SYLLABUS

FOR
POST GRADUATE COURSE

PHYSICS
(With effect from 2019-2020)

Under Choice Based Credit System

with
Semester Pattern

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
North Orissa University
Sriram Chandra Vihar
Takatpur, Baripada-757003
 M.Sc. (PHYSICS) EXAMINATION
(Choice Based Credit System
Semester Pattern)

1. The course is of two years duration comprising of four semesters of theory and
laboratory works.
2. There are two supportive papers one in semester-II (Phy-402) and other in semester-
III (Phy-501). These are open for the students of other departments.
3. Each student has to carry out project work from Semester-III and submit a dissertation
before the commencement of Semester-IV theory examination.
4. The student can opt one elective course comprising of two papers in the 2nd year of
PG programme.
5. The examination system for each theory paper consists of one IAE of 20 marks and
one semester exam of 80 marks. The IAE shall be one hour duration and shall cover at
least two units. The semester examination shall be 3 hour duration and the question
paper shall be of unit pattern with two alternatives from each unit having equal
weight. However, in practical paper semester examination shall be 100 marks and of 6
hours duration.
6. A candidate must secure at least 40% marks in practical and 30% marks in individual
theory paper to pass the semester examination.
7. A student securing cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) 5.5 shall be declared as
pass in the Post-Graduation Examination.
8. Formula for conversion of CGPA to Percentage is:
(CGPA – 0.75) ˟ 10 = Percentage of mark
Example: {7.85 (CGPA) – 0.75} ×10 = 7.10 × 10= 71.0 %
9. Candidate securing at least 6.75 CGPA (minimum 60% marks in aggregate) shall be
declared as First Class. The First Class First student shall receive the University Gold
Medal in the concerned regular P.G. Course provided that he/she has cleared all the
papers of the semester examinations in a single attempt.
10. If the candidate passes all the four semester examinations he/she will be declared to
have passed the M.Sc. examination in Physics. Further, under no circumstance a
candidate shall be allowed to appear any Semester Examination after completion of
the twice the duration of the course.
11. The student has to secure at least 75% of attendance to be eligible to appear at the
University examination.

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 1

Programme Outcome:

 The students will acquire advanced conceptual knowledge and comprehensive

understanding of the fundamental principles in physical science.

 They will be prepared to take up challenges as globally competitive

physicists/researchers in diverse areas of theoretical as well as experimental physics.

 They will be equipped with enough technical and analytical skilled to pursue their
further studies and develop continuous learning through their professional career.

 They will be trained to appear national level tests like UGC-CSIR NET, JEST,
GATE, etc., successfully.

 They will acquire the sense of academic and social ethics.

Programme Specific outcome:

 The student will understand the core courses forming the basis of physics namely,
Classical Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Mathematical Physics, Statistical Physics,
Electromagnetic Theory, Atomic and Molecular Physics, Solid State Physics,
Electronics, Nuclear and Particle Physics.

 They will learn computational physics to equip them to use computers as a tool for
scientific computation and analysis.

 They will understand the basic concepts of certain sub fields through elective course
such as solid state physics, and particle physics.

 They will motivate towards research in physics through the dissertation work in both
theory and experimental stream.

 They will develop creative thinking and problem-solving capabilities encouraged

through mentor system.

 They will learn through experimental skills in both the core and elective labs,
designed to develop an appreciation for the fundamental concepts and working of
devices used in scientific methods/tools of physics.

 They will be capable of taking up higher studies of interdisciplinary nature.

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 2

 P.G. DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS
NORTH ORISSA UNIVERSITY
M.Sc. SYLLABUS

SEMESTER - I
Code Title Credit Marks Total
Internal Semester
Phy-401 Mathematical Physics 05 20 80 100
Phy-403 Classical Mechanics 05 20 80 100
Phy-405 Quantum Mechanics-I 05 20 80 100
Phy-407 Computer Application in Physics 05 20 80 100
Phy-409 Practical (Optics & Modern Physics) 06 100 100
Total 26 80 420 500

SEMESTER - II
Code Title Credit Marks Total
Internal Semester
Phy-402 Basic Electronics (Supportive-I) 05 20 80 100
Phy-404 Quantum Mechanics-II 05 20 80 100
Phy-406 Statistical Mechanics 05 20 80 100
Phy-408 Classical Electrodynamics 05 20 80 100
Phy-410 Practical (Electronics) 06 100 100
Total 26 80 420 500

SEMESTER - III
Code Title Credit Marks Total
Semester
Internal
Phy-501 Quantum Principles, Atomic & 05 20 80 100
Molecular Spectra (Supportive-II)
Phy-503 Condensed Matter Physics 05 20 80 100
Phy-505 Advanced Quantum Mechanics 05 20 80 100
Phy-507 Elective – I 05 20 80 100
Phy-509 Practical (Computational Physics) 06 100 100
Total 26 80 420 500

SEMESTER - IV
Code Title Credit Marks Total
Internal Semester
Phy-502 Basic Nuclear & Particle Physics 05 20 80 100
Phy-504 Elective – II 05 20 80 100
Phy-506 Practical (Elective) 06 100 100
Phy-508 Project work, Presentation and viva 06 200 200
Total 22 40 360 500
GRAND TOTAL 100 2000

Elective: The students can opt for any one out of Condensed Matter Physics/Particle Physics.

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 3

 SEMETSER-I

Phy-401 MATHEMATICAL PHYSIC 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcome: The student will understand the importance of special type of matrices
and tensors complex analysis, method of contour integration to evaluate definite integrals of
varying complexity. They have gained ability to apply group theory to physics problems, which
is a pre-requisite for deeper understanding of crystallography, particle physics, quantum
mechanics and energy bands in solids. They also learn how to solve different second order
differential equations and their applications in Physics. They also learn the fundamentals and
applications of Fourier series, Fourier and Laplace transforms required for solving various
problems in different branch of Physics.

Contents:
UNIT- I
Linear independence, Bases, Dimensionality, Inner product, linear transformations,
Matrices, Inverse, orthogonal and unitary matrices, independent elements of a matrix,
Eigen values & eigen vectors, Diagonalization, Complete orthonormal sets of
functions,Definition of a Group and its representation: homomorphism, isomorphism,
reducible and irreducible.

UNIT-II
Element of complex analysis, analytic function, Taylors and lorent series, poles,
residues and evaluation of Integrals, Tensors and their ranks, outer product and
contraction, kronecker Delta ij and the Levi-civita tensor ijk, vector analysis using
tensor notation

UNIT–III
Laplace transform, solution of differential equations by laplace transformation,
Inverse LT by partial functions, LT of derivative, Fourier series, FS of arbitrary
period, Half wave expansions, Fourier integral & transforms, Green’s function
solution of inhomogeneous differential equation, Properties of Green’s function in
one dimension,

UNIT – IV
Series expansion: Bessel, Hermite, Laguerre, Hypergeometric, Confluent,
Hypergeometric equations, Generating function, Rodrigues formula, and recursion
relation of Bessel, Hermite and laguerre polynomials.

Recommended Books:
1. Mathematical Methods of Physics - G. Arfken
2. Mathematical methods of Physics - J. Mathew & R.L. Walker
3. Matrices & Tensor for Physicists - A.W. Joshi
4. Mathematical Physics - C. Harper
5. Mathematical Method - P.K. Chattopadhya
6. Hand book of Mathematical Function
with Formulas, Graphs and Mathematical Tables -M.Abramowitz and I.A.Stegun

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 4

 Phy-403 CLASSICAL MECHANICS 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, student will be able
to: understand that the conservation principles follow from the fundamental equation
of motions, distinguish the number of generalized coordinates required for the
configuration of rigid body motion under real and complex plane, have a deep
understanding for canonical transformations. Most important thing student learned
from this course is how to write Hamiltonian of a system and able to derive and solve
the wave equation for frequency and amplitude of oscillation using linear
approximation.

Contents:
UNIT – I
Lagrangian, Homogeneity and isotropy of space and conservation of linear and
angular momentum, Homogeneity of time and conservation of energy, Rigid body
motion: The independent co-ordinates of a rigid body, orthogonal transformations,
The Euler angles, The Cayley-Klein parameters, Euler’s theorems on the motion of a
rigid body, infinitesimal rotations, rate of change of a vector, The coriolis force.

UNIT – II
Angular momentum and kinetic energy of motion about a point, The inertia tensor and
the momentum of inertia, the principal axis transformation, The Euler equation of
motion, Torque-free motion of a rigid body, The Heavy symmetrical top with one
point fixed.

UNIT – III
Legender transformation and Hamilton’s equations of motion, Physical significance
of the Hamiltonian, Derivation of Hamilton’s equations from variational principle.
The equations of canonical transformations, Integral invariant of Poincare, Lagrange
and Poisson brackets as canonical invariants, The equations of motion, infinitesimal
contact transformations and conservation theorems in the Poisson bracket formulation.

UNIT –IV
Hamiltonian-jacobi equation and application to harmonic oscillator, Action-angle
variables, The Kepler problem, H-J theory, Geometrical optics and wave mechanics.

Problem of small oscillations, Normal co-ordinates and free vibration of a linear

triatomic molecule.

Recommended Books:

1. Classical Mechanics - H. Goldstein

2. Mechanics - Landau and Litshitz
3. Classical Dynamics - Marion & Thornton
4. Classical Mechanics - Corben & Stehle

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 5

 Phy-405 QUANTUM MECHANICS-I 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students will learn: the importance of studying quantum mechanics
at microscopic level, the concepts of basis and operators along with vector spaces and
Hilbert space formalism employing Dirac notation, the theory of angular momenta and
their matrices and the Clebsh-Gordan Coefficient and various tools to calculate
eigenvalues of some basic quantum systems.

Contents:
UNIT – I
Linear vector space, ket and bra vectors, scalar product of vectors and their properties,
linear operators, Adjoint operator, unitary operator, Expectation values of dynamical
variables and physical interpretation, Hermitian operators, Eigen values and eigen
vectors, othonormality of eigen vectors, probability interpretation, Degeneracy,
Schmidt method of orthogonalization. Expansion theorem, completeness and closure
property of the basis set, co-ordinate, momentum and energy representations.
Compatible and incompatible observables, commutators algebra, uncertainty relation as
a consequence of noncomutability, minimum uncertainty wavepacket.

UNIT - II
Representation of ket and bra vectors and operators in the matrix form, unitary
transformations of basis vectors and operators. Different types of pictures in quantum
mechanics and their equation of motion, Solution of Harmonic Oscillator (Operator
method)
Rotation Matrix, Angular momentum operators as the generators of rotation,
Lx,Ly,Lz and L2 and their commutator relations, raising and lowering operators (L+ and
L-), Lx,Ly,Lz and L in spherical polar co-ordinates, Eigen values and Eigen functions of
Lz, L2 (OP method), Spherical harmonics, Matrix representation of L+, L-, and L2.

UNIT III
Spin ½ particles, Pauli spin matrices and their properties, Eigenvalues and
Eigenfunction, Spinor transformation under rotation.Total angular momentum J, Eigen
value problem of Jz and J2. Angular momentum matrices, Addition of angular momenta
and C.G. Co-efficients, Angular momentum states for composite system in the angular
momenta (1/2,1/2) and (1,1/2).

UNIT – IV
Hydrogen atom, Reduction to equivalent one body problem, Radial equation, Energy
eigenvalues and eigen functions, degeneracy, radial probability distribution.
Free particle problem, incoming and outgoing spherical waves, expansion of plane
waves in terms of spherical waves, Bound states of a 3-d square well, particle in a
sphere.
Recommended Books:
1. Quantum Physics - L.I. Schiff
2. Introduction to Quantum mechanics - R.H. Dicke & J.P. Witke
3. Quantum Physics - S. Gassiorowick
4. Quantum Mechanics - B. Craseman & J.D. Powell
5. Quantum Mechanics - E. Merzbacker
6. Quantum Mechanics - Mathews & Venkateswar
7. Quantum Mechanics - A. Das

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 6

 Phy-407 COMPUTER APPLICATION IN PHYSICS 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students learning this course get fundamental and theoretical
ideas of computers about learning basics involved in FORTRAN 77 that helps them
frame programs on mathematical problems of various kinds.

Contents:

UNIT – I
Numerical method error and Algorithm: Numerical method, characteristics of
numerical commuting, decimal system, binary system, limitations of representing
numbers in computer, Absolute, relative and percentage errors, significant digits in
approximation, General formula for errors, Application of the error formula, truncation
error, order of error, propagation of error

Introduction to FORTRAN-77,
Flow charts, Algorithms, Integer and Floating point, Arithmetic, Precision, Variable
types, Arithmetic statements, Input & output statements

UNIT – II
Control statements, Do loops, While structure, Arrays, Subscripted, Subroutines, Sub
program, Data files

UNIT – III
Newton and lagrange interpolation, Bisection and Newton-Rapson methods, Matrix &
Linear equations: Pivotal Condensational method, Gauss elimination method, gauss-
Jordan elimination method

UNIT –IV
Matrix inversion, Numerical integration: Simpson, Trapezoidal methods, Runge-Kutta
method for solutions of differential equations

Introduction to Math lab

What is Matlab, where do I get Matlab, Matlab windows,on line help,input output,file
types, to learn how to do simple arithmetic calculation, how to assign values to
variable, how to suppress screen output, how to quit Matlab, calculating and working
with arrays of numbers, creating and printing simple plots, creating, saving and
executing a script file

Recommended Books

1. Fortran 77 and Numerical methods - C. Xavier

2. Computer programming in FORTRAN 77 - V. Rajaraman
3. Numerical Computational Methods- P.B. Patil, U.P. Verma
4. Numerical Analysis - B.P. Acharaya & R. N. Das
5. Computer Application in Physics - Suresh Chandra
6. Numerical Methods for Scientists &
Engineers - S.S. Sastry
7. Getting started with Matlab - Rudra Pratap, Oxford University press

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 7

 Phy-409 PRACTICALS 100 MARKS
Experiments on Optics and Modern Physics

Course Outcomes:
Student will familiarize with the basic experimental on modern physics and optics like
Interferometer, verification of Brewsters law, dielectric constants using Letcher/s wire
etc. It will help them to realize its correspondence with the theory.

Contents:
1. Michelson Interferometer.
2. Measurement of Rydberg Constant.
3. E/M measurement by Braun tube.
4. E/M measurement by magnetron valve.
5. Dielectric constant of solid (wax) by Letcher’s wire.
6. Magnetic field measurement by search coil.
7. Determination of e by Millikan’s oil drop experiment.
8. Verification of Brewster’s law using spectrometer
9. Verification of Richardson’s T2 law.
10. Determination of wavelength of LASER source.
11. Stefans Constant
12. Photovoltaic Cell
13. Determination of Plank’s const

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 8

 SEMESTER-II

Phy-402 BASIC ELECTRONICS 100(80+20)MARKS

(Supportive-I)

Course Outcomes: On completion of this course the student will learn about PN junction
Diodes, Transistors, Field Effect Transistors, their principles and applications, Basic
operational amplifier characteristics, OPAMP parameters, applications as adder, subtractor
inverter, integrator, differentiator, Oscillators etc. They also learn basics of major digital
devices. The student will acquire fundamental knowledge on AM/FM transmitter and
receiver, TV etc.

Contents:
UNIT – I
PN junction: construction and working principle, properties of pn junction. Zener diode:
working principle and properties, zener diode as voltage stabiliser. Transistor: structure,
principle of operation and static characteristics of bipolar junction transistor (common base
and common emitter connection only), structure, principle of operation and characteristics of
Field effect transistor.

UNIT– II
Operational amplifier: Introduction to Op amplifier, the 741OP amplifier. Inverting and Non-
inverting amplifier: voltage gain, input and output impedance.
Applications of Operational amplifier: Summing amplifier, differential amplifier, Integrating
amplifier, differentiator amplifier, Barkhausen criterion of oscillation, Hartley oscillator,
Colpitts oscillator.

UNIT- III
Basic digital concepts: Binary logic states, Binary Arithmetic.
Logic gates and Combinational logics: Gate types and truth table of AND, OR, NOT, NAND,
NOR, XOR, XNOR. Converter: Analog to digital and digital to analog. Boolean algebra and
Demorgan’s theorems. Boolean theorems: Aalgebrically, Venn diagram and induction table.
Half and Full adder, Half and Full subtractor, flip flop (RS and JK).

UNIT-IV
Modulation: Amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, phase modulation and
demodulation.
Radio wave propagation: Surface wave, space wave, tropospheric wave and sky wave.
AM/FM radio transmitters and receivers (Block diagram only). Elementary principles of TV.
Introduction to microprocessor, A simple microprocessor (µp) based system, Architecture of
intel 8085, Pinout diagram of 8085, Interfacing, The 8085 instruction set, Programming a
microprocessor, Microprocessor applications.

Recommended Books:
1. Fundamental Principle of Electronics - B. Ghosh
2. Electronic Fundamental and application - J. D. Ryder
3. Integrated Electronics - Milliman and Halkias
4. Foundation of Electronics - Chattopadhyay, Rakshit Saha and Purkait
5. Electronic: Principle & Application - A. P. Malvino
North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 9
 Phy-404 QUANTUM MECHANICS - II 100 (80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students will learn: the application of approximation methods,

basics of perturbation theory and radiative transitions, the theory of scattering, optical
theorem, Born approximation, partial wave analysis etc., interaction of an atom with the
electromagnetic field and various tools to calculate eigenvalues of some quantum
systems.

Contents:
UNIT – I
Stationary perturbation theory, Rayleigh Schroedinger method for non-degenerator
case, First and second order perturbation, application to anharmonic oscillator, General
theory for the degenerate case, Removal of degeneracy, Linear and quadratic stark
effect, Normal and anamolus, Zeeman effect.

UNIT-II
Variational Principle, Ground state of He-atom.
Connection formulas, Bohr Sommerfeld quantization rule, Application to Harmonic
oscillator.

UNIT – III
Transition probability, Constant and harmonic perturbation, Fermi’s golden rule,
Electric dipole radiation and selection rules, Spontaneous emission Einstein’s A,B –
coefficients, Basic principles of Laser.

UNIT – IV
Scattering amplitude and cross section, Born approximation, Application to coulomb
and screened coulomb potential.

Partial wave analysis for elastic and inelastic scattering effective range and scattering
length, optical theorem, scattering from a hard sphere and square well potential.

Recommended Books:

1. Quantum Mechanics - L.I. Schiff

2. Introduction to Quantum Mechanics - R. H. Dicke & J.P. Witke
3. Quantum Physics - S. Gassiorowick
4. Quantum Mechanics - B. Craseman & J.D. Powell
5. Quantum Mechanics - E. Merzbacker
6. Quantum Mechanics - Mathews & Venkateswar

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 10

 Phy-406 STATISTICAL MECHANICS 100 (80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: A student having taken this course is expected to determine the
statistical and thus, thermodynamic behavior of separate macroscopic systems
consisting of large number of microscopic particles satisfying various statistics like
Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics, Bose-Einstein statistics and Fermi-Dirac statistics.

Contents:
UNIT – I
Idea about various kinds of statistics, Concept of macrostate & microstate with
examples, Contact between statistics & thermodynamics, Postulate of classical
statistical mechanics, Liouville’s theorem, Microcanonical ensemble, Derivation of
thermodynamics, equipartition theorem, classical ideal gas, Gibb’s paradox.

UNIT – II
Canonical ensemble and energy fluctuation, grand canonical ensemble and density
fluctuation, equivalence of canonical and grand canonical ensemble.

UNIT – III
The density matrix, ensemblies in quantum statistical mechanics, ideal gas in micro
canonical and grand canonical ensemble, equation of state for ideal Fermi gas, Theory
of white dwarf stars, ising model, Definition of Ising model, ID-Ising model,Ising
model, Definition of Ising model, 1D-Ising model

UNIT – IV
Ideal Bose Gas, Photons and Planck’s law Phonons, Bose- Einstein condensation.
Thermodynamics description of phase transitions, phase transitions of first order and
second order with examples, Discontinuity of specific heat.

Recommended Books:

1. Statistical Mechanics - K. Hung

2. Elementary Statistical Physics - C. Kittel
3. Statistical Mechanics - F. Mohling
4. Statistical Mechanics - Landau and Lif shitz
5. Thermal Physics - C. Kittel
6. Statistical Mechanics - H. Patheria
7. Fundamentals of Statistical
& Thermal Physics - F. Reif

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 11

 Phy-408 CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS 100 (80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Student will understand the key features of electrodynamics since
all the forces of ordinary experience are ultimately electromagnetic in nature except the
force of gravity.

Contents:

UNIT – I
Maxwell’s displacement current; Maxwell’s equation, vector and scalar potentials,
Gauge transformation, Lorentz and coulomb gauge, Green’s function for the wave
equation, Poynting’s theorem, Plane waves in a non conducting medium, linear and
circular polarizations, Stoke’s parameters

UNIT-II
Reflection, Refraction of electromagnetic waves at a plane interface between
dielectrics, frequency dispersion characteristics of dielectrics, conductors and plasma,
Causality in the connection between D and E, Kramer-Kroning relations.
Wave guides, cylindrical wave guides, mode in a rectangular waveguide, rectangular
resonate cavities

UNIT – III
Fields and radiation of a localized oscillating source, electric dipole, magnetic dipole
and electric quadrupole fields, center-fed linear antenna with sinusoidal current,
scattering by a small dielectric sphere in long wavelength limit, Rayleigh scattering

UNIT – IV
Radiation by moving charges; Lienard-Wiechert bPotentials and fields for a point
charge, Total power radiated by an accelerated charge-Larmor’s formula

Four vector notation, Relativistic particle kinematics and dynamics, covariant form of
Maxwell equations, Maxwell field tensor, and transformation of electromagnetic field
components

Recommended Books:

1. Classical Electrodynamics: - J.D. Jacksons

2. Introduction to Electrodynamics: - D.J. Griffiths
3. Electrodynamics - B. B. Laud
4. Foundation of Electrodynamics Theory - Reitz, Milford and Christy
5. Classical Electrodynamics - S. P. Puri
6. Principles of Optics - M. Born and E. Wolf
7. Classical Electricity and Magnetism - Panotsky and Phillips

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 12

 Phy-410 PRACTICALS 100 MARKS
Experiments on Electronics

Course Outcomes: At the end of this practical course, student is expected to

understand the basic concepts of electronics through experiments, which would
immensely help them to tackle various electronic devices.

Contents:

1. To study the operation of R-S Flip Flop.

2. To determine impedance and power factor of an A.C. Circuit.
3. To study the FET. Characteristics.
4. To study the MOSFET Characteristics.
5. To study the Pentode Characteristics.
6. To study the rectification with various filter circuit.
7. To study the regulated power supply.
8. To study the zener Diode Characteristics.
9. To study the Characteristics of tetrode valve.
10. Characteristics of Hartly oscillator.
11. Characteristics of multivibrator.
12. To study the operational amplifier
13. Two stage RC coupled amplifier.
14. Verification of logic gates using NAND gates

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 13

 SEMESTER-III
Phy-501 Quantum Principle, Atomic& Molecular Spectra) 100(80+20) MARKS
(Supportive II)

Course Outcomes: Upon successful completion of this course, student will be able
to: distinguish the radius of electron orbit and its energy expression with respect to
finite and infinite nuclear mass of hydrogen atom. They can obtain the energy and
multiplets of fine structure and hyperfine structure of one-electron atom. They will
calculate the effects of electric field on the energy levels of hydrogen atom (Stark
effect), the effects of magnetic field on the energy levels of hydrogen –like atom
(Zeeman effect) and lande-g factor. They can apply simple harmonic oscillator to
determine the vibrational spectrum of diatomic molecule.

Contents:
UNIT-I
Atomic spectra and Bohr model of hydrogen atom with infinite and finite nuclear mass,
Quantum mechanical treatment of one electron atom, Energy levels using spherical
polar coordinate, bound state Eigen functions, Spectra of alkali elements.

UNIT-II
Fine structure of hydrogen atom (relativistic correction to the kinetic energy, spin-orbit
term and Darwin term), fine structure splitting, fine structure of spectral lines, hyperfine
structure (magnetic dipole and electric quadruple), Laser: spontaneous and stimulated
emission, Einstein coefficients.

UNIT-III
Linear stark effect, normal and anomalous Zeeman effect, Schrodinger equation for two
electron atom, spin wave function and Pauli exclusion principle, level scheme of two
electron atoms. Central field approximation, electron states in a central field
(configuration, shell and sub-shells) equivalent and non-equivalent electrons,
correlation to the central field approximation (correlation effect, L-S coupling and J-J
coupling) L-S coupling in equivalent and non-equivalent electrons, fine structure in L-S
and J-J coupling.

UNIT-IV
General nature of molecular structure, Born-Oppenheimer approximation for diatomic
molecules, rotational energy of diatomic molecule (diatomic linear symmetric top and
spherical top), vibrational energy of diatomic molecule (diatomic molecule as simple
harmonic oscillator, Morse potential energy curve) and centrifugal distortion of
diatomic molecules, Rotational and rotational-vibrational spectra of diatomic
molecules, electronic spectra of diatomic molecules (vibrational and rotational structure
of electronic spectra).

Recommended Books

1. Introduction to atomic spectra H.E.White

2. Atomic and molecular spectra: Laser Raj Kumar
3. Fundamentals of molecular spectroscopy C.B.Banwell

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 14

 Phy-503 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: This paper helps one understand microscopic origin of structures
and various phenomena observed in different kinds of solid like insulator,
semiconductor, and metal with special treatment on superconductor.

Contents:

UNIT – I
Vibrations of mono atomic and diatomic lattices, dispersion relation, optic and acoustic
modes, Quantum of lattice vibration and phonon, phonon momentum, inelastic
scattering of neutrons and photons by phonons.

Lattice heat capacity, Debye & Einstein model, Anharmonic crystal interactions,
Thermal conductivity and thermal expansion.

UNIT – II
Density of states in one dimension, effect of temperature on Fermi-Dirac distribution,
Free electron gas in three dimensions, Heat capacity of electron gas, Electrical and
thermal conductivity of metals, hall effect, Crystal of inert gases, ionic crystals,
covalent crystals, metallic bonding, hydrogen bonded crystals.

UNIT –III
Electrons in periodic potential, Bloch’s theorem, Cronig-Penny model, origin of band
gap.Intrinsic and impurity semiconductors, band gap, law of mass action, intrinsic
carrier concentration, mobility in the intrinsic region, extrinsic carrier concentration,
mobility in the extrinsic region, P-N junction, rectification.

UNIT –IV
Experimental survey, Meissner effect,Type-I and Type-II superconductors,
Thermodynamics of superconductors, London theory, Josephson effect, Basic concepts
of copper pairing in BCS theory.

Recommended Books:

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics - C. Kittel

2. Solid State Physics - A. Omar
3. Solid State Physics - Asscchroff Mermin
4. Solid State Physics - A. J. Dekker
5. Solid State Physics - O.E. Animalau

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 15

 Phy-505 ADVANCED QUATUM MECHANICS 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students will have achieved the ability to explain the relativistic
quantum mechanical equations, namely, Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equation,
describe second quantization and related concepts, explain the formalism of relativistic
quantum field theory. Creation and annihilation operators, space-time commutators,
Feynman propagator etc

Contents:
UNIT – I
Klein-Gordon equation and its drawbacks, The Nonrelativistic limit, Lorentz
invariance of KG equation, KG equation in Schrodinger form, The solution of KG
equation for a square well potential, Dirac equation, Properties of Dirac Matrices,
Probability density and continuity equation.

UNIT-II
Non-relativistic reduction of Dirac equation Covariant form of Dirac equation,
Algebraic properties of gamma matrices, magnetic moment and Darwin’s term, bilinear
covariant, Lorentz Covariance of Dirac equation, Free particle solution of Dirac
equation

UNIT – III
Projection operators for energy and spin, Physical interpretation of free particle
solution, Zitterbewegung, Hole theory, Charge conjugation, Space reflection and Time
reversal symmetries of Dirac equation. Dirac equation with central potential

Continuous systems and fields, Transition of discrete to continuous systems,

Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations, Noether’s theorem

UNIT – IV
Second quantization, Quantization of neutral scalar field, and charge scalar field, Dirac
field, and electromagnetic field (Expansion of fields in terms of creation, annihilation
operator and number operator, unequal space time commutators, anti-commutators,
propagator functions and their integral representations, Vacuum expectation value,
Time ordered product, Feynman propagator)

Recommended Books:

1. Relativistic quantum mechanics - J.D. Bjorken and S.D. Drell

2. Relativistic quantum mechanics - W. Greiner
3. Advanced Quantum Mechanics - J. J. Sakurai
4. Advanced Quantum Mechanics – F Schwabl
5. Quantum Field theory – F. Mandle and G. Shaw
6. Quantum Field Theory - C. Itzykson and J.Zuber
7. Quantum Mechanics (Vol. III) - A. Mesiah

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 16

 Phy-507 (A) ELECTIVE –I (SOLID STATE PHYSICS) 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students will learn: the basics about the electron-phonon
interaction, lattice vibration and its quantization as well as Bloch’s theorem, the band
structure and its implication in understanding various properties of solids, various
methods to detect the Fermi surface of material, electron-electron interaction in solid
leading to different features of solid and transport property of solid under influence of
perturbation.

Contents:
UNIT – I
Born-oppenheimer approximation, Hamitonian for lattice vibrations in the harmonic
approximation, normal modes of the system and quantization of lattice vibrations,
Phonons. Wave equation for an electron in a periodic potential, Bloch functions,

UNIT- II
Brillouin Zones, electrons and holes, effective mass of electrons in crystals, methods of
tight binding and plane wave. Construction of Fermi surface, Experimental method for
study of Fermi Surface: Cyclotron resonance in metals and De-Hass Van Alphen effect.

UNIT – III
Perturbation formulation, Dielectric function (Lindhard’s expression) of an interacting
electron gas, Static screening, Screened impurity, Kohn effect, Friedel oscillation and
Friedel sum rule, Dielectric constant of a semiconductor, Plasma Oscillations.

UNIT – IV
The Boltzmann equation, Electric conductivity, General transport coefficients, Thermal
conductivity, Thermoelectric effect, The Hall effect, Magnetoresistance, Wannier
functions, Equation of motion in Wannier representation, Equivalent Hamiltonian and
impurity levels, The mass tensor, Zener break down and tunneling

Recommended Books:

1. Introduction to Solid State Physics: - C. Kittel

2. Quantum Theory of Solid - C. Kittel
3. Principles of the Theory of Solids - J.M. Ziman
4. Introduction of the Theory of Solid State Physics - James D. Patterson
5. Solid State Physics - Asscchroff Mermin

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 17

 Phy-507 (B) ELECTIVE –I (PARTICLE PHYSICS) 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: The students will learn about the elementary particles, its
interactions and role played by symmetries. The understanding of the basic theory of
groups particularly SU(2) and SU(3) to know the more about the symmetry in nature will
achieved. Besides they will also learn how to calculate amplitude for QED.

Contents:
UNIT- I
Broad preview and overview, a bit of discussion of history and current status, colliders
and detectors, LHC and main detectors, Units in Particle Physics.

Classification of Matter: lepton and quark, colour, Isospin, Strangeness and Hypercharge,
Gellmann-Nishijima Formula, Lepton and Baryon number conservation, Fundamental
interaction and conservation laws.

UNIT-II
Symmetry transformation and conservation laws: Translation in space, Rotation in space,
The group SU(2), System of identical particles, Parity, pion spin and parity, Isospin: an
example of the SU(2) group, Charge conjugation, CP-violation, time reversal, CPT
theorem, G-parity,
Fundamental properties of Lie group: General structure of Lie group, Lie’s theorem,
Rank of lie group, Compact Lie groups and lie algebra, Invariant operator (Casimir
operator), Invariance under symmetry group

UNIT-III
The SU (3) Symmetry: The generator of SU (3), Lie- Algebra of SU (3), Lie algebra and
shift operators, Coupling of T-U- and V- multipletes.
Quarks and SU(3): Constructions of SU (3) multipletes, Meson multipletes, Gell-Mann-
Okubo mass formula for Baryons and Mesons, The clebsch-Gordan coefficient of the
SU (3), Magnetic moments in quark model, Excited mesons and Baryon states

UNIT-IV
Quantum Electrodynamics (QED):
The S-matrix expansion, Time ordered product, Normal ordered product, Wick’s
theorem, Feynman diagrams in configuration and momentum space, First order terms in
S-matrix, 2nd order terms: Compton scattering, Electron-electron scattering, closed loop,
Feynman rules for QED

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction of High Energy Physiccs- D.H. Perkins
2. Elementary Particle Physics- D.J. Griffiths
3. The Physics of Elementary Particles- H. Murihead
4. Quantum Field Theory – F. Mandl and G.Shaw
5. Concept of Particle Physics - V. Weisskopf G.K. Gottfried
6. Quarks & Leptons - F. Halzen & A.D. Martin
7. Quantum Field Theory - Itzyksen and Zuber
8. Quantum Mechanics (Symmetries)- W. Greiner, B. Muller

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 18

 Phy-509 PRACTICALS 100 MARKS
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN PHYSICS

Course Outcomes: A student having taken the course would be expected t to write
programs for solving various problems in Physics using techniques like summing up of
infinite series, interpolating data, solving differential equations and numerical
integration.

Contents:

(A) Exercises for acquaintance:

1. To find the largest or smallest of a given set of numbers
2. To generate and print first hundred prime numbers
3. Sum of an AP series, GP series, Sine series, Cosine series
4. Factorial of a number
5. Transpose a square matrix
6. Matrix multiplication, addition
7. Trace of a matrix
8. Evaluation of log and exponentials
9. Solution of quadratic equation
10. Division of two complex numbers
11. To find the sum of the digits of a number

(B) Numerical Analysis:

1. Interpolation by Lagrange method
2. Numerical solution of simple algebraic equation by Newton- Raphson
method
3. Solution of linear homogeneous equations
4. Matrix inversion
5. Numerical integration : Trapezoidal method, Simpons method, Gauss
quadrature method
6. Solution of ordinary differential equation by Runge-Kutta Method
7. Least Square fit using rational functions
8. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a matrix
9. Solution of Radioactive decay, Simple harmonic oscillator

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 19

 SEMESTER – IV

Phy—502 BASIC NUCLEAR & PARTICLE PHYSICS 00(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students will learn: various properties of simplest nucleus as well
as nuclear models, to study the n-p scattering using partial wave method and effective
range theory, the concept of meson and nuclear forces, various aspects of nuclear
reactions and about the fundamental interactions of nature along with the building block
of matter

Contents:

UNIT – I
Ground state of Deuteron, Schrödinger wave equation for Deuteron and its solution,
Shape of the ground state wave function, Normalization of Deuteron wave function,
size or radius of the Deuteron, Magnetic moment of Deuteron, Quadrapole moment of
Deuteron.

UNIT- II
Nucleon-Nucleon scattering: Scattering cross-section, Neutron-proton scattering below
10 MeV (Scattering of Neutrons by free proton), Effective range theory for n-p
scattering (Shape independence of nuclear potential), Mesons and nuclear force field
(Field theory of Nuclear forces), Generalized Pauli’s exclusion principle

UNIT – III
Liquid drop model and Weissacker’s mass formula, Shell model of the nucleus, Fermi
gas model Single particle shell model, Explanation of nuclear data by shell model,
Collective model of nucleus, rotational motion of the nucleus, vibration of spherical
Nuclei, Description of nuclear Reactions, Q-value, derivation of elastic and reaction
cross section, description by partial wave analysis, Resonances, Breit-winger one level
formula.

UNIT – IV
Basic forces, Classification of elementary particles, spin and parity, determination of
isospin, strangeness, lepton and baryon number, conservation laws, Gell-Mann-
Nishijima Scheme, Meson and baryon octet, Elementary ideas of SU (3) symmetry and
quark model.

Recommended Books:

1. Fundamental of Nuclear Physics – J. Verma, R.C. Bhandari

and D.R.S. Somayajulu
2. Introductory Nuclear Theory - L.R.S. Elton
3. Nuclear Physics - R.R.Roy and B.P.Nigam
4. Elementary Particle Physics - M.J. Longo
5. Subatomic Physics - Fraucnfelder & Henley
6. Concepts of Particle Physics - Gortfried & Weissokopf
7. Introduction to Nuclear Physics – H.Enge

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 20

 Phy-504 (A) ELECTIVE –II (SOLID STATE PHYSICS) 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: After successful completion of this course: student will be able
to: Distinguish between diamagnetism, paramagnetism and collective magnetism,
calculate microscopic and macroscopic electric field and establish relation between
dielectric constant and polarizability, obtain Josephson current with and without
magnetic field, derive resonance frequency over different shape of the crystal and
Distinguish between schottky and frenkel defects and calculate the number of defects in
a system.

Contents:

UNIT- I
Diamagnetic langevins theory of diamagnetism, Quantum theory of diamagnetism of
core electrons, Landau, leels and Landau diamagnetism of conduction electrons.
Paramagnetism- Quantum theory of paramagnetism, conduction electron (pauli),
Paramagnetism.
Ferromagnetism-Exchange integral and origin of ferromagnetic order, Mean field
approximation, curie-Weiss Law, spin waves and magnons, Block T3/2 law, Anti
ferromagnetic orders. Neel temperature.

UNIT- II
Simple ideas about magnetic resonance, Classical picture of resonance, The Block
equation and interpretation of experiment by Block equation, Nuclear magnetic
resonance, shape effect in ferromagnetic resonance anti ferromagnetic
resonance,Lossely bound excitons, Tightly bound excitons. Excitonic waves. Point
defects in solids, Lattice vacancies, colour (F) centers, Raman effect in crystals, Energy
loss of fast particles in a solid.

UNIT – III
Macroscopic electric field, local electric field at an atom, dielectric constant and
polarizability.
Ferroelctric crystals, Polarization catastrophe, Landau theory of Phase transition,
second order transition, first order transition, soft optical phonons

UNIT – IV
Phenomenological Electron phonon interaction, Second quantized form of Hamiltonian
for electrons and phonons in interaction, Electron-electron attractive interaction via
virtual phonon exchange, Cooper pairs and BSC Hamiltonian, Superconducting ground
state and the gap equation at T=00K.
Josephson effect- SQUIDS, Elementary ideas of high temperature, super conductivity

Recommended Books:
1. Introduction to Solid State Physics - C. Kittel
2. Quantum Theory of Solids - C. Kittel
3. Principles of the Theory of Solid - J.M. Ziman
4. Introduction to the theory of Solid State Physics - James D. Patterson
5. Solid State Physics - Asscchroff Mermin

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 21

 Phy-504 (B) ELECTIVE –II (PARTICLE PHYSICS) 100(80+20) MARKS

Course Outcomes: The student will learn relativistic kinematics and how to calculate
cross section for various interaction of QED. The student would be equipped with an
in-depth knowledge of familiar interaction of nature i.e., weak interaction, gauge
symmetry. To know the world more they will learn beyond standard model which will
encourage them to widen their research interests in these topics.

Contents:

UNIT- I
QED processes in lowest order
Relativistic Kinematics: Mandelstamm variables,
Cross section, spin sums, photon polarization sums, Lepton-pair production in electron-
positron collisions, Bhabha scattering, Compton Scattering, Scattering by an external
field and Mott Scattering Formula, Bremsstrahlung

UNIT-II
Weak interaction:
Classification of weak interactions, Charged leptonic weak interaction, Decay of Muon,
Decay of neutron, decay of Pion, Charged weak interaction of quarks, Neutral weak
interaction (The Cabibbo angle and Cabibbo hypothesis, Cabibbo-GIM Mechanism)

UNIT-III
Gauge Symmetries:
The Lagrangian and single particle wave equations, U(1) local gauge invariance and
QED, Spontaneous symmetry breaking-hidden symmetry, Spontaneous symmetry
breaking of a global gauge symmetry, Spontaneous symmetry breaking of local SU (2)
gauge symmetry and Higgs Mechanism, Choice of Higgs field, masses of the Gauge
bosons, Masses of fermions, SU(2)  U(1) invariant Standard model (Salam-
Weinberg) Lagrangian

UNIT-IV
Physics beyond standard model:
Supper-symmetry, Grand unified theories, unification energy and weak mixing angle,
proton decay, Neutrino mass (Dirac and majorana neutrinos), Neutrino oscillation,
magnetic monopoles, superstring

Recommended Books:

1. Quantum Field Theory - F. Mandl and G. Shaw

2. Introduction to High Energy Physics - D. H. Perkins (Cambridge U. Press)
3. Elementary Particles - I.J. Hughes
4. Elementary Particle Physics - D.J. Griffiths
5. Quarks and Leptons – F.Halzen and A.D. Martin
6. Modern Elementary particle Physics - G.Kane (Addision Wesley)
7. Concept of Particle Physics - V.Weisskopf & K.Gottfried
8. Quantum Field Theory - Itzyksen and Zuber

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 22

 Phy-506 (A) PRACTICALS ELECTIVE 100 MARKS
Experiments on Solid State Physics

Course Outcomes: Students will perform some experiments to familiar with the
properties of solids taught in the solid state physics elective course.

Contents:
1. Study of energy gap of germinum by four-probe method.
2. Calibration of magnetic field using Hall apparatus.
3. Determination of Hall voltage and Hall coefficients.
4. Measurements of Hall angle and mobility
5. Determination of magneto resistance of Bismuth
6. Determination of Ferro-electric transition point (curie temperature) of given
simple
7. Study of dispersion relation for the monoatomic and diatomic lattice using the
given electrical transmission line
8. Find the Young’s modulus for the given metal using composite Pizoelectric
oscillator technique.
9. Velocity of ultrasonic waves in a given medium at different temperature.
10. Measurement of lande’s factor of DPPH by ESR at Microwave frequency.

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 23

 Phy-506 (B) PRACTICALS ELECTIVE 100 MARKS
Experiments on Particle Physics

Course outcomes: Student will gain practical knowledge of radiation sources and
radiations using different detectors.

Contents:

1. Calibration of the x-ray spectrometer and determination of x-ray energy of unknown

sources.
2. Determination of resolving poser of x-ray spectrometers.
3. Study of b spectrum.
4. Determination of absorption co-efficient of Aluminum using G.M Counter.
5. X-test and operating poing determination using G-N tube.
6. Characteristics of G.M. counter.
7. Study of surface barrier detector.
8. Determination of value for DPPH using ESR.
9. Study of counter technique.
10. Study of single channel analyzer.
11. Study of photo detector and photo multiplier.
12. Study of wide-band amplifier.
13. Emulsion photograph studies.

Phy-508 PROJECTS 100 MARKS

Course Outcomes: Students will develop their ability to search literature, compile
the review work and also how to perform research through the project work.

This course will be based on preliminary research oriented topics both in theory and
experiment. At the completion of the project by the semester end, the student will
submit project report in the form of dissertation which will be examined by the
examiners. The examination shall consist of (a) Presentation and (b) Comprehensive
Viva-Voce.

North Orissa University (M. Sc Physics) Page 24