The

Global Divides: The North andContemporary

the South World: MIDTERMS
Prevalent 2021
Lacks of appropriate technology, no political stability, the
Global North Global North economies are disarticulated, and the foreign exchange earnings
Home to all members of G8 and Largely corresponds with the depend on primary product exports.
to four of the five permanent Third World. Concepts of Economic Relations
members of UN Security  Major Premise
Council The North—with one quarter of the world population—controls
United States, Canada, Western Africa Latin America four-fifths of the income earned anywhere in the world. 90% of
Europe the manufacturing industries are owned by and located in the
Developed parts of Asia, Developing Asia, including North. Inversely, the South—with three quarters of the world
Australia and New Zealand Middle East populations—has access to one-fifth of the world income.
The Group of Eight or G8  Prevalent
was the name of a political forum that ran from 1997 until 2014. The countries with capital will unfortunately become investors
Devoted to addressing global issues such as world hunger, security, of countries incapable of developing industry. the regulation of
medicine, and poverty, its membership included the following policies and laws is the way to attract investors.
nations: Concepts of Natural Resources Relations
France  Major Premise
Germany The South's lack of development and the high level of
Italy development of the North deepen the inequality between them
Japan and leave the South a source of raw material for the developed
United Kingdom countries. The north becomes synonymous with economic
United States development and industrialization while the South represents the
Canada previously colonized countries which are in need of help in the
Russia form of international aid agendas.
The European Union ("non-enumerated" member)  Prevalent
The forum that grew into the G8 was founded in the early 1970s. An aftermath effects of Age of Imperialism of the western
Though it inititally included only four member countries (the US, world.
UK, West Germany, and France), it quickly added Japan, Italy, and Concepts of Global Relations
Canada and became the Group of Seven (G7) in 1976. Russia  Major Premise
accepted an invitation to join in 1997, forming the G8. The underdevelopment of certain states/peoples and their lack of
However, when Russia annexed the Ukranian region of Crimea in representations in global political process is a reality
2014, its membership in the G8 was suspended. The remaining  Prevalent
members reverted back to the G7 name, and Russia officially Imbalances of Aggregate economics and political power
withdrew from the group in 2017. between states Interstate dimensions
These seven nations have about 58% of the world’s total wealth at
about $317 trillion. Over 46% of the world’s nominal GDP is
represented in these nations.
The forum was founded in order to facilitate macroeconomic
initiatives following the collapse of the exchange rate in 1971. The
group meets every year to talk about economic policies and has taken
on many initiatives throughout the years, including an initiative for
the world’s heavily indebted poor countries in 1996 and a meeting to
discuss the global financial crisis of the 2000s.
The Brandt line

The Brandt line- a definition from the 1980s dividing the world into
the wealthy north and the poor south.
 Northern Hemisphere
Rich, Industrialized Wealthy Nations
Democratic Capitalist Countries
Implications
 Southern Hemisphere
 The sameness represents the cultural homogenization that
Poor, Agricultural Developing Nations
many critics have associated with globalization. (Same as the
Non-Democratic Countries
rich influenced the poor).
Concepts of Sociological Relation
 The spaces of affluence in the developing world may mirror the
 Major Premise
Global North
95% of the North has enough food and shelter. Similarly, 95%
of the North has a functioning educational system. In the South,  The spaces of underdevelopment in developed countries may
on the other hand, only 5% of the population has enough food mirror the poverty of the Global South.
and shelter.

1
  The global economic integration is not The Contemporary
inevitable given the rise World: MIDTERMS
on Tariffs and 2021
Trade (GATT), the forerunner of the World Trade
of new technologies; it is, more importantly, a normative Organization (WTO). Many economists and policy makers
international goal. (Globalism: Steger) remain skeptical about regionalism because of its potentially
 The Dominant ideology of colonialism and the topic that negative impact on the multilateral trade and financial system.
shaped the birth of international order.  The case for regionalism therefore has to be carefully
 Outlined the historical progression terms of a society’s capacity formulated. Regionalism must not lead to protectionist blocs—a
to produce and consume material goods. (Modernization “fortress Asia” is no more desirable than a “fortress Europe” or
Theory, Rostow). a “fortress North America” would be.
Asian Regionalism  But the open, outward-oriented regionalism that is emerging in
Towards Asian Regionalism Asia can avoid posing such a threat. Just as the absence of
The center of gravity of the global economy is shifting to Asia. The barriers to commerce within national economies—that is, among
region’s economy is already similar in size to those of Europe and the states and provinces of countries such as the People’s
North America, and its influence in the world continues to increase. Republic of China (PRC), India, Germany,and the United States
Asia’s economic rise is unprecedented. The region is home to over (US)—is generally beneficial, so too is the creation of a market
half the world’s population, produces three tenths of global output (in spanning several national economies. Much of the evidence
terms of purchasing power), and consistently records the world’s assembled in this report suggests that Asia has—and will
highest economic growth rates. Regionalism is a relatively new continue to have—a fundamental stake in both regional and
aspect of Asia’s rise. Asia’s economies are increasingly connected global integration.
through trade, financial transactions, direct investment, technology,  Asia comprises several powerful countries and centers of
labor and tourist flows, and other economic relationships. Asian economic activity, with many shared economic priorities, but
economies are principally connected through markets— but where also some diverging ones. At times, these differences are
markets lead, governments are following. Asian leaders have amplified by history and politics. The price of cooperation is the
committed to work together more closely and have already taken loss of some national sovereignty and the narrowing of policy
concrete steps in some areas. options for pursuing purely national objectives.
How can Regionalism benefit Asia? Global Media Cultures
 link the competitive strengths of its diverse economies in order Media-Are the communication outlets or tools used to store and
to boost their productivity and sustain the region’s exceptional deliver information or data. Various means of communication.
growth;  Types of media:
 connect the region’s capital markets to enhance financial 1. Print Media- Newspaper Information, opinion, current
stability, reduce the cost of capital, and improve opportunities events, and news
for sharing risks; 2. Broadcast Media- Television, system of transmitting visual
 cooperate in setting exchange rate and macroeconomic policies images and sound used for broadcast.
in order to minimize the effects of global and regional shocks 3. Internet- Network system of the interconnected computer
and to facilitate the resolution of global imbalances;  systems.
 pool the region’s foreign exchange reserves to make more  Traditional/Old Media- Print media such as books,
resources available for investment and development; newspapers, magazines, newsletters, journals, pamphlets, fliers,
 exercise leadership in global decision making to sustain the open broadsides, billboards
global trade and financial systems that have supported a half  New media- means of communication using digital technologies
century of unparalleled economic development; such as : Telephone, computers, social media, mobile phones
 build connected infrastructure and collaborate on inclusive Stages of Evolution
development to reduce inequalities within and across economies 1. Pre-industrial age
and thus to strengthen support for pro-growth policies;  Time before there were machines and tools to help
and create regional mechanisms to manage cross-border health, perform tasks on mass.
safety, and environmental issues better.  Enhanced processing of language:
How can Asian Regionalism benefit World? Oral tradition as the basic ancestor of information and
 generate productivity gains, new ideas, and competition that communication flow
boost economic growth and raise incomes across the world; Communication through writing symbols and drawing
 contribute to the efficiency and stability of global financial crude pictures
markets by making Asian capital markets strong  Symbolic impressions in clay and stone tablets; e.g.
 diversify sources of global demand, helping to stabilize the Code of Hamurabi.
world economy and diminish the risks posed by global  With discovery of papyrus by Ancient Egyptians and
imbalances and downturns in other major economies;  other forms of writing tools led to advent of paper
 provide leadership to help sustain open global trade and 2. Industrial Age
financial systems; and  Defined by mass production, broadcasting the rise of
 create regional mechanisms to manage health, safety, and the nation state, power, modern machine and running
environmental issues better, and thus contribute to more water
effective global solutions of these problems.  Inventions with electricity related experimentation
The Economics of Asian Regionalism  Active role of technology in communication and
 The economics of regionalism have a complex and troubled dissemination of information
history.  Existence of printing press
In the 1930s, countries created preferential trade blocs in an Newspaper- access to news and information
attempt to shelter their economies from the Great Depression.  Image recording and invention of photography
Several countries established discriminatory currency blocs with  Other technological advancement that led to our
strict exchange controls against outsiders. modern-day media such as telegraph, wires and cables
 Far from helping, these arrangements led to the collapse of
international trade and financial flows, accelerating the 3. Electronic Age
downward spiral of economic activity. This experience was  Began when electronic equipment, including computers
foremost in the mind of the architects of the post-war global came into use
economic system as they adopted the principle of  Realization of the importance and relevance of Information
nondiscrimination as a central pillar of the General Agreement as a commodity
  Development of fax machine and The Contemporary
cellphones- faster way of World: MIDTERMS Language2021 became the most important tool as human being
transmitting messages: Cable and satellite technologies explored the world and experience different cultures.
 Development of broadcast industry; expansion of radio and It helped them move and settle down.
television It led to markets, trade and cross-continental trade.
 Portable gadgets like Walkman and discman revolutionized 2. Script
the access to mass media Language was important but imperfect, distance became a
4. Digital Age strain for oral communication.
 Starting 1970’s with introduction of personal computer and Script allowed human to communicate over a larger space
subsequent technology and much longer times.
 Refers to our current age; information is seen as It allowed for the written and permanent codification of
commodity economic, cultural, religious, and political practice.
 Evolution of personal computer- Apple, IBM 3. The Printing Press
Company,Windows It started the “information revolution”.
It transformed social institutions such as schools, churches,
 emergence of digital photography with digital single lens
governments and more.
reflex camera known as DSLR
Elizabeth Eisenstein (1979) surveyed the influences of the
Cultural Imperialism
printing press.
Global Media Debate
1. It changed the nature of knowledge. It preserved
Cultural Imperialism
and standardized knowledge.
 Argues that audiences across the globe are heavily affected by
2. It encouraged the challenge of political and
media messages emanating from the Western industrialized
religious authority because of its ability to
countries.
circulate competing views.
 Nation-states as primary actors in international relations. They 4. Electronic Media
imputed rich, industrialized, and Western nation-states with The vast reach of these media continues to open up new
intentions and actions by which they export their cultural vistas in the economic, political, and cultural processes of
products and impose their sociocultural values on poorer and globalization.
weaker nations in the developing world. Radio- quickly became a global medium, reaching distant
 flow of news and entertainment was biased in favor of regions.
industrialized countries. Television- considered as the most powerful and pervasive
 This bias was clear both in terms of quantity, because most mass medium. It brought together the visual and aural
media flows were exported by Western countries and imported power of the film with the accesibility of radion.
by developing nations, and in terms of quality, because 5. Digital Media
developing nations received scant and prejudicial coverage in Digital Media are often electronic media that rely on digital
Western media. code. Many of our earlier media such as phones and tvs are
 The global media debate was launched during the 1973 General now considered digital media. In the realm of politic
Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and computer allowed citizens to access information from
Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in Nairobi, Kenya. around the world.
 As a specialized agency of the United Nations, the mission of Global Imaginary and Global Village
UNESCO includes issues of communication and culture. Media have linked the globe with stories, images, myths and
Cultural Imperialism to Globalization metaphors.
 First, the end of the Cold War as a global framework for - Global Imaginary- the globe itself as imagined community.
ideological, geopolitical, and economic competition calls for a Global Village
rethinking of the analytical categories and paradigms of thought. Marshall McLuhan
 Second, according to John Tomlinson (1991), globalization Media have connected the world in ways that create a global village.
replaced cultural imperialism because it conveys a process with As McLuhan predicted media and globalization have connected the
less coherence and direction, which will weaken the cultural world. However, the “global village have brought no collective
unity of all nation-states, not only those in the developing world. harmony or peace. Why do think so?
 Finally, globalization has emerged as a key perspective across Media and Economic Globalization
the humanities and social sciences, a current undoubtedly Media fosters the conditions for global capitalism.
affecting the discipline of communication. “Economic and cultural globalization arguably would be impossible
A Hybrid or Homogenous Global Culture without a global commercial media system to promote global markets
transnational mass media intensify the hybridity that is already in and to encourage consumer values” – Robert Mc Chesney
existence in cultures across the globe. Consequently, the Media and Political Globalization
globalization of culture through the media is not a process of Though media corporations are themselves powerful political actors,
complete homogenization, but rather one where cohesion and individuals journalists are subject to intimidations as more actors
fragmentation coexist. contend for power.
Global Media Cultures In the age of political globalization: government shape and
Globalization- a set of multiple, uneven and sometimes overlapping manipulate the news. Is this also true for Philippines?
historical processes, including economics, politics, and culture, that Media complicate politics…how?
have combined with the evolution of media technology to create the
conditions under which the globe itself can now be understood as “an
imagined community”. Media and Cultural Globalization
Media on one level are the carriers of culture.
The two concepts have been partners throughout the whole of human It generates numerous and on-going interactions
history. Globalization will bring about and increasing blending or mixture of
“Globalization and media have created the conditions through which cultures. What is the role of media in the blending or mixture of
many people can now imagine themselves as part of one world.” culture?
Evolution of Media and Globalization Popular Music and Globalization
1. Oral Communication Technologies of transport, of information and mediation, including
Language allowed human to cooperate. It allowed sharing social media platforms, have made possible the circulation of cultural
of information.
commodities such Theas Contemporary music. World: MIDTERMS 2021Cosmopolitanism
Circulation of cultural commodities are consumed to gain cultural  It is the phenomenon most readily associated with the global
capital and social status. city.Large, diverse cities attract people, material and cultural
Goods and commodities became a catalyst that set globalization. products from all over the world.
Religion and Globalization  The idea of cosmopolitanism invokes pleasant images of travel,
Beyond the Secularization Debate exploration, and ‘worldly’ pursuits enjoyed by those who have
 There is a discontinuity between research agendas that focus on benefited from globalization
secularization and globalization.  Everyday life is significantly shaped by commercial culture,
 Social scientists have debated the scope, nature, extent and retail and shoppingas well as cross cultural variety of food,
parameters of secularization in an effort to unveil the overall fashion, entertainment and various other consumables and
patterns and/or trajectories of the modern world. artifacts.
 Initially secularization had a strong following but eventually it  Consumption is costly in resources
was superseded by re-evaluation.  Networks and groups rely on geographic proximity
 Various debated lead to re-appraisal. Global Cities are livable cities because:
 Secularization debate have been reframed.  They provide jobs that pay an adequate wage
 Secularization is understood as a shift in the overall frameworks  They provide basic services, including safe water and adequate
of human condition; it makes it possible for people to have a sanitation
choice between belief and non-belief in a manner hitherto  They are void of discriminatory practices
unknown.  People have access to educational opportunities and health care
Transnational Religion and Multiple Globalization  People are not at risk of forced eviction
 Migration of faiths across the globe has been a major feature of  People enjoy security of tenure in affordable housing
the worlds throughout the 20th century.  People live in communities that are safe and environment that
 Transnational religion emerged through the post-World War II. are clean
 Two distinct blends of religious universalism and local  The cities are governed through inclusive local democratic
particularism. processes
It is possible for religious universalism to gain the upper hand, Japanese Mori Foundation’s Global Power City Index
whereby religion becomes the central reference for immigrants. It measures the global power of cities using the combination of six
 Religion transnationalism= “religion going global”. (6) criteria:
 It is possible for local ethnic or national particularism to gain or ✓Economy
maintain the most important place for local immigrant ✓Research and Development
communities. ✓Cultural Interaction
Religion in Global Conflict ✓Livability
Religious ideas, values, symbols and rites relate to deep issues of ✓Environment
existence, it should not be surprising when religion enters the picture ✓Accessibility
in times of crisis. Downsides of the Global City
The ere of globalization brought with it 3 enormous problems, ✗High costs
namely: ✗Alienation
1. Identity ✗Impersonality
2. Accountability ✗Social isolation
3. Security ✗Discrimination against migrants of certain kinds
Religion provides answer to these problems Features of The Global Power City Index (GPCI)
1. It provides a sense of identity 1. As opposed to limiting the ranking to particular areas of research
2. Traditional religious leadership provides a such as “Finance” and “Livability,” the GPCI focuses on a
sense of accountability. wide variety of functions in order to assess and rank the
3. Religion offers a sense of security. global potential and comprehensive power of a city.
Global City 2. 44 of the world’s leading cities were selected and their global
 The idea emerged in the social science literature in the comprehensive power evaluated based on the following
1980’s, shortly after the concept of globalization. viewpoints: six main functions representing city strength
 It has a central place in understanding contemporary spatial (Economy, Research and Development, Cultural Interaction,
patterns of globalization Livability, Environment, and Accessibility), and five global
 It is the main physical and geographic playground of the actors who lead the urban activities in their cities (Manager,
globalizing forces Researcher, Artist, Visitor, and Resident), thus providing an all-
 The global flows of people, capital and ideas are woven encompassing view of the cities.
into the daily lived experiences of its residents 3. The GPCI reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each city and
 It means power, sophistication, wealth, and influence. at the same time uncovers problems that need to be overcome.
 The ideas and values of the metropolis shape the world. 4. This ranking has been produced with the involvement of the late
 Embodies both the good and the bad effects of globalization. Sir Peter Hall, a global authority in urban studies, as well as
 The global city transcends boundaries of nation-states other academics in this field. It has been peer reviewed by third
 According to Sassen (1991), global cities are characterized parties, all international experts from both the public and private
by occupational and income polarization, with the highly sectors.
paid professional class on the one end and providers of Key Findings of the GPCI-2017
low-paid services on the other. GPCI-2017 Characteristics
 The lifestyle and needs of the well-off professional classes bring  In the GPCI-2017 comprehensive ranking, the top five cities of
into the global city an army of low-paid workers who deliver London (No. 1), New York (No. 2), Tokyo (No. 3), Paris (No.
personal and labor-intensive services like cleaning, child-care, 4), and Singapore (No. 5) all maintain their respective positions
delivery, restaurants and eateries, catering, maintenance, from last year. These cities have remained in the top 5 for nine
transport, hotels, domestic help and retail. consecutive years.
 Sassen (2005) introduces global cities as global command  Sydney (No. 10) climbs four spots this year to edge its way into
centers of the world economy. the top 10for the first time in seven years. Cities such as Los
 Angeles (No. 11), Beijing (No. 13), Theand
Contemporary
San Francisco World: MIDTERMS 2021
(No. 17) also largely improve their rankings from last year.
 By region, the European cities on the whole score highly in
Livability and Environment. The cities of Asia, which rank
highly overall, earn strong scores in Economy.
Trends for the Top 3 Cities
 London, the No. 1 city in the comprehensive ranking for the
sixth year in a row, further extends its lead over the
competition by improving its scores for such indicators as
GDP Growth Rate and Level of Political, Economic and
Business Risk in Economy, and for Attractiveness of Dining
Options and Number of Visitors from Abroad in Cultural
Interaction.
 New York (No. 2) increases its scores for the Economy
indicators of Nominal GDP and GDP Growth Rate, but fails
to make any significant headway in comprehensive score,
having returned weaker scores this year in Cultural
Interactionindicators such as Number of World-Class Cultural
Events Held and Livabilityindicators like Variety of Retail
Shops .
 Tokyo claimed the No. 3 ranking for the first time last year
andcloses the gap on New York (No. 2) this year. This is a result
of the American city’s score stalling while Tokyo continues to
improve every year in the Cultural Interactionindicator of
Number of Visitors from Abroad . However, Japan’s capital
city slips from No. 1 to No. 4 in Economy due to weaker scores
in “Market Size” and “Market Attractiveness.”Results for New
Cities in GPCI-2017
 Dubai and Buenos Aires make their first-ever appearances
in the GPCI in 2017 with respective comprehensive rankings
of No. 23 and No. 40. ✓Dubai boasts strengths in Cultural
Interaction (No. 9) and Economy (No. 11) mainly thanks to
strong evaluations for Corporate Tax Rate in Economy, and
Number of Luxury Hotel Guest Rooms in Cultural
Interaction.