etary INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MmeIVERSITY CHEM181: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS - LABORATORY First Semester, AY 2021-2022 IK, JOANNA ERICA _G bsce = 1 Name Course & Year ar with the construction and manipulations of the Bunsen burner. ‘acquainted with some common laboratory operations. ‘of 0.5 g of table salt, 0.5 g of naphthalene, 1.0 g of sand, dash of food coloring of activated carbonren eau] erring Theory: Several tools are used inside the laboratory and each has its own purpose. Different laboratory operations are also practiced inside the laboratory such as lighting the Bunsen burner, measuring volumes of liquid, etc. Since these are frequently done inside the laboratory, proper execution of these operations and techniques is needed to ensure the safety of the student. The purpose of this experiment is to introduce several equipment used in the laboratory and to learn about their proper usage. This experiment also aims to teach proper execution of common techniques done inside the laboratory. ‘One of the common operations in the laboratory is the use of a Bunsen bumer. It produces a single open flame which is used for heating and combustion. Combustion is commonly called burning. The substance that bums is usually referred to as fuel. Sufficient air or oxygen is needed for the complete combustion of a fuel Complete combustion of a fuel yields carbon dioxide and water vapor. This reaction typically gives Off heat and a non-luminous flame. The general equation for a complete combustion reaction is fuel + Or > COxe) + HzO + heat Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air or oxygen is poor. It yields carbon monoxide and pure carbon aside from carbon dioxide and water vapor. This pure carbon is called soot. The flame produced is a luminous one. fuel + Ong) + COrq) + HzO) + COW + Ce) + heat Procedure: a. Laboratory Operations: 1. Using a Bunsen Burner a. Examine your Bunsen burner and locate its parts. b. Label the parts properly (see Fig 1). Give the function of each part. Note the gas inlet and the nozzle or gas spud al the base of the burner. 0 — Mburet 2—DAPIEL i {hu 2 Lee *¢ = DAT Figure 1. Parts of the Bunsen burner Source: pe ww: ranger comproducY HUMBOLDT: Bunsen Bumer-9K457ene eet Parts of a Bunsen Burner and Their Functions: + Barrel - where the fuel and air mixes + Air hole — entrance of the air + Mouth — place of ignition ‘+ Gas inlet — entrance of the fuel gas Gas regulator — valve that controls the fuel gas coming into the gas spud Gas spud — regulates/controls the amount of fuel gas to be combusted * Collar — movable part that reguiates/controis the amount of air coming in and to close and open the air holes * Base — supports the Bunsen bumer + Rubber tubing ~ attached to the gas inlet and connected to the gas source ©. Before lighting the Bunsen bumer, make sure that the gas regulator is closed and the aitholes are open. Open the gas regulator slightly ° Light a matchstick and hold it just slightly above the mouth of the burner. Slowly open the gas cock until you have a flame of about ten cm high. 9. Open and close the air holes and note the difference in the color of the flame. Observations & a HPEHE? AIG WE - oR wug EUNWeCTSER) ORD aL (tre ATMS SVARMEE/ Yew OPANGE FrAMe Corer) h. Put out the flame by turning off the gas cock and close the gas regulator. NEVER BLOW OUT THE GAS FLAME.— he opening and closing of the air holes have on the amount of air 4 (iy xem, whe ter elem Wy A eC ardor ewe AC ntemicttn AN dhe ody yiihichuee UI ry H MmCMICMIC Carlyn prizted flat ac wr WO.( 5 c Mrdoepes rl ou going to se in the laboratory when heating? Why? en, it Wate sal bette Comb? ily Excinplang Povey [tehw ced (4/0 of beaker (11 with water up to the brim. separately using a graduated cylinder. Place the graduated cylinder on a flat surface and keep the eye at cus of the liquid as shown in Figure 2 ds in approximately two decimal places.) the testtube _ §:6%n1 1) beaker FL Abo ‘Golored liquids, keep the eye level with the upper 40 me 220 Es 20 of volumes of liquids (clear and colorless liquids) GOGQHCPo JOMBpHOOv.AC-FoiEBy nd CrRaxdxoM3ZBekZW=s803. Transferring liquids a. Filla 250 mL beaker with water until it is about three-fourths full. b, Hold the beaker with water with one hand and a glass rod with the other. c. Hold the glass rod against the lip of the beaker containing the water and put the free end of the rod into an empty 250 ml. beaker. d. Carefully pour the water and let it glide down the glass rod into the empty beaker (see Fig. 3). r f \ ey Figure 3. Transferring Liquids Soares ne rgaona comimaxDiB Bea 9200 Why should one use a glass rod or piece of glass tubing in transferring liquids from one vessel to another? Ket weed Aw come Ga You phot gained wy rvcdien + auvid vfs 4. Heating liquids in test tubes a. Partially fila test tube (not more than %) with water. b. Hold the test tube with a test tube holder and position it at a 45° angle. c. Heat the liquid by moving the test tube slowly back and forth through the flamein such a manner that the top of the flame is near the top of the liquid but does not touch the empty part of the test tube. Figure 4. Heating liquids in test tubes ‘Source: hp mew pnsdacy.comes|tube-ne KoXbIVALGXc" 11 FadmmseeD"1uQ2.8ee eee en ee a ‘Source: bios /hs.aoogleusercontent.convITC-6 keHy42c1V13xF 1W/DEGpksH thou Why should the liquid be heated at a 45-degree angle? tn athe heated sulatences Taill Newry Oats A Wert av 7 vthauld lls a obey re (00 peed toy Trans Gun Why should it be moved slowly back and forth? “te Ata 6 specat the wat UT Denly Why should one heat the upper portion of the liquid rather than the bottom? prey Ait Al allow any gatu Auarpd A Uape withowd arcry th oA on “py Ae A dy Out oy Ar When heating liquids, the opening of the test tube must never be pointed towards another person or to yourself. Why? ee Ts “Gh be doney nee accidents yack a ehng Irqutd on, Ait WA PE TO A ey tear : zs ._ Investigating odors: a. Many substances have characteristic odors. Some have agreeable odors while others have disagreeable or irritating odors. b. Be cautious in investigating odors. Some vapors, when inhaled, can be lethal. c. Never take a direct sniff of the vapor at the mouth of the container where the concentration of the vapor is high. (see Fig. 5) d. When it is necessary to smell chemicals in the laboratory, cup your hand above the container and WAFT OR FAN THE VAPOR towards your face. e. Try not to breathe in through your nose but bring in just enough to detect the smell. Figure 5. Proper method of investigating odors (OAxS4zm8WFIKAlhoMvaVDLDwEeSS0=5114Why is wafting ais won x_n We 4 important? ext tape Whalen x AUS Dearie x. \oww omncacretoas vy Nepret glass Erystals clinging to the watch glass are intact ‘Remove the beaker from the water bath. ‘Scrape watch ase oe the walls ofthe beaker and colect them on 2 PISS crystals to the laboratory counter. Questons: a. ‘What is the name of the substance clinging at the bottom of the watch glass and on the walls of the beaker? CRYITAYS ANUS b. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this operation. CWS, AWZATION = ‘Ad 50.0 mit water othe beaker containing the remaining Mire, oS Aad 50.0 re liquid to another beaker. Care must be taken lo ensere in the container. ‘Questions: a. Whatis the term aiven to the clear liquid SAWIEL NATANT b. Whats the term aiven. the solid left in the beaker? PIE CAR ee. (EAE c. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this operatior TECANTAT on stand 2 minutes then that the solid remains poured off to another beaker? mn. 3. Add 0.1 4 of activated carbon tothe quid. Mix using a stenng 1 Boil for 3 minutes by Bunsen bumer using Clay flame shield and wire gauze. Cool placing the beaker on top of a the next procedure. and reserve for Questions: a. What changes in {T_ WeCAME b. Give the name nf the nr ABOU TON the appearance or color of TAGEER, DUACUEE - sess of separation involved in this operation. the liquid did you observe?EUnet eacaaati eer 5. Transfer one — half of the clear liquid to an evaporating dish. Place the evaporating dish with liquid on the ceramic center of the wire gauze which is placed on top of the clay flame shield. Cover it with a watch glass. Allow the liquid to evaporate SLOWLY until all the liquid has been evaporated and crystals are formed. Observations: WAC Ocal vert and Questions: a. What is the term given to the solid left on the evaporating dish after heating? Pease / CASAL LAA b. Whatis its chemical name? DIUM WHE c. Whatis its chemical formula? Vac\_ d. Give the name of the process of separation involved in this procedure. EV AwyATION Additional Questions: 4. Enumerate three other methods of separating components of a mixture other than those included this experiment. DiMMeAnon | Foe AND CAROMAL DAY 2. The schematic diagram on the next page illustrates how to separate the components of a mixture containing table salt, sand, naphthalene, and food coloring.