Pre-Calculus for non-STEM (Algebra & Trigonometry)

Chapter 4 – Trigonometry I
Semi-finals

OBJECTIVE

 Find and use angles

 Evaluate sine and cosine functions
 Understand other trigonometric functions
 Use right triangle trigonometry
 Find and use angles
 Evaluate sine and cosine functions
 Understand other trigonometric functions An angle is measure by the amount of rotation from the initial side to the
 Use right triangle trigonometry terminal side. A positive angle is made by a rotation in the counter-clockwise
direction and a negative angle is made by a rotation in the clockwise
direction.
Trigonometry – is a branch of mathematics that focuses on relationships
between the sides and angles of triangle. It is derived from Greek words Angle can be measure two ways:
Trigonon means triangle and metron measure, meaning to say it is a measure
1. Degree – are used primarily to describe the size of an angle.
of a triangles. Trigonometry is a also collaborated with other branches of
2. Radians – 1 revolution measure in radians is 2𝜋, where 𝜋 is the
mathematics such as, Geometry, Algebra, Calculus and etc. . .
constant approximately 3.14. (We’re going to use 3.14 as a value of 𝜋
Trigonometry focuses on relationships between sides and angles of a triangle. for us to have a similar answer.

Angle – it is the figure formed by the meeting of two lines in a point. An initial
side is said to be in standard position when its vertex is located at the origin
and the ray goes along the positive x axis.

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 Conversion for degree to radians:

𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 = 𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔

𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔

EXAMPLE 1 – Conversion of Angle

1. Convert 60° to radians:

𝜋 30𝜋 𝝅
30°(1 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒). = = 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝑜𝑟 𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟑 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
180° 180 𝟔

2. Convert −60° to radians:

𝜋 60𝜋 𝝅
−60°. =− = − 𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝑜𝑟 − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒔
180° 180 𝟑

3. Convert 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 into degrees

3𝜋 180° 3
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠. = (180°) = 𝟐𝟕𝟎° 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
2 𝜋 2

4. Convert − 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 into degrees

7𝜋 180° 1260° The Unit Circle is a special circle that is centered at the origin and
− . =− = −𝟒𝟐𝟎° 𝑜𝑟 𝟒𝟐𝟎° 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆
3 𝜋 3 always has a radius of 1 unit. This circle is very useful in the latter part
of our study and will help us to understand more the others things
NOTICE: You can show your negative degree angles in two ways just define in trigonometric ratios.
like in No. 4.

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TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠

Trigonometry has six trigonometric rations/functions that relate the angles

𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠
measure of a right triangle to the length of its sides.

A right triangle can be formed from an initial side x and a terminal side r, 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠
where r is the radius and hypotenuse of the right triangle. The Pythagorean
You may recall the identities little easier by calling the first three as SOH-CAH-
Theorem tells us that 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑟 , therefore 𝑟 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 . 𝜃 (theta) is
TOA.
used to label a non-right angle. The six trigonometric functions can be used to
find the angle and the side length of a triangle. This functions are sine (sin), SOH – Sine = Opposite/Hypotenuse
cosine(cos), tangent (tan), cosecant (csc), secant (sec), and cotangent (cot).
CAH – Cosine = Adjacent/Hypotenuse

TOA –Tangent =Opposite/Adjacent

EXAMPLE 2 – Find the values of the

trigonometric ratios and angle 𝜽.

Before solving the trigonometric ratios we

need to identify the missing side of our
triangle. In this case we are going to find
3 basic types of trigonometric functions our hypotenuse.

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 Having a given of two side is convenient

for us to use the Pythagorean Theorem to
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠 solve for our hypotenuse.

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = , 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑎𝑠

The other 3 is the reciprocal of the first 3 identities 𝑟= 𝑥 +𝑦 = 5 + 12 = √25 + 144 = √169 = 𝟏𝟑

Now we can solve for our six trigonometric functions.

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𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 = = Find the value of x.

We have angle and hypotenuse, the x is opposite side of our 𝜃. For the given
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃 = =
condition we’re going to use SOH.

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = = 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = = Solution:

𝑥
In solving the angle 𝜃 the only accessible function in our sci-calculator are sin, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑟
cos, and tan any of the three can be used to solve the angle 𝜃.
𝑥
sin(30°) =
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 𝜃 = tan ( ) = 67.38° 5
𝟓
To do this in your calculator, first you need to set your calculator’s mode to 𝑥 = 5 sin(30°) =
𝟐
“degree”. To have tan ( in your calculator you first press shift then press
USING DEFINITIONS AND FUNDAMENTAL OF TRIG FUNCTIONS
tan. Fundamental Identities
 Reciprocal Identities
Finding a missing side length given a angle measure.

Suppose you are given an angle measure and a side length, can you find the sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
remaining side length?
cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
Yes, we are going to use the same method just like what we did in Example 2.
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
EXAMPLE 3
 Quotient Identities

𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)/(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)/(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)

 Pythagorean Identities

sin 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 = 1 1 + tan 𝜃 = sec 𝜃

1 + cot 𝜃 = csc 𝜃

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HEXAGON FOR TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

This hexagonal shaped figure will help you remember the trigonometric
identities easier.

The hexagon also shows that a function between any two functions is equal
to them multiplied together (if they are opposite each other, then the "1" is
between them)

The hexagon can also show the

“reciprocal identities”, by going through
the 1.

By making a round arrow around the three

sides of the hexagon we can get the “quotient
identities” of every trigonometric function.

Lastly the Hexagon can show “Pythagorean identities”, by going clockwise

inside the small triangles.

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 A periodic function is a function f such that
EXAMPLE 4 – PROVING
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑛𝑝)
Evaluate: 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) =
We talked about the fact that one revolution of the unit circle is 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠,
In proving identities you can only solve a one side of the problem either the which means that the circumference of the unit circle is 2𝜋.
left side or the right side depending on your convenience.
Graph of the sine function (𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙)
Solution:

1
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) =
𝑐𝑠𝑒𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 1
(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) =
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 =
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
1 1
=
𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃
 If you notice, the range of the sine function is [ -1, 1] and the domain
is (−∞, ∞)
GRAPH OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS  Also notice that the x-intercepts are always in the form 𝑛𝜋. Where n
is an integer
In this section you will get a brief introduction to the graphs of the three main
 This is an odd function because it is symmetric with respect to the
trig functions, sine, cosine, and tangent. This section will not go over how to
origin.
actually graph these functions, but will go over how to identify key features of
 The period is 2𝜋 because the sine wave repeats every 2𝜋 units.
the graphs of each function.

The graph of sine and cosine are considered periodic functions, which
basically mean their values repeat in regular intervals known as periods.

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Graph of the cosine function (𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙) If we change the amplitude to 2 what will happen to the graph? 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

 If you notice, the range of the cosine function is [-1, 1] and the
The range changes as the amplitude changes, from [-1, 1] to [-2, 2].
domain is (−∞, ∞)
 This is an even function because it is symmetric with respect to the y- For 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙:
axis therefore for all cos(−𝑥) = cos(𝑥)
 The period is also 2𝜋 because the cosine wave repeats every 2𝜋 units.

Key features of the sine and cosine function

Amplitude is the measure how many units above and below the midline of
the graph the function goes. For example, the sine wave has an amplitude of
1 because it goes one unit up and on unit down from the x-axis.

𝒚 = 𝒂 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙

AMPLITUDE:

“a” is the amplitude. The graph of 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥, where 𝑎 ≠ 0 Amplitude vertically stretches or shrinks both the sine and cosine graphs.
will have a range of [−|𝑎|, |𝑎|] Notice that when the amplitude was changed the function still repeats every
2𝜋 units, therefore the amplitude does not affect the period of the function.

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PERIOD

Did you notice that the sine wave repeats every 𝜋 units now instead of every
2𝜋 units? This means the function is finishing its cycle twice as fast, which
means its period is half as long. If you consider the function 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑏𝑥, the
b value affects the period of the function. It will horizontally stretch or squish
the graph.

Think about what the graph would look like if you changed it to 𝑦 = sin 0.5𝑥.

The blue wave is the original 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 and the green wave is the 𝑦 =
cos(𝑥 − ). You will notice that the graph was shifted units to the right. If
the equation had been 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + , the graph would have shifted units
to the left. When the graph is shifted to the left or right it is called “phase
shift”.

There is a general formula used to find the period (𝜔) sine or cosine function. 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒃𝒙 − 𝒄), the shift can be found c/b. Again the sine function I
affected the same.
𝟐𝝅
𝝎=
|𝒃| VERTICAL SHIFT

Meaning as b value changes will result the same effect on the cosine function. The other way of changing a position in sine and cosine functions is by making
a vertical shift.
PHASE SHIFT
𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 3 (Notice the 3 is not in parenthesis)
Not only can the graphs the contracted or stretched vertically and

horizontally, but they can also be shifted left and right.

If we change the equation to 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − , watch what happens to the

graph.

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  Notice the range of tangent function is (−∞, ∞) and the domain is
𝝅
{𝒙|𝒙 ≠ 𝒏𝝅 + 𝟐 , 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒚 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒆𝒓}
 The x intercepts are always in the form of 𝑛𝜋
 The period is 𝜋
 The tangent will be zero wherever the numerator (sine) is zero
 The tangent will be undefined wherever the denominator (cosine) is zero
 The graph of the tangent function has vertical asymptotes at values of 𝑥
𝝅
in the form of 𝒙 = 𝒏𝝅 +
𝟐
 Since the graph is symmetrical about the origin, the function is an odd
function.

The blue wave is the original 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 and the green is the 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 3. AMPLITUDE
When you add a number at the end you shift the graph up that many units Amplitude does not apply to the tangent function since there aren’t any
and if you subtract at the end you shift the graph down that many units. minimum or maximum values.
When the function is written in the form 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos(𝑏𝑥 − 𝑐) + 𝑑, “d” controls
whether the function will be shifted up or down.

Graph of the tangent function (𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙) PERIOD

Consider the tangent function in the form 𝒚 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒃𝒙. To determine the
period us . Below is the graph of 𝑦 = tan 𝑥, notice that the tangent function
repeats every 𝜋 units.

If the graph of the function is 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒙

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We can see that the function repeats this time every units. We can see that there are vertical asymptotes at −𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜋. You could have
also used the equations to obtain this information.
VERTICAL ASYMPTOTES
𝜋 𝜋
0.5𝑥 = − = −𝜋 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.5𝑥 = =𝜋
The tangent function has something called vertical asymptotes, which are 0.5 0.5
invisible vertical lines that the function approaches, but never crosses. To find
the two consecutive vertical asymptotes of a tangent function you can solve
the two equations 𝑏𝑥 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑥 = PHASE SHIFT

The phase shift for the tangent works the same way as the sine and cosine
Consider the graph of the function 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟎. 𝟓𝒙
function. Consider the graph of the function 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 − ).

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 Again the function graphed in blue is the function 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 and the function
The blue is the function 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 and the green is the function 𝑦 =
graphed in green is 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 1, this means the graph shifted one unit up.
tan(𝑥 − ). It is shifted units to the right.
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
VERTICAL SHIFT

Same way as the sine and cosine, tangent shift vertically when adding in its
equation. Consider the graph of the function 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 1

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Inverse function – is basically defined as inverse of the basic trigonometric
functions showed above.

This is often used is solving angles of a triangle. It is often mistaken as

exponent of a function but it is actually different.

sin 𝑥 ≠ (sin 𝑥)

The graph of inverse trigonometric function has a similar pattern with basic
functions.

The same process is used to find the inverse

function for the remaining trigonometric functions.

LAW OF SINE AND COSINE

There are situation where we meet other types of situation in solving angle
within a triangle. The basic use of trigonometric functions doesn’t apply when
a triangle is already a non-right triangle.

Law of Sine

= =
This changes of graph same goes with the graph of the arccos(𝑥)
Where:

𝑨 = angle A
𝒂 = length of side a
𝑩 = angle B

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𝒃 = length of side b 𝑎 = 𝑐 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐴
𝑪 = angle C
Based on the formula we can use Law of Cosines when the problem is
𝒄 = length of side c
referring to all three sides and only one angle.

EXAMPLE 5 – Find the length AB. EXAMPLE 6 – Find the length of AB.
Since we are given information about angle, the side opposite of the angle,
another angle, and missing the side opposite of that angle, we can apply the
Law of Sines.

Solution:

sin 92 sin 28
=
15 𝐴𝐵

(sin 92)(𝐴𝐵) = (sin 28)(15)

Solution:
𝑨𝑩 = 𝟕
𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶
Always remember all of the triangle has a total sum of internal angle of 180°.
Meaning 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 = 180° using this we can solve for the Angle A. 𝑐 = 13 + 20 − 2(13)(20) cos 93°
Therefore, 𝐴 = 180 − 92 − 28 = 60° having this angle we can now solve for 𝑐 = 169 + 400 − 520 cos 93
its opposite side using Law of Sine. 𝑐 = √569 − 165.03

Law of Cosine 𝒄 = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟏

𝑐 = 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐶

𝑏 = 𝑎 + 𝑐 − 2𝑎𝑏 cos 𝐵

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HERON’S FORMULA Given: 𝑎 = 9, 𝑏 = 7, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 4

Another important thing to be solved in a triangle is the Area. The formula First we need to get the value of our semi-perimeter or s.
given by Heron about the area of a triangle is also known as Hero’s formula. It
𝑎+𝑏+𝑐 9+7+4
is stated as: 𝑠= = = 𝟏𝟓
2 2
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝒔(𝒔 − 𝒂))(𝒔 − 𝒃)(𝒔 − 𝒄) Now, we can solve for the area of the ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶.
𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = sides of the triangle
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎)(𝑠 − 𝑏)(𝑠 − 𝑐)
𝑠 = semi-perimeter or half of the perimeter of the triangle
= 15(15 − 9)(15 − 7)(15 − 4)
𝒂+𝒃+𝒄
𝒔=
𝟐
= 15(6)(8)(11)

𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗 ≈ 𝟖𝟗 Sq. unit

EXAMPLE 5 – Solve the area of the triangle using Heron’s Formula

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 ACTIVITY
Trigonometry C. Verify the identities check if they are equal by proving process.
INSTRUCTION: Answer the following questions; write your solutions in 15. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = sin 𝑥
a separate paper. 16. = cos 𝑥
17. + = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
A. Convert the following from Degree to Radian or vice versa.
1. 150° 6. 𝜋 18. = (secA − tanA)
2. 40° 7.
D. Use Law of Sine or Law of Cosine to find the missing information
3. 270° 8. −
about the oblique triangle.
4. 120° 9. 2𝜋
5. 10° 10. 19.
B. Solve for the missing side/s or the angle 𝜃 using trigonometric
function.

11. 12.

20.

13. 14.
E. For No.22 and 23, compute the Area of the triangle of item No.
19 and 20 using Heron’s formula.

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F.

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G.

H.

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REFERENCES

Trigonometry_Shortcut_Course_Tutorial by Lauren Johnson’s

https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/iemh112.pdf

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