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A Catalog of Essential Functions: Linear Models

Here are the solutions to the selected exercises from Section 1.2: 6. y = 2x - 3, y = -3x + 5, y = (1/2)x, y = x2 12. y = (x - 2)2, y = (1/3)x, y = -x, y = (x + 1)3 14. y = (x - 1)3, y = √x, y = (1/x), y = x4 17. y = sin(x - π/2), y = cos(2x), y = tan(x/2) 18. y = 2x, y = (

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Tuan Anh Tran
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33 views

A Catalog of Essential Functions: Linear Models

Here are the solutions to the selected exercises from Section 1.2: 6. y = 2x - 3, y = -3x + 5, y = (1/2)x, y = x2 12. y = (x - 2)2, y = (1/3)x, y = -x, y = (x + 1)3 14. y = (x - 1)3, y = √x, y = (1/x), y = x4 17. y = sin(x - π/2), y = cos(2x), y = tan(x/2) 18. y = 2x, y = (

Uploaded by

Tuan Anh Tran
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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A catalog of essential functions


Linear models
 y is a linear function of x if the graph of the function is
a line.
 The slope-intercept form of the equation of a linear
function is
y = f (x) = mx + b
where m is the slope of the line and b is the y-intercept.
 A characteristic feature of linear functions is that they
grow at a constant rate.
Linear models

 The graph of the linear function f (x) = 3x – 2 and a table of
sample values:

whenever x increases by 0.1, the value of f (x) increases by 0.3.


 So f (x) increases three times as fast as x.
 Thus the slope of the graph can be interpreted as the rate of
change of y with respect to x.
Polynomials

 A function P is called a polynomial if
P (x) = anxn + an –1xn –1 + . . . + a2x2 + a1x + a0
where n is a non-negative integer
a0, a1, a2, . . ., an are constants called the coefficients
The domain of any polynomial is
 If the leading coefficient an  0, then the degree of the
polynomial is n.
Ex:

is a polynomial of degree 6.
Polynomials

 A polynomial of degree 1 is of the form P (x) = mx + b
 A polynomial of degree 2 is of the form
P (x) = ax2 + bx + c (quadratic function).
The parabola opens upward if a > 0 and downward if a < 0.
Polynomials

 A polynomial of degree 3 is of the form
P (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d (a  0)
(cubic function)
 Figure 5 shows the graph of some polynomials:
Power Functions

 A function of the form f (x) = x , where a is a constant, is
a

called a power function.


(i) a = n, where n is a positive integer
The graphs of f (x) = xn for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 are shown
below.
Power functions

 The general shape of the graph of f (x) = xn :
 If n is even, then f (x) = xn is an even function and its graph is
similar to the parabola y = x2.
 If n is odd, then f (x) = xn is an odd function and its graph is
similar to that of y = x3.
As n increases, the graph of y = xn becomes flatter near 0 and
steeper when | x |  1.
Power functions

(ii) a = 1/n, where n is a positive integer
The function is a root function.
 The square root function
Domain: [0,)
The graph is the upper half
of the parabola x = y2.
 For other even values of n,
the graph of is similar
to that of
Power functions

 For n = 3 we have the cube root function

Domain:

The graph of for n odd (n > 3) is similar to


that of
Power functions

(iii) a = –1. The reciprocal function f (x) = x –1 = 1/x.
Its graph is a hyperbola with the coordinate axes as its
asymptotes.
Rational functions

 A rational function f is a ratio of two polynomials:

where P and Q are polynomials.

Ex.

Domain: {x | x  2}
Trigonometric Functions

(a) f (x) = sin x
Domain: (,+ )
Range: [–1, 1].

(a) ƒ (x) = sin x


(b) f (x) = cos x
Domain: (,+ )
Range: [–1, 1].
The sine and cosine
(b) ƒ (x) = cos x
functions are periodic functions and have period 2.
Trigonometric Functions

(c) The tangent function:

Domain: x   /2 + k
Range: (,).

 The tangent function has


period  y = tan x
Exponential Functions

 The exponential functions are the functions of the
form f (x) = ax, where the base a is a positive constant.

Ex. y = 2x and y = (0.5)x

Domain: (,+ )

Range: (0,+).

(a) y = 2x (b) y = (0.5)x


Logarithmic Functions

 The logarithmic functions f (x) = logax, where the
base a is a positive constant.

 Domain: (0,),

 Range: (,+ ),

 The function increases

slowly when x > 1.


Transformations of Functions

 By applying certain transformations to the graph of a
given function we can obtain the graphs of certain
related functions.

 This will give us the ability to sketch the graphs of


many functions quickly by hand.

 It will also enable us to write equations for given


graphs.
Transformations of Functions

 Translations:

 If c is a positive number, then the graph of y = f (x) + c
is just the graph of y = f (x) shifted upward a distance
of c units (because each y-coordinate is increased by
the same number c).
 If g(x) = f (x – c), (c > 0) then the value of g at x is the
same as the value of f at x – c (c units to the left of x).
 The graph of y = f (x – c), is just the graph of y = f (x)
shifted c units to the right.
Transformations of Functions

Translating the graph of ƒ


Transformations of Functions

 The stretching and reflecting transformations:
 If c > 1, then the graph of y = cf (x) is the graph of y =
f (x) stretched by a factor of c in the vertical direction
(because each y-coordinate is multiplied by the same
number c).
 The graph of y = –f (x) is the graph of y = f (x) reflected
about the x-axis because the point (x, y) is replaced
by the point (x, –y).
Transformations of Functions

Stretching and reflecting the graph of f


Transformations of Functions

 The figure illustrates these stretching transformations
when applied to the cosine function with c = 2.
Transformations of Functions

Ex 2. Given the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑥 , use transformations to graph 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2,
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2, 𝑦 = − 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 𝑥, and 𝑦 = −𝑥.
Solution

we sketch:
𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 by shifting 2 units downward;
 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 2 by shifting 2 units to the right; 𝑦 = − 𝑥 by reflecting about the x-axis
 𝑦 = 2 𝑥 by stretching vertically by a factor of 2; 𝑦 = −𝑥 by reflecting about the y-axis.
Combinations of Functions

 Two functions f and g can be combined to form new
functions:
 The sum and difference functions are defined by:
(f + g)(x) = f (x) + g (x); (f – g)(x) = f (x) – g (x)
 The product and quotient functions are defined by:

 If the domain of f is A and the domain of g is B, then:


• The domain of f + g, f – g, fg are the intersection A ∩ B.
• The domain of f/g is {x  A ∩ B | g(x)  0}.
Combinations of Functions

 Composition:

 The domain of f  g is the set


of all x in the domain of g such
that g (x) is in the domain of f.
(f  g)(x) is defined whenever
both g (x) and f (g (x)) are defined.
Combinations of Functions

Ex 1:

(a) The domain of 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 is A = [0,+)
The domain of g 𝑥 = 2 − 𝑥 is B = (, 2]
So the domain of 𝑓 + 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 − 𝑥 is A ∩ B = [0, 2].
(b) f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x – 1
The domain of the rational function (f/g)(x) = x2/(x – 1) is
{x | x  1}, or (,1) U (1,+).
(c) y = 𝑓 𝑢 = 𝑢 and u = g (x) = x2 + 1
The composition (or composite) of f and g is:
y = f (u) = f (g (x)) = f (x2 + 1) = 𝑥 2 + 1
The domain of the f  g is .
Combinations of Functions

Ex 2: If f (x) = x2 and g (x) = x – 3, find the
composite functions f  g and g  f.
Solution:
We have
(f  g)(x) = f (g (x)) = 𝑓 𝑥 − 3 = (𝑥 − 3)2
(g  f)(x) = g (f (x)) = 𝑔 𝑥 2 = 𝑥 2 − 3.
Exercises of Section 1.2

6, 12, 14, 17, 18, 21, 23, 24, 27, 30, 32, 34, 39, 41, 54

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