DOI: 10.15503/jecs20142.63.

74

Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2014 63

Design Thinking in Pedagogy

Ineta Luka
7XULED8QLYHUVLW\*UDXGX
5LJD/9/DWYLD
HPDLODGGUHVV,QHWD#WXULEDOY

Abstract
7KHWZHQW\ÀUVWFHQWXU\KDVEURXJKWORWVRIFKDOOHQJHVIRUSHRSOHLQDOOVSKHUHVLQFOXGLQJHGXFDWLRQ,Q
WKHQHZFRQWH[WWUDGLWLRQDODSSURDFKHVRIWHQVHHPLQHIIHFWLYHDQGWKHUHIRUHQHZWRROVDQGPHWKRGVKDYH
WR EH DSSOLHG $Q DOWHUQDWLYH DSSURDFK WKDW PLJKW EH XVHIXO LQ WKH JLYHQ FRQWH[W LV GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ ² WKH
DSSURDFK WKDW RULJLQDWHG LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH GHVLJQ DQG DUW DQG QRZDGD\V LV DSSOLHG LQ PDQ\ ÀHOGV ,W LV D
KXPDQFHQWHUHGSUREOHPVROYLQJDSSURDFKWKDWPD\EHXVHGLQWKHWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJSURFHVVWRGHYHORS
WZHQW\ÀUVWFHQWXU\VNLOOVDQGHQKDQFHFUHDWLYLW\DQGLQQRYDWLRQ7KLVSDSHULQWURGXFHVUHDGHUVWRWKHRULJLQ
RIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLWVDWWULEXWHVDQGSURFHVVHVDVZHOODVLWVDSSOLFDWLRQLQSHGDJRJ\

.H\ZRUGVGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSUREOHPVROYLQJFUHDWLYLW\LQQRYDWLRQWHDPZRUNVNLOOVGHYHORSPHQW

Introduction

7KHWZHQW\ÀUVWFHQWXU\KDVEURXJKWPDQ\FKDOOHQJHVIRUSHRSOHLQDOOVSKHUHV7KH
LQFUHDVHGPRELOLW\WKHZRUOGZLGHZHEDQGWKHLQVWDQWLQIRUPDWLRQVSUHDGSODFHSH
RSOHLQSUHYLRXVO\XQNQRZQFRQWH[WVDQGVLWXDWLRQVZKLFKUHTXLUHLPPHGLDWHDQDO\VLV
GHFLVLRQPDNLQJDQGSUREOHPVROYLQJ7UDGLWLRQDODSSURDFKHVWRWKHVHRIWHQVHHPLQ
HIIHFWLYHDQGWKHUHIRUHQHZWRROVDQGPHWKRGVKDYHWREHDSSOLHG7KLVDOVRFRQFHUQV
SHGDJRJ\ZKHUHWHDFKHUVIDFHFRPSOH[DQGYDULHGFKDOOHQJHV
,Q WKLV FRQWH[W PRUH DQG PRUH IUHTXHQWO\ ZH KHDU WKH WHUP ´GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJµ ²
´D FRQFHSW XVHG ERWK LQ WKHRU\ DQG SUDFWLFHµ -RKDQVVRQ6N|OGEHUJ :RRGLOOD 
उHWLQND\D  S  'HVLJQ WKLQNLQJ LV HYHQ UHIHUUHG WR DV D QHZ SDUDGLJP IRU
GHDOLQJZLWKSUREOHPVLQPDQ\SURIHVVLRQVDQGÀHOGVLQFOXGLQJ,7EXVLQHVVUHVHDUFK
LQQRYDWLRQDQGHGXFDWLRQ'RODN8HEHUQLFNHO %UHQQHU'RUVW
 'HVLJQ WKLQNLQJ PD\ EH FRQVLGHUHG DV D JUHDW WRRO WR EH XVHG LQ WKH WHDFKLQJ
OHDUQLQJSURFHVVWRGHYHORSWZHQW\ÀUVWFHQWXU\VNLOOV,WFRPSULVHVFROODERUDWLRQLQ
RUGHUWRVROYHWKHSUREOHPVE\ÀQGLQJDQGSURFHVVLQJLQIRUPDWLRQWDNLQJLQWRFRQVL
GHUDWLRQWKHUHDOZRUOGSHRSOH·VH[SHULHQFHDQGIHHGEDFN5D\DQGDSSO\LQJ
FUHDWLYLW\ FULWLFDO WKLQNLQJ DQG FRPPXQLFDWLRQ 0RUHRYHU WKLV DSSURDFK LV FKDUDF
WHUL]HGDV´DSRZHUIXOPHWKRGRORJ\IRULQQRYDWLRQµZKLFK´LQWHJUDWHVKXPDQEXVL
QHVVDQGWHFKQLFDOIDFWRUVLQSUREOHPIRUPLQJVROYLQJDQGGHVLJQµ/HLIHU 6WHLQHUW
64 Transgression

S,WLVKXPDQFHQWHUHGDQGVLPXOWDQHRXVO\XVHVGLYHUVHSRLQWVRIYLHZLQ
SUREOHPVROXWLRQ/HLIHU 6WHLQHUW
+RZHYHU WKH UHFHQW WUHQG WR DGRSW DQG DSSO\ GHVLJQ SUDFWLFHV WR RWKHU ÀHOGV
UHTXLUHVFOHDUDQGGHÀQLWHNQRZOHGJHDERXWGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ'RUVW7KHUHIRUH
LW LV HVVHQWLDO WR XQGHUVWDQG WKLV SKHQRPHQRQ DV ZHOO DV WR OHDUQ KRZ WR GHYHORS
FRUUHVSRQGLQJNQRZOHGJHDQGVNLOOVDQGKRZWRDSSO\WKHPLQSUDFWLFH
7KLVSDSHUGHDOVZLWKWKHRULJLQRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLWVFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGSURFHVVHV
LWVXVHLQSHGDJRJ\DQGRIIHUVLGHDVIRUWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJVNLOOVLQ
WKHWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJSURFHVV

Origin of Design Thinking

7KHGLVFRXUVHRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJRULJLQDWHGLQDUFKLWHFWXUHGHVLJQDQGDUWDQGOD
WHUZDVDOVRDSSOLHGLQWKHÀHOGRIPDQDJHPHQW-RKDQVVRQ :RRGLOOD,QWKH
DFDGHPLFÀHOGWKHWHUPKDVEHHQNQRZQIRUWKLUW\\HDUVDQGLQLWLDOO\LWZDVDVVRFLDWHG
ZLWKWKHZD\GHVLJQHUVWKLQN-RKDQVVRQ :RRGLOOD7KHWHUPZDVÀUVWXVHGLQ
E\5RZHZKHQKHSXEOLVKHGDERRNWLWOHGDesign Thinking5RZHDOWKRXJK
6LPRQDQDO\]HGWKHQDWXUHRIGHVLJQDOUHDG\HLJKWHHQ\HDUVEHIRUHWKHWHUP´GHVLJQ
WKLQNLQJµKDGEHHQLQWURGXFHG6LPRQ
6LQFHWKHQEDVHGRQ´WKHRULHVDQGPRGHOVIURPGHVLJQPHWKRGRORJ\SV\FKRORJ\HGX
FDWLRQHWFµ'RUVWSYDULRXVPRGHOVKDYHEHHQFUHDWHG7KHVRXUFHVSRLQWWRWKH
JURZWKRISRSXODULW\RIVFKRODUO\ZRUNVRQGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLQWKH·V²·VZLWKWKH
ODUJHVWQXPEHURIZRUNVSXEOLVKHGLQ-RKDQVVRQ6N|OGEHUJHWDO
7KHRUHWLFDOSHUVSHFWLYHVRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJKDYHEHHQFDWHJRUL]HGLQWRÀYHVXEGL
VFRXUVHVGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVWKHFUHDWLRQRIDUWLIDFWVGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDUHÁH[LYH
SUDFWLFHGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDSUREOHPVROYLQJDFWLYLW\GHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDZD\
RI UHDVRQLQJPDNLQJ VHQVH RI WKLQJV  GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ DV WKH FUHDWLRQ RI PHDQLQJ
-RKDQVVRQ6N|OGEHUJHWDO
6LPRQWKHIRXQGHURIDUWLÀFLDOLQWHOOLJHQFH´GLVWLQJXLVKHGEHWZHHQDFWLYLWLHVWKDW
FUHDWHVRPHWKLQJQHZDQGDFWLYLWLHVWKDWGHDOZLWKH[LVWLQJUHDOLW\µ-RKDQVVRQ6N|OGEHUJ
HWDOS,QWKLVDSSURDFKWKHIRFXVZDVRQFUHDWLRQDQGWKHZD\RIFKDQJLQJDQG
RUDGDSWLQJWKHH[LVWLQJFRQGLWLRQVWRWKHRQHVWKDWZRXOGFRPSO\ZLWKWKHFXUUHQWFRQWH[W
7KHVHFRQGVXEGLVFRXUVHLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWK6FK|QZKRHPSKDVL]HGWKHUROHRI
UHÁHFWLRQLQGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ0RUHRYHUUHÁHFWLRQZDVLQWHUSUHWHGDVWKHFRUHRIGHVLJQ
ZRUNDQGDVDSDUWRISUDFWLFH5HÁHFWLRQLVDWWKHEDVLVRIOHDUQLQJDQGDQ\VXFFHVVIXODFWLYL
W\DQGWHDFKHUVVKRXOGHQFRXUDJHVWXGHQWVWRUHÁHFWRQWKHLUDFWLYLWLHVWRFRPHWRDVROXWLRQ
'HVLJQ WKLQNLQJ DV D SUREOHPVROYLQJ DFWLYLW\ LV ÀUVW DQG IRUHPRVW DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
5LWWHO·VIRUPXODWLRQDQG%XFKDQDQ·VHODERUDWLRQRIWKH¶ZLFNHGSUREOHPV·DSSURDFK%X
FKDQDQ$FFRUGLQJWRWKLVDSSURDFK´WKHGHVLJQSURFHVVLVGLYLGHGLQWRWZRGLVWLQFW
SKDVHVSUREOHPGHÀQLWLRQDQGSUREOHPVROXWLRQµ%XFKDQDQS'XULQJWKHÀUVW
SKDVHDOOWKHHOHPHQWVRIWKHSUREOHPDUHLGHQWLÀHG7KLVLVDQDQDO\WLFVHTXHQFH,QWXUQ
GXULQJ WKH SUREOHPVROYLQJ SKDVH ZKLFK LV D V\QWKHWLF VHTXHQFH GLIIHUHQW YDULDQWV DUH
FRPSDUHGDQGEDODQFHGDJDLQVWHDFKRWKHUWRFUHDWHWKHÀQDOSODQ%XFKDQDQ7KH
DSSURDFKDGRSWHGLVLQWHUSUHWLYHHPHUJHQWDQGH[SOLFLWO\HPERGLHG5\ODQGHU
7KHSURSRQHQWVRIWKHIRXUWKVXEGLVFRXUVHDUJXHWKDWGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLVDSUDFWLFHED
VHGDFWLYLW\DQGDZD\RIPDNLQJVHQVHRIWKLQJV,WLVFRPPRQWRXVHGHGXFWLYHDQGRULQ
Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2014 65

GXFWLYHWKLQNLQJIRUSUREOHPVROYLQJ+RZHYHUGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDSSOLHVDEGXFWLRQZKLFK
UHVXOWVLQDYDOXH:HFDQVLQJOHRXWWZRIRUPVRIDEGXFWLRQ²FORVHGSUREOHPVROYLQJDQG
RSHQSUREOHPVROYLQJ7KHVWUDWHJLHVLQYROYHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRI´DIUDPHµZKLFKPD\EH
UHJDUGHGDVWKH´FUHDWLRQRIDQRYHOVWDQGSRLQWIURPZKLFKDSUREOHPDWLFVLWXDWLRQFDQ
EHWDFNOHGµ'RUVWS
)LQDOO\.ULSSHQGRUIIRIIHUVDQDSSURDFKGHDOLQJZLWKGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVWKHFUH
DWLRQRIPHDQLQJUDWKHUWKDQDUWLIDFWFI6LPRQ,QWKLVDSSURDFK´PHDQLQJLVWKH
FRUHRIWKHGHVLJQSURFHVVDQGWKHDUWLIDFWEHFRPHVDPHGLXPIRUFRPPXQLFDWLQJWKHVH
PHDQLQJVµ-RKDQVVRQ6N|OGEHUJHWDOS
&RQFHUQLQJWKHDIRUHPHQWLRQHGVXEGLVFRXUVHVRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLWFDQEHFRQFOXGHG
WKDWWKHIROORZLQJRQHVPD\UHIHUWRSHGDJRJ\DVZHOOGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDUHÁH[LYHSUDFWL
FHGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDSUREOHPVROYLQJDFWLYLW\DQGGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDZD\RIUHDVRQLQJ
7KHVHDUHWKHIHDWXUHVWKDWDUHFORVHO\FRQQHFWHGZLWKVXFKJHQHULFFRPSHWHQFHVDVSUREOHP
VROYLQJFULWLFDOWKLQNLQJDQGFUHDWLYLW\WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIZKLFKLVHQKDQFHGDWVFKRRO

Characteristics of Design Thinking

'HVLJQ WKLQNLQJ LV ERWK D SURFHVV DQG D PLQGVHW 6FKRODUV %DHFN  *UHPHWW
VLQJOHRXWQLQHDWWULEXWHVRUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDPELJXLW\
FROODERUDWLRQFRQVWUXFWLYHQHVVFXULRVLW\HPSDWK\KROLVPLWHUDWLRQ
QRQMXGJPHQWDOZD\RSHQQHVV
$PELJXLW\ PHDQV WKDW IRU RQH SKHQRPHQRQ PRUH WKDQ RQH SRVVLEOH PHDQLQJ RU
H[SODQDWLRQH[LVWV,QGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDPELJXLW\LVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKDSHUVRQ·VVWDWHRI
EHLQJFRPIRUWDEOHLQXQFOHDUVLWXDWLRQV'HVLJQWKLQNLQJLQYROYHVFROODERUDWLRQDWFHU
WDLQLVVXHVDFURVVGLVFLSOLQHVLQLQWHUGLVFLSOLQDU\WHDPV'HVLJQWKLQNLQJLVFRQVWUXFWLYH
WKLQNLQJDVLWLVDVROXWLRQEDVHGDSSURDFKWKDWORRNVIRUDEHWWHURXWFRPH,WPHDQV
HPSDWK\DVWKHIRFXVLVRQXVHUQHHGV$WWKHVDPHWLPHLWLVKROLVWLFEHFDXVHLWORRNVDW
DZLGHUFRQWH[WIRUWKHFXVWRPHU$VGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSURFHVVLVQRWOLQHDUEXWF\FOLFDO
DQGHDFKF\FOHLVEXLOWXSRQWKHSUHYLRXVRQHLWLVLWHUDWLYH2QWRSRIWKDWWKHPHWKRG
HQFRXUDJHV´RXWVLGHWKHER[WKLQNLQJµWRFRPHWRDFUHDWLYHDQGLQQRYDWLYHRXWFRPH
%DHFN *UHPHWW:DORV]HN
(IHRJOX0¡OOHU6pULp%RHUEDVHGRQWKHLGHDVRI%URZQGHÀQHGHVLJQ
WKLQNLQJ DV ´D KXPDQFHQWUHG SUREOHP VROYLQJ PHWKRG WKDW PRVWO\ OHDGV WR UDGLFDO
LQQRYDWLYHVROXWLRQLQWHUPVRIWKHIHDVLELOLW\GHVLUDELOLW\DQGYLDELOLW\RISURGXFWVRU
VHUYLFHVµ(IHRJOXHWDOS
,QWXUQ2VWHUGHVFULELQJGHVLJQWKLQNLQJPHQWLRQVLWVWKUHHDWWULEXWHVWKDWKHOS
HQVXUH LWV RSHUDWLRQDO HIÀFLHQF\ ,W LV DEGXFWLYH LQFOXVLYH DQG SUREOHPEDVHG 'HVLJQ
WKLQNLQJ LV GHVFULEHG DV DEGXFWLYH EHFDXVH LW ´UHDFKHV ZHOO EH\RQG GHGXFWLYH DQG LQ
GXFWLYHUHDVRQLQJWREXLOGXSDPRXQWDLQRISRVVLEOHDQVZHUVµ2VWHUS
2QWKHRQHKDQGGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLVREYHUVHRIVFLHQWLÀFWKLQNLQJ7KHGLIIHUHQFHOLHV
LQWHUPVRIWKHQDWXUHRIWKHK\SRWKHVLVWKH\HYROYHDURXQG%RWKVFLHQWLÀFWKLQNLQJDQG
GHVLJQWKLQNLQJGHSHQGRQJHQHUDWLQJDQGWHVWLQJK\SRWKHVHV7KHVFLHQWLÀFPHWKRG
VHDUFKHVIRUWKHDQVZHUWR´ZKDWLVµZKHUHDVGHVLJQWKLQNLQJUHIHUVWR´ZKDWPLJKW
EHµ LQ WKH IXWXUH 2ZHQ  5\ODQGHU  2Q WKH RWKHU KDQG GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ
FRPSOHPHQWVVFLHQWLÀFWKLQNLQJDVFUHDWLYLW\DQGDUDQJHRILWVRWKHUDWWULEXWHVKDYHD
GLVWLQFWYDOXHWRGHFLVLRQPDNHUV2ZHQKHOSLQJWKHPWRDWWDLQWKHJRDO
$V SUHYLRXVO\ PHQWLRQHG GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ LV D VROXWLRQEDVHG DSSURDFK WR VROYH
WKHVRFDOOHG´ZLFNHGSUREOHPVµ´7KHZLFNHGSUREOHPVDSSURDFKZDVIRUPXODWHGE\
66 Transgression

+RUVW5LWWHOLQWKHVZKHQGHVLJQPHWKRGRORJ\ZDVDVXEMHFWRILQWHQVHLQWHUHVWµ
%XFKDQDQS%\ZLFNHGSUREOHPVKHXQGHUVWRRGWKHSUREOHPVZKLFKZHUH
LOOIRUPXODWHG ZKHUH WKH LQIRUPDWLRQ ZDV FRQIXVLQJ DQG ZKHUH PDQ\ FOLHQWV DQG
GHFLVLRQ PDNHUV ZLWK RSSRVLWH RSLQLRQV H[LVWHG %XFKDQDQ  5LWWHO LGHQWLÀHG
WHQ SURSHUWLHV RI ´ZLFNHG SUREOHPVµ 5LWWHO  :HEEHU  ZKLFK UHYHDO WKDW WKH
SUREOHPVWKDWKDYHWREHVROYHGGRQRWKDYHDGHÀQLWHIRUPXODWLRQWKH\DUHXQLTXH
DQGWKH\FDQEHVROYHGLQYDULRXVZD\V0RUHRYHUQRQHRIWKHSUREOHPVROXWLRQVLV
WUXH RU IDOVH DQG QRQH RI WKH SUREOHP VROYHUV LV ULJKW RU ZURQJ DV GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ
ZHOFRPHVGLYHUJHQWWKLQNLQJDQGFUHDWLYHDQGLQQRYDWLYHLGHDV
$QRWKHU FKDUDFWHULVWLF RI GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ LV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK WKH ´$+D 0RPHQWµ
$FFRUGLQJWR&URVVWKH´$+D0RPHQWµLVDSRLQWLQWKHF\FOHLQZKLFKV\QWKHVLV
DQGGLYHUJHQWWKLQNLQJDQDO\VLVDQGFRQYHUJHQWWKLQNLQJDQGWKHSUREOHPPHHW7KLV
LVDIRFDOSRLQWDVE\ERWKUHÁHFWLQJDQGFRQVLGHULQJWKHIXWXUHSRVVLELOLWLHVWKHIRFXV
LVEHFRPLQJFOHDUDQGWKHÀQDOSURGXFWFDQEHFRQVWUXFWHG0RUHRYHUDWWKLVPRPHQW
WKH VROXWLRQ VHHPV VR HYLGHQW WKDW WKH SHRSOH LQYROYHG LQ WKH SURFHVV FDQQRW HYHQ
XQGHUVWDQGKRZVXFKDVLPSOHVROXWLRQKDGQRWFRPHWRWKHLUPLQGVHDUOLHU
7KHPDLQIHDWXUHRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLVFUHDWLYLW\WKDWKHOSVWRVROYH´ZLFNHGSUREOHPVµ
DQG UHDFK WKH ´$+D 0RPHQWµ %XW EHVLGHV FUHDWLYLW\ 2ZHQ  GLVWLQJXLVKHV
IRXUWHHQRWKHUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ7KHPRVWVLJQLÀFDQWRQHVDUHDVIROORZV
‡ &RQGLWLRQHGLQYHQWLYHQHVV²´ZKDWµTXHVWLRQVDUHPRUHLPSRUWDQWWKDQ´ZK\µ
TXHVWLRQVDVWKHJRDOLVLQYHQWLQJ
‡ +XPDQFHQWHUHG IRFXV ² GHVLJQHUV KDYH WR WDNH LQWR FRQVLGHUDWLRQ FOLHQWV·
QHHGVZKHQFUHDWLQJDSURGXFW
‡ (QYLURQPHQWFHQWHUHGFRQFHUQLQRUGHUWRJXDUDQWHHVXVWDLQDELOLW\
‡ %LDVIRUDGDSWLYLW\PHDQVDSSO\LQJDQDSSURDFKRIDFFHSWLQJDGDSWLYHVROXWLRQV
ÀWWLQJWRWKHXVHUV·HYROYLQJQHHGVZKHUHYHUSRVVLEOH
‡ 3UHGLVSRVLWLRQ WRZDUG PXOWLIXQFWLRQDOLW\ DV SUREOHPVROXWLRQV QHHG QRW EH
PRQRIXQFWLRQDO
‡ 6\VWHPLFYLVLRQDVGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLVKROLVWLF
‡ 9LHZ RI WKH JHQHUDOLVW ² IRU LQYHQWLYH FUHDWLYLW\ FRQWUDU\ WR WKH DFFXVWRPHG
VSHFLDOL]DWLRQWKHZLGHUWKHNQRZOHGJHEDVHWKHPRUHFUHDWLYHVROXWLRQFDQEH
PDGH
‡ $IÀQLW\ IRU WHDPZRUN EHFDXVH PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ WHDPV HQVXUH VXFK
FKDUDFWHULVWLF DELOLWLHV DV JHQHUDOL]DWLRQ FRPPXQLFDWLRQ DFURVV GLVFLSOLQHV
ZRUNLQJV\VWHPDWLFDOO\ZLWKTXDOLWDWLYHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGYLVXDOL]LQJFRQFHSWV

2ZHQ  S  DOVR DGGV WKDW ´WKHVH VSHFLDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ
DUH QRW QRUPDOO\ GLVFXVVHG LQ D XQLYHUVLW\ FDWDORJ ,QGHHG WKH\ DUH VHOGRP WDXJKW
H[SOLFLWO\5DWKHUWKH\DUHDFTXLUHGDOPRVWXQFRQVFLRXVO\DVWDFLWNQRZOHGJHLQVFKRRO
SURMHFWVRURQWKHMREµ
$GGLWLRQDOO\%URZQHPSKDVL]HVWKHIROORZLQJDWWULEXWHVDVFRUHDWWULEXWHV
RI GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ HPSDWK\ LQWHJUDWLYH WKLQNLQJ RSWLPLVP H[SHULPHQWDOLVP DQG
FROODERUDWLRQ
,QIDFWWKHVHDWWULEXWHVDUHLQOLQHZLWKWKHRQHVGHÀQHGE\2ZHQDQG
WKH\DUHDOOVLJQLÀFDQWLQRUGHUWRHQVXUHWKHVXFFHVVRILQQRYDWLRQ
Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2014 67

Design Thinking Processes

´'HVLJQ SURFHVV LV WKH ZD\ LQ ZKLFK PHWKRGV FRPH WRJHWKHU WKURXJK D VHULHV RI
DFWLRQVHYHQWVRUVWHSVµ:DORV]HN
,QLWLDOO\6LPRQLQWURGXFHGWKHIROORZLQJVHYHQVWDJHVRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ
SURFHVV  GHÀQH  UHVHDUFK  LGHDWH  SURWRW\SH  FKRRVH  LPSOHPHQW 
OHDUQ)LUVWRIDOOLWLVHVVHQWLDOWRGHÀQHWKHLVVXHWREHUHVROYHGDQGWKHDXGLHQFH
1H[W UHVHDUFK KDV WR EH FRQGXFWHG FRPSULVLQJ DQDO\VLV RI WKH KLVWRU\ H[LVWLQJ
REVWDFOHV H[DPSOHV VWDNHKROGHUV· RSLQLRQV ,GHDWLRQ PHDQV LGHQWLI\LQJ WKH QHHGV
DQGPRWLYDWLRQVRIWKHHQGXVHUVDQGWKLVSURFHVVLQYROYHVEUDLQVWRUPLQJ1H[WLW
LVHVVHQWLDOWRFRPELQHH[SDQGDQGUHÀQHLGHDVLQRUGHUWRFUHDWHVHYHUDOGUDIWVDQG
JHWWKHIHHGEDFNIURPDGLYHUVHJURXSRISHRSOHLQFOXGLQJHQGXVHUV7KHQH[WVWDJH
LQYROYHVUHYLHZLQJWKHREMHFWLYHVDQGVHOHFWLQJWKHSRZHUIXOLGHDV7KHÀQDOVWDJHV
DUH LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ZKLFK FRPSULVHV PDNLQJ WDVN GHVFULSWLRQV SODQQLQJ WDVNV
GHWHUPLQLQJUHVRXUFHVDQGH[HFXWLQJWDVNVDQGOHDUQLQJ²JDWKHULQJIHHGEDFNIURP
WKHFRQVXPHUVLQRUGHUWRLPSURYHWKHSURGXFW
´,QLWLDO'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJDSSURDFKHVZHUHRIFLUFXODUQDWXUHµ(IHRJOXHWDOS
7KXV'XQQHDQG0DUWLQSHUFHLYHGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDVDFLUFXODUSURFHVVWR
VROYH¶ZLFNHGSUREOHPV·7KH\HPSKDVL]HLWVF\FOLFFKDUDFWHUFRPSULVLQJWKHIROORZLQJ
SKDVHV LQGXFWLRQ DEGXFWLRQ GHGXFWLRQ DQG WHVWLQJ $EGXFWLRQ LV FRQQHFWHG ZLWK
LGHD JHQHUDWLRQ 'XULQJ WKH QH[W VWDJH ² GHGXFWLRQ ² FRQVHTXHQFHV DUH SUHGLFWHG
)XUWKHULGHDVDUHWHVWHGLQSUDFWLFHDQGJHQHUDOL]HGGXULQJWKHLQGXFWLRQSKDVH
$QRWKHU ZHOONQRZQ FLUFXODU GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ DSSURDFK LV WKDW E\ %URZQ 
7KHVFKRODUSRLQWVRXWWKDW´WKHGHVLJQSURFHVVLVEHVWGHVFULEHGPHWDSKRULFDOO\DVD
V\VWHPRIVSDFHVUDWKHUWKDQDSUHGHÀQHGVHULHVRIRUGHUO\VWHSVµ%URZQS
+HFODLPVWKDWWKHGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSURFHVVLVFLUFXODUDQGLWFRPSULVHVWKUHHVSDFHV
 LQVSLUDWLRQ  LGHDWLRQ  LPSOHPHQWDWLRQ ,QVSLUDWLRQ PRWLYDWHV WR VHDUFK IRU
VROXWLRQV,GHDWLRQLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKEUDLQVWRUPLQJ'XULQJWKHLGHDWLRQSKDVHLGHDV
DUHJHQHUDWHGGHYHORSHGDQGWHVWHG&RQVHTXHQWO\WKHVHLGHDVPD\OHDGWRVROXWLRQV
,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ PHDQV H[HFXWLQJ WKH YLVLRQ DQG LQWURGXFLQJ WKH RXWSXW LQWR WKH
PDUNHW(YHU\´SURMHFWµSDVVHVWKURXJKWKHVHWKUHHVSDFHV0RUHRYHUSURMHFWVPD\
UHSHDWHGO\SDVVWKURXJKWKHLQVSLUDWLRQDQGLGHDWLRQSKDVHRQWKHLUZD\WRJHWWLQJ
LPSOHPHQWHG
%DVHG RQ 6LPRQ·V GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ SURFHVV VWDJHV 6LPRQ  VHYHUDO RWKHU
PRGHOVKDYHEHHQFUHDWHGVRPHRIWKHPHYHQXVHWKHVDPHWHUPLQRORJ\7KHPRVW
QRWDEOHRIWKHPDUHWKHRQHVSURGXFHGE\WKH,QVWLWXWHRI'HVLJQDW6WDQIRUGWKHVR
FDOOHG G6FKRRO 7KH LWHUDWLYH GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ SURFHVV VFKHPH 3ODWWQHU 0HLQHO 
:HLQEHUJLQLWLDOO\FRPSULVHGVL[VWDJHVVHHFigure $VLQGLFDWHGE\(IHRJOX
HWDOWKLVLVDVHTXHQWLDODSSURDFKFRPSULVLQJPXOWLSOHVWDJHVDQGLWKDGDOVR
EHHQLPSDFWHGE\DFLUFXODUDSSURDFK
7KLV DSSURDFK FDWHJRUL]HV WKH SKDVHV LQWR WZR PDLQ SKDVHV D SUREOHP DQG D
VROXWLRQ 7KH SUREOHP SKDVH FRQVLVWV RI XQGHUVWDQGLQJ REVHUYLQJ DQG H[SUHVVLQJ
RQH·V RSLQLRQ ZKHUHDV WKH VROXWLRQ SKDVH FRQVLVWV RI LGHDWLRQ SURWRW\SLQJ DQG
WHVWLQJ 7KLV DSSURDFK DOORZV LQWHUDFWLQJ EHWZHHQ WKH SKDVHV ZKLFK DUH OLQNHG
GLUHFWO\ RU LQGLUHFWO\ (IHRJOX HWDO  ´7KH SKDVH ªSRLQW RI YLHZ© VHUYHV DV D
KLQJHEHWZHHQDOORWKHUOLQNHGSKDVHVµ3IHUGW
 68 Transgression

)LJ,WHUDWLYH'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ3URFHVV
6RXUFH3ODWWQHU0HLQHO :HLQEHUJS

,Q  DQG  WKH ,QVWLWXWH RI 'HVLJQ DGDSWHG WKHLU SUHYLRXVO\ ZRUNHG RXW
VFKHPHRIIHULQJÀYHSKDVHVLQVWHDGRIVL[ZKLFKWKH\FDOOPRGHV7KHIROORZLQJÀYH
PRGHV ZHUH VLQJOHG RXW  HPSDWKL]H  GHÀQH  LGHDWH  SURWRW\SH  WHVW ,Q
WKLV YDULDQW HPSDWKL]LQJ LV WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH GHVLJQ SURFHVV DQG LW FRPSULVHV
WKUHHDFWLYLWLHVREVHUYDWLRQRIXVHUV·EHKDYLRUHQJDJHPHQW²LQWHUDFWLQJZLWK
DQGLQWHUYLHZLQJXVHUVLPPHUVLRQ²H[SHULHQFLQJZKDWWKHXVHUVH[SHULHQFH7KH
GHÀQLQJPRGHLVFRQQHFWHGZLWKIRUPXODWLQJDQDFWLRQDEOHSUREOHPVWDWHPHQW7KH
LGHDWLRQPRGHLVWKHSRLQWGXULQJZKLFKZHIRFXVRQLGHDJHQHUDWLRQ,WLVDSURFHVV
RI´JRLQJZLGHµ7KHSURWRW\SLQJLVFRQFHUQHGZLWKFUHDWLQJLGHDVDQGH[SORUDWLRQV
LQWRWKHSK\VLFDOZRUOGDQGWHVWLQJPHDQVUHÀQLQJRXUVROXWLRQVDQGLPSURYLQJWKHP
3ODWWQHU3ODWWQHU
6FKRODUVKDYHDGDSWHGWKHSUHYLRXVO\ZRUNHGRXWVFKHPHWRSHGDJRJ\VXJJHVW
LQJWKDWGXULQJWKHSKDVHRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJOHDUQHUVWU\WRXQGHUVWDQGWKHSUREOHP
WDONWRH[SHUWVDQGFRQGXFWUHVHDUFK'XULQJWKHVWDJHRIREVHUYLQJVWXGHQWVREVHUYH
SHRSOHSK\VLFDOVSDFHVDQGSODFHV7DNLQJ'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJWR6FKRROVQG$VLQ
GLFDWHGE\%HFNPDQDQG%DUU\REVHUYDWLRQKHOSVXQGHUVWDQGLQJWKHFRQWH[W
7KHIROORZLQJWRROVDUHRIWHQXVHGLQREVHUYDWLRQWRJDWKHULQIRUPDWLRQSDUWLFLSDQW
REVHUYDWLRQQRQSDUWLFLSDQWREVHUYDWLRQIRUPDOHWKQRJUDSKLFLQWHUYLHZVLQWHUFHSWV
WKH\MRLQSDUWLFLSDQWREVHUYDWLRQZLWKDQLQWHUYLHZLQIRUPDQWGLDULHVDQGYLUWXDO
HWKQRJUDSK\VWXG\LQJ,QWHUQHWEHKDYLRXU$FFRUGLQJWRWKH,QVWLWXWHRI'HVLJQDW
6WDQIRUG GXULQJ WKH SKDVH RI GHÀQLQJ VWXGHQWV KDYH WR EHFRPH DZDUH RI SHRSOH·V
QHHGV DQG GHYHORSLQJ LQVLJKWV 'XULQJ WKH SKDVH RI LGHDWLRQ VWXGHQWV EUDLQVWRUP
DORWRILGHDV7KHUHIRUHVWXGHQWVKDYHWREHHQFRXUDJHGWREUDLQVWRUPDVPDQ\VR
OXWLRQV DV SRVVLEOH 3URWRW\SLQJ LV D VWDJH GXULQJ ZKLFK VWXGHQWV OHDUQ WR IDLO 7KH
SXUSRVHRIWHVWLQJLVWRVHHLIWKHVROXWLRQVRIIHUHGZRUNLQSUDFWLFHDQGZKDWVKDOO
EHGRQHWRLPSURYHWKHP7HVWLQJSURYLGHVVWXGHQWVZLWKDIHHGEDFN7DNLQJ'HVLJQ
7KLQNLQJWR6FKRROVQG
7KHUHFHQWDSSURDFKE\'RODNHWDOSSRVWXODWHVWKDWGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLV
´DQDSSURDFKWRIRVWHUWKHSURFHVVRIKXPDQFHQWHUHGLGHDJHQHUDWLRQDQGHYDOXDWLRQ
LQDWHDPFRQWH[Wµ,QSUDFWLFHWKHSURFHVVVWDUWVZLWKDSSURDFKLQJDSUREOHPIURP
DKXPDQSHUVSHFWLYH7KHSULPDU\IRFXVLVRQSHRSOHDQGWKHLUQHHGVDQGKXPDQ
EXVLQHVV DQG WHFKQLFDO IDFWRUV DUH LQWHJUDWHG LQ SUREOHP LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ SUREOHP
Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2014 69

VROXWLRQDQGGHVLJQ7KHSURFHVVLVDF\FOH)LUVWWKHSUREOHPLVGHÀQHG1H[WLWLV
QHFHVVDU\WRLGHQWLI\WKHQHHGVIROORZHGE\EUDLQVWRUPLQJOHDGLQJWRWKHFUHDWLRQRI
DSURWRW\SHZKLFKLVODWHUWHVWHG7KHFRQVWDQWLWHUDWLYHF\FOHRISUREOHPLGHQWLÀFDWLRQ
DQG UHGHÀQLWLRQ DOORZV DSSO\LQJ GLYHUJLQJ DQG FRQYHUJLQJ SKDVHV LQ WKH GHVLJQ
SURFHVV'RODNHWDO7KXVWKLVDSSURDFKLVFORVHWRWKHHDUOLHU²FLUFXODUGHVLJQ
WKLQNLQJDSSURDFKHV
$QDO\]LQJWKHVWDJHVGHÀQHGE\YDULRXVGHVLJQWKLQNLQJVFKRODUV:DORV]HN
FRPHVWRDFRQFOXVLRQWKDWGHVSLWHVRPHGLIIHUHQFHVWKHPDLQVWDJHVLQGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ
SURFHVVDUHWKHVDPH
– 8QGHUVWDQGLQJWKHSUREOHP
– 2EVHUYLQJXVHUV
– ,QWHUSUHWLQJWKHUHVXOWV
– *HQHUDWLQJLGHDVLGHDWLQJ
– %XLOGLQJSURWRW\SHVDQGH[SHULPHQWLQJ
– 7HVWLQJLPSOHPHQWLQJDQGLPSURYLQJWKHGHVLJQ
,GHDWLRQ DQG H[SHULPHQWDWLRQ DUH VLJQLÀFDQW LQ GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ %URZQ 
HPSKDVL]HVWKDWWKHUHDUHYDULRXVPHWKRGVWRVWLPXODWHLGHDJHQHUDWLRQDQGHQKDQFH
FUHDWLYLW\,WHVSHFLDOO\UHIHUVWR´RXWVLGHWKHER[µWKLQNLQJDVJRLQJEH\RQGVWDQGDUG
LGHDVLVVLJQLÀFDQWLQLQQRYDWLRQEHFDXVHWKLVLVZKHUHLQQRYDWLRQVWDUWV
7KH SUHYLRXVO\ FKDUDFWHUL]HG GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ DSSURDFK LV DSSOLHG WR GHVLJQ DQG
EXVLQHVVÀHOGVDVZHOODVPDQDJHPHQW,WPD\DOVREHDSSOLHGWRSHGDJRJ\DVWKLQNLQJ
SURFHVVHVDUHWKHVDPH

Implications for Pedagogy

,QHGXFDWLRQGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLVVRPHWLPHVUHIHUUHGWRDV¶GHVLJQEDVHGOHDUQLQJ·,WLV
SHUFHLYHGDV´DPRGHOIRUHQKDQFLQJFUHDWLYLW\HQGXUDQFHHQJDJHPHQWDQGLQQRYDWLRQµ
'RODNHWDOS7KHEHQHÀWRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJLQSHGDJRJ\UHIHUVWRLWVFKDUDFWHU
ZKLFK ´HQDEOHV VWXGHQWV WR ZRUN VXFFHVVIXOO\ LQ PXOWLGLVFLSOLQDU\ WHDPV DQG HQDFW
SRVLWLYHGHVLJQOHGFKDQJHLQWKHZRUOGµ5DXWK.|SSHQ-REVW 0HLQHOS,W
LVDSUREOHPVROYLQJDSSURDFKGHDOLQJZLWKWKHVROXWLRQRIHYHU\GD\SUREOHPV5DXWK
.|SSHQ -REVW  0HLQHO  /HDUQLQJ DQG NQRZOHGJH FUHDWLRQ LQ GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ
HGXFDWLRQDUHEDVHGRQKLJKO\LWHUDWLYHSURFHHGLQJVZKLFKPD\EHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK.ROE·V
H[SHULHQWLDOOHDUQLQJWKHRU\.ROE5DXWKHWDO
$Q LGHDO OHDUQLQJ F\FOH PXVW FRPSULVH WKH IROORZLQJ IRXU SKDVHV H[SHULHQFLQJ
UHÁHFWLQJ WKLQNLQJ DQG DFWLQJ DQG D OHDUQHU JRHV WKURXJK DOO RI WKHP %HFNPDQ 
%DUU\'HVLJQWKLQNLQJFRQWDLQVDOOIRXUSKDVHV$VLQGLFDWHGE\%HFNPDQDQG
%DUU\DWWKHEDVLVRIREVHUYDWLRQVDQGUHÁHFWLRQVLVH[SHULHQFH5HÁHFWLRQVDUH
DVVLPLODWHGLQWRDEVWUDFWFRQFHSWVWKDWIRUPQHZLPSOLFDWLRQVWKDWDUHWHVWHGLQDFWLRQ
DQG LPSDFW WKH FUHDWLRQ RI QHZ H[SHULHQFHV DJDLQ WKXV HQVXULQJ WKH IHHGEDFN 7KH
GHVLJQWKLQNLQJSURFHVVLVVLPLODU
2ZHQ  HODERUDWHG D PRGHO RI NQRZOHGJH GHYHORSPHQW VHH Figure 2 7KLV
PRGHOOLHVDOVRDWWKHEDVLVRIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSURFHVV7KHVFKRODUSRLQWVRXWWKDW´LQ
DQ\ ÀHOG NQRZOHGJH LV JHQHUDWHG DQG DFFXPXODWHG WKURXJK DFWLRQµ 2ZHQ 
S+HIXUWKHUH[SODLQVWKDW´NQRZOHGJHXVLQJDQGNQRZOHGJHEXLOGLQJDUHERWK
VWUXFWXUHGSURFHVVHVFRQWUROOHGE\FKDQQHOVWKDWFRQWDLQDQGGLUHFWWKHSURGXFWLRQDQG
HYDOXDWLRQSURFHVVHVµ2ZHQS
70 Transgression

)LJ.QRZOHGJH&UHDWLRQ
6RXUFH2ZHQS)LJXUH

7KHGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSURFHVVFRQWDLQVDQDO\WLFDQGV\QWKHWLFHOHPHQWV'XULQJWKH
DQDO\WLFSKDVHZKLFKLVDGLVFRYHU\SKDVHWKHH[LVWLQJWKHRULHVDUHVWXGLHGREVHU
YDWLRQV DUH PDGH LQ RUGHU WR ÀQG SUREOHPVROXWLRQV DQG WKLV VWDJH FRUUHVSRQGV WR
WKHVWDJHVRIXQGHUVWDQGLQJREVHUYLQJDQGH[SUHVVLQJDSRLQWRIYLHZ'XULQJWKH
V\QWKHWLF SKDVH LGHD JHQHUDWLRQ FRQWLQXHV 7KH DSSOLFDWLRQ SDUDGLJP LV XVHG DQG
LW FRUUHVSRQGV WR LGHDWLRQ SURWRW\SLQJ DQG WHVWLQJ ZLWK D IRFXV RQ PDNLQJ %RWK
VWDJHVDUHLQWHUFRQQHFWHGDVSUREOHPVROXWLRQVWDUWVZLWKREVHUYDWLRQDQGHQGVZLWK
WHVWLQJWKHYDULDQWVDQGLPSURYLQJWKHZRUNHGRXWVROXWLRQV7KHSURFHVVLVDQLWHUD
WLYHF\FOHDQGGXULQJWKHNQRZOHGJHJHQHUDWLRQWKHSURFHVVFDQEHUHSHDWHGLQORRSV
DJDLQDQGDJDLQDVVKRZQLQ)LJXUH
'HVLJQWKLQNLQJVNLOOVFDQEHGHYHORSHGLQYDULRXVDFWLYLWLHVDWVFKRROHVSHFLDOO\
LQJURXSZRUNDQGSURMHFWVDVRQHRIWKHSUHFRQGLWLRQVLVWHDPZRUNLQJDQGRSHQ
FRPPXQLFDWLRQ3UDFWLWLRQHUVKDYHWHVWHGVHYHUDORSWLRQV7KLVSDSHUVXPPDUL]HVWKH
RQHVWKDWPD\EHXVHGDWDQ\FRXUVHDQGVXEMHFWERWKDWJHQHUDOHGXFDWLRQVFKRROV
DQGWHUWLDU\LQVWLWXWLRQV
5D\VXJJHVWVZRUNLQJLQVPDOOJURXSVRU´&ROODEVµREVHUYLQJWKHIROORZLQJ
VL[VWHSVLGHQWLI\RSSRUWXQLW\GHVLJQSURWRW\SHJHWIHHGEDFNVFDOHDQG
VSUHDGSUHVHQW2QHRIWKHEDVLFUXOHVFRQFHUQVWKHZD\RIDVNLQJWKHTXHVWLRQV
DQGH[SUHVVLQJWKHRSLQLRQ6WXGHQWVDUHHQFRXUDJHGVD\LQJ´\HVµZKHQWKH\DJUHH
ZLWKRWKHUV·LGHDVDQG´\HVEXWµZKHQWKH\GLVDJUHH7KLVLVGRQHLQRUGHUQRWWR
GLVFRXUDJH RWKHU VWXGHQWV IURP H[SUHVVLQJ WKHLU RSLQLRQ DQG WR VHDUFK DOWHUQDWLYH
LGHDVZKLFKLVHVVHQWLDOLQEXLOGLQJSURWRW\SHV7KLVLGHDGHPRQVWUDWHVWKDWVRPHWL
PHVHYHQVPDOOFKDQJHVFDQJUHDWO\LPSDFWWKHUHVXOW7KHDFWLYLW\VWDUWVZLWKDSURE
OHPWKDWLVRIIHUHGIRUVWXGHQWVWRVROYH7KHDFWLYLW\FRPSULVHVVL[VWHSV
Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2014 71

Step 1,GHQWLI\RSSRUWXQLW\7KLVPD\EHGRQHDVDIURQWDODFWLYLW\DWFODVVRUDV
JURXSZRUN'XULQJWKLVVWDJHVWXGHQWVKDYHWRÀQGWKHQHHGZK\WKHSUREOHPKDV
WREHVROYHGZKRZLOOEHQHÀWIURPWKHVROXWLRQ7KHQLWLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRFKRRVH
VRPHRQHH[WHUQDOZKRLVSHUVRQDOO\DIIHFWHGE\WKHLVVXHWRVKDUHWKHLUH[SHULHQFHV
6WXGHQWV KDYH WR LQWHUYLHZ WKHP 7KLV FDQ EH GRQH SHUVRQDOO\ ZKLFK ZLOO LQYROYH
VWXGHQWV·RXWRIFODVVDFWLYLW\RUDOWHUQDWLYHO\WKHVHSHUVRQVPD\EHLQYLWHGWRSDU
WLFLSDWH LQ WKH OHVVRQ LQ ZKLFK VWXGHQWV PD\ TXHVWLRQ WKHP RU LQWHUYLHZV PD\ EH
RUJDQL]HGYLD6N\SH
Step 2'HVLJQSURFHVV'XULQJWKLVSKDVHVWXGHQWVUHYLHZWKHVWRULHVKHDUGGXULQJ
WKHSUHYLRXVSKDVHDQGEUDLQVWRUPVROXWLRQV2QHRIWKHZD\VZRXOGEHWRJLYHVWX
GHQWVVWLFN\QRWHVDQGSHQVDQGOHWWKHPEUDLQVWRUPVROXWLRQV:KHQVWXGHQWVKDYHÀ
QLVKHGEUDLQVWRUPLQJWKHPDLQWKHPHVKDYHWREHLGHQWLÀHGDQGDWWKLVSRLQWVWXGHQWV
IRUPVPDOOHUJURXSVWRUHVHDUFKWKHLQLWLDOLGHDV
Step 33URWRW\SH1H[WLWLVQHFHVVDU\WRUHYLHZWKHLGHDVDQGFKRRVHRQHSURWRW\SH
7KLVSURWRW\SHKDVWRVROYHRQHDVSHFWRIWKHSUREOHP$WWKLVPRPHQWZHDUHIRFX
VLQJRQWKLVRQHVROXWLRQRIIHUHGWRVROYHDVSHFLÀFDVSHFWRIWKHJLYHQSUREOHP7KHQ
VWXGHQWV VHOHFW WKH QH[W DVSHFW RI WKH SUREOHP DQG VLPLODUO\ DSSURDFK LW ,Q RUGHU
WR YLVXDOL]H WKH WKLQNLQJ SURFHVV LW LV UHFRPPHQGHG WR GUDZ D EUDLQVWRUPLQJ PDS
ZKLFKFOHDUO\GHPRQVWUDWHVWKLVSURFHVV7KHEUDLQVWRUPLQJPDSPD\DOVREHPDGH
XVLQJVWLFN\QRWHVDQGDWWDFKLQJWKHPWRWKHSDSHU7KHEUDLQVWRUPLQJPDSZLOODOVR
EHXVHIXOIRUWKHQH[WVWDJHRIWKHDFWLYLW\
Step 4 )HHGEDFN 'XULQJ WKLV VWDJH WKH JURXSV SUHVHQW WKHLU VROXWLRQV WR H[WHU
QDOH[SHUWVIRUIHHGEDFN,WLVUHFRPPHQGHGWRKDYHDWOHDVWWZRH[SHUWVIURPGLIIH
UHQWVWDNHKROGHUV·JURXSV)RUH[DPSOHVWXGHQWVDUHGLVFXVVLQJWKHSUREOHPUHODWHG
ZLWKDQLVVXHRI\RXQJSHRSOH·VHPSOR\DELOLW\SRVVLELOLWLHVGXULQJVXPPHUKROLGD\V
2QHH[SHUWPLJKWEHIURPWKHJURXSRISHGDJRJXHVRUSDUHQWVZKRVXSSRUW\RXQJ
SHRSOH·VVXPPHUZRUNZKHUHDVDQRWKHUH[SHUWPLJKWEHIURPWKHJURXSRIHPSOR\
HUVZKRDUHXQZLOOLQJWRHPSOR\\RXQJSHRSOH
Step 56FDOHDQGVSUHDG'XULQJWKLVVWDJHVWXGHQWVFRQWLQXHZRUNLQJLQJURXSVWR
ÀQGWKHEHVWVROXWLRQWRWKHIHHGEDFNKHDUGGXULQJWKHSUHYLRXVVWDJH,QWKLVSURFHVV
WKHWHDFKHU·VKHOSZLWKJXLGLQJWKHLGHDVLVLQHYLWDEOH,IWKHJURXSUHFHLYHGYDULRXV
FRPPHQWVIURPWKHH[SHUWVWKHJURXSFDQEHVSOLWLQWRVHYHUDOVPDOOHUJURXSVDQG
HDFKJURXSZRUNVRQRQHLVVXH7KHQWKHVXEJURXSVFRPHWRJHWKHUDQGDJUHHRQD
FRPPRQYDULDQWIRUSUHVHQWDWLRQ
Step 63UHVHQW7KHJURXSVSUHVHQWWKHLUSUREOHPVROXWLRQV,QRUGHUWRPDNHWKH
SURFHVVPRUHVLJQLÀFDQWIRUVWXGHQWVWKHSHRSOHZKRPWKHVWXGHQWVKDGLQWHUYLHZHG
GXULQJWKHÀUVWSKDVHPLJKWEHLQYLWHG
7KHPDLQEHQHÀWRIVXFKDQDFWLYLW\LVWKHRSSRUWXQLW\IRUVWXGHQWVWRVROYHDUHDO
ZRUOGSUREOHPDQGRIIHUDSUREOHPVROXWLRQIRUWKHSHRSOHZKRQHHGLW7KH\ORRNDW
DOOSRVVLEOHYDULDQWVLQFOXGLQJWKHVOLJKWHVWQXDQFHVWRFRPHWRDVROXWLRQ7KHUHDUH
QREDGRULQFRUUHFWVROXWLRQVDVDFFRUGLQJWRWKHWKHRU\RIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDSSURDFK
HYHU\SUREOHPPD\EHVROYHGLQGLIIHUHQWZD\V5LWWHO :HEEHU7KHFKDOOHQ
JHIRUWKHWHDFKHUPLJKWOLHLQWKHIDFWWKDWWKLVDFWLYLW\LVWLPHFRQVXPLQJDQGFDQQRW
EHGRQHLQRQHOHVVRQOHFWXUH$VDQ\SURMHFWEDVHGDFWLYLW\LWH[WHQGVRYHUDORQJHU
SHULRGRIWLPHVRWKHWHDFKHUPD\JXLGHWKHSURFHVVE\VHWWLQJDGHÀQLWHWLPHOLQHIRU
HDFKDFWLYLW\WREHGRQH
72 Transgression

7KH,QVWLWXWHRI'HVLJQDW6WDQIRUGKDVFUHDWHGWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJDLGVIRUGLIIHUHQW
DFWLYLWLHV GHYHORSLQJ GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ VNLOOV 3ODWWQHU  3ODWWQHU  7KH WRROV
KDYHEHHQPDGHLQFRPSOLDQFHZLWKWKHVHYHQPLQGVHWVRUSULQFLSOHVWKDWGHVLJQWKLQ
NLQJIROORZVIRFXVRQKXPDQYDOXHVVKRZLQJQRWWHOOLQJFUHDWLQJFODULW\IURP
FRPSOH[LW\JHWWLQJH[SHULPHQWDODQGH[SHULHQWLDOEHLQJPLQGIXORISURFHVVHV
ELDV WRZDUGV DFWLRQ  FROODERUDWLQJ DFURVV ERXQGDULHV 3ODWWQHU  7KH DXWKRUV
RIIHUDFWLYLWLHVIRULQGLYLGXDOZRUNDQGWHDPZRUNLQRUGHUWRSUHSDUHIRUWKHDFWLYLWLHV
GHYHORSLQJ GHVLJQ WKLQNLQJ VNLOOV VXFK DV ´:KDW" +RZ" :K\"µ ´,QWHUYLHZ 3UHSD
UDWLRQµIRULQGLYLGXDOZRUNDQG´7HDP6KDUHDQG&DSWXUHµDQG´(PSDWK\0DSµIRU
JURXSZRUN,WDOVRSURYLGHVDPHWKRGRORJLFDOJXLGHRQKRZWRXVHGLIIHUHQWDFWLYLWLHV
IRUH[DPSOH´-RXUQH\0DSµ´[0DWUL[µ´:K\+RZ/DGGHULQJµ,WDOVRGHVFULEHV
GLIIHUHQWZD\VRIEUDLQVWRUPLQJDQGKRZWRDSSO\WKHPLQSUDFWLFH3ODWWQHU7KH
DXWKRUVDOVRHQFRXUDJHXVLQJGHVLJQSULQFLSOHVLQOHDUQLQJDFWLYLWLHVLQYLWLQJPXOWL
SOHDXGLHQFHVH[WHQGLQJQDWXUHRIFODVVHVGLYHUVLI\LQJOHDUQLQJRSSRUWXQLWLHV
HQFRXUDJLQJGLYHUVLW\RIVWXGHQWVH[WHQGLQJFRQWDFWEH\RQGSK\VLFDOZDOOV3ODWW
QHU$OLVWRIDFWLYLWLHVLVSURYLGHGRQKRZWRLPSOHPHQWWKHVHSULQFLSOHVLQSUD
FWLFH%RWKPHWKRGRORJLFDOWRROV3ODWWQHU3ODWWQHUDQGYDULRXVRWKHUPD
WHULDOVIRXQGRQWKH,QWHUQHWIRUH[DPSOHDesign Thinking for Educators/LHGWND
2JLOYLH0F,QWRVKWKDWDUHXVHGWRGHYHORSGHVLJQWKLQNLQJVNLOOVPLJKW
EHDSSOLHGLQFODVVDVZHOODVIRUVHOIGHSHQGHQWOHDUQLQJWRGLYHUVLI\OHDUQLQJPHWKRGV
DQGPDWHULDODQGGHYHORSGHVLJQWKLQNLQJVNLOOV7HDFKHUVPD\DGDSWWKHH[LVWLQJPD
WHULDOIRUWKHLUSHGDJRJLFDOQHHGVDQGIRUWKHWDUJHWJURXSVDVZHOODVWDNLQJLQWRFRQVL
GHUDWLRQGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSULQFLSOHVFUHDWHWKHLURZQWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJDLGVDVDUHVXOW
PRWLYDWLQJVWXGHQWV·OHDUQLQJ

Conclusion

´,QQRYDWLRQGULYHVLPSURYHPHQWHLWKHULQFUHPHQWDOO\E\DGYDQFLQJH[LVWLQJSURFHV
VHVRUPRUHUDGLFDOO\E\LQWURGXFLQJQHZSUDFWLFHVµ2(&'S,QWKHFRQWH[W
RIPDMRUGHPRJUDSKLFFKDQJHV²SHRSOH·VDJLQJLQFUHDVLQJJOREDOFRPSHWLWLRQDQGVX
VWDLQLQJFRPSHWLWLYHQHVVRIWKH(8HFRQRP\WKHUROHRILQQRYDWLRQLQFUHDVHV7KLVUH
IHUVDOVRWRHGXFDWLRQZKLFKKDVWREHPRGHUQL]HGDWDOOOHYHOV,WLVQHFHVVDU\WRSURPR
WHH[FHOOHQFHLQHGXFDWLRQDQGVNLOOVGHYHORSPHQWDQGGLPLQLVKLQQRYDWLRQVNLOOVJDSV
(XURSH)ODJVKLS,QLWLDWLYH,QQRYDWLRQ8QLRQ7KHODWHVWUHVXOWVRIWKHLQQR
YDWLRQDFURVVWKHZRUOG,QQRYDWLRQ8QLRQ6FRUHERDUGDOVRGHPRQVWUDWHWKDWLQ
LQQRYDWLRQWKH(8ZLWKWKHDYHUDJH*OREDO,QQRYDWLRQ3HUIRUPDQFH,QGH[*,3,
LVODJJLQJEHKLQG6RXWK.RUHD*,3,8QLWHG6WDWHV*,3,DQG-DSDQ*,3,
2QWKHRQHKDQGWKHUHVXOWRIWKH(8PLJKWVHHPTXLWHJRRGEXWRQWKHRWKHU
KDQGLWKDVWREHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKDWWKH*,3,RIWKH(8LVUDQJLQJIURP
WRZLWKVHYHQWHHQFRXQWULHVEHLQJEHORZWKH(8DYHUDJH
2QH RIWKH ZD\VKRZWRLQFUHDVHLQQRYDWLRQLVGHYHORSLQJGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ VNLOOV
7KHWHUP¶GHVLJQWKLQNLQJ·ZDVÀUVWXVHGLQDQGVLQFHWKHQLWKDVGHYHORSHGLQWR
DQ DSSURDFK WKDW H[WHQGV IDU EH\RQG LWV RULJLQDO DSSOLFDWLRQ LQ DUFKLWHFWXUH GHVLJQ
DQGDUW7KHPRGHOVGHVLJQHGGHPRQVWUDWHWKHLUDSSOLFDELOLW\LQSHGDJRJ\DQGWKHLU
XVHDWVFKRROPD\GLYHUVLI\WKHWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJSURFHVVDQGWKHVWXG\FRQWHQWDQG
Journal of Education Culture and Society No. 2_2014 73

PRWLYDWHVWXGHQWV·OHDUQLQJ7KHJUHDWHVWEHQHÀWRIWKHYDULRXVWHDFKLQJOHDUQLQJWRROV
FUHDWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHGHVLJQWKLQNLQJSULQFLSOHVLVWKHLUXQWUDGLWLRQDOLQQRYD
WLYHWDVNVWKDWPD\EHFRPSOHWHGLQGLYLGXDOO\RULQJURXSVDQGWKDWGHYHORSVWXGHQWV·
SUREOHPVROYLQJVNLOOV:RUNLQJLQJURXSVWRVROYHWKHWDVNVKHOSVVWXGHQWVHQKDQFH
WHDPZRUNLQJFROODERUDWLRQFRPPXQLFDWLRQVNLOOVDQGGHYHORSWKHLUGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ
VNLOOVWKDWZLOOODWHUEHXVHIXOLQVROYLQJHYHU\GD\DQGZRUNUHODWHGSUREOHPVLQDFUHD
WLYHDQGLQQRYDWLYHZD\6WXGHQWVSUDFWLFHGXULQJWKHVWXGLHVOHDUQWRPDNHWKHLURZQ
PLVWDNHV DQG UHDOL]H WKDW WKHUH DUH QR ULJKW RU ZURQJ VROXWLRQV WR YDULRXV SUREOHPV
7KH\OHDUQWRH[SODLQWKHLURSLQLRQVDQGOLVWHQWRRWKHUV·RSLQLRQVDFFHSWXQWUDGLWLRQDO
LGHDVWKXVZHOFRPLQJLQQRYDWLRQ

References

%DHFN$ *UHPHWW3'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ,Q+'HJHQ ;<XDQ(GV8;%HVW3UDFWLFHV+RZWR

Achieve More Impact with User Experience SS1HZ<RUN0F*UDZ+LOO
%HFNPDQ6/ %DUU\0,QQRYDWLRQDVD/HDUQLQJ3URFHVV(PEHGGLQJ'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJCalifornia
Review Management, 50(1), Fall
%URZQ7'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJHarward Business Review, June 2008
%XFKDQDQ5:LFNHG3UREOHPVLQ'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJDesign Issues, 8(2), Spring
&URVV1Designerly Ways of Knowing/RQGRQ6SULQJHU9HUODJ/RQGRQ/LPLWHG
Design Thinking for Educators  1HZ <RUN &LW\ 5LYHUGDOH &RXQWU\ 6FKRRO  ,'(2 5HWULHYHG IURP
KWWSZZZGHVLJQWKLQNLQJIRUHGXFDWRUVFRPWRRONLW
'RODN)8HEHUQLFNHO) %UHQQHU:'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJDQG'HVLJQ6FLHQFH5HVHDUFKPositioning
Paper DESRIST 2013,QVWLWXWHRI,QIRUPDWLRQ0DQDJHPHQW8QLYHUVLW\RI6W*DOOHQ+6*,:,
'RUVW.7KHFRUHRI¶GHVLJQWKLQNLQJ·DQGLWVDSSOLFDWLRQDesign Studies, 32(6), November
GRLMGHVWXG
'XQQH '  0DUWLQ 5  'HVLJQ WKLQNLQJ DQG KRZ LW ZLOO FKDQJH PDQDJHPHQW HGXFDWLRQ $Q
LQWHUYLHZ DQG GLVFXVVLRQ Academy of Management Learning & Education, 5(4)  GRL 
$0/(
(IHRJOX$0¡OOHU&6pULp0 %RHU+'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ&KDUDFWHULVWLFVDQG3URPLVHVProceedings
of 14th International CINet Conference on Business Development and Co-creation (QVFKHGH &RQWLQXRXV
,QQRYDWLRQ1HWZRUN&,1HW
Europe 2020 Flagship Initiative Innovation Unio.&RPPXQLFDWLRQIURPWKH&RPPLVVLRQWRWKH(XURSHDQ
3DUOLDPHQW WKH &RXQFLO WKH (XURSHDQ (FRQRPLF DQG 6RFLDO &RPPLWWHH DQG WKH &RPPLWWHH RI WKH
5HJLRQV6(&%UXVVHOV&20ÀQDO5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSHXUOH[HXURSD
HXOHJDOFRQWHQW(17;73')"XUL &(/(;'& IURP (1
Innovation Union Scoreboard  +ROODQGHUV +  (V6DGNL 1 (GV (XURSHDQ 8QLRQ HGLWLRQ GRL
5HWULHYHGRQ$XJXVWIURPKWWSHFHXURSDHXHQWHUSULVHSROLFLHVLQQRYDWLRQ
ÀOHVLXVLXVBHQSGI
-RKDQVVRQ8 :RRGLOOD-7RZDUGVDQHSLVWHPRORJLFDOPHUJHURIGHVLJQWKLQNLQJ,Q8th European
Academy of Design Conference$SULOWKH5REHUW*RUGRQ8QLYHUVLW\$EHUGHHQ6FRWODQG
-RKDQVVRQ6N|OGEHUJ8:RRGLOOD- उHWLQND\D0'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ3DVW3UHVHQWDQG3RVVLEOH
)XWXUHVCreativity and Innovation Management, 22(2), June'2,FDLP
.ROE'$Experiential Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development/RQGRQ3UHQWLFH+DOO
.ULSSHQGRUII.The Semantic Turn: A New Foundation for Design%RFD5DWRQ)/7D\ORUDQG)UDQFLV
74 Transgression

/HLIHU/- 6WHLQHUW0'DQFLQJZLWKDPELJXLW\&DXVDOLW\EHKDYLRUGHVLJQWKLQNLQJDQGWULSOH

ORRSOHDUQLQJInformation Knowledge Systems Management'2,,.6
/LHGWND -0  2JLOYLH 7  Ten tools for design thinking &KDUORWWHVYLOOH 9$ 'DUGHQ %XVLQHVV
3XEOLVKLQJ 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 9LUJLQLD 'DUGHQ 6FKRRO )RXQGDWLRQ 89$%3 5HWULHYHG IURP KWWS
ZZZGDUGHQYLUJLQLDHGXZHEXSORDGHG)LOHV'DUGHQ%DWWHQB,QVWLWXWH%3SGI
0F,QWRVK(Design Thinking: Tools to help make thinking visible5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSQRWRVKFRP
ODEGHVLJQWKLQNLQJWRROVWRKHOSPDNHWKLQNLQJYLVLEOHQHVWDGL\
2(&'  6 9LQFHQW/DQFULQ . .lUNNlLQHQ 6 3IRWHQKDXHU $ $WNLQVRQ * -DFRWLQ 0 5LPLQL
HGVMeasuring Innovation in Education: A New Perspective, Educational Research and Innovation2(&'
3XEOLVKLQJ&HQWUHIRU(GXFDWLRQDO5HVHDUFKDQG,QQRYDWLRQ'2,HQ5HWULHYHG
IURP KWWSZZZNHHSHHNFRP'LJLWDO$VVHW0DQDJHPHQWRHFGHGXFDWLRQPHDVXULQJLQQRYDWLRQ
LQHGXFDWLRQBHQSDJH
2VWHU*:'HUDLOLQJ'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJInternational Journal of Leadership Studies, 4(4)
2ZHQ&K'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ1RWHVRQLWV1DWXUHDQG8VHDesign Research Quarterly, 2(1), January
2ZHQ &K/  'HVLJQ 7KLQNLQJ 'ULYLQJ ,QQRYDWLRQ The Business Process Management Institute,
Innovation6HSWHPEHU
2ZHQ&K/'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ:KDW,W,V:K\,W,V'LIIHUHQW:KHUH,W+DV1HZ9DOXHA speech given
at the International Conference on Design Research and Education for Future2FWREHU
3IHUGW)*'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJ²DKRO\UHYLHZEdLab. Teachers College, Columbia University. New York
City5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSHGODEWFFROXPELDHGXLQGH[SKS"T QRGH
3ODWWQHU+HGd.school Bootcamp Bootleg,QVWLWXWHRI'HVLJQDW6WDQIRUG5HWULHYHGIURPKWWS
GVFKRROVWDQIRUGHGXZSFRQWHQWXSORDGVERRWFDPSERRWOHJSGI
3ODWWQHU+HGd.school Bootcamp Bootleg,QVWLWXWHRI'HVLJQDW6WDQIRUG5HWULHYHGIURPKWWS
GVFKRROVWDQIRUGHGXZSFRQWHQWXSORDGV%RRWFDPS%RRWOHJY6/,0SGI
3ODWWQHU + 0HLQHO& :HLQEHUJ 8 Design Thinking. Innovation lernen – Ideenwelten öffnen. 0L
:LUWVFKDIWVYHUODJ
5DXWK , .|SSHQ ( -REVW %  0HLQHO &  'HVLJQ 7KLQNLQJ $Q (GXFDWLRQDO 0RGHO 7RZDUGV
&UHDWLYH&RQÀGHQFHProceedings of the 1st International Conference on Design Creativity (ICDC 2010).REH
-DSDQ11, 2010,
5D\%Design Thinking: Lessons for the Classroom5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZHGXWRSLDRUJEORJ
GHVLJQWKLQNLQJEHWW\UD\
5LWWHO +:-  :HEEHU 00  'LOHPPDV LQ D *HQHUDO 7KHRU\ RI 3ODQQLQJ Working paper No.194,
presented at the Institute of Urban and Regional Development, University of California, Berkeley1RYHPHEU
5RZH3*Design Thinking&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV
5\ODQGHU $  'HVLJQ 7KLQNLQJ DV .QRZOHGJH :RUN (SLVWHPRORJLFDO )RXQGDWLRQV DQG 3UDFWLFDO
,PSOLFDWLRQVDesign Management Journal'0,
6FK|Q'$7KH5HÁHFWLYH3UDFWLWLRQHU+RZ3URIHVVLRQDOV7KLQNLQ$FWLRQ1HZ<RUN1<%DVLF%RRNV
6LPRQ+$7KH6FLHQFHVRIWKH$UWLÀFLDOstHGLWLRQ&DPEULGJH0$0,73UHVV
7DNLQJ'HVLJQ7KLQNLQJWR6FKRROVQG7KHSURMHFWRI+DVVR3ODWWQHU,QVWLWXWHRI'HVLJQGVFKRRODQGWKH6FKRRO
of Education (SUSE)5HWULHYHGRQ$XJXVWIURPKWWSZHEVWDQIRUGHGXGHSW686(WDNLQJ
GHVLJQSUHVHQWDWLRQV7DNLQJGHVLJQWRVFKRROSGI
:DORV]HN *  ,QWURGXFWLRQ WR 'HVLJQ 7KLQNLQJ SAP AG, SAP User Experience 6HSWHPEHU  
5HWULHYHGIURPKWWSZZZVDSGHVLJQJXLOGRUJFRPPXQLW\GHVLJQGHVLJQBWKLQNLQJDVS