Modern Delhi Public School Scalars and Vectors (N.S.E.

Js )

Scalars and Vectors

INTRODUCTION
ihe modern scientifie conccpts find an easily and clear expression in the language of vectors. Vegor is an
inct itable to!l for the present-day scientist and engineer of clear understanding ofthe scienceof measurements.

VECTORS & SCALARS

Scalar: A physical quantity which has only magnitude is called scalar:
Exaunple: Mass. time. speed, work, energy, volume, density etc. are scalars.
Veetor:A physical quantity whieh has magnitudeand specific direction and whre f i vector law of
addition is cailed vector.

GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF VECTORS

A vector is represented by an arrow. The length of the arrow is proportionálto the magnitude of the vector
and its orientation gives the direction of the vector.

E
V
For example, a velocity of 50 ms' from west to eá_tcan be répresented by an arrow PQ of length 5 cm
drawn along the west east direction with the arrow head pointing towards the east. Analytically the above
vector niay be represented by PQ or by a singleeletter (ln print, sometimes is represented by the bold

faced letter V). The magnitude ofa vectoris calledmodulus of the vector. The modulus of the vector PQ is

represented by |PO and it is always positive Piscalled the origin and Q is called the terminus of the vector.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF VECTORS

(1) Parallel vectors: If two or more vectors are parallel to the same line, they are said to be parallel
vectors. In figure (a), the vectors P.OR &S are parallel vectors. Further, p and R are like vectors or Q
and R are unlike vectors.

tigure a)

Equal vectors: "lt two or more vectors liave equal nagnitude and acting in the same directin. tliey
are said to he equal vectors". In the ligure (b), the two vectors arrows have cqual lengtli and same
orienation.

figure (b)
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though they start at d tors (NS.E
wo cqual vectors A &B
even
erent initial
Hence they represent
at different teminus.
nls and end
nat
they have cqual
vectorS A ana B e
suc .

3)Negative ofa
vector: Itwo
is negaiive ofthe other.
itude hut ippsife
directions, cach
vector

Thus = - B or B = - 4
vector or null vectar
nmagnitude is called zero
(4) Null vector: "A vector ot zero
coincide. Its direction is indetcr
terminus ofthe null vector
The initial point and nate
unit vector". The unit vess
magnitude is called
Unit Vector: "A vector of unit
the given vector with its magnitude. It is con torin ticdirecti
givenvector is obiaincd by dividing o denote unit
vector with a "cap" instead of "bar" over the symbol. Thus if A is a given vecror

direction of A is written as

(where A is read as A cap or A hat)

Note: In the right handed Cartesian coordinate system, i,j and k arechosen as unit vectors aloua
X-axis, Y-axis and Z-axis respectivelv. the

POSITION VECTOR
-The vector used to specify the position of a pointwith réspeet to some fíxed point (say origin 01ie
called position vector". It is denoted as .

Consider a point 'A' with coordinates x, y, z inthe Cartesin coordinate systen. Thus the position of
be expressed in the vector form
can as OA
=i+ yj+ zk. Here i. j and k unit vectorsalongtic are
X.Y and Z axes respectively. The distance of A{rom the origin eventually becomes the magnitude of

7 A(X,y,z)

X
i

DISPLACEMENT
Displacenmer:! is a shortest distance between two points. It is a vector quanity.
DISPLACEMENT VECTOR
he
posiuon of the point Q with reference to the
origin is represented by the posi
coordinates of the point Q are (x y,).
O P represented by position vector . lct the coordinates
a
of the point P are i:**
AStle displacement vector is the difference
of two position vectors
erc i i are unit vectors
Ai + YJ ** =

.
vector

along X, Y axis respectively. Thus. the

dio
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Qf
P

ADDITION OF VECTORS
>X

Scalars can be added or subtracted following the simple rules of algebrorarithumetic.

O0U
But vectors do
not tollow the same
simple rules, because while addingor subtracting vectorstheirdirection also has to
beconsidered. For example, when a mass of5
10 kg.
kg is added to another mass of 5 kg, the result is exactlyy
But when a vector of
magnitude units is added to another vectorepf magnitude 5 units (of
5
course of same
physical quantity), the result may have a magnitude from zero to,a maximum of 10
units, depending on relative orientations of the two vectors. The vector.shm is also called resultant.

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS IN SAME DIRECTION

Iftwo vectors are in the same direction, their resultant (su isobtained by adding their vector lengths
as shown in the figure. The direction of resultant is
sameas the individual vectors. Figure -

Addition of
vectors in same direction.

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS INOPPOSITE DIRECTION

If the vectors are mutually opposite. their resultant is obtained by subtracting the length of smaller
vector.

Addition of vectors inapposite from that of larger vector as shown in figure (b). The direction of
resultant is sane as that oflargeY vector. (Triangle law)

ADDITION OF TWO VECTORS INCLINED MUTUALLY

iftwo vectors are mutually inclined, the following procedure is adopted to find thcir sum. A and Hare
the given vectors. B is slides parallel to itself, such that its "tail" coincides with the head ofA as shown
in figuré (c). Thenthe directed line segincnt drawn from the tail ofA to the head of B represents the
addition of Aand B.

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Scalars and Vectors
-R NSE
(N

TRIANGLE LAW OF VECTORS

iftwo vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two
the third side of
the triangle taken in reverse order represents their sides of trianvle ken in order a
ta.l
sultant in
PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTORS magnitudéand di
Tuo vector
quantities (say, velocity,
This law is useful to find both acceleration, force, etc) can be
magnitude and direction of resultant. addedüsing paralletogrs.
sam law
Statement: If two vectors
parallelogram drawn froma point,represented
are
in
magnitude and direction by the
the diagonal adjacent sta
in
magnitude and direction. passing through that point of a
repreaents their ke
resultanttboth
D
D
R

B A
Explanation p and are two
veciors
point A and mutually inclined representedby AB and AD. Both vectors
at
angle *0' as siown in comm.n
act at the
campleted aking AB and AD as figure (d). If the
both adjacent sides, then the parallelogram ABCD 15
magnitude and direction.
in
diagonal 4 represents their
Magnitude of the resultant: resultant
The line
meets the
extension of AB of action of p is
at E. extended. The
From the
figure, obrious that
it is
perpendicular drawn from"
B D =
and
Lengh of AB CBE =
9

Lengh of AC
magnitude ot p
= Length of BC
magnitude ofR R = magnitude of Q
=
From
riangle CBE. and BE
BE= BC cos6
BC BE =
Qcos6 . ... .-. ()
EC
Bc sin6 and EC
=Qsin 6
(ACy =(AE +(ECY . - .... . --- .

(AC={AB+ BE) +(EC

-R= +Qcos (AC) =(ABy
G+2PQcos0+Q
RP+ +2rcos6 sin 6R p -(BEy 248.Bi. +(EC)
+Q +2FQ
=

Direction of the resultant: cose

The resultant **** * * * * * * * .

nakes (ii)
From triangle CAE. tan a= angle 'a with
EC (say).
A AB+ Blan a
=Qsin6
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Scalars and Vectors
(N.S.E.Js )
sin
=tan tan|LP+Qcose
*******°*** (iv)
The
expression (iii) and (iv) gives the magnitude and direction
of the resultant of p and .
SPECIAL CASES:
(1) It p and o
From equation (ii)
Hence the
are in the
direction, then 6 =0',and
same

and R=P+Q and a =0

(iv),
cos =1
00t
magnitude of resultant is sum of the magnitude of individual vectors. The direction
resultant is same as that of individual of
vectors.
( IfP and Q are
opposite, then =180 and cos9 =
-
. R= P-Q i.e. R= P-Q or Q-P and a =0 or 180.
Thus the
magnitude of resultant is equal to difference of
direction of resultant is same as
that of the magnitugës ot individusi vecors and the
vector or larger magnitude
(3) and O
perpendicular, then e =90' and cos6 =0
are

R=P+g and a =tan (Q! P)

(4) If
P=. then R=2P cos®/2 and =6/2 a

If the vectors have

equal magnitude, then tlie resültant will bisect the
angle between them.
SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS

The subtracting of vector ß from the vector . is sane as addition of } to s shown in

figure i.e., A - B = 4+(-B)

The vector is reversed to get negative vector of B. Then reversed vector - is shifted parallel to
itself such that tail dr coincides with head of A. The directed line
segnent PR represents the
subtracting of from A
Vector subtracting does not obey commutative law. i.e., A-B= B-d
CHANGE OF VELOCITY

(i) Consider the body moving with velocity V, due to east. After a time interval 't its final velocity is
dueto north.

N
N-
W E

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is obtained by vector subtracting method. The initial velocity
velocity tors
The change of velocity
the usual proccdure for vector addition ie th
reversed to get -, and v, following tail of
coincides with head of,
tron tail of i. to the head
ol
. represe'its change of vel.icit
Thc vector driwn
(ii)
is
per their directions
magnitude and direetion and T, are mutually perpendicular ntion
-V-2:"V,cos90
(iv) Magnitudeof change ofveloeity A ="-=

ar=y +
RESOLUTmON OF A VECTOR INTO TWO RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS
The process ofsplitting a vector is called resolution of a vector. 1he pansobtained afier resolutim ife
known as components of the given vector.

f the components of a given vector are perpendicutar to each ther they are called roctangular
components. These are the most important components oa yet
AY

Let A, and 4, are the rectangular components of

Applying triangle iaw of vectors tothe vector triangle ONP, we get

4,+, =4

) This equation confirms that A, amd 4, are the components of

In right angled triangle
ONE
cos9-or 4,ácos )

sin6=or A, =Asin
(IV) Squaring and adding (1) and (2), we get
+ = *cos 0+ Ai sin'
A + A , = A' (cos' 6+A sin 0)
A+A A* 'cos 0+ sin'0=
or A=4+4
(üi)
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EQUILIBRIUM
. When a body does not change its state of rest of uniform
motion on the application of oné or more
external forces, the body is said be in
IL A
to equilibrium.
single force acting on a body or point cannot keep the
body in equilibrium.
The minimum number of forces which can
in
kcep a point in equilibrium is2. These twu
ircesa quai
magnitude and opposite in direction.
APPLICATION OF TRIANGLE LAW OF VECTORS
It three vectors,
(LAMI'S THEOREM
simultaneously acting at a point, have zero resultant, then
these three vectors can be
represented in magnitude and direction by the tl1ree sides of a triangle
taken inorder
EXPLANATION:
P.Qand X are three forces (vectors) which sinultaneously act at the point
Hencc they repi >scnted, in Oaud keep it in equilibrium.
taken in order.
magnitude and direction, by the sides ABNBC and CA of the uriangle ABC

(i) The magnitude of P.O and R are

proportional to the lengths of AB. BC. CA respeetirely. i.c..

= k (constant)
AB BC

(ui) The orientation of P.O and R are parällel to the sides AB. BC and CA.

Whenevera triangle is formed torepresent three torces keeping a body in equilibrium, then the lengths
ofeach side of the triangle is proportional to tlhe sine of the angle opposite it.

AB CA P R
1.e.
sin LACB sin BAC sin ABC sina sinß sin

RELATIVE VELOCIT
) The concept ofrefative velocity is useful to understand the motion of one body in relation to any other
moving body.
The relative velocity is obtained by vector subtraction method, whether the bodies are imoving in same
direction oropposite direction or inclined direction.
(i) Let two bodies A and B be moving with the velocities V and V in the same direction.

Velocity of"A" relative to 'B'= V^ -Vs

Velocity of B ' relative to 'A' = Va - a

Iftwo bodics *A' and B'are moving in qpposite directions the velocity of A' relative to 'B' is , +.

and it is same as the velocity of 'B' relative to 'A'.

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i n c l i n e d at an angle'A'e
as shown
Public Scho0ol are Modern DDe
Todern Delhi movingWith
velocities + Vs
bodies'A'and 'B' (iv) ABr

v) Considernwo
in the following
figure.
Vecto

magn

added to F .
tollowing the usual pra
edure (v) In th=
and then
is reversed to get tie
sthe relatir e line s
-

The velocin
vector i', Thus the
resultant ,
vi)
shown in the following figure.
ofvautors as
Soraddition
velocity of 'w.rt. '8 ie. Fn =Va -Ia

of rel=

MOTION
following the isuxt A) Cross
and thenadded'to v,
vector , is reversed to get -t,
(v) Similarly the velocity Let i
shown in the followingfigure
procedure fior addition of vectors as One

ofher
Sinu

(i) In tha
He w

along
respe
w.r.t. *A i.e..1' l-Ft nmay be noed that or
(vi) The resultant i, - , istherelativevelocityot B'
=

third
is obtained from parallelogram law of vector
and , , are equal in magnitude ofrelative velocity

F V+V,cos130-0)
=jvi+iVcos
MAN WALKING IN RAIN

Consider rain falling vertically inthe absence of wind. The velouity ofrains is . vertically downwards.
) Aman stands at restinherain and observes that the rain falls vertically down. He holds the umbrcla 111) From
upright to protcct húniself from the rain. If the man walks horizontally, with certain velucity V., h

observes the direction of rain inclined to the vertical. Hence he holds the umbrella in a direction inchnea
to the vertical.

Time

. A / iv) The
Widt
- C (V) Disp
Gi The direction in which the umbrella is held, indicates the direction of rain fall in relation to the ng
man. Time

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(iv) ABepresents the velocity of rain , falling vertically. BC represents the velocity of man
walking
h rizontally. The direction of . is reversed to get - , and added to , fullo iug the procedure for
vector addition. The line segmen AD represents the value relative velocity of rain
magnitude and direction.
w.r.t. main inboth
(v) In the otter way, both
velocity vectors are drawn such that they have origin as shown.1The
conmon
line segment directed from the head the head of
to , represents the velocity of raid inelation to
man both in
magnitude and direction. Iu both figures, tan = 0=tan"
rdthe magnitude
ofrelative velocity = V+.The umbrella is held w.r.t. vertical át an angle tan

MOTION OF BOAT IN RIVER

(APPLICATION OF TRIANGL LAW
A) Crossingriver in shortest path:
) Let Y. is the velocity of water current in
river. 7, is
one
a
bank of the river. He wishes to eross the
velocitý
of boat in still water. A person is on
river in the boat and reach exactly
other bank i.c.. he wants to cross the river opposite point on the
in the shortest
pah When the boat moves in river it is
sianultaneously subjected to two velocity viz,
, and
vectors
In the figure the direction of river
flow is from left to
He wishes to reach right Tfie person is at position A" on one bank.
exactly the opposite positiononthie other bank. Hc directs his boat upstream
along AC, which makes
angle *e' with normalline to the water current. The vectors
respectively represented in magnitude and direcion by the sides AD and DE of the V, and . are
in order. According to the triangle ADE taken
triangle law, tleir resultant is represented in nmagnitude and dircction by the
third side AE of the triangle taken in
reverse order.
B other bank
of river

One bank
of river

i)
From figufe sin 6 = #
- sin" ... (0)

The boat should be dirccted at angle B= sin" with normal line to water
current
Time of travel to cross the river:

iv) The mapgaitude ofresultant velocity - - ¥ . f =-V

Width of river AB d (say)
Disptaceinent of boat = d (to reach the other bauk)
(v)

displ1cement AB d
Time taken by the boat to eross the river
velocityv -VE

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RIVER IN
CROSSING
THE direction of water cùrrent
with
c between
an angle 6
making
directed across the river
Theboat is The
component
otI', as
nd
shown in
figure.
as
F. is e the
other bank,
the boat
reaches
B
When

other bank

'a river
Vin

e dank

trier ()
river =
d (say)
width of the
of boat
=

Displacenment
displacement of boat across the river
of boat across the river
Time taken to
cross the riv component of velocity

d (iii)
=
F,sine when sin 6
the time of travel becontes inimum, is mavins.
() For a aiven velocity of boat, um l.e.,

sin= l 0=90
Hence the boat should be directed exactly towards theopposite point on the other bank i.e.. aking:90
(iv)
with direction of water current so that the time becomes ininimumn.
Minimum time taken to cross the river,=

The displacement of the boat parallelto the watcr current= BC =x (say)

(v)

From triangle ADE and ACB, tan

Shift of boat downstream, * *

MULTIPLICATION OFVECTORS
Therules followedfor ve tor addition and vector mutiplication are different from those followed for
bu

addition and multiplication of sealars. When two vectors are added, the resultant is again a vect
when
two vectors are multiplied, the product may be either a scalar or a vector
dop
physical quantity to be achieved.
n one ctor.
typeOt product. "the produet of position vector and factor vector is torque, 1S*
Scalar

is
.

la the a
other type of produet, the product of displacement and force vector isIS w
woor k
done",

Thus there are two type of products of vectors

viz.,
(1 Vector product or eross product
(2) Scalar product or dot
produet

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PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

CROSS PRODUCT (OR) VECTOR
such that their product is again a vector, the product is called vector
If wo vectors
are multiplied
product or cross product.

Scho B. ltis defined

and is denotcd by AxB and read as cross
The cross product of two vectors 4 ß
whose magnitude is equal to the product ofthe magnitudes
of the trwo vectors
as a third vector
included angle e.
and and the sine oftheir

c h

Thus,if C= Ax Ë, then C= ABsin6

right which a handed
The vector is normal to the B and pointsin the direction in
plane of and
of the two vectors in the
screw would advance when rotated about an axis perpendicular tothe plane,
state the
direction from to B through the smaller angle 0 betweenthemor, alternatively, we might
rule as:
must be turned through the
fingers of the right hand be curled in the direction inwhich
vector
If the
smaller included angle 6 to coincide with the diréetton afvector , the thumb points in the direction of
C as shown in figure.

Either of these rulesis referréd to as the right handed screw rule. Thus, if n be the unit vector in the

direction of C, wehaveC AxB= ABsin®i where 0s0Sn.

IMPORTANT POINTS REGARDING CROSS PRODUCT

A and ß are
collincar (i.e., 0 =
0' or 180°) then their vector product yields null vector.
AxB o lt: sin6 0]
=

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 Scalars and Vectors
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voctor
ofmaximum magnitude. it istt
perpcndicular,theircross product is he product
a
If and are

of their magnitudes.

4xB-4Bsin 90 A8

i.c., dx A O
vector vith itsclf yields null vector, =

(un) The cross product ofa

the unit vectors along the axes of right handed Cartesian coordinates svste
steim
() 11. i. j and k are

ixj=k jxi = -k
Xi = j x j=kxk=O

jxk =i = kxj=-i kxi =j-ixk=-j

METHOD
CROSS PRODUCT BY COMPONENTS
If the vectors are expressed in terms of their rectangular components along X, Y and Z axes, the crase

product yiclds the product in vector from i.e. in terms of its rectangular components again.

If A= 4i+ 4,j+ 4,k and B Bi+Bj+ B,k

where A A, and A, are the components of the vector along X, Yand z axis. Similarly, B, B and
B are the components ofthe vector long X, Y and Z axis respectively.
And i, j and k are the unit vectors X, Y and Z axis respectively

Then Ax B = (4i+ 4,j+4k)x(Bi+ B,j+ B,k)

4ix(Bj+B,j +Bk)+4,jx(Bj+B,j+B.Ak*Ei+ B,j+ B,k)

Aix B_i+Aj+ B,j+ 4,ix B,k +A,jxBi+ A,jAjx B,k+ 4,k +B,i+ Akx B,j+ A,kx B,k
B,(ixj)+ 4, B,(i xk)+4, x B,(jxi)+ 4, B,(jx j)+ 4, B,
x x
x
4, x B,(ixi)+ A, x

4, x B,U)+4, x B,(-i)+ 4, x B,0)

=ilA,B,
-

4,B,) j(A,B,
-
-

4,B.)tk(AB, 4,B,)=|4, 4, 4
-

B. B, B
From the definition of the vector product AxB. we tind

sin
4x
.ix B=|sine
4,U,-4B,)-i4,B,-4,B,) +k(4,B,-4,B,)
AB
sCALAR PRODUCT (OR) DOT PRODUCT OF TWO VECTORS

Ifwovectors arc.lultuplicd such that their product is sealar, the produet is called scalar produet ordot
product
Definition of dot product
of the
Ehe dot product of two non
Zero vectors is deiued as the product oftheir magnitudes and cosine
ngle betiween them
Modern Delhi Public School Scalars and Vectors (N.S.E.Js )
If 4,8 are two non zero vectors, their dot product A.B is detined as A.8 =4|Blcos0, where 0 is the

angle betwcen and p. If A and B are two vetors 4 and cos are scalars and henee
is a scalar.

90******.. eo-. -o-.os chO

R90

(m) A and are two vectors inclined at an angle "9' mutually. Their coumon taltisat "o". QR is the
perpendicular drawn from the had (Q) of ß on to the line of action of Hence OR is the projection
or
scalarcomponent of B in the direction of .
OR= 00cos= Bcos0

(iv) Similarly PS in thhe perpendicular drawn from the head (P) ofontheline of action of B. Hence OS
is the projection or scalar component of 4 in the direction of
Now AB AB cos A(B cos®) B(Acos6)
= = =

(iv) The scalar product or dot product of two vectors isequal to the product of magnitude of one vector
and the "projection" or "component" of the other vecton.along the first vector.

Note: If =õ or
B=0,AB=0
Important Points regarding Scalar Product
If two vectors are perpendicular, their dot product is ze:o, i.e. A.B = AB cos 90 = 0

(ii) If two vectors are parallel, their dof product is maximum i.e. A.B =ABcos 0 AB
The scalar product of a vector with itselfyields the square of its magnitude.
ie. AB AAcos0' i =
=|A
(iv) a.a
=a, +a +a
(v) If the angle between two vetors is acute, their dot product is positive.
(vi if the angle between two vecors is obtuse, their dot product is negative.
(vi) ifi, j and k are the nitvectors along the axes of right handed Cartesian coordinate systen1, then
i.i. =jj=k.k.=1ándi j j . k . = k.i =0

SCALAR PRODUCT BY COMPONENTS METHOD

The scalar product of vectors becomes easy and sinple ifthey are cxpressed in terns of their retangalar
components of X, Y and Z axis.
Thus, if 4= Aj+ 4,j+ 4k and B = Bi+ B,i+ Bk

whete A A and A, are the components of the vector along X. Y and 7 axis
Similarly, B B and B, ars the components of the veetor j along X. Y and Z axis respectin oly.

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And i. j and k are the unit vectors along X, Y and Z axis respectively. Then

A.B=(A,i+ A,j+ Ak).(Bi + B,j+ B.k) = A,iABi + , j + B.k) + A, j(Bi+ Bj+ Bk)

+4k.(B,i + B,j + B,k)

=
A,j.Bi +A,j.B,j + 4,j.B.k + Ak.Bi+ dk.B,j Ak.B,
Ai.B,i + A,i.B,j + Aji.B,k + +
00
=
4,.B,iA)+4,.B,(i./) +4,.B,(ik) A,.B,(j4) +A,.B, (1-j)+4, B,ik)
+

+4,B,(ki)+A, B,(k.j)+4,.B,(k.k)
=
4,.8,(0) + 4,.B,(0)+4,.B,(0)+ 4,.B,(0)+4,B,()+A,.8,(0) + 4,.8,(0)hd0)t M.2,(
AB + 4,B, + A.B.

A.B
cos6 => cos6
(or) cos=- 4B. +48, +4,3,
Note I:
AB
Note 2: A.A - 4+4+4 =|4f
A.B
The scalar component of B in the direction of isexpressed as Acose =
Note 3:

AB

of B in the direction of is expressed as Bcos6=

Note 4: The scalar component

If and g perpendicular.
direction perpendicular to it. p are
A vector cannot have component in a
Note 5:
because P.Q=0.
then p cannot have component along O and vice versa