COMMUNICATION SYSTEM EEEB453

Chapter 5 (Part V)
DIGITAL TRANSMISSION-LINE ENCODING

Intan Shafinaz Mustafa

Dept of Electrical Engineering
Universiti Tenaga Nasional
http://metalab.uniten.edu.my/~shafinaz
Line Encoding
 The PCM signal is indeed digital, but it is not ready to be
transmitted along the channel.
 Line coding is the process of converting binary data (i.e a
sequence of bits) to a digital signal.

Dig-to-dig Encoding is the representation of digital info by a dig signal. Eg. when you
transmit data from PC to your printer, i.e both data and the tx data are digital.
In this type of encoding, the binary 1’s and 0’s generated by PC are translated into a
sequence of voltage pulse that can be propagate over a wire.
Line Encoding

 Line coding is use to overcome some typical problems like:

 The frequency range of a baseband signal is very low (near to
zero, including DC). Such a frequency range isn’t suitable for
transitions.
 Many applications require synchronization, therefore the
signal should imply when a bit (or a block of bits) starts and
ends.
 Some line coding scheme leaves a residual direct-current (DC)
component (zero frequency).
 This component is undesirable for 2 reason:
i. Some system does not allow the passage of DC component, the signal
is distorted and may create errors in the output.
ii. Create extra energy residing on the line and is useless.

a) The positive voltage are not

canceled by the negative voltages.

b) The positive voltages are canceled

by any negative voltage.
 Lack of synchronization
 To correctly interpret the signals received from the sender, the receiver’s
bit intervals must correspond exactly to the sender’s bit intervals.
 If the receiver clock is faster or slower, the bit intervals are not matched
and the receiver might interpret the signal differently than the sender
intended.

Figure shows a situation in

which the receiver has a shorter
bit duration.

The sender send 10110001,

while the receiver receives
110111000011
Unipolar Encoding

 It has two major defects: first, it has a DC component, meaning that its
average voltage is not 0 but some positive constant.
 Some electrical components (e.g. capacitor) need constant change in voltage,
and in case we have a sequence of ones, it won’t be the case.
 Second, it has the inability to carry synchronization information. Again, if we
have a series of ones, we won’t be able to know how many we got.
Bipolar NonReturn to Zero (BPNRZ)
In NRZ-L the level of the signal is dependent upon the state of the bit.

In NRZ-I the signal is inverted if a 1 is encountered.

 BPNRZ-Level

This code is similar to the previous one. It handles the DC

component issue, meaning the average voltage level is 0. It still has
the synchronization problem.
Bipolar Return to Zero (BPRZ)

The signal changes not between bits but during bit.

Disadvantage – it requires 2 signal changes to encode 1 bit i.e more BW
Manchester Encoding

In Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used

for both synchronization and bit representation.
Differential Manchester Encoding

 In differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle

of the bit is used only for synchronization.
 The bit representation is defined by the inversion or noninversion
at the beginning of the bit.
 BPNRZ AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion)
Encoding
Here the problem of DC
component (average
not 0) was solved by
introducing negative
voltage level.

The code is not

sensitive for polarity
but we can lose
synchronization on a
long sequence of
zeroes.
Word Mark means 1. So AMI means alternate 1 inversion.
A neutral, zero voltage represents binary 0.
Binary 1s are represented by alternating positive and negative
voltages.
Bipolar RZ-AMI
 “0” represented by no line signal (0 Volt)
 “1” represented by half-positive or half-negative pulse
 Half-Pulses alternates in polarity (AMI)
 Second half-bit: zero Volt (RZ)

Here the problem of DC component (average not 0) was solved

by introducing negative voltage level. The code is not sensitive
for polarity but we can lose synchronization on a long sequence
of zeroes.
 Unipolar NRZ
Line Coding Summary 1 represented by a +ve voltage for a
duration of T sec;
0 represented by a zero voltage for T sec.

Unipolar RZ
1 represented by a +ve voltage for T/2 sec,
followed by zero voltage for T/2 sec;
0 represented by a zero voltage for T sec.
Bipolar NRZ
1 represented by a +ve voltage for T sec;
0 represented by a -ve voltage for T sec.

Bipolar RZ
1 represented by a +ve voltage for T/2 sec,
followed by zero voltage for T/2 sec;
0 is represented by a –ve voltage for T/2
sec. followed by a zero voltage for T/2 sec.
Bipolar NRZ-AMI
1 represented by alternating +ve and –ve
voltages for T sec;
0 represented by a zero voltage for T sec.

Bipolar RZ-AMI
1 represented by alternating +ve and –ve
voltages for T/2 sec;
0 represented by a zero voltage for T sec.
Example – Encode the bit stream of 0001110101 using
a. Unipolar NRZ
b. Bipolar NRZ-L
c. Bipolar NRZ-I
d. Manchester
e. Differential Manchester
f. Bipolar NRZ AMI
Properties of Line Coding
1. Transmission voltages and DC component.

a) The positive voltage are not

canceled by the negative voltages.

Unipolar

b) The positive voltages are canceled

by any negative voltage.

Bipolar
Properties of Line Coding
2. Duty cycle – NRZ maintained the binary pulse entire bit time, while
RZ the active time of the binary pulse is less than 100%.

BPNRZ – there are 2 non-zeroes voltage (+V = logic 1 and – V = logic 0) and
100% duty cycle is used.
BPRZ – shows that there are two non-zeroes voltages but each pulse is
active only 50% of a bit time. Assuming equal-magnitude voltages for logic
1s and 0s, the average DC voltage of BPRZ is 0V.
Properties of Line Coding
3. Bandwidth Requirements - To determine the minimum BW required
to propagate a line-encoded digital signal, we must determine the
highest fundamental freq associated with the signal.

 The highest fundamental freq is determined from the

worse case (fastest transition) binary bit sequence.

 For UPNRZ, the worse case condition is an alternating 1/0

sequence; the period of the highest fundamental frequency
takes the time of two bits i.e fb/2
 It requires 1 signal changes to encode 1 bit, less BW

 For UPRZ, the worse case condition occurs when the two
successive logic 1s occurs. Therefore, the min BW is fb.
 It requires 2 signals change to encode 1 bit, more BW
UPNRZ BW = fb/2

BPNRZ BW = fb/2

UPRZ BW = fb

BPRZ BW = fb

BPRZ-
BW = fb/2
AMI
Properties of Line Coding
4. Clock and Framing Bit Recovery –To recover and maintain clock and
framing bit synchronization from the received data, there must be
sufficient transitions in the data waveform.
 UPNRZ and BPNRZ encoding – a long string of 1s and 0s
generates a data signal void/invalid of transitions and
therefore, is inadequate for clock recovery.
 BPRZ – a transition occurs in each bit position regardless of
whether the bit is a 1 or a 0. BPRZ-AMI encoding provides
sufficient transition to ensure clock synchronization.
Property of Line Coding - Summary
Encoding Minimum Average DC Clock
Format BW Recovery
UPNRZ fb/2* +V/2 Poor

BPNRZ fb/2* 0V* Poor

UPRZ fb +V/4 Good

BPRZ fb 0V* Best*

BPRZ-AMI fb/2* 0V* Good

*Denotes best performance or quality.