Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

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Exercise 1
THERMODYNAMICS: A Review
OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the experiment, the student should be able to:

1. recall basic concepts and terminologies in thermodynamics;
2. solve problems in thermodynamics, i.e. calculation of enthalpy change of a reaction, heat
evolved in a reaction, specific heat capacity and molar heat capacity of a substance,
standard enthalpy of formation; and
3. tell whether a reaction is spontaneous or non-spontaneous, exothermic or endothermic
given the thermodynamic parameters.
PART I. Matching. Match the thermodynamics terms with its definition or description by
placing the corresponding letter in the space provided.

_____ 1. Calorimetry A. A reaction in which heat is absorbed and the

temperature of the surroundings falls
_____ 2. Closed system B. A reaction in which heat is evolved and the
temperature of the surroundings rises.
_____ 3. Endothermic C. One that proceeds on its own without any
continuous external influence
_____ 4. Enthalpy change (ΔH) D. The sum of kinetic and potential energies for
each particle in a system
_____ 5. Entropy (S) E. The enthalpy change for a reaction.
F. A system that freely exchanges energy and
_____ 6. Exothermic matter with its surroundings.
G. A system that exchanges only energy with its
_____ 7. First law of thermodynamics surroundings, not matter.
H. A system that does not exchange energy or
_____ 8. Heat (q) matter.
I. The energy transferred from one object to
_____ 9. Heat capacity (C) another as the result of a temperature
difference between them.
J. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can
_____ 10. Heat of reaction only be converted from one form into another.
(ΔUsys + ΔUsurrounding = 0). The total internal
energy of an isolated system is constant (ΔUsys =
q + w)
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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

_____ 11. Hess’s law K. The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of substance by 1°C.
_____ 12. Internal energy (U) L. The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of a given quantity of the
substance by 1°C.
_____ 13. Isolated system M. The amount of heat necessary to raise the
temperature of 1 mol of substance by 1°C.
_____ 14. Molar heat capacity N. The heat change in a reaction or process at
constant pressure.
_____ 15. Open system O. A function or property whose value depends
only on the present condition of the system, not
on the path used to arrive at that condition.
_____ 16. Specific heat (s) (Examples in thermodynamics are H, U, G and S)
P. The specific part of the universe that is of
interest in the study (surrounding is everything
else, the rest of the universe).
_____ 17. Spontaneous process Q. A measure of the kinetic energy of molecular
motion.
_____ 18. State function R. The amount of molecular randomness in a
system.
_____ 19. System S. The overall enthalpy change for a reaction is
equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the
individual steps in the reaction.
_____ 20. Temperature T. The process of measuring the amount of heat
released or absorbed during a chemical
reaction.

PART II. Numeric Response. Solve the following review questions clearly and neatly. Show all
your solutions. Box your final answers with appropriate units.

Heat, Work, and Energy

1. A reaction takes place at a constant pressure of 1.10 atm with an internal energy change
(∆𝑈) of 71.5 kJ and a volume decrease of 13.6 L. What is the enthalpy change (∆𝐻) for the
reaction? (1 𝐿 ∙ 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325 𝐽)

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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

2. Aluminum metal reacts with chlorine with a spectacular display of sparks:

2 𝐴𝑙(𝑠) + 3 𝐶𝑙2 (𝑔) → 2 𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙3 (𝑠) ∆𝐻 𝑜 = −1408.4 𝑘𝐽
How much heat in kJ is released on reaction of 5.00 g of Al?

Calorimetry and Heat Capacity

3. Titanium metal is used as a structural material in many high-tech applications, such as in

𝐽
jet engines. What is the specific heat of titanium in 𝑔∙℃ if it takes 89.7 J to raise the
temperature of a 33.0 g block by 5.20°C? What is the molar heat capacity of titanium in
𝐽
?
𝑚𝑜𝑙∙℃

4. When a solution containing 8.00 g of NaOH in 50.0 g of water at 25.0 °C is added to a

solution of 8.00 g of HCl in 250.0 g of water at 25.0 °C in a calorimeter, the temperature
of the solution increases to 33.5 °C. Assuming that the specific heat of the solution is
𝐽
4.184𝑔∙℃ and that of the calorimeter absorbs a negligible amount of heat, calculate ∆𝐻 in
kJ for the reaction
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) → 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

Hess’s Law and Heats of Formation

5. Sulfuric acid (𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 ), the most widely produced chemical in the world, is made by a two-
step oxidation of sulfur to sulfur trioxide, 𝑆𝑂3, followed by the reaction with water.
𝑘𝐽
Calculate ∆𝐻𝑓𝑜 for 𝑆𝑂3(𝑔) in 𝑚𝑜𝑙, given the following data:
𝑆(𝑠) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔) ∆𝐻 𝑜 = −296.8 𝑘𝐽
1
𝑆𝑂2 (𝑔) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝑆𝑂3 (𝑔) ∆𝐻 𝑜 = −98.9 𝑘𝐽
2

6. Acetic acid (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻), whose aqueous solutions are known as vinegar, is prepared by
reaction of ethyl alcohol (𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻) with oxygen:
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) + 𝑂2 (𝑔) → 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻(𝑙) + 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)
Use the following ∆𝐻𝑓𝑜 values to calculate the ∆𝐻𝑟𝑥𝑛
𝑜
in kJ:
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝐻2 𝑂𝐻(𝑙) = −277.7 𝑚𝑜𝑙; 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂2 𝐻(𝑙) = −484.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙 ; 𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙) = −285.8 𝑚𝑜𝑙

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Exercise 1: Thermodynamics: A Review

Free Energy and Entropy

7. Tell whether the reactions with the following values of ΔH and ΔS are spontaneous of
non-spontaneous and whether they are exothermic or endothermic. Show you
calculations
spontaneous or exothermic or
non-spontaneous endothermic
𝑎. ∆𝐻 = −48 𝑘𝐽; ∆𝑆 = +135 𝐽/𝐾 at 400 K
𝑏. ∆𝐻 = −48 𝑘𝐽; ∆𝑆 = −135 𝐽/𝐾 at 400 K
𝑐. ∆𝐻 = +48 𝑘𝐽; ∆𝑆 = +135 𝐽/𝐾 at 400 K
𝑑. ∆𝐻 = +48 𝑘𝐽; ∆𝑆 = −135 𝐽/𝐾 at 400 K

8. Suppose that a reaction has ∆𝐻 = −33 𝑘𝐽 and ∆𝑆 = −58 𝐽/𝐾. At what temperature, if
any, will it change between spontaneous and non-spontaneous?

9. Chloroform has ∆𝐻𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 29.2 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙 and boils at 61.2 °C. What is the value of
∆𝑆𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 for chloroform?

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