NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society

Reviewer (Prelims)

LESSON 1. HISTORICAL ANTECEDENTS IN WHICH SOCIAL

CONSIDERATIONS CHANGED THE COURSE OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

Topic 1- Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the

course of Science and Technology
The advent of science and technology brought progress not only in our country but in
the entire world. It is a well - established fact that science and technology impacts all
aspects of our lives. Science and technology is associated in all means with modernity
and is considered as an essential for rapid development. The state of science and
technology determines the socio-economic progress of a country.

Science, Technology and Society

Science is a system of knowledge of the natural world gained through the scientific
method. It was known as: “philosophy of the natural world”.
Technology can be defined as the products, tools and processes used to accomplish
tasks in daily life. According to the use of technology, Technology is the application of
science to solve a problem. Technology involves the application of engineering and
applied sciences to solve the practical problems of human lives. “Society is the sum
total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to figure
things out and to make things. Society is the sum total of our interactions as humans,
including the interactions that we engage in to figure things out and to make things. It is
a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group
sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political
authority and dominant cultural expectations.
Science, Technology and Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary field that studies the
conditions under which the production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge
and technological systems occur; the consequences of these activities upon different
groups of people. An example of science, technology and society is a study of how
social media tools affect people’s politics.

The Role of Science and Technology

1. Alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects
on economic development.
2. Key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions
underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and
infrastructure.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new
sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-
technology. Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as well
as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs
will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these
technologies converge.
4. Have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries
5. Differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing
and developing their economies, and those that are not.
6. Engine of growth
7. Interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic
engineering.
Science and technology indeed play major roles in the everyday life.
They make difficult and complicated tasks easier and allow people to do more with so
little effort and time. The developments in the field are not just products of people's
imagination or a one-time thought process they are also brought about by gradual
improvements to earlier works from different time periods
The driving force behind this continuous progress is the desire to raise the quality of life
of the people.

Technology improves our life

• Communication
How we talk and communicate with one another worldwide. Technology brought many
new methods of electronic communication.
Examples:
- email
- social networking
- face time a person that lives on the other side of the world
- video conferencing where you can have conferences electronically
• It helps society and determines how people interact with each other on a daily basis
• It has positive and negative effects on the world and it impacts daily lives. We are
living in an era where technological advances are common. The internet and cell
phones are some examples.
• It affects learning
o It’s made learning more interactive and collaborative, this helps people better
engage with the material that they are learning and have trouble with.
o It gets you better access to resources. With the creation of the internet, it gives us
access to information at a twenty-four-hour rate and you have access to almost
anything online.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

o It allows students to get work done easier. Students can take quizzes and exams
more easily, and teachers being able to hold online classes can be very effective.
o It also expands the boundaries of the classroom, encouraging self-paced learning.
o People can access learning through YouTube and social media. This helps students
learn better than sitting down for lectures and reading from textbooks. These
technological advancements made learning more fun and convenient.
• Technological advancements that were made within the health industry have helped
keep people safe and healthy. There are many innovate apps on phones that although
people to watch their weight, how many calories they intake, heart rate and other health
properties any time of the day. There’s increased accessibility of treatment available,
there’s the change in healthcare that adds benefits for the elderly, and hospitals using
advanced technology within their surgical rooms.

Inventions and discoveries that change the world over the country of history
Inventions and discoveries that change the world over the country of history

Ancient Times
In the anciet times, people were concerned with transportation and
navigation, communication and record keeping, mass production, security and
protection, as well as health, aesthetics and architecture.
Transportation was significant during the ancient time because people were trying to go
to different places and discover new horizons. They travelled to search for food, find
better locations for settlements, and trade their surplus goods in exchange for things
that they lacked. Navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange
areas in the world and allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or
completed an important trade with another group of people.
Communication was essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places.
They communicate with the native of the areas they visited as to facilitate trade and
prevent possible conflicts.
Weapons and armors were important as well as the discovery of new places or the
establishment of new alliances with other tribes
a primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. People ventured of what is
known as the field of engineering. The development of engineering also ushered in the
introduction of architecture.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

Ancient Time Inventions

1. Sumerian Civilization
a. Cuneiform - the first writing system that utilizes pictures and triangular symbols
which are carved on clay using wedge instruments and then left to dry.
b. City of Uruk - the first true city in the world and also the way it was erected.
Great Ziggurat is also called the mountain of God. The sacred place of their God.
c. Irrigation and Dikes - one of the world's most beneficial engineering
d. Sailboats - essential in transportation and trading
e. Wheel - not made for transportation but for farm work and food processes
f. The Plow - used to dig the ground where seeds to be planted
g. Roads - for faster and easier travel

2. Babylonian Civilization
Babylonian Civilization Babylon was a key kingdom in ancient Mesopotamia from the
18th to 6th centuries BC. The city was built on the Euphrates river and divided in equal
parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's
seasonal floods. Babylon was originally a small Akkadian town dating from the period of
the Akkadian Empire c. 2300 BC.
The Babylonians were great builders, engineers, and architects. One of their major
contributions is the hanging gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the
ancient world. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon According to one legend, the Neo-
Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled between 605 and 562 BC, built the
Hanging Gardens, alongside a grand palace that came to be known as The Marvel of
Mankind, for his Median wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and
valleys of her homeland; this is attested to by the Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in
about 290 BC, and quoted later by Josephus.

Ancient Egyptian Invention

Egyptian Civilization Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient North eastern Africa,
concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River - geographically Lower Egypt
and Upper Egypt, in the place that is now occupied by the countries of Egypt and
Sudan. Ancient Egyptian civilization followed prehistoric Egypt and coalesced around
3100 BC.

1. Toothpaste
2. Door lock
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

3. Wig
4. Ink
5. Water clock
6. Calendar
7. Papyrus sheet
8. Hieroglyphics
9. Cosmetics

Greek Civilization

Greece is an archipelago in the south eastern part of Europe. Known as the birthplace
of western philosophy, some of the major achievements of the Greeks include in-depth
works in philosophy and mathematics. The ancient Greeks may not have been one of
the oldest civilizations, but they are doubtlessly one of the most influential civilizations to
have ever existed in the world

Greek Inventions
1. Alarm clock
2. Water mill
3. Democracy
4. Roman calendar
5. Lighthouse
6. Theater
7. Medicine

Roman Civilization

Roman Empire, the ancient empire, cantered on the city of Rome, that was established
in 27 BCE following the demise of the Roman Republic and continuing to the final
eclipse of the Empire of the West in the 5th century CE.
The Roman Empire was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the
west. It was considered to be the cradle of politics and governance during the period.

Roman Inventions
1. Newspaper
2. Bound books or codex
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

3. Roman architecture
4. Roman numeral

Chinese Civilization
Prior to the coming of cities and literacy (the hallmarks of Ancient Chinese civilization)
major Stone Age farming cultures had grown up in China since the 7th millennium BCE.
One was located in the Yellow River region, the other in the Yangtze region. In the
Yangtze, an agriculture based on rice cultivation had developed, whilst in the north, the
Yellow River region, millet was the main crop.

Chinese Inventions
1. Silk
2. Tea production
3. Great Wall of China
4. Gunpowder

Medieval/Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the
15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the
Renaissance and the Age of Discovery. The start of the middle ages was marred by
massive invasions and migrations. Wars were prevalent during this time. As such great
technology was needed in the field of weaponry, navigation, food and farm production,
and health. The wars have resulted in population decline, but during the latter part of the
period, there was a significant rise in population. The need for inventions was high.
Considering the vast and empty oceans that separated lands, ship captains needed to
see far and wide for them to navigate or to avoid dangers at sea. Telescope is an
optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for
navigators during this time. Microscope. With this device, people were able to observe
organisms that will normally seen by the naked eye. Key in discovering new means in
preventing and curing various illness.

Medieval Inventions

1. Printing press and Microscope

2. War weapons
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

Modern Ages Inventions

Modern Times

The booming world population during the nineteenth century onwards demanded that
more goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed efficient means of
transportation to trade more goods and cover a large distance. Machines that require
animals to operate must be upgraded. Faster and easier means to communicate and
compute should be developed to establish connections between and among nations. All
these needs resulted in the development of industries. However due to massive
industrializations, the modern times again faced more complicated problems. Food
processing and medicine posed some of the bigger challenges since health was of
great concern.

1. Pasteurization

As people were able to develop better means of production to meet the needs of the
population, food preservation and food safety became an issue. The challenge to keep
manufactured food from deteriorating was greater for dairy products, especially milk
since they usually spoiled faster.

2. Pasteurization process

Louis Pasteur, a French Biologist, microbiologist, and chemist, found a way to solve the
problem. He invented pasteurization, the process of heating dairy products to kill the
harmful bacteria that allow them to spoil faster.

3. Petroleum Refinery

The modern times demanded better means of powering homes and transportation. At
first people used animal oils for generating light to illuminate their homes. However the
production of animal oils could not keep up with demand. Faced with this concern,
Samuel M. Kier was able to invent kerosene by refining petroleum. Kerosene was later
on referred to as the" illuminating oil" because it was used at first to provide lighting to
homes. After sometime, it was applied for heating purposes. The development of
kerosene established the petroleum refinery industry (Skabec, 2010). At present,
petroleum is widely used in powering automobiles, factories and power plants.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

An oil refinery is an industrial plant that refines crude oil into petroleum products such
as diesel, gasoline and heating oils. The first step in the refining process is distillation,
where crude oil is heated at extreme temperatures to separate the different
hydrocarbons. Oil refineries essentially serve as the second stage in the production
process following the actual extraction of crude oil by rigs.

4. Oil refinery

5. Transportation

It was Henry Ford of the USA who pioneered the ideas of combustion engines to
replace wagon-wheels and modernize transportation. The automobiles became an
interest for rich people and 425 of the first mass made automobiles were sold in the
year 1901. Automobiles made transportation faster and easier that helped in
maintaining good economy. It radically changed the city life just by expanding the
population in the suburbs. It provided to be a boon for the farmers to carry large loads to
move for industries.

6. Communication

The more people got connected by trade and exploration, the more they needed a way
to easily maintain these connections and communicate with each other in real time.
Governments likewise needed some kind of communication system which would allow
them to administer their states well. Important day today decisions must be discussed
and addresses at the fastest time possible.

7. Calculator

Although an earlier version of the calculator had already been developed,

circumstances in the modern times required a faster way to compute more complicated
equations. Computing devices must also to carry since they would be utilized a day-to-
day basis. The creation of modern calculators did not only pave the way for easier
arithmetic calculations, but also resulted in the development of more complex
processing machines lie computer.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

Filipino Inventions

Despite being considered developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the
global advancement of science and technology. It is quite remarkable to note the
ingenuity of the Filipinos despite the lack in resources.

1. Yoyo

We all know “yoyo” as that rounded and stringed toy that kids play nowadays.

The original “yo-yo” was used by the natives 400 years ago as a combat weapon
against Spaniards and intruders, the first “yoyo” was large and had sharp edges and
studs. The modern toy that we know today was invented by Pedro Flores. It is invented
as a hunting weapon by the ancient Filipinos, probably in the Visayas.

2. E-Jeepney

The E-Jeepney, are the invention of Green Renewable Independent Power

Producers (GRIPP), and in partnership with Solar Electric Company.

E-jeepneys are like standard jeepneys, with the only difference that it runs on electricity
instead of diesel fuel.

3. Erythromycin

Abelardo Aguilar discovered the antibiotic from the Aspergillus species of fungi in 1949
and sent samples to Indiana-based pharmaceutical firm Eli Lilly Co. The drug firm
allegedly registered the propriety name Iloson for the antibiotic in honor of Iloilo province
where Aguilar discovered it. Erythromycin, the generic name of Iloson, was reportedly
the first successful macrolide antibiotic introduced in the US.

4. Medical Incubator

Doctor Fe Del Mundo is credited with studies that led to the invention of an improved
incubator and jaundice relieving device. The first Asian to have entered the prestigious
Harvard University’s School of Medicine. This improvised incubator comprised of two
native laundry baskets that were placed one inside of the other. Hot water bottles were
arranged around, and in-between the two baskets to provide warmth. It also included a
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

makeshift hood over the overlapping baskets so that oxygen will be able to circulate
within. This was created in order to address the needs of families in rural areas.
Especially those who have no electricity that is needed to regulate the body temperature
of newborn babies.

5. Salt lamp

“To light up the rest of the Philippines sustainably” was the vision of Filipina scientist
Aisa Mijeno when she made the Sustainable Alternative Lighting (SALt) lamp.

The Salt Lamp is an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that
runs on saltwater, making it suitable to those who live in coastal areas. It can also
function well in remote barrios. With just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap
water, this ecologically designed lamp can run for eight hours.

6. Fluorescent lamp

Agapito Flores, the man behind the reason why the world becomes brighter. A Filipino
Inventor who is known for his funnel of the Fluorescent light tube invention. Fluorescent
light, one of the most commonly used lighting device in the world.

Challenge 21

Challenge 21 is an educational strategy board game for enhancing mental skills through
the formation of shapes and patterns with mathematical logic. It was invented by a 68-
year-old inventor Leonardo Mejia Yu, a retired economics professor, and former
Philippine Ports Authority officer.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

LESSON 2 - INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT DEFINED SOCIETY

It has been established that most of the discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants. Brilliant
minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier
for the people. There have also been instances when advancements in science and
technology changed people's perceptions and beliefs. Much of these events happened
in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution. The developments during the
Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed by science and
technology.

Intellectual Revolution aka Scientific Revolution (Thomas Kuhn 1962) of

theories/models=paradigm

Intellect means mind and knowledge (reasoning and understanding)

The Foundation of Science & Technology in the first part, we will be dealing mostly with
history and philosophy (epistemology)

Intellectualism started when human knowledge begun to be disseminated (papyrus,

writing on the walls, printing press) – published materials, books, journals and the
media= information age

Kuhn’s Cycle (Structure of Scientific Revolutions)

Pre-science – In the beginning, there is no workable paradigm (model) to successfully

guide the work in a particular field. (Philosophy, History and S&T discoveries and
development)

1. Normal Science is the normal step, where the field has a scientifically based
model of understanding (a paradigm) that works. (positivist)

2. Model Drift is the model of understanding starts to drift, due to accumulation of

anomalies/controversies, phenomenon the model cannot explain.

History and Philosophy

Ancient times - Greek and Roman Civilizations

Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, Galen, Theophrasti (Prehistoric times)

 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

Far East– China, India, Japan, Korea

(Different Languages and religion)

Other parts – Mesopotamia, Africa, Aztec

3. Model Crisis - The Model Drift/Anomalies become so excessive the model is broken.
It can no longer serve as a reliable guide to problem solving. Attempts to patch the
model up to make it work fail. The field is in anguish.

4. Model Revolution – Revolution begins when serious candidates for a new model
emerge. It's a revolution because the new model is so radically different from the old
one.

5. Paradigm Change/Shift - A single new paradigm emerges and the field changes
from the old to the new paradigm.

When this step ends the new paradigm becomes the new Normal Science and the
Kuhn Cycle is completed

Intellectual Revolution

Copernican Revolution

In the early days people questioned the creation of days and nights-(the most common
observable change and one cause for evolution to happen). Also, they wanted to
understand heavenly bodies like stars, moon, and planets and their movements.

Many Greek philosophers and intellectuals wrote about planets in an attempt to explain
the movement of heavenly bodies and their effects on the world as they knew it –
Aristotle.

Many of these philosophers agreed that planets moved around a circular motion and
these movements created day and night.

A famous Greco-Roman philosopher and astronomer, Claudius Ptolemy (100-170 AD),

wrote that the planets as well as the sun and the moon moved in a circular motion
around the earth. He believed that the earth was at the center– a concept known as
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

geocentrism. Ptolemy’s geocentric model was widely accepted by the people (2nd to
16th century) and was one of the greatest discoveries of that time.

The Geocentric Model

In the 16th century, Nicolaus Copernicus, a Polish mathematician and astronomer,

challenged the Ptolemaic model. He introduced a new concept known as heliocentrism,
which suggested that the center of the Solar System was not the earth but actually the
sun. This idea was rejected at first by the public. It appalled many since their religious
belief had taught them that the Earth was created first before all other things.
Copernicus was even persecuted as a heretic because his teachings were against what
was widely accepted by religion. After some time, astronomers realized that the
Copernican model simplified the orbits of planets. It also answered issues that could not
be explained using the geocentric model. Other works that supported this model started
to emerged as well. It was eventually accepted by the people in a period which was
called the birth of modern astronomy. This era began what was known as scientific
revolution resulted in the transformation of a society’s thoughts and
beliefs.

The Heliocentric Model

Intellectual ideas are controversial?

·Incomplete empirical observations/some phenomenon cannot provide generalization

(difficulty in inductive-deductive reasoning) - remains theoretical

· Intellectuals/philosophers and mathematicians try to debate on theories

· Religious acceptance, beliefs/intellectual society-popular perceptions/consensus

· Technological breakthrough/scientist/inventors

· Although no direct economic importance but tremendous impact on beliefs and way
of life because the issue is the world itself/man itself (Copernican, Freudian)

Darwinian Revolution
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

One of the most controversial intellectual revolution of its time. In 1859, Charles Darwin,
an English naturalist, biologist, published his book, On the Origin of the Species. In this
book, On the Origin of the Species Darwin introduced the theory of evolution which
pointed that populations pass through a process of natural selection in which only the
fittest would survive. The theory became very controversial as people perceived it to be
contradictory to the church’ teaching that the source of life is a powerful creator
– Creation theory. He stated that organisms have the ability to adapt to their
environment and would gradually change into something that would be more
competitive to survive, known as evolution. However this theory become very
controversial as people perceived it to be contradictory to the church’s teachings that
the source of life is a powerful creator. The theory emerged at a time when most
population believed and accepted the biblical version of the Earth’s creation. Because of
the conflict people were divided. Some believed that the theory explained the origin of
life, but the religious and the faithful strongly refuted it. It even sparked a massive never-
ending debate between science and religion (Empirical science vs. Religious
rationalism). It was only after some time that people came to understand that Darwin’s
theory of evolution was not in fact gains the teachings of the church and both can
coexist.

Evolution of Man

Freudian Revolution

In the past, the field of psychology was always classified under philosophy. Psychology
was considered more of an art rather than a science. In the late 19th century Sigmund
Freud (1856-1939) was able to change people’s perception of psychology as a
scientific endeavor with this theory of psychoanalysis.

Science hardliners brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a science since its
concepts were philosophical and supernatural. Many believed that Freud’s theory had
no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could support it.

Psychoanalysis is the study that explains human behavior. Freud explained that there
are many conscious and unconscious factors that can influence behavior and emotions.
He also argued that personality is a product of three conflicting elements, id, ego and
super ego. Science hardliners, brushed off the legitimacy of psychoanalysis as a
science since its concepts were more philosophical and supernatural. Many believed
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

that Freud’s theory had no scientific basis as no empirical or experimental data could
support it. Despite criticisms, Freud still continued to work on refining his theory and
tried to explain how psychoanalysis can be clinical method in treating mental disorders.
People were able to understand the concepts of psychoanalysis, which resulted in
classifying psychology as science.

The technological advancements that happened in the information age

The Information Age began around the 1970s and is still going on today. It is also
known as the Computer Age, Digital Age, or New Media Age. This era brought about a
time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily.

Influences of the past on the Information Age

The Renaissance influenced the Information Age by creating the idea inventions, while
too advanced for the time, the basic idea was used to develop modern inventions. The
Renaissance also changed literature. At first, only books that told stories of religion and
religious heroes were written. During the Renaissance, people began to write realistic
books and not just religious stories. People's mindset about themselves changed. It was
no longer about what humans could do for God, but what humans could do for
themselves. This way of thinking is called humanism.

The Scientific Revolution changed the modern era by introducing important scientists
such as Galileo, Copernicus, and Sir Isaac Newton. Their discoveries paved the way for
modern tools, inventions and innovations.

The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes in agriculture, manufacturing,

mining, transportation, and technology. This era had a profound effect on the social,
economic, and cultural conditions of the world.

Inventions and Innovations of the Information Age

There were many different inventions that came about because of the Information Age,
one of which was the computer. The Internet allowed people to access information with
the touch of a button.

The Internet has turned society into homebodies, individuals who do everything from
the comfort of their homes instead of venturing outdoors to complete tasks. People can
do everything online; shopping, communicating, bill paying, working, education,
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

entertainment, even ordering food. This may be good, but it has also made us a very
lazy and uneducated society.

Tim Berners-Lee, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates are several important people of the
Information Age. Berners-Lee created the World Wide Web. Jobs who was created the
first effective personal computer called the Apple 1

The Apple 1 was a huge advancement in computer sciences and it carved the path for
the computers we have now. Apple has created iPhone, iPod, iPad, iMac, and Apple
TV. Gates is also a huge force in the Information Age. He founded Microsoft, which
creates almost everything that has to do with computers. Microsoft develops programs
like Microsoft Office, Windows, and many other influential products.

Changes of the Information Age

The Information Age has changed people, technology, science, economies, culture, and
even the way people think. The Internet is arguably the most prominent innovation of
the Information Age. The Internet changed the way people do everything. It has made
people lazier, but it also makes a large amount of the population smarter. The
Information Age has made industrial countries stronger. With online companies being
some of the most successful and economically stimulating businesses out there,
economies receive more from them and keep our

world turning. People are becoming more mature and more educated due to things like
the computer and the Internet. This time period has reshaped governments, with new
technology being created every day. Governments can now have more advanced and
effective militaries. Because of things like the Internet, new laws had to be put in place
to stop hacking, piracy, and identity theft.

Impacts of the Information Age

The Information Age brought about many new inventions and innovations. Many
communication services like texting, email, and social media developed and the world
has not been the same since. People learn new languages easier and many books
have been translated into different languages, so people around the world can become
more educated. However, the Information Age is not all good. There are people in the
world that believe they can live their entire life through the Internet. Also, huge criminal
organizations rely on hacking into government systems and obtaining confidential
information to continue their way of life. Jobs have also became easier, and some jobs
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

can even be done from the comfort of your own home. The Information Age is also
known as the Age of Entrepreneurship. Now entrepreneurs can start and run a
company easier than ever before. It also impacts our work ethics by distracting us and
causing us to lose interest in the task we are doing. This time period has also created a
shortage of jobs and making many jobs obsolete because machines are now being
used to do the work humans once did.

The Information Age is now. Every era from the Stone Age up to The Industrial
Revolution has led to the world as we know it. Without the information, knowledge and
discoveries of those from the past, we would not be where we are today. The past has
shaped our present and will continue to shape our future.

Summary

How these intellectual (scientific) revolution define society

Copernican - this caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the
heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth is the center of the
solar system) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system
having the earth revolving around it.)
Darwinian -Most controversial intellectual revolution
In 1859, Charles Darwin, an English naturalist, biologist, published his book, On the
Origin of the Species.

Darwin introduced the theory of evolution which pointed that populations pass through a
process of natural selection in which only the fittest survive.

Freudian - This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This
includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development
contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for
achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
Meso-American - It has contributed a lot ideas or discoveries for Archaeology. The
temples and pyramids left a lot about of Architecture that leads us to study more of it.
Information - This has been the era in which technology has been prevalent. It is also
known as the Computer Age that has brought so much change on how we are living
today.
Asian - The revolution itself taught Asian countries about freedom and independent
nationhood along the improvement brought by it internally.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

LESSON 3 - SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND NATION BUILDING

Pre-Colonial Period

Scientific and technological development in the Philippines began in the pre-colonial

period. Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine islands, early Filipino settlers
were already using certain plants and herbs as medicines. Systems of farming and
animal raising were also implemented. Moreover, early Filipinos had also developed
different modes of transportation, whether terrestrial or maritime. A complicated
engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the cordilleras when they built rice
terraces by hand. Through these terraces, the people were able to cultivate crops on
the mountainsides in cold temperatures. They incorporated an irrigation system that
uses water from the forests and mountain tops to achieve an elaborate farming system.
The rice terraces of the Cordilleras, which are still functional, show the innovative and
ingenious way of the natives to survive in an otherwise unfriendly environment.

Colonial Period

Colonization by the Spaniards provided the Philippines with modern means of

construction. Walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures were built using some
of the engineering skills and tools brought by the Spaniards. In addition, the Spanish
government developed health and education systems that were enjoyed by the
principalia class.

The American occupation modernized almost all aspects of life in the Philippines. They
established a government agency, the Bureau of Science, for the sole purpose of
nurturing development in the field of science and technology.

Post- Colonial Period

After achieving independence from the colonizers, the Philippines, under different
administrations, continued to pursue program in science and technology. Each
leadership has its own science and technology agenda. However, it is important to note
that some Philippine presidents posted more developments in the field than others.

One of the presidents who ushered in advancements of science and technology was
former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

science and technology were established and strengthened, including the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in place
of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST); and the constituted National Science and Technology Authority (originally
established in 1958) as the National Science and Development Board and now the
Department of Science and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the key to
nation-building is the continued development of science and technology. The progress
in science and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule and the presidents
after him left their own legacies in the field.

Government Policies on Science and Technology

To improve and strengthen science and technology including research development, it

is necessary that government enact laws. Several laws have been enacted by Congress
since 1958 to present. They are follows:

R.A. 2067 - "Science Act of 1958" - An Act to Integrate, Coordinate and Intensify
Scientific and Technological Research and Development and to Foster Invention to
Provide Funds therefore and for other purposes
R.A. 3589 - An Act Amending RA 2067 Modifying the National Science Development
Board, National Institute of Science and Technology, and the Philippine Atomic Energy
Commission, Extending Tax Exemption, Privileges and Grants, Requests and
Donations for Scientific Purposes to Private Educational Institutions and for Other
Purposes enacted June 22, 1963.
R.A. 5207 - An Act Providing for the Licensing ang Regulation of Atomic Energy
Facilities and Materials, Establishing the Rules of Liability for Nuclear Damage and for
other purposes.
This Act was approved June 15, 1968 to encourage, promote and assist the
development and use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes as a means to improve
the health and prosperity of the inhabitants of the Philippines and to contribute and
accelerate scientific, technological, agricultural, commercial and industrial progress.

Presidential Decree No. 49, s. 1972 established the Philippine Atmospheric,

Geophysical and Astronomical Services (PAGASA). Its function was to provide
environmental protection and to utilize scientific knowledge to ensure the safety of the
people.
Presidential Decree No. 334, s. 1973 created the Philippine National Oil Company to
promote industrial and economic development through effective and efficient use of
energy resources.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

R.A. 8749 - The Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999 was enacted by Congress on June 23,
1999 to protect and preserve the environment and ensure the sustainable development
of its natural resources.
R.A. 8792 - An act Providing for the Recognition and Use of Electronic Commercial and
Non-Commercial Transactions and Documents, Penalties for Unlawful Use thereof and
for other purposes passed in June 15, 2000.
This Act aims to facilitate domestic and international dealings, transactions,
assignments, agreements, contracts and exchanges and storage of information through
the utilization of electronic, optical and similar medium mode, instrumentally and
technology to recognize the width and reliability of electronic documents related to such
activities and to promote the universal use of electronic transactions in the government
and the general public.

R.A. 9367- "Biofuels Act of 2006" - An Act to Direct the Use of Biofuels. Establishing for
this Purpose the Biofuel Program, Appropriating Funds.
This Act was enacted by Congress on June 12, 2007 to develop and utilize
indigenous and sustainable sources, clean energy sources to reduce dependence of
imported oil.

R.A. 9513 - "The Renewable Act of 2008" was passed by Congress to accelerate the
development of the country's renewable resources by providing fiscal and non-fiscal
incentives to private investors and equipment manufacturer's/fabricators/suppliers.
R.A. 10175 - Philippine Cyber crime prevention Act of 2012 passed September
12,2012. An act defining cybercrime, Providing for the Prevention, Investigation
Suppression and the Imposition of penalties
R.A. 10612 - An Act Expanding the Coverage of the Science and Technology
Scholarship Program and Strengthening the Teaching of Science and Mathematics in
Secondary Schools.
This Act shall be known as the Fast-Tracked Science and Technology Scholarship
Act of 2018. It shall strengthen the country's Science and Technology education by fast-
tracking graduates in the science, mathematics, and engineering who shall teach in
secondary throughout the country. Scholarship shall be provided to finance the
education of talented and deserving students in the college in the areas of science and
technology.

R. A. 10844 - An Act Creating the Department of Information and Communications

Technology (DICT) shall be the primary policy planning, coordination, implementing and
administrative Technology (DICT) shall be the primary policy planning, coordination,
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

implementing and administrative entity of the Executive branch of the government that
will plan, develop and promote the national ICT development agenda.
Science and Technology Development Plans

Science and Technology Master Plan (STMP) - This plan was submitted to the
President in March 1989 by the presidential task force composed of the Department of
Science and Technology (DOST), Department of Agriculture (DA), Department of Trade
and Industry (DTI), Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC). Leading
edges to steer the country toward industrial development were: Aquaculture, Marine
Fisheries, Forestry, Natural Resources, Process Industry, Food, Feed Industry, Energy,
Transportation, Construction Industry, Information Technology, Electronics,
Instrumentation and Control, Emerging Technologies, Pharmaceuticals.
Science Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND) Philippine 2000. This
plan was initiated during the term of President Ramos and it embodied the country's
technology development plan in the medium term, in particular, for the period 1993-
1998.

National Science and Technology Plan (NSTP 2002-2020). The DOST with the
mandate of formulating Science and Technology policies, programs and projects in
support of national development priorities has remained, driven by these guiding
visions.

By 2020 priority areas for Science and Technology development are:

Agriculture, forestry and natural resources

Health and medical services
Biotechnology
Information and Communication Technology
Microelectronics
Materials, science and engineering
Earth and marine services
Fisheries and aquaculture
Environment
Natural disaster mitigation
Energy
Manufacturing and service engineering
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

Introduced and implemented several programs, projects, and policies to boost the area
of science and technology.

GOAL: prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a
technologically driven world and capacitate people to live in a world driven by Science

One of the presidents who ushered in advancements of science and technology was
former president and dictator Ferdinand Marcos. Under his term, many agencies in
science and technology were established and strengthened, including the Philippine
Atmospheric Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) in place
of the abolished Weather Bureau; the National Academy of Science and Technology
(NAST); and the constituted National Science and Technology Authority (originally
established in 1958) as the National Science and Development Board and now the
Department of Science and Technology), among others. Marcos saw that the key to
nation-building is the continued development of science and technology. The progress
in science and technology continued even after his dictatorial rule and the presidents
after him left their own legacies in the field.

The NRCP (National Research Council of the Philippines) clustered these policies into
four:

1. Social Sciences, Humanities, Education, International Policies and Governance.

2. Physics, Engineering and Industrial Research, Earth and Space Sciences, and
Mathematics.
3. Medical, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences.
4. Biological Sciences, Agriculture, and Forestry.

There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine government
through the DOST. Some of these projects are the following:

•Providing funds for basic research related to science and technology.

•Providing scholarships for undergraduate and graduate studies of students in field
of Science and Technology.

Establishing more branches of the Philippine Science High School System

•Creating a Science and technology parks

•Balik Scientist Program
•Developing science and technology parks
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

•Establishment of the National Science Complex

Role of science and technology in Nation-Building

Science and technology has been one of the main driving forces of the economic
growth of nations. Most developed countries have generated new technologies with
potential to result in dynamic economic performance.

Science and technology plays a decisive role in the economic growth of nations is a
foregone conclusion. It is then pertinent to consider and rethink about the role of
scientists and technologists in stimulating the economic well-being of the country. It is
well accepted that scientists and technologist must necessarily generate new
knowledge by engaging in meaningful and appropriate research and developmental
activities.

It is a well-known fact that no nation can develop without advancing in the areas of
science and technology.

It is true that advancements in science and technology has negatively affected

humanity. For example, the role of atomic weapons played during the second World
War and the consequent wars in Africa, the Middle-East, among others, was
devastating.

From this angle, religious-centered societies and people have viewed science and
technology as enemies of humanity and tools of immorality.

The concepts of morality, humanity, reality and so on need to be subjected to rigorous

evaluation.

Science and technology are essential tools in every sector of a society. A nation lacking
in science and technology will forever depend on those who claim to be the custodians
of scientific and technological knowledge, even if such a country has crude oil.
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

Quizzes

1. Which of the following is significant during the ancient time when people tried to go to
different places and to discover new horizons? *
1/1
a. communication
b. weapon
c. transportation
d. architecture

2. What is the primary challenge that the ancient people faced in science and
technology? *
1/1
a. conservation of good
b. conservation of life
c. conservation of energy
d. conservation of time

3. What is considered the first writing system that utilized pictures and triangular
symbols in the Sumerian Civilization? *
1/1
a. wig
b. ink
c. papyrus
d. cuneiform

4. Which of the following is considered as the oldest civilization in Asia? *

1/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. Sumerian
b. Babylonian
c. Chinese
d. Greek

5. Which of the following is a major contribution of the Babylonians? *

1/1
a. hanging bridge
b. hanging garden
c. sailboat
d. plow

6. Which is of the following is known as the Age of Exploration? *

1/1
a. Medieval Period
b. Ancient Time
c. Modern Time
d. Philippine Time

7. What is the process of heating dairy products to kill the harmful bacteria that allow
them to spoil faster? *
1/1
a. immunization
b. petroleum refinery
c. condensation
d. Pasteurization
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

8. Which of the following is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed
and refined into more useful products? *
0/1
a. immunization
b. petroleum refinery
c. condensation
d. Pasteurization
Correct answer
d. Pasteurization

9. Which of the following is used as a hunting weapon by ancient Filipinos? *

1/1
a. ink
b. plow
c. yoyo
d. Telescope

10. Who introduced the Psychoanalysis Theory? *

1/1
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Karl Popper
c. Charles Darwin
d. Nicolaus Copernicus

11. What shift of paradigm that shows how the earth and sun are place in the universe?
*
1/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. Darwinian
b. Freudian
c. Copernican
d. Modern

12. What is known as the study of human behavior? *

0/1
a. Psychology
b. Psychoanalysis
c. Epistemology
d. Biology
13. Who introduced the Theory of Evolution? *
1/1
a. Thomas Samuel Kuhn
b. Karl Popper
c. Charles Darwin
d. Nicolaus Copernicus
14. In what period did the advancements in science and technology change people’s
perceptions and beliefs? *
1/1
a. Meso-America
b. Information
c. Asian
d. Intellectual
15. Which of the following refers to History and Philosophy? *
1/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. Psychology
b. Psychoanalysis
c. Epistemology
d. Biology
16. Who was the scientist who introduced the concept of geocentrism? *
1/1
a. Claudius Ptolemy
b. Tycho Brahe
c. Nicolaus Copernicus
d. Charles Darwin
17. Which of the following is also known as the Computer age? *
1/1
a. Meso-America
b. Information
c. Asian
d. Intellectual
18. Which of the following is an invention during the medieval period? *
1/1
a. hanging bridge
b. telescope
c. sailboat
d. plow
19. Which level of consciousness is an “outside of awareness” at all times? *
1/1
a. pre-conscious
b. conscious
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

c. unconscious
d. post-conscious
20. What period influenced the public education in the Philippines? *
1/1
a. pre-conscious
b. colonial
c. post-colonial
d. medieval
21. Who influenced the improvement of health conditions of the people? *
0/1
a. Greeks
b. Romans
c. Spaniards
d. Americans
22. Who was the Philippine president who ushered in the advancements of science and
technology? *
0/1
a. Rodrigo Duterte
b. Fidel Ramos
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Ferdinand Marcos
23. Who was the Philippine president who ushered in the advancements of science and
technology? *
1/1
a. Rodrigo Duterte
b. Fidel Ramos
c. Joseph Estrada
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

d. Ferdinand Marcos
24. In the Kuhn Cycle, what do you call the normal step, where the field has a
scientifically based model of understanding the steps/operation? *
1/1
a. Normal Science
b. Model Drift
c. Model Technology
d. Model Revolution
25. Which of the following agencies replaced the Weather Bureau when it was
abolished? *
1/1
a. NAST
b. PAGASA
c. DOST
d. NSTA
26. The National Science and Technology Authority is replaced by what agency during
Corazon Aquino’s administration? *
1/1
a. NAST
b. PAGASA
c. DOST
d. NSTA
27. In the Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration, what is dubbed as the science and
technology sector of the Philippines? *
1/1
a. golden age
b. golden ratio
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

c. golden acts
d. commanded acts
28. Who invented the medical incubator? *
1/1
a. Abelardo Aguilar
b. Diosdado Banatao
c. Pedro Flores
d. Fe del Mundo
29. Who was the Ilonggo doctor/scientist who discovered the antibiotic Erythromycin? *
1/1
a. Abelardo Aguilar
b. Diosdado Banatao
c. Pedro Flores
d. Fe del Mundo
30. Who developed the first single-chip graphical user interface accelerator that made
computers work a lot faster? *
1/1
a. Abelardo Aguilar
b. Diosdado Banatao
c. Pedro Flores
d. Fe del Mundo
31. Which of the following important contributions of the Sumerians is considered as the
first true city in the world? *
1/1
a. Great Ziggurat
b. Great Wall of China
c. City of Uruk
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

d. Irrigations
32. Which is used to dig the ground where seeds are to be planted? *
1/1
a. wheel
b. sailboats
c. dikes
d. plow
33. What optical instrument helps in the observation of remote objects which is of a
great help for navigators? *
1/1
a. microscope
b. telescope
c. wheel
d. e -jeepney
34. What major innovation changed the transportation industry in the Philippines? *
1/1
a. microscope
b. telescope
c. wheel
d. e -jeepney
35. Who invented the Quink Ink? *
1/1
a. Abelardo Aguilar
b. Diosdado Banatao
c. Francisco Quisumbing
d. Fe del Mundo
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

36. In what time/era was the paper and ink was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
37. In what time/era was the abacus was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
38. In what time/era was the silk cloth was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
39. In what time/era was the moon buggy was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Filipino
40. In what time/era was the tea production was invented/discovered? *
1/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
41. In what time/era was the cosmetics was invented/discovered? *
0/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
42. In what time/era was the hour glass was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
43. In what time/era was the karaoke was invented/discovered? *
0/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
44. In what time/era was the computer was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

c. Modern
d. Colonial
45. In what time/era was the steam engine was invented/discovered? *
1/1
a. Ancient
b. Medieval
c. Modern
d. Colonial
46. Under whose administration was the enhancement of seaweed species achieved in
the field of Science and Technology? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
Correct answer
b. Benigno Aquino III
47. Under whose administration was the implementation of the grains export program
(Gainex)? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
Correct answer
c. Joseph Estrada
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

48. Under whose administration was the implementation of Back Track: Science and
Technology under the Tuwid na Daan Part 1? *
1/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
49. Under whose administration was the establishment of Science and Technology
Agenda for National Development? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
50. Under whose administration was the implementation of Rescue Initiative for Science
Education (RISE) ? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
51. Under whose administration was the enhancement of Science and Technology K-12
?*
1/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

d. Fidel Ramos
52. Under whose administration was the computer software in the Philippines was
enhanced ? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
53. Under whose administration was the Balik Scientist Law was enhanced? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
54. Under whose administration accomplished the installation by DOST the Zamboanga
Doppler Weather Radar System? *
0/1
a. Ferdinand Marcos
b. Benigno Aquino III
c. Joseph Estrada
d. Fidel Ramos
55. What is the main objective of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United
Nations? *
1/1
a. eradicate poverty by 2020
b. eradicate poverty by 2030
c. eradicate poverty by 2040
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

d. eradicate poverty by 2045

56. What crisis in the planet would force us to slow down if we do not do so voluntarily?
*
1/1
a. pollution
b. population
c. consumption
d. climate change
57. How would the different areas of the world react to the idea of “de-development”? *
1/1
a. orientation
b. re orientation
c. consumption
d. over consumption
58. What is the standardized unit that measures resource use and waste? *
1/1
a. per global meter
b. per global kilometer
c. per global hectare
d. per global millimeter
59. What are the two indicators of the quality of life given in the article Forget
‘developing’ poor countries, it’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich countries? *
0/1
a. life expectancy and happiness
b. life expectancy and climate change
c. growth and happiness
d. happiness and climate change
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

60. What are the two indicators of the quality of life given in the article Forget
‘developing’ poor countries, it’s time to ‘de-develop’ rich countries? *
0/1
a. life expectancy and happiness
b. life expectancy and climate change
c. growth and happiness
d. happiness and climate change
61. What is the threshold of the earth for sustaining life? *
1/1
a. 1.7 hectares per person
b. 1.8 hectares per person
c. 1.9 hectares per person
d. 2.9 hectares per person
62. How many hectares should each of us consume annually based on the resources
available in the planet? *
1/1
a. 1.7 hectares per person
b. 1.8 hectares per person
c. 1.9 hectares per person
d. 2.9 hectares per person
63. What is the standard response to eradicate poverty? *
1/1
a. happiness
b. growth change
c. happiness
d. growth
64. Which of the following categories of virtue is a result of habit? *
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

1/1
a. courage
b. intellectual
c. moral
d. temperance
65. The ability to understand and make sound judgment is an example of what virtue? *
1/1
a. courage
b. intellectual
c. moral
d. temperance
66. Which of the following is an example of external goods? *
0/1
a. health
b. love
c. food
d. knowledge
Correct answer
c. food
67. Which of the following involves the rational use of one's individual human
potentialities, including talents, abilities, and virtues in the pursuit of his freely and
rationally chosen values and goals? *
1/1
a. human standing
b. human flourishing
c. human psychology
d. human theology
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

68. What type of technology is Martin Heidegger’s questioning? *

0/1
a. social
b. ancient
c. modern
d. medieval
69. Which of these is the common understanding of technology? *
0/1
a. intellectual
b. reverse standing
c. danger
d. means to an end
70. Which of the following refers to unhiddenness or disclosure? *
1/1
a. poiesis
b. techne
c. aletheia
d. revealing
71. Who introduced the concept of technology as a mode of enframing? *
1/1
a. Martin Heidegger
b. Tycho Brahe
c. Nicolaus Copernicus
d. Bill Joy
72. Which of the following is also known as Biological diversity? *
1/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. Biology
b. Biodiversity
c. Botany
d. Bioethics
73. Which of the following is an example of modern technology that challenges and
brings forth about the setting of the land? *
0/1
a. agriculture
b. mining
c. engineering
d. business
Correct answer
b. mining
74. What article in the Universal Declarations of Human Rights (UDHR) states that “All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights”? *
1/1
a. Article 4
b. Article 3
c. Article 2
d. Article 1
75. Which of the following means skill, art or craft? *
0/1
a. poiesis
b. techne
c. aletheia
d. eudaimonia
76. What is used instead of poetic of revealing in the modern technology? *
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

0/1
a. dangerous
b. imperative
c. acting
d. challenging
77. How does Martin Heidegger described modern technology? *
0/1
a. age of freedom
b. age of information
c. age of switches
d. age of stone
78. What do you call a concept of “living well and doing well”? *
1/1
a. poiesis
b. techne
c. aletheia
d. eudaimonia
79. What do you call the method of encrypting a message in which the letters of a plain
text are replaced with different ones in systematic manner? *
0/1
a. substitution cipher
b. substitution
c. substitution back
d. background
80. What is the ultimate core value of our existence? *
1/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. human dignity
b. human value
c. human existence
d. human error
81. What article in the Universal Declarations of Human Rights (UDHR) states that “No
one shall be held in slavery or servitude”? *
1/1
a. Article 5
b. Article 4
c. Article 3
d. Article 1
82. What article in the Universal Declarations of Human Rights (UDHR) states that “No
one shall be subjected to torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment”? *
0/1
a. Article 5
b. Article 4
c. Article 3
d. Article 1
83. Who was the author of the controversial essay” Why the Future does not need us”?
*
0/1
a. Martin Heidegger
b. Tycho Brahe
c. Nicolaus Copernicus
d. Bill Joy
84. What is known as Genetic engineering technology of the 21st century? *
0/1
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

a. Bioscience
b. Biodiversity
c. Biology
d. Biotechnology
85. What is a type of thinking that lets one’s nature reveal itself without forcing it? *
1/1
a. meditative
b. calculative
c. sensitive
d. derivative
86. What is a component of biodiversity where the numbers of organisms per unit area
are found in different habitats? *
1/1
a. genetic
b. species
c. ecological
d. psychological
87. What is the meaning of ‘bio’? *
0/1
a. animal
b. plants
c. variety
d. life
88. What technology facilitates the sharing of information, ideas, and other content in
different parts of the globe? *
1/1
a. social gathering
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

b. social media
c. social setting
d. mass media
89. What categories of virtue can be achieved by both nature and nurture? *
1/1
a. courage
b. intellectual
c. moral
d. temperance
90. Who invented the Word Wide Web through the internet? *
1/1
a. Martin Heidegger
b. Bill Joy
c. Sir Tim Berners-Lee
d. Fe del Mundo
91. TRUE/FALSE: The United Nations General Assembly proclaimed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on December 10, 1958. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
92. TRUE/FALSE: A.I. is an example of a film that depicts human right violation in the
technological world. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
93. TRUE/FALSE: With the development of Artificial Intelligence (AI), robots may also
eventually act and decide like humans. *
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

1/1
a. True
b. False
94. TRUE/FALSE: The rise of the machines accompanying the progress in science and
technology may render humans useless. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
95. TRUE/FALSE: The good life entails living in a just and progressive society whose
citizens have no freedom to flourish. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
96. TRUE/FALSE: Human beings become free when empowered to make choices for
flourishing. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
97. TRUE/FALSE: Manual labor is gradually being replaced by machinery. *
0/1
a. True
b. False
98. TRUE/FALSE: Computers has become less sophisticated nowadays. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

99. TRUE/FALSE: Genetics, nanotech and robotics (GNR) are the most powerful 15th-
century technologies. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
100. TRUE/FALSE: Words are expressed with the meaning given by the listener and
intended for the speaker. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
101. TRUE/FALSE: Science is one kind of knowledge that the Greeks wanted to
understand. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
102. TRUE/FALSE: Technology in the modern world is the fruit of sociology. *
0/1
a. True
b. False
103. TRUE/FALSE: In the age of information, the transmission of ideas has not
undergone changes. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
104. TRUE/FALSE: Social media encourages building a community of like-minded
people. *
1/1
a. True
 NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)

b. False
105. TRUE/FALSE: Modern Physics is the herald of enframing. *
0/1
a. True
b. False
106. TRUE/FALSE: The essence of technology is nothing technological. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
107. TRUE/FALSE: The essence of technology is nothing technological. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
108. TRUE/FALSE: The internet and computer networks have not made the whole
world a family. *
0/1
a. True
b. False
109. TRUE/FALSE: Biodiversity provides important ecological services to humans. *
1/1
a. True
b. False
110. TRUE/FALSE: The tremendous variety of life on Earth is made possible by
complex interactions among non-living things. *
0/1
a. True
b. False
NGEC 7 – Science, Technology, and Society
Reviewer (Prelims)