
order, and avoid negative and undesirable consequences. However, this prediction is not within the sphere of
paranormal phenomena. Fourth, Control; to undergo a therapeutic process in order to illuminate or minimize an
addiction, bad habits, or maladaptive behavior patterns for example, is a clear illustration of controlling behavior.

PSYCHOLOGY IN DIFFERENT PERSECTIVES

You become interested to find out the factors that bring about the behavior. A psychologist may explain the
behavior utilizing a certain perspective. However, psychology is definitely not limited to one perspective. There are
different perspectives that may be made the basis for the explanation of a certain behavior. The following are the
different perspectives of psychology:

The Biological Perspective

Man is a biopsychosocial being, man’s behavior has a biological basis. One of the areas of psychology,
biopsychology, is concerned with the scientific study of the biology of behavior. Complex behaviors, thoughts, and
emotions are the results of the activities of the central nervous system (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2007 as cited in De
Guzman et al. 2012). Disturbances in emotions, behavior, and cognitive processes are viewed as being caused
byabnormalities in the functioning of the body (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2007 as cited in De Guzman et al. 2012).
The Central Nervous System is made up of the brain and spinal cord. "These structures are made up of
billions and billions of neurons or nerve cells, At the terminal buttons of these nerve cells are synaptic
vesicles which contain neurotransmitters that are released to excite or inhibit the next neuron. A synapse is
the junction between neurons. Dopamine plays a major role in the transmission of neural signals or
messages to and from the brain. An excess of dopamine activity has been hypothesized to cause symptoms
of schizophrenia (Halgin & Whitbourne, 2007). Norepinephrine is generally considered an excitatory
neurotransmitter, and a deficit in this substance is thought to be a causal factor in depression (Halgin &
Whitbourne, 2007 as cited in De Guzman et al. 2012). Serotonin imbalance is implicated in the causation of
obsessive-compulsive behavior. One consequence of this imbalance is the inability or difficulty of controlling
impulses.

The Psychodynamic Perspective

The origin of the psychodynamic perspective is Sigmund Freud, who is regarded as the father of
Psychoanalysis. Psychodynamic theorists believe that behavior is determined by intrapsychic forces that are
unconscious in nature. This means that the individual has no full awareness of these mental forces that are
affecting his conscious behavior. To psychodynamic theorists, childhood experiences are crucial to one's
current behavior. For example a kleptomaniac steals because she can't control her urge to steal . Thus, it is
very different from theft and robbery because in kleptomania the stealing is not done for material or monetary
gain. But what can be the motive for the stealing? From the psychodynamic perspective the motive operates
unconsciously. The stealing of little things such as pencils, combs, handkerchiefs, etc. may indicate a need
for love and affection. The things that a kleptomaniac steals are symbols of love and affection.

Behavioral Perspective

Page 3 of 72
Most of our behavior is learned and why we tend to repeat the behavior is because of the reinforcement
applied to it. This is especially true if the reinforcement is positive. For Instance, when test papers were
returned to the class by the teacher, one of the students saw an error in the correction, i.e., a wrong answer
was given a point. In all honesty, the student approaches the teacher to tell him of the error. But instead of
deducting, the teacher retained the error in favor of the student. This display of honesty has been reinforced
making the student repeat this honest behavior in future circumstances. Rewards, incentives, attention,
recognition, absence of stress, inner peace, social approval, and the like are all reinforcing . Moreover, when
a behavior is learned, the acquisition of the behavior follows the principles of learning. Associated with the
behavioral perspective were Ivan Pavlov and his Classical Conditioning Theory, B.F Skinner and his Operant
Conditioning Theory, Edward Thorndike and his Law of Effect, Law of Readiness, and Law of Exercise. It
was John B. Watson (1878-1958), an American psychologist who is credited with founding the behavioral
movement (Alloy et all, 1999 as cited in De Guzman et al. 2012).

Cognitive Perspective

Explaining behavior based on the cognitive perspective utilizes the individual's mental processes, his and
ideas. What is going on in his mind will affect what he will do. Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck are associated
with Cognitive Psychology. Beck's concept of cognitive distortion, such as magnifying a small and minor
event may cause a person be depressed. In effect, we see a problem when there is no problem at all.

Phenomenological Perspective

When we study man's behavior within the phenomenological perspective, we look at man as an individual
with different needs and motive. His past experiences play a significant role in how he perceives himself and
how he behaves. This perspective is subjective, individual’s past experiences and perceptions affect how he
is going to interpret the stimulus.

Methods & Techniques in Psychological Researches Psychology

As a scientist, the psychologist employs the following research designs in undertaking a scientific study:

1. Experimental Method - This research design is very appropriate for the establishment of causal
relationship or the cause and effect relationship. The true experimental design requires the utilization of the
experimental and control groups with the participants randomly selected. In this research design, there are
two variables, namely the independent and the dependent variables. The independent variable is the one
manipulated by the experimenter and the dependent variable is the effect of the independent variable. In this
design, the effects of extraneous variables are controlled to ensure that the dependent is really the effect of
the independent variable.

2. Quasi-Experimental Design – This can be used to explore the effects of different treatments on preexisting
groups of subjects or to investigate the same kinds of naturally occurring events, characteristics, and
behaviors that we measure in correlational studies. (Myers & Hansen, 2006 as cited in De Guzman et al.
2012). In this design, randomization is not used in the selection of research participants so that bias is
manifested by the experimenter in the selection of participants. Moreover, extraneous variables are not
controlled.

3. Correlational Design – A correlational study is one that is designed to determine the degree of relationship
between two traits, behaviors, or events (Myers & Hansen, 2006). Correlation may be positive or negative.
Correlation is positive if an increase in A leads to an increase in B. However, if an increase in A leads to a
decrease in B, the correlation is negative. Also, correlation studies may involve multiple correlations.

4. The Naturalistic Observation Method – In this research method, the participants are not aware that their
behavior is being observed. This is important to get behavioral data that is genuine and truly reflective of the
nature of the object of interest. However, one disadvantage of this method lies on the perceptual error of the
researcher doing the observation. He may not be able to record accurate information due to some distortions
in perceiving the observed behavior. The researcher may perceive emotional turmoil or disturbance in
something that is purely physical or somatic.

5. The Case Study Method – This is an in-depth study of a particular clinical case. This is done through the
use of a battery of psychological tests, clinical interview, and observation. One advantage of the case study
method is that idiographic research (the study Of individuals to identify what is unique) complements
nomothetic research (the study of groups to identify what is typical) (Shaughnessy et al, 2012). This
advantage tells us that the case study method is reflective of something that is particular or specific to an
individual patient. This approach is the clinical orientation. Case studies provide a rich source of information
about individuals and insights into possible causes of people's behavior (Shaughnessy et al, 2012).
However, observer bias and biases in data collection can lead to incorrect interpretations of case study
outcomes (Shaughnessy et al, 2012). This means that the clinician's perceptions of the patient might be
influenced by the clinician's emotional and motivational states as well as his own mental dynamisms.

NEUROBIOLOGICAL BASIS OF BEHAVIOR

Page 4 of 72
The human nervous system is
divided into two main divisions:
the Central Nervous System
(CNS) and the Peripheral
Nervous System (PNS). The
CNS is made up of the brain
and the spinal cord. Under the
brain portion found within the
cranial cavity are the cerebrum,
cerebellum, and the brainstem.
The Brainstem is made up of
four structures: the medulla,
the pons, midbrain, and the
interbrain. The medulla is the most causal part (lowest) lying just above the spinal cord. The spinal cord is
located within the vertebral column and is made up of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal
segments. On the other hand, the PNS is the division that innervates the skin and muscles and other
peripheral organs in the transmission of neural signals to and from the brain. It is made up of the somatic
and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system is made up of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves and
the 12 pairs of cranial nerves, while the autonomic nervous system is made up of the sympathetic and the
parasympathetic divisions. The autonomic nervous system is also called the Involuntary Nervous System.
The Central Nervous System

Brainstem

Brainstem is made up of the medulla, pons, midbrain, and the

interbrain serves as the passageway of neural signals from the
brain to the spinal cord and from the spinal cord to the brain.
These neural impulses are sensory and motor signals for
sensations and movements respectively. For instance, if you are
listening to your favorite song, your auditory system is activated.
Auditory signals are then brought to the auditory center in the
brain for perception through the brainstem .
Cerebellum

Cerebellum does the coordination so that the task to be done can

be accomplished. If the cerebellum is damaged, movements
become uncoordinated and tasks will be difficult to accomplish.
Furthermore, the cerebellum is concerned with equilibrium. Loss
of balance is the result if a part of the cerebellum is damaged. It
is also concerned with procedural memory involving sensory
motor skills. 

Cerebrum

The cerebral cortex is the "highest center" in the brain, and as such, it perceives sensations, commands,
skilled movements, provides awareness of emotions, and is necessary for memory, thinking, language
abilities, and other higher mental functions (Young & Young, 1997). There are two cerebral hemispheres: the
left brain and the right brain. These two cerebral hemispheres are able to communicate with each other
through the corpus callosum , a bundle of myelinated nerve fibers. The corpus callosum allows the
transmission of impulses from the right brain to the left brain and vice versa.


The brain’s convolution or fold is called a gyrus (plural:
gyri) and between two gyri is a sulcus (plural: sulci). The
brain has two-layers, i.e. the outer layer which is the
gray matter or the cerebral cortex, an aggregation of
neurons or nerve cells. The inner layer is the white
matter or an aggregation of myelinated fibers (fiber
covered by a white substance called myelin sheath).
 From a lateral view, the brain has four lobes: frontal,
parietal, temporal, and occipital.) These lobes contain
•primary sensory areas, secondary sensory areas,
association areas, and also motor areas where
movement impulses are initiated.
 The limbic system is concerned with basic autonomic
and visceral responses associated with feeding behavior, control of aggression, emotion, sexual
arousal, and memory (Gertz, 2007).
Spinal Cord

The spinal cord is an elongated structure extending from the foramen magnum down to the level of the first
and second lumbar vertebra. It is not uniform in but has two enlargements, namely: the cervical and the
Page 5 of 72
lumbar enlargements. The outer layer of the spinal cord is the white matter and the inner layer is the gray
matter. Within the inner gray matter, which is somewhat butterfly-shaped, are clusters of neurons called
nuclei which are either sensory or motor in functions. Within the white matter are ascending and descending
nerve fibers transmitting neural-impulses. Sending bundles of nerve fibers are transmitting sensory signals
for pain, touch, temperature, and other sense modalities.

The Peripheral Nervous System

PNS is divided into the Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System. The somatic nervous system is made up of
the spinal nerves and cranial nerves. The autonomic nervous system is made up of the sympathetic nervous
system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

Somatic Nervous System

The Spinal Nerves spinal nerves arise from the spinal cord. It is made up of both sensory and motor fibers;
hence, it is a mixed nerve. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves arising from the different segments of the
spinal cord. The spinal nerves allow the transmission of sensory impulses from the peripheral receptors to
the brain and motor impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles. Spinal nerve allows the central nervous
system to reach and communicate with the peripheral organs of the body such as the skin and muscles. On
the other hand, the Cranial Nerves are sometimes sensory in function and some are motor in function, and
others perform both. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves.
The autonomic nervous system

It is also called the Involuntary Nervous System since it is concerned with the regulation of involuntary of the
body such as heart and dilatation, and salivary secretions among others. The autonomic nervous system is
divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic predominates in moments of
stress for the flight-or-fight reactions and the parasympathetic predominates during periods of calmness. To
further explain the matter, while waiting for the anxiety-provoking moment, you notice that your heart is
beating faster and your mouth is becoming dry. These changes in your behavior are undoubtedly
manifestations of an activated autonomic nervous system, particularly the sympathetic nervous
system. However, during periods of relaxation and normalcy the parasympathetic predominates stimulating
salivary glands to secrete saliva. Two divisions are antagonistic in function. If the sympathetic stimulates, the
parasympathetic inhibits.
The Neuron: Structural Unit of the Nervous System

The neuron or the nerve cell is made up of a cell body

or soma from which arise the neuronal process. The
axon and the dendrites are part of the neuron. The brain
alone contains several billions of nerve cells which are
classified according to the function or activity a neuron
performs. Some neurons are sensory or afferent in
function and some are motor or efferent in function.
Internuncial or connector neurons connect a sensory
and a motor neuron. Neural signals are transmitted from
one neuron to another at a region known as synapse.

Nerve Impulse Transmission

A living neuron has the ability to respond to a stimulus.

It responds upon stimulation by conducting neural
impulses which are electrochemical in nature. A
neurotransmitter is excitatory if it leads to an activation
of the neuron, thus neural firing occurs. An example of
an excitatory neurotransmitter is the amino acid
glutamate. A neurotransmitter is inhibitory if it prevents
the activation of the neuron. Some of the
neurotransmitters are dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin' glutamate and GABA (Gamma
Aminobutyric Acid).
The Endocrine System

The hypothalamus activates the pituitary gland to secrete a hormone called the adrenocorticotrophic
hormone which activates the adrenal glands to secrete the stress hormone, called cortisol. This stress
hormone will play a role in the individual's fight or flight reaction as a response to the fear or stress-inducing
stimulus. An endocrine gland is a ductless gland that secretes hormone direct into the bloodstream. Under
abnormal conditions, there can be a hyposecretion (less than normal) or hypersecretion (above the normal)
of hormones. This under/oversecretion of hormones can affect the individual's behavior.

The Pituitary Gland. The Hypophysis

Page 6 of 72
This gland is located at the base of the brain and is attached to the hypothalamus. The pituitary gland is
considered the master gland because it controls the other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland secretes
growth hormone; As the master gland, the pituitary forms a very important part of the feedback system, one
that includes the hypothalamus and the organs targeted by the various hormones.  

Pineal Gland

This gland is located at the back of the brainstem

and is associated with the epithalamus, a division of
the interbrain. It secretes a hormone called
melatonin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle
(Ciccarelli & White, 2009).

The Thyroid Gland

This gland which secretes thyroxin is located at the

base of the throat, which in males is near the-
Adam's apple. Thyroid gland secretes hormones that
basal metabolism. 

The Adrenal Gland

This gland is located on top ofTheeach kidney

Islets and
of Langerhans
has the cortex and the medulla. The adrenal cortex
which is the outer layer secretes
Found the in thestress
pancreas, secrete insulin which
hormone mentioned at the initial parttheof accumulation
prevents the of sugar in the blood.
discussion on the endocrine system.
When the Thesupply
inner of insulin is low, blood sugar
layer which is the medulla secretes adrenaline
increases due to tothe non-utilization of sugar by the
make you cope with emergency cells. Too muchlike
situations insulin causes the rapid utilization
when your house is burning or when sugar
of blood a dogresulting
is in extreme weakness of the
running after you. The adrenal body glands
and coldaresweat which may cause the
instrumental in regulating moods, energyto levels,
individual collapse (Teh & Macapagal, 2007)
and the ability to cope with stress (Santrock,

Genes & Behavior

Here in our country, it is not uncommon to hear people saying, " May lahi yan ng Sira ulo ." This fact only
illustrates that schizophrenia or what we call in our native tongue as baliw or loka-loka is something that runs
in the family. This is because behavior— whether normal or abnormal, has hereditary basis, i.e. the genes
play a significant role. Within the chromosomes are the carriers of hereditary traits, the genes. Genes act as
blueprints for cells. They enable cells to reproduce and manufacture the proteins that are necessary for
maintaining life (Santrock, 2005). Genes can be dominant or recessive. Dominant genes do not need a
recessive gene for expression. A recessive gene finds expression if it pairs with another recessive gene.
Physical traits such as having brown or blue eyes, baldness, straight or kinky hair, fair complexion are
determined by the individuals' genes. Unlike eye color, complex human characteristics such as personality
and intelligence are likely to be influenced by many different genes. The term polygenic inheritance is used
to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior (Santrock, 2005).

Moving on...

Individual Guide Processing Questions:

1. How does the nervous system regulate behavior?
2. What is the main function of endocrine system that helps us face adversities?
3. Are behaviors hereditary?
(10-minute engagements)

Formative Activity 1: LET US INVESTIGATE (30 minutes)

(LO 3: Identify the different structure that forms the central and peripheral nervous system and elaborate how the
endocrine system and genetic endowments regulates behavior).

Instruction: Identify and label the parts of the Central Nervous System. In the space given, write the functions of
each part.

Parts: Functions:

Cerebellum -
Medulla -
Hypothalamus -
Corpus Callosum -
Thalamus -
Page 7 of 72
Cerebral Cortex -
Cerebrum -
Pituitary Gland -
Pons -
Spinal Cord -

1. Discuss briefly the different endocrine glands and explain the role of genes in behavior.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________.

SYNTHESIS: The lesson focuses on the nature and scope of psychology, its significance to human behavior and
understanding the neurobiological basis of behavior.

ASSESSMENTS TEST I- All competencies/outcomes (EA1 Enumeration, EA2 Case Analysis, FA1
Identification) are graded and are recorded as major assessments.

TEST II– Identify the psychological research method used in the cases below.
Write your answers in the space given beside the case number. Choices are:
Experimental Method, Quasi-Experimental Design, Correlational Design,
Naturalistic Observation, Case Study Method.

Example:

Case # 0.1 (Answer: Experimental Method)

Imagine taking 2 samples of the same plant and exposing one of them to sunlight.
The plant exposed to sunlight is sample A, while the latter is called sample B. After
the duration of the research, we find out that sample A grows and sample B dies,
even though they are both regularly wetted and given the same treatment. We
conclude that sunlight will aid the growth of all similar plants.

Case # 1 (Answer: ____________________)

During the semester, students in a class are lectured on particular courses and an
exam is administered at the end of the semester. In this case, the students are the
subjects or dependent variables while the lectures are the independent variables
treated on the subjects.

Case # 2 (Answer: ____________________)

Hospital is introducing use of an alcohol-based hand disinfectant; the hospital may
want to study the impact of this intervention on the outcome of acquisition of
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, on the basis of surveillance culture. The intervention is
implemented, acquisition rates are measured before the intervention and after the
intervention, there are no randomization used.

Case # 3 (Answer: ____________________)

A researcher is studying a correlation between cancer and marriage. In this study,
there are two variables: disease and marriage. Let us say marriage has a negative
association with cancer. This means that married people are less likely to develop
cancer.

Case # 4 (Answer: ____________________)

Researchers are interested in looking at certain aspects of classroom behavior,
such as interactions between students or even the dynamics between the teacher
and students.

Case # 5 (Answer: ____________________)

A 13-year-old boy was referred to speech therapy because of his stuttering. He
started to stutter when he was three years old and that time he also had
bedwetting problem. In the early period during his diagnostic process it turned out
that he had serious emotional problems. He was often moody and sad without any
reason. Sometimes he became irritable and withdrew from social situations. At that
time he lost his interest in school and was thinking about committing suicide.

TEST III-ANALYZE AND EVALUATE

1. In the 5 cases presented above, justify each of your answers.

2. Compare and contrast at least 2 perspectives in psychology.
Page 8 of 72
 Criteria Score Total
Creativity Ideas were Ideas were Ideas were dull
written written fairly and incoherent(3)
creatively(10) creative(5)
Clarity of Ideas were Ideas were Ideas were not
Content expressed in expressed in clearly expressed
a clearly (10) a pretty (3)
clear
manner(5)
Organizatio Ideas were Ideas were Ideas seemed to
n organized expressed be a collection of
and were but could unrelated
easy to have been sentences and
understand organized are difficult to
(10) better (5) understand (3)

RESOURCES:
De Guzman, R et al. (2012) General Psychology: A Bird’s Eye View.
University of Santo Tomas Publishing House. Metro Manila.

Prepared by: Reviewed by: Verified and validated by: Approved by:

MARIA SATTHIA Q. LUNA

Instructors Program Chair Dean, College of Vice President for Academic Services

Page 9 of 72