(1) LOWER: It is used to convert the given string into lower case

Arguments/Input:

LOWER(String)

Return type/Output
String
==========================================================================
=======UPPER=====
(1) UPPER: It is used to convert the given string into upper case

(2) Arguments/Input:
UPPER(String)

(3) Return type/Output

StringSQL> select UPPER('good morning') as RESULT from dual;

RESULT
------------
GOOD MORNING

============================================================================
=============INITCAP=====
(1) INITCAP: It will convert the first letter of the every word into upper case

(2) Arguments/Input:
INITCAP(String)

(3) Return type/Output

String
> select INITCAP('india is great') as RESULT from dual;

RESULT
--------------
India Is Great

=============================================================================

=====LENGTH=======
(1) LENGTH: It will give the number of characters present in the given string.

(2) Arguments/Input:
LENGTH(String)

(3) Return type/Output

number

select LENGTH('india @1') as RESULT from dual;

RESULT
----------
8

============================================================================

=====SUBSTR======

(1) SUBSTR: It is used to extract the characters from the given string.
(2) Arguments/Input:
SUBSTR(String, start, length)

(3) Return type/Output

String

select SUBSTR('good morining india', 1, 4) as RESULT from dual;

RESU
----
good
--------------------------------------------------------------------
select SUBSTR('good morning india', 14, 5) as RESULT from dual;
RESUL
-----
india

===================================================================================
=======

======INSTR======
(1) INSTR: It is used to search the values in the given string. It is a overloaded
method.

(2) Arguments/Input:
INSTR(String, seach)
INSTR(string, search, start, occurrence)

(3) Return type/Output

number
0 means search is not found
>0 means the search is found in the given index

select INSTR('the garden city is bangalore', 'bangalore') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
20

select INSTR('the garden city is bangalore', 'mangalore') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
0

select INSTR('bangalore city is bangalore', 'bangalore') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
1

SQL> select INSTR('india great india good india', 'india', 1, 2) as RESULT from
dual;

RESULT
----------
 13

Q: Write a query to find the number of characters present in the india which is
present in the below string
Ex: 'welcome to the nation india'

-> Extract india

-> check of characters present in india

select LENGTH(SUBSTR('welcome to the nation india', 23, 5)) as result from dual;

Q: Write a query to extract india from the given string.

Ex: 'welcome to the nation india'

select SUBSTR('welcome to the nation india', instr('welcome to the nation india',

'india'), 5) as result from dual

RESUL
-----
india
===================================================================================
=================
====LTRIM=========

LTRIM: It is used to remove left side spaces OR characters from the given string

Arguments/Input
LTRIM(string) -> it will remove the spaces in the left side if exist.
LTRIM(string, string to remove)-> It will remove the chatacters from the left which
is mentioned in the argument2

Return type/Output
String

select LTRIM(' india ') as result from dual;

RESULT
---------------
india

select LTRIM('good morning', 'good') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------
morning

select LTRIM(' good morning', 'good') as result from dual;

RESULT
-------------
good morning

select LTRIM('good morning', 'dog') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------
morning 0
select LTRIM('good morning', 'abd') as result from dual;

RESULT
------------
good morning

select LTRIM('good morning', 'god') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------
morning
===================================================================================
==============
=====RTRIM=====

RTRIM: It is used to remove right side spaces OR characters from the given string

Arguments/Input
RTRIM(string) -> it will remove the spaces in the right side if exist.
RTRIM(string, string to remove)-> It will remove the chatacters from the right
which is mentioned in the argument2

Return type/Output
String

guest:7f69035d-dd2e-4e51-bbd6-25211469d04c joined this conversation

Gopalkrishna, 10:51 AM
select RTRIM(' SGTEST ') as result from dual;
RESULT
------------
SGTEST

select RTRIM('good morning', 'good') as result from dual;

RESULT
-----------
good mornin

select RTRIM('xxXyyYzzZx', 'X') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
xxXyyYzzZx

===================================================================================
=================================
===TRIM======

TRIM: It is used to remove both left & right side spaces OR characters from the
given string. It acts as LTRIM, RTRIM & TRIM

Arguments/Input
TRIM(leading <char> from <string>);-> Acts as LTRIM
TRIM(trailing <char> from <string>);-> Acts as RTRIM
TRIM(both <char> from <string>);-> Acts as TRIM

Return type/Output
String
select TRIM(leading '*' from '*****SGTESTING******') as result from dual;
RESULT
---------------
SGTESTING******

select TRIM(trailing '*' from '*****SGTESTING******') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------------
*****SGTESTING

select TRIM(both '*' from '*****SGTESTING******') as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
SGTESTING

===================================================================================
======================================
=====REPLACE====
REPLACE: It is used to replace the sequencial set of charactres from the given
string

Arguments/Input
REPLACE(string, find, replacement)

Return type/Output
String

select REPLACE('Blore is garden city', 'is', 'was') as result from dual;

RESULT
---------------------
Blore was garden city

select REPLACE('good morning', 'day', 'XXXXXXXX') as result from dual;

RESULT
------------
good morning

select REPLACE('good morningDAY', 'DAY') as result from dual;

RESULT
------------
good morning

===================================================================================
==================
TRANSLATE: It is used to replace the non-sequencial set of character from the given
string

Arguments/Input
TRANSLATE(string, find, replacement)
Return type/Output
String
select TRANSLATE('ABCDEFGH', 'ADH', '123') as reuslt from dual;

REUSLT
--------
1BC2EFG3

1. replace for replacing sequential characters

1. translate for replacing non-sequential characters

2. in replace 3rd argument is optional. By default it will take blank

2. in translate 3rd argument is mandatory

3. in replace, you can replace the characters/words/sentense

3. in translate, you can replace character by characters

select REPLACE('india is great', 'i', '!@#$') as result from dual;

RESULT
-----------------------
!@#$nd!@#$a !@#$s great

SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select translate('india is great', 'i', '!@#$') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------------
!nd!a !s great

===================================================================================
======================
=====LPAD=====

LPAD: It is used to print the string1 to the length specified. If the given string
is less than the length specified then it will left padded with string2

Arguments/Input
LPAD(string1, length, String2)

Return type/Output
String

select LPAD('india', 5, '*') as reuslt from dual;

REUSL
-----
india

select LPAD('india', 10, '*') as reuslt from dual;

REUSLT
----------
*****india

select LPAD('india', 10, 'BLORE') as reuslt from dual;

REUSLT
----------
BLOREindia
select LPAD('india', 20, 'BLORE') as reuslt from dual;
REUSLT
--------------------
BLOREBLOREBLOREindia

select LPAD('SGTEST', 10, 'AB') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
ABABSGTEST

===================================================================================
===============================
====RPAD======

RPAD: It is used to print the string1 to the length specified. If the given string
is less than the length specified then it will right padded with string2

Arguments/Input
RPAD(string1, length, String2)

Return type/Output
String

select RPAD('SGTEST', 6, '*') as result from dual;

RESULT
------
SGTEST

select RPAD('SGTEST', 10, '*') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
SGTEST****

==================================================================================
=====ASCII=========

ASCII: It is used display the numerical representation for the given character

Arguments/Input
ASCII(character)

Return type/Output
number

select ASCII('A') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
65

select ASCII('a') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
97

select ASCII(' ') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
32

select ASCII('$') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
36
==================================================================================
======CHR=====

CHR: It is used display the character representation for the given number

Arguments/Input
CHR(number)

Return type/Output
character

select CHR(36) as result from dual;

R
-
$

select CHR(64) as result from dual;

R
-
@

select CHR(65) as result from dual;

R
-
A
===================================================================================
========
====DECODE====

DECODE: It is a conditional statement in SQL

It acts as If else statement in SQL

select DECODE(deptno, '10', 'TEN', '20', 'TWENTY', '30', 'THIRTY', '40', 'FOURTY'),
DNAME, LOC from dept;

DECODE DNAME LOC

------ -------------- -------------
TEN ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
TWENTY RESEARCH DALLAS
THIRTY SALES CHICAGO
FOURTY OPERATIONS BOSTON
select deptno, dname, DECODE(LOC, 'NEW YORK', 'NY', 'DALLAS', 'DL', 'CHICAGO',
'CH', 'BOSTON', 'BT') from dept;

DEPTNO DNAME DE
---------- -------------- --
10 ACCOUNTING NY
20 RESEARCH DL
30 SALES CH
40 OPERATIONS BT
===================================================================================
===============================
==========NVL==============:
It stands for Null VaLue function.
Suppose If the table is having null values & you want to fill the null values with
some values then go for NVL

select ename, job, sal, NVL(COMM, 1) as COMM from emp;

==================================================================================
=====ABS====

ABS: It means absolute. It is used to convert the -ve numbers into +ve numbers

input/arguments:
number

output/return type:
number

EX:

select ABS(-999) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
999
==================================================================================
====POWER====

POWER: It gives given number multiplied n times based on the specified values

input/arguments:
POWER(num1, num2)

output/return type:
number

EX:

select POWER(2, 4) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
16
==================================================================================
=========ROUND===
ROUND: It rounds the given values both whole number & as well as decimal values

input/arguments:
ROUND(num1)
ROUND(num1, limit)

output/return type:
number

select ROUND(12.675) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
13

select ROUND(12.675, 2) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
12.68
SQRT: It will give the square root for the given number

input/arguments:
SQRT(number)

output/return type:
number

Ex:
select SQRT(9) as result from dual;
RESULT
----------
3
===================================================================================
======

====GREATEST===

GREATEST: It will give the largest number among the list of numbers

input/arguments:
GREATEST(numbers)

output/return type:
number

select GREATEST(100, 2, 99, 888, 65) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
888

===================================================================================
==========
===LEAST=====
LEAST: It will give the smallest number among the list of numbers

input/arguments:
LEAST(numbers)

output/return type:
number

select LEAST(100, 2, 99, 888, 65) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
2

===================================================================================
=================
===MOD====
MOD: It will give the reminder. If divisible then returns zero otherwise returns
more than zero

input/arguments:
MOD(number1, number2)

output/return type:
number

select MOD(8, 2) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
0

select MOD(9, 3) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
0

select MOD(9, 2) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
1

=========================================================================
====TRUNC=====
TRUNC: It is used to get the both whole and decimal numbers

input/arguments:
TRUNC(number1)
TRUNC(number, limit)

output/return type:
number

select TRUNC(12.5678) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
12
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select TRUNC(12.98765, 3) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
12.987
===============================================================================
===REMINDER===
REMAINDER: same as mod

select REMAINDER(9, 3) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
0

SQL> select REMAINDER(27, 3) as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
0

===SYSDATE===
SYSDATE: It will return the current system date in oracle standard date format (dd-
mon-yy)

select SYSDATE as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
26-FEB-21

Q: Display yesterday's date?

select SYSDATE-1 as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
25-FEB-21

===CURRENTDATE===
CURRENT_DATE: It will return the current system date in oracle standard date format
(dd-mon-yy)

select CURRENT_DATE as systemDate from dual;

SYSTEMDAT
---------
26-FEB-21

===LAST_DAY====
LAST_DAY: It will give the last day in that month mentioned in the input date
select LAST_DAY(sysdate) as result from dual;
RESULT
---------
28-FEB-21

select LAST_DAY('01-FEB-2020') as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
29-FEB-20

====MONTHS_BETWEEN==
MONTHS_BETWEEN: It will returns the difference between 2 given dates in month
format

select MONTHS_BETWEEN(sysdate, '15-aug-1947') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
882.368222

====NEXT_DAY===
NEXT_DAY: It will return the next occurrence of the given day

select NEXT_DAY(sysdate, 'FRI') as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
05-MAR-21

select NEXT_DAY(sysdate, 'MONDAY') as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
01-MAR-21

===ADD_MONTHS===
ADD_MONTHS: It is used to add the number of mnths to the given date

select ADD_MONTHS(sysdate, 5) as result from dual;

RESULT
---------
26-JUL-21

===CURRENT_TIMESTAMP==
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP: It will return the time stamp

select CURRENT_TIMESTAMP as timestamp from dual;

TIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
26-FEB-21 10.06.38.551000 +05:30

===SYSTIMESTAMP===

SYSTIMESTAMP: It will return the time stamp

select SYSTIMESTAMP as timestamp from dual;

TIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
26-FEB-21 10.07.39.898000 +05:30

====SESSIONTIMEZONE===
SESSIONTIMEZONE: it returns the time zone

select SESSIONTIMEZONE zone from dual;

ZONE
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+05:30

===LOCALTIMESTAMP===
LOCALTIMESTAMP: It will provide the timestamp with the zone details

select LOCALTIMESTAMP localtimestamp from dual;

LOCALTIMESTAMP
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
26-FEB-21 10.09.51.810000

Gopalkrishna, 10:23 AM
===TO_DATE==
select to_date(sysdate, 'dd-mon-yy') as result from dual;
RESULT
---------
26-FEB-21
=========================================================================
CONVERSION FUNCTIONS

select to_date('2021-FEB-01', 'yyyy-mon-dd') as reuslt from dual;

REUSLT
---------
01-FEB-21

select TO_DATE('JAN-01-21', 'mon-dd-yy') as reuslt from dual;

REUSLT
---------
01-JAN-21

select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'month-year') as result from dual;

RESULT
-----------------------------
february -twenty twenty-one

select TO_CHAR(sysdate, 'day-mon-year') as result from dual;

RESULT
--------------------------------
friday -feb-twenty twenty-one

select TO_CHAR(to_date('26-FEB-20','dd-mon-yy'), 'dd-month-yy hh12:mm:ss') as

result from dual
SQL> /

RESULT
--------------------------
26-february -20 12:02:00

select TO_NUMBER('9999') as result from dual;

RESULT
----------
9999
===================================================================================
============
Example
Name (varchar2(10)) Age(number(2)) City(varchar2(15)) Gender(char(1))

==CREATE====
create table EXAMPLE(
NAME varchar2(15),
AGE number(2),
CITY varchar2(15),
GENDER char(1));

rename example to sample;

Add new column to the table:

syntax:
Alter table <tableName> add (<newColName> <datatype> <size>, ....);

alter table SAMPLE add (DOB date, PINCODE number(6));

modify the column datatype:

syntax:
Alter table <tableName> modify (<colName> <newDatatype> <newSize>)

alter table SAMPLE modify (GENDER varchar2(6));

Table altered.

delete the column from the table:

syntax:
(i)alter table <tableName> drop column <colName>;
(ii)alter table <tableName> drop (<colName1>,<col2Name2>);

alter table SAMPLE drop column PINCODE;

alter table SAMPLE drop (GENDER, DOB);

(d) Rename the column name:

syntax:
alter table <tableName> rename column <oldColName> to <newColName>;

alter table SAMPLE rename column NAME to PersonName;

truncate table sample;

insert into SAMPLE values('USER1', 21, 'RAICHUR', '01-JAN-95')