COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

Topic Outline - Abandon traditional methods of

doing things and must adopt the
• Approaches to community technology of industrial countries.
development 3. Transformatory / Participatory
• Community organizing participatory Approach
action research (COPAR) - Process of
• Critical steps (activities) in building empowering/transforming the poor
people’s organization and the oppressed sectors of
• Roles and activities in community society.
health care development - Assumes that poverty is rooted in
the historical past and is maintained
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT by the oppressed structures in
society- exploitation, oppression,
- an organized effort of people to domination and other unjust
improve the conditions of structures.
community life and the capacity of - Poverty is due to: lack of education;
the people for participation, self- lack of resources such as capital and
direction and integrated efforts in technology.
community affairs.
- advocates principles of self-help and WHAT IS COMMUNITY ORGANIZING
the voluntary participation, with PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH OR
technical assistance from the (COPAR)?
government or voluntary
- A social development approach that
organizations. (Jimenez, 2008)
aims to transform the apathetic,
APPROACHES TO COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT individualistic, and voiceless poor
into a dynamic, participatory, and
1. Welfare Approach politically responsive community.
- Caused by bad luck, natural disasters - a process by which a community
& other circumstances beyond identifies its needs and objectives,
human control. develops confidence to take action
- Assumes that poverty is God-given; in respect to them and in doing so,
destined. extends and develops cooperative
2. Modernization Approach and collaborative attitudes and
- Also referred as “project practices in the community. (Rosa,
development approach.” 1967)
- Introduces whatever resources are
lacking in a given community. Importance of COPAR
- Adopts the western mode of
technological development 1. Empowerment
2. Taking Over
3. Maximizes/Mobilizes

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PRINCIPLES OF COPAR 1. economically depressed.
2. a relative concentration of poor
• People are open to change, have the families.
capacity to change, and are able to 3. population of 10,000 and above.
bring about change. 4. no hospital but with RHU and BHS.
• Based on interests of the poorest 5. Accessibility of transportation
sectors of society. 6. No strong resistance
• Lead to a self-reliant community and 7. Peace and order
society. 8. Rural community- top priority.
9. with adjacent barangays.
Phases of COPAR
RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES: PRE- ENTRY
Phase 1: Pre-entry phase
• Meeting and courtesy call to the
• the initial phase of the organizing LGU of the selected site
process. • Meeting with the “will be” foster
• Community Organizer (CO) looks for parents of the healthcare students
communities to serve/help. • Presenting objectives and plans
• simplest phase in terms of actual • Setting the target date of
outputs, activities, and strategies immersion, exposure, and departure
and time spent for it.
Ideal vs. Practiced Copar
Pre-entry activities include: Time vs. mode of exposure
Ideal Practiced
• design a plan for community 3-6 weeks 2-4 weeks
development, (activities and immersion depending on the
strategies for care/development) 8 hrs a day time allotted by the
• design criteria for the site school
SELECTION. 5-6 days a week 8-16 hours a week
• actual selection of site
• Community profiling HOST FAMILY CRITERIA

Area Selection Guide • Strategically located in the

barangay.
Is the community... • Do not belong to the rich segment.
• Respected by both formal and
• in need of assistance? informal leaders of the community.
• depressed? • Neighbors not hesitant to enter.
• A feel of needing to work together? • No disruptions of usual doings.
• concerned groups/organizations?
• Have counterparts?

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Phase 2: Entry phase • Actual survey.
• Analysis of the data gathered.
• signals the actual entry of the • Appreciating the environment.
community worker/organizer into
the community. Phase 3: ORGANIZATION-BUILDING
• Sometimes called the social PHASE
preparation phase.
• It entails the formation of more
ENTRY PHASE ACTIVITIES formal structures and the inclusion
of more formal procedures of
• Establish rapport and trust. planning, implementing, and
• Sensitization of the people on the evaluating community-wide
critical events of their lives. activities.
• Motivating them to share their • Organized leaders or groups are
dreams and ideas on how to manage given trainings (formal, informal,
their concerns. OJT) to develop their KSA in
• Mobilizing them to take collective managing their own
action on this. concerns/programs.

Entry Phase Guidelines RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES:

• Recognize the role of local • Meeting with the officials

authorities. • Identifying the problems.
• Adopt and maintain a low- key • Spreading awareness and soliciting
profile. solution or suggestion.
• Be clear in objectives and • Analysis of presented solution.
limitations. • Planning of the activities.
• Participate directly in production • Organizing the people to build their
process. own organization.
• Make house calls and seek out • Registration of the organization
where they usually gather (stores, (legal purposes).
waiting sheds, watersheds etc) • Implementations of
• Socialize. projects/programs.
• Evaluation.
Recommended Activities:
Phase 4: SUSTENANCE AND
• Courtesy call to the mayor, or the
local government leader on the
STRENGTHENING PHASE
selected site.
• Community Organization has been
• Meeting with the foster family.
established.
• Meeting with the community
• Community members are actively
officials and residents.
participating in the community-wide
• General assembly.
undertakings.
• Preparation of the survey forms.

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 • Different committee’s set-up in the CRITICAL STEPS (ACTIVITIES) IN
organization. BUILDING PEOPLE’S ORGANIZATION
• Building phase are functional:
planning, implementing, and
1. Integration
evaluating their own programs, with
the overall guidance from the
• CO becoming one with the people in
community wide organization.
order to:
• immerse himself in the poor
RECOMMENDED ACTIVITIES:
community
• understand deeply the culture,
• Meeting with the organizational
economy, leaders, history, rhythms,
leaders.
and lifestyle in the community
• Evaluating the programs.
• Re-implementation of the programs
Methods of Integration Includes:
(for unmet goals).
• Educating and training. • participation in direct production
• Networking and linking.
activities of the people
• Conduct of mobilization of health
• conduct of house-to-house visits
and development concerns.
• participation in activities like
• Implementation of livelihood birthdays, fiestas, wakes, etc.
projects. • conversing with people where they
• Developing secondary leaders usually gather such as in stores,
water wells, washing streams, or in
Phase 5: Phase-Out Phase churchyards
• helping out in household chores like
• Healthcare workers leave the cooking, washing the dishes, and
community to stand alone. etc.
• Should be stated during the entry
phase so that the people will be 2. Social Investigation
ready.
• The organizations built should be • it is a systematic process of
ready to sustain the test of the collecting, collating, analyzing data
community itself because the real to draw a clear picture of the
evaluation will be done by the community
residents itself. • also known as the community study

Pointers for the Conduct of Social

Investigation:

• use of survey questionnaires is

discouraged
• community leaders can be trained to
initially assist the community

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 worker/organizer in doing social 6. Role Play
investigation
• data can be more effectively and • means to act out the meeting that
efficiently collected through will take place between the leaders
informal methods (house-to-house of the people and the government
visits, participating conversations in representatives
jeepneys and others) • It is a way of training the people to
• secondary data should be anticipate what will happen and
thoroughly examined because much prepare themselves for such
of the information might already be eventually
available
• social investigation is facilitated if 7. Mobilization
the community organizer is properly
integrated and has acquired the • Actual experience of the people in
trust of the people confronting the powerful and the
• confirmation and validation of actual exercise of people power
community data should be done
regularly 8. Evaluation
3. Tentative Program Planning • The people reviewing the steps 1-7
so as to determine whether they
• community organizer chooses one were successful or not in their
issue to work on in order to begin to objectives
organize the people
9. Reflection
4. Groundwork
• Dealing with deeper, on-going
• going around and motivating the concerns to look at the positive
people on a one-on-one basis to do values CO is trying to build in their
something on the issue that has organization
been chosen • It gives the people time to reflect on
the stark reality of life compared to
5. The Meeting the ideal

• people collectively ratifying what 10. Organization

they have already decided
individually • The people’s organization is the
• the meeting gives the people the result of many successive and
collective power and confidence similar actions of the people
• problems and issues are discussed • A final organizational structure is set
up with elected officers and
supporting members

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"The mentioned steps in building Purposes of Reports and Records
organizations are done in all/any of the
phases of the COPAR process. Their • measure service/program directed
application and the specific strategies and to the clients
purpose may vary slightly depending on the • provide basis for future planning
phase of the process it is applied." • interpret the work to the public and
other agencies, community
ROLES AND ACTIVITIES IN • aid in studying the conditions of the
COMMUNITY HEALTH CARE community
DEVELOPMENT • contribute to client care

As a Recorder / Documentor / Reporter Effective and Useful Reports

Depends on Certain Basic Principles
• Community worker keeps a written Such As:
account of services rendered,
observations, conditions, needs, • all items should be carefully selected
problems, and attitudes of the in order to give significant
clientele in community development information
activities, accomplishments made, • reports are of the most interest
etc.. value when they are arranged so
that comparison may be made
• takes responsibility to disseminate between successive periods of time
pertinent information to • reports are of value only when the
appropriate authorities, agencies, items included carry common
and to the client/community. meaning to all who make use of
them
• develops the people’s capabilities to • reports are more read/received
maintain their own recording and when presented in an interacting
reporting system manner

Difference of records and reports

Records

- Refer to forms on which information

pertaining the client is noted

Reports

- Refers to periodic summaries of the

services/activities of an
organization/unit or the analysis of
certain phases of work

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