Vázquez Barquero, Antonio Desarrollo Endógeno y Globalización EURE, Vol. XXVI, Núm. 79, Diciembre, 2000, P. 0 Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago, Chile

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EURE

ISSN: 0250-7161
[email protected]
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Chile

Vázquez Barquero, Antonio


Desarrollo endógeno y globalización
EURE, vol. XXVI, núm. 79, diciembre, 2000, p. 0
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Santiago, Chile

Available in: http://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=19607903

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Antonio Vázquez-Barquero*
Abstract
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