Types of Microprocessors

Instructor: Bijan Paul

Senior Lecturer
University of Liberal Arts Bangladesh
 What is a Microprocessor?

 The microprocessor is the main important or the heart of the normal

computer.

 The microprocessor is totally computation engine.

 Generally, the microprocessor is an integrated circuit and it

incorporates core function of a computer’s central processing unit.

 The microprocessor is a multipurpose, programmable device that

accepts digital data as input, processes it according to instructions
stored in it’s memory and provide results as output.

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 Program Counter
 A program counter is a register in a computer processor that contains the
address (location) of the instruction being executed at the current time.

 This register is a memory pointer.

 The microprocessor uses this register to sequence the execution of the

instructions. The function of the program counter is to point to the memory
address from which the next byte is to be fetched.

 When a byte (machine code) is being fetched, the program counter is

incremented by one to point to the next memory location.

 When the computer restarts or is reset, the program counter normally

reverts to 0.

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 Stack Pointer
 A stack pointer is a small register that stores the address of the last
program request in a stack.

 A stack is a specialized buffer which stores data from the top down. As
new requests come in, they "push down" the older ones. The most recently
entered request always resides at the top of the stack, and the program
always takes requests from the top.

 A stack (also called a pushdown stack) operates in a last-in/first-out sense.

 When a new data item is entered or "pushed" onto the top of a stack, the
stack pointer increments to the next physical memory address, and the
new item is copied to that address.

 When a data item is "pulled" or "popped" from the top of a stack, the item
is copied from the address of the stack pointer, and the stack pointer
decrements to the next available item at the top of the stack. 4
 Pipelining
 A technique used in advanced microprocessors where the microprocessor
begins executing a second instruction before the first has been completed.

 That is, several instructions are in the pipeline simultaneously, each at a

different processing stage.

 The pipeline is divided into segments and each segment can execute its
operation concurrently with the other segments. When a segment
completes an operation, it passes the result to the next segment in the
pipeline and fetches the next operation from the preceding segment. The
final results of each instruction emerge at the end of the pipeline in rapid
succession.

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 8085 Microprocessor
 The 8085 microprocessor is designed by Intel in the year of 1977 with the help of NMOS(N-type
metal-oxide-semiconductor logic) technology.
 It is an 8-bit microprocessor
 8-bit data bus
 16-bit address bus, which can address upto 64KB
 A 16-bit program counter
 A 16-bit stack pointer
 Requires +5V supply to operate at 3.2 MHZ single phase clock

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 8086 Microprocessor
 It is 16 bit processor. So that it has 16 bit ALU, 16 bit registers and internal data bus
and 16 bit external data bus. It make s faster processing.

 8086 has 20 bit address lines to access memory. Hence it can access

2^20 = 1 MB memory location.

 8086 has 16-bit address lines to access I/O devices, hence it can access

2^16 = 64K I/O location

 Pipelining:- Pipelining improves the performance of the processor so that operation

is faster. 8086 uses two stage of pipelining. First is Fetch Stage and the second is
Execute Stage.

 Fetch stage that prefetch up to 6 bytes of instructions stores them in the queue.

 Execute stage that executes these instructions.

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 8086 Microprocessor
 Operates in two modes:-8086 operates in two modes:

 Minimum Mode: A system with only one microprocessor.

 Maximum Mode: A system with multiprocessor.

 8086 uses memory banks:- The 8086 uses a memory banking system. It means
entire data is not stored sequentially in a single memory of 1 MB but memory is
divided into two banks of 512KB.

 Interrupts:- 8086 has 256 vectored interrupts.

 Multiplication And Division:-8086 has a powerful instruction set. So that it

supports Multiply and Divide operation.

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8086 Microprocessor

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8086 Microprocessor Internal Block Diagram

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 Difference Between 8085 and 8086
Features 8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor

Size It is 8 bit microprocessor It is 16 bit microprocessor

Address
It has 16 bit address bus It has 20 bit address bus
Bus

Data Bus It has 8 bit data bus It has 16 bit data bus

8085 can access upto 2^16 = 64 8086 can access upto 2^20 = 1 MB
Memory
Kb of memory of memory.

Instruction 8085 doesn't have an instruction

8086 has an instruction queue
Queue queue

Pipelining It does not support pipelining. It supports pipelining.

Multiproce
8085 does not support
ssing 8086 supports multiprocessing
multiprocessing
Support

Flags 5 flags. 9 flags.

Operating
single operating mode two modes
Modes
I/O I/O address is 28 = 256 I/O’s I/O address is 216 = 65536 I/O’s

Cost The cost of this processor is low The cost of this processor is high 11
End

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