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SCADA Systems: Zhu Kun 2012-4-17

The document summarizes a lecture about SCADA systems. It discusses SCADA functions like data acquisition, event and alarm processing, and control. It describes SCADA architectures and components like RTUs, HMIs, and communication networks. It also covers non-functional aspects of SCADA systems such as availability, maintainability, scalability, security, and performance.

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gabriel galvez figueroa
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70 views28 pages

SCADA Systems: Zhu Kun 2012-4-17

The document summarizes a lecture about SCADA systems. It discusses SCADA functions like data acquisition, event and alarm processing, and control. It describes SCADA architectures and components like RTUs, HMIs, and communication networks. It also covers non-functional aspects of SCADA systems such as availability, maintainability, scalability, security, and performance.

Uploaded by

gabriel galvez figueroa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 8

SCADA systems

ZHU KUN
2012-4-17
Outline

• Course content
-  Summary
-  Outlook

• SCADA
-  SCADA system function
-  SCADA architectures
-  Non functional aspects

• Lab 2 –SCADA data engineering demonstration


Summary of study block 1

• Lecture 2
-  Power system apparatus

• Lecture 3 and 4
-  Power system protection basics
-  Fault location analysis

• Lecture 5 ,6 and 7
-  Substation automations systems
-  IEC 61850
Outlook for study block 2

• Lecture 8
-  SCADA
-  Lab demonstration

• Lecture 9, 10 and 11
-  Communication network basics

• Guest lecture 1
-  SCADA security

• Guest lecture 2
-  SCADA and DMS
Course map
"IEEE Standard for SCADA and Automation Systems,"
IEEE Std C37.1-2007 (Revision of IEEE Std
C37.1-1994) , vol., no., pp.1-143, May 8 2008
doi: 10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4518930

URL:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?
tp=&arnumber=4518930&isnumber=4518929
What is SCADA?

Supervisory Control And Data Acquistion


-  Collect measurements and status data from the process
-  Remotely interven the process
-  Centralized system
-  Distributed architecture

Applicable Processes
-  Oil or Gas prodcution facilities
-  Piplelines for gas, oils, chemicals or water.
-  Railway/Transportation Process
-  Nuclear, Gas, Hyrdo generation plants
SCADA function

•  Data acquisition
•  Analog and discrete values
•  Event and alarm processing
•  Event and alarm
•  Control
•  Tap changer
•  Shut capacitor/reactor
•  Switching devices
•  Generator excitation (AGC)
•  Data storage, archiving and analysis
Data acquisition

• Points
-  Measured values
• Pseudo points
-  Derived values
• Scan
-  process by which data
acquisition system
interrogates RTU/IED
• Scanning rate
-  1 sample/2 seconds
• Time skew
-  elapsed time between the
first measurement and the
final measurement is
taken
Event and alarm

•  Events
•  Changing positions
–  Breaker/Disconnector opens or closes
–  Value above/below a threshold
•  Equipment activated
–  Reactor or capacitor engaged
•  Automatic changes
–  tap changer changes its position
•  Alarms
–  Criticality
–  Sensitivity
Alarm management
What can be controlled

•  Tap changer
•  Shut capacitor/reactor
•  Switching devices
•  Generator excitation
(AGC)
•  Sequential control
-  E.g. in the case of a set of sequential switching
steps to restore power through predefined
backup configuration.
Data archiving and analysis

• Data collected from the process is sometimes


archived, this due to many reasons:
•  Regulations
•  Billing
•  Future load planning
•  Post Mortem Review, in case of disturbances or
interruptions in the process.
Squence of Event Recorder (SER)

• Local function implemented in IED that keeps


a record of all events in the substation
• Not all events are sent to the SCADA system
• SER logfiles can be uploaded to the SCADA
system to enable analysis
Remote Terminal Unit
- RTU
• A remote terminal unit (RTU) is a microprocessors-
controlled electronic device that interfaces objects in the
physical world to a distributed control systems or SCADA
by transmitting telemetry data to the system, and by
using messages from the supervisory system to control
connected objects.
RTU v.s IED

• Similarity
-  Computation
-  Communication

• IED focus on protection/automation function


-  Build-in protection scheme
-  Speed, the protection system operation is expected to be
completed within 20ms.

• RTU focus on communication


-  Large number of I/Os
-  ABB RTU560 PLC execution cycle is 100ms
Human Machine Interface
- HMI

• Communication between operator


and machine
• Input
-  Mouse, keyboard, touch screen
• Output
-  Screen, audio, print-outs or mimic board
• A weak link
-  Information overload/misinterpretation
Communication
• Wide Area Network
-  Analog point to point and multi-point modem networks
-  Frame relay/Cell relay type point to point and multi-point
networks
-  Wireless Radio/Satellite networks
-  Fiber-optic based networks

• Protocols
-  Modbus
-  Profibus
-  IEC60870-5-101,104
-  DNP 3
-  IEC61850-90-2
-  IEC60870-6-ICCP (between control centers)
SCADA architecture I -classic

B

Static model
SCADA architecture II -modern

B

SCADA architecture III -modern

B

SCADA for “substation”
Three mile Island – Harrisburg 1979

video
Non functional requirements
Functional requirements specifies what is a system
suppose to do and Non functional requirements
specifies how a system suppose to be.
• Availability
-  the ratio of uptime to the sum of downtime and uptime.
• Maintainability
-  Repairing time for hardware and software
• Scalability
-  How easy the system could be expand
• Security
-  See SCADA security guest lecture
• Interoperability/Openess
-  how easy can the system be integrated with systems
from other vendors
Non functional requirements
- Performance
• Desired response time should be designed for each SCADA
function. These response time should be comply with
power system control and operation procedure.
-  Normal state, quansi-steady-state. Response time should
meet the requirements during normal state.
-  Emergency state, when power system operation constraints
are violated. SCADA system are engineered to one specific
emergency condition without degrading the performance.

Normal
status

Restoration Emergency
status status
Non functional requirements
- data quality

• Accuracy
-  Measurement transformer class
-  ADC resolutions (bits)
…..
-  Measured/derived values
• Timeliness
-  Scanning rate
-  Communication delay
• Consistency
-  Analog measurements and topology
Communication between control
centers
• In a deregulated market
-  Transmission is separated from generation
-  Distribution is separated from sales
-  Customers can purchase energy from any generating
facility
-  Several transmission networks may be used for delivery
Communication between control
centers

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