Theorems Involving Chords,

Arcs, Central Angles, and

Inscribed Angles
for Mathematics 10
Quarter 2 / Week 4

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 FOREWORD

This self-learning kit (SLK) in Mathematics 10 is prepared to help

students develop their skills in proving theorems related to chords,
arcs, central angles and inscribed angles.

The activities in this SLK will help them improve their knowledge
about the said learning competency which will be useful in real-life
situations.

This SLK is divided into three parts. These are:

I. What Happened This part will arouse students’ interest

and curiosity wherein they will answer activities that are new to
them. This will also measure how far they know about the topic.

II. What You Need to Know This part is where the discussion
and explanation of the learning competency takes place.

III. What Have I Learned This part will measure how much you
learned about the learning competency.

At the end of this SLK, students are expected to gain

knowledge and develop their critical thinking and problem-solving
skills that will be applied in their respective lives.

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 OBJECTIVES:
K: Identifies the theorems related to chords, arcs,
central angles, and inscribed angles.
S: Proves theorems related to chords, arcs, central
angles, and inscribed angles.
A: Shows accuracy in proving theorems related to
chords, arcs, central angles, and inscribed
angles.

LEARNING COMPETENCY:
Proves theorems related to chords, arcs, central angles,
and inscribed angles.
M10GE – 11c – d - 1

I. WHAT HAPPENED
PRE-TEST:
Direction: Answer the following.
1. Given circle O. AB  BC. If mAB = 56, what is mAOB ? What is mABC ?

B P
Q

C
2. P, Q and R are three points on a circle. If the O
ratio PQ:QR:PR = 3:4:5, find the measures of S
PR, QR and PS.
R

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II. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW
Arcs and Central Angles

A part of a circle between any two points is an arc. In the figure below,
the set of points from A to B is an arc. A circle is in itself an arc. Arc of a circle is
measured in terms of degrees.

A•
•B

O·

The whole arc making up the circle measures 360°. Any arc of a circle can
belong to any of these three groups.
a. minor arc – an arc whose measure is between 0 and 180°.
b. semicircle – an arc whose measure is exactly 180°
c. major arc – an arc whose measure is between 180° and 360°
A
In the given figure, AB is a diameter, hence AB represents
a semicircle, AC is minor arc and ABC is a major arc.
Aside from AC, another minor arc in the figure is BC. O● C
ACB also represents a semicircle.

Angles in a circle are formed by radii, chords, secants and B

tangents. Determination of the measures of the angles formed by
these lines depends upon the measure of the intercepted arcs
of the given angles.

Examples:

In circle some angles formed by chords and radii are shown. Each of
the angles intercepts an arc defined by the endpoints contained on the sides
of the angle.
A
 AEB intercepts AB.
B
 BOC intercepts BC
 COD intercepts CD O
 EOD intercepts ED
 AEB intercepts AB. E C
 AEB intercepts AB.
 AEB intercepts AB. D

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 A

B
Central angle is an angle formed by two radii
and the vertex is the center of the circle. In the
figure,  AOB,  BOD and  DOC are all O
examples of central angles. Each of these angles D
has its own intercepted arc.  AOB intercepts AB,
 BOD intercepts BD and  DOC intercepts DC.
C

The measure of a central angle is numerically B

equal to its intercepted arc.
83°
In the figure,  BAC is a central angle and A
D•
 BAC intercepts BC. Since mBC = 83, then
m  BAC = 83, mBDC = 277°. C

Solution:
mBDC = 360° - m  BAC
mBDC = 360° - 83°
mBDC = 277°

In the study of geometry, every new topic or concept is always

associated with study of postulates, theorems and definitions. In the study of
arcs and angles in a circle, we will discuss many theorems that will help us solve
problems involving the said concepts.
Like any measure, measure of an arc is also a unique real number and
as such, we can perform the four fundamental operations on those measure.

Arc Addition Postulate:

The measure of an arc formed by two adjacent non-overlapping arcs
is the sum of the measures of the two arcs.

•B
A● •C
In the given circle, m AC = m AB + m BC ·

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Examples:

D
1. DG is a diameter. Find the measure of the
E
following arcs. ·
60°
O●
DG, DE, DF, GE, DGF
·F
70°
·
Solution: __
Since DG is a diameter, then DG is a semicircle.

Therefore,

m DG = 180
m DE = 180 – (60 + 70) = 180 – 130 = 50
m DF = m DE + m EF = 50 + 60 = 110

m GE = m GF + m FE = 70 + 60 = 130

m DGF = m DG + m GF = 180 + 70 = 250

Definitions:
In the same circle or in congruent circles, arcs which have the same
measure are congruent.

D
60°
Example: 1. In the figure, m DC = 60, m BC = 60
m AB = 60. ●C
60°
Therefore, DC  BC  AB
●B
60°
2. Since every semicircle measures 180°,
then all semicircles are congruent

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 Theorem 1:
If two minor arcs of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding chords are congruent.

Examples: 1. Given: AB  BC A
· C
Since AB subtends AB and

BC subtends BC then

AB  BC A

X
O• B
2. Circle O  circle M M•

If AB  XY, then AB  XY
Y

Theorem 2:
If two chords of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent, then
the corresponding minor arcs are congruent.

This is the converse of the previous theorem. Basically if you prove these
two theorems, the steps will be just the reverse of the other. Instead of proving
them, showing examples will be more beneficial to you.
P
In circle A, if RS  PQ
R
then RS  PQ A •

Q
S

Theorem 3:
If two central angles of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding minor arcs are congruent.

Example: In circle O,  MNO   BOA M

Therefore, MP  AB P

B
A
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 Theorem 4:
If two minor arcs of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding central angles are congruent.

Example: In circle A, BC  DE E
Therefore BAC  DAE ` A
B
D

Theorem 5:
If two central angles of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent,
then the corresponding chords are congruent.

Example:
B
Given: In circle O, XOY  AOB

Prove: XY  AB O
X
A

Y
Proof:

Statements Reasons
1. In circle O, XOY  AOB 1. Given
2. OX  OB , OY  OA 2. Radii of the same or congruent
circles are congruent
3. XOY  BOA 3. SAS congruency Postulate
4. Corresponding parts of congruent
4. XY  AB
triangles are congruent.

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 Theorem 6:
If two chords of a circle or of congruent circles are congruent circles
are congruent, then the corresponding central angles are congruent.
S

Given: In circle A, PR  ST
Prove: PAR  SAT A
T

p
Proof:
R

Statements Reasons
1. In circle A, PR  ST 1. Given
2. Radii of the same circle are
2. AP  AS
congruent.
AR  AT
3. SSS Congruency Postulate
3. PAR  SAT
4. Corresponding parts of
4. PAR  SAT
congruent triangles are
Congruent

Examples:
A
Given: AB and CD are diameters of circle E. C
1. What is true about AED and BEC ? Why?
2. What kind of angles are they? E
3. Give as many conclusions as you can D
based on the previously discussed theorems.
B

Answers:

1. AED  BEC . They are vertical angles and vertical angles are
congruent.
2. In the circle they are central angles. Central angles are angles whose
vertex is the center of the circle.
3. a. AD  BC. If two central angles of a circle or of congruent circles are
congruent, then the corresponding arcs are congruent.
b. AD  BC
Likewise
1. AEC  BED
2. AC  DB
3. AC  DB

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 Arcs and Inscribed Angles

Another angle in a circle that is very important in the study of circle is the
inscribed angle.

Definition:
An inscribed angle is an angle whose vertex lies on the circle and the
sides contain chords of the circle.
B
D
P

F
T ● C
●
●

A
S
E

Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig 3

Each of the angle shown above is an example of an inscribed angle.

Three cases are represented here relative to the position of the sides in relation
to the center of the circle.

Case 1. The center of the circle is on one side of the inscribed angle.
Case 2. The center of the circle is in the interior of the inscribed angle.
Case 3. The center of the circle is on the exterior of the inscribed angle.

In the study of the angles in a circle and in determining their measures,

it is important to determine the intercepted arc(s) of the given angle. To
understand better, let us see some examples.

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In the figure, the arc in the interior of the angle is the intercepted arc of the
angle.

a) In figure 2,  PST is an inscribed angle,

 PST intercepts arc PT

b) In figure 3,  BAC is an inscribed angle

 BAC intercepts arc BC

Every angle whether in a circle on in any plane is associated with a

unique number defined as its measure. If the measure of a central angle is
equal to the measure of its intercepted arc, the next theorem will tell us how
to find the measure of the inscribed angle.

Theorem: Inscribed Angle Theorem

The measure of an inscribed angle is equal to one half the measure of its
intercepted arc. It means that in the given figure,
mDEF = 12mDF

Since there are three cases by which an inscribed angle can be drawn
in a circle, then we have to prove each of those cases.

Case 1 (One side of the angle is the diameter of the circle) D

F
Given: Circle O with inscribed angle DEF 1 y
Use the notation in the figure for O●
clarity
O
1
Prove: mDEF = (mDF )
x
2
E
Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Circle O with inscribed angle 1. Given
DEF 2. Line determination postulate
2. Draw OF to form ∆FOE 3. Definition of exterior angle
3.  1 is an exterior angle of ∆FOE 4. Exterior angle theorem
4. 4. m  1 = x + y 5. Radii of the same circle are
congruent

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 So, we have proven case 1. Let us now prove case 2 of the inscribed angle
theorem.

Case 2. (The center of the circles lies in the interior of the inscribed angle)

P
Given : Circle O with inscribed PQR
S
1
Prove: m PQR = m PR a ●
2 O
Q b

Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Circle O with inscribed PQR . Use 1. Given
the given notation in the figure.
2. Draw diameter QS 2. Line determination Postulate
3. Angle Addition Postulate
3. m PQR = a + b
4. a = 1 mPS
2 4. Inscribed angle theorem (Case 1)
b = 1 mSR
2
5. a + b = 1 mPS + 1 mSR = 1 ( mPS + mSR) 5. Addition Property of Equality
2 2 2

6. mPR = mPS + mPR 6. Arc Addition Postulate

1
7. m PQR` = (mPS + mPR)
2 7. Transitive Property of Equality
8. m PQR` = 1 mPR
2
8. Transitive Property of Equality

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Proof:
Statements Reasons
1. Draw diameter AD 1. Line determination Postulate
2. mDAC = mDAB + mBAC 2. Angle Addition Postulate
3. mBAC = mDAC − mDAB 3. Subtraction Property of Equality
4. mDAC = 1 mDC 4. Inscribed angle Theorem (Case 1)
2
mDAB = 1 mDB
2
5. mBAC = 1 mDC − 1 mDB = 1
(mDC-mDB)
2 2 2 5. Substitution
6. mDC = mDB + mBC 6. Arc Addition Postulate
7. mBC = mDC – mDB 7. Subtraction Property of Equality
8. mBAC = 1 mBC 8. Substitution
2

From the proofs that were given, we can therefore conclude that
wherever in the circle the inscribed angle is located, it is always true that its
measure is one-half its intercepted arc.

Examples. Use the figure at the right.

1. Given: circle O. mBOD = 80

Find: mBD, mBAD

Solution: B

O
Since mBOD = 80 , then

a. mBD = 80 A D

b. mBAD = 1
2 BD

= 1
2 (80)
= 40

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2. Given: circle O. mBAD = 37

Find: mBD , mBOD

Solution:
mBAD = 37 = 12 mBD

mBD = 2(37) = 74
mBOD = mBD
mBOD = 74

Theorem:
Inscribed angles subtended by the same arc are congruent.

T
Given: Circle O. MN subtends both  T and  P
●O
 T and  P are inscribed angles

Prove:  T   P N

Proof:

Statements Reasons

1. In circle O, MN subtends both  T and 1. Given

 P.  T and  P are inscribed angles.
2. mT = 1 mMN 2. Inscribed Angle Theorem
2
mP = 1 mMN
2
3. Transitive Property of Equality
3. mT = mP

4. T  P 4. Definition of congruent angles

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III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED
Evaluation:
Direction: Answer the following.
A. BD and EC are diameters of circle A.
B
If mC = 35 , find the measures of

1.  B 5.  EAD E A
35º
C
2.  E 6. BC

3.  D 7. CD
4.  BAC
D

B. Given: Circle A, XY and BE are diameters

m XAE = 104. B

Find:
X
1. m XE

2. m E A

3. m BXY
Y
4. m YXE

E
C. Given AB and CD are chords, AB  CD. Prove AB  CD

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D. Given: Circle O. MN subtends both  T and  P
 T and  P are inscribed angles

Prove:  T  

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 REFERENCES
Bernabe, Julieta G. and Soledad, Jose D. Geometry Textbook for Third Year. SD
Publications, Inc.,2009.

Oronce, Orlando A. and Mendoza, Marilyn O. E – Math Worktext in Mathematics 10.

Rex Book Store Inc., 2018.

EASE Modules Year 3, Module 1: Circle

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 DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL

SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

FAY C. LUAREZ, TM, Ed.D., Ph.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
Acting CID Chief

ADOLF P. AGUILAR
OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

NILITA L. RAGAY, Ed.D.

OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

ROSELA R. ABIERA
Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS)

ARNOLD R. JUNGCO
Education Program Supervisor – (SCIENCE & MATH)

MARICEL S. RASID
Librarian II (LRMDS)

ELMAR L. CABRERA
PDO II (LRMDS)

MARIA FATIMA M. EMPERADO

Writer/ Illustrator

KEENJI L. ARMENTANO
Lay-out Artist

ALPHA QA TEAM
CLAUDETH S. MERCADO
JAMES D. RODRIGUEZ
JEROME Y. SILORIO, EdD
MARICEL T. TROPEZADO

BETA QA TEAM
NIDA BARBARA S. SUASIN
CLAUDETH S, MERCADO
MARICEL T. TROPEZADO
DISCLAIMER

The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning
modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully
researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly
instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright
and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division.

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SYNOPSIS
The goal of the Philippines K
to 12 Mathematics is to develop
learners’ critical thinking and
problem-solving skills. Hence,
this SLK was created to support
this goal.
This SLK discusses how to
proves theorems related to
chords, arcs, central angles,
and inscribed angles.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR/ILLUSTRATOR

MARIA FATIMA M. EMPERADO. She

graduated at Negros Oriental State
University Bais Campuses I and II with the degree
of Bachelor of Education major in Mathematics
last March 2006. She has a Complete Academic
Requirement (CAR, MAED - Math) in her Master’s
Degree. She is currently teaching at Ayungon
Science High School as Math Teacher, Class
Adviser (Grade 10), School Planning Coordinator,
and School Registrar.

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