Tashl Heet 2007

TashlHeet  1
Introduction
LEARNING TASHLHEET
Even under the best conditions, learning a new language can be challenging.
Add to this challenge the rigors of Peace Corps training, and you‟re faced with
what will be one of the most demanding-and rewarding-aspects of your Peace
Corps experience: learning to communicate to Moroccans in their own language.
But it can be done. And rest assured that you can do it. Here are a few reasons
why:
You are immersed in the language: some people may need to hear a word
three times to remember it; others may need thirty. Learning TashlHeet
while living and training with Moroccans gives you the chance to hear the
language used again and again.
You have daily language classes with Moroccan teachers: you‟re not
only immersed in the language; you also have the opportunity to receive
feedback from native speakers on the many questions that predictably
crop up when one learns a new language.
Peace Corps has over forty years of experience in Morocco: your
training, including this manual, benefits from the collective experience
gained by training thousands of Americans to live and work in Morocco.
You will benefit from and contribute to that legacy.
Despite these advantages, at times you may still feel like the task of
learning TashlHeet is too much to handle. Remember that volunteers like you
having been doing it for decades, however. One of the most rewarding aspects
of your time will be communicating with Moroccans in TashlHeet, surprising them
and yourself with how well you know the language. When that time arrives, your
hard work will have been worth it.
TRANSCRIPTION OF TASHLHEET
In order for trainees to move quickly into TashlHeet, Peace Corps uses a
system of transcription that substitutes characters of the Latin alphabet (a, b,
c, d, …) for characters from Arabic script ). With this system, it
isn‟t necessary for a trainee to learn all of Arabic script before he or she begins
to learn to the language. On the contrary, once you became familiar with the
system, of transcription, you will be able to “read” and “write” TashlHeet fairly
2  Peace Corps/Morocco
quickly-using characters you are familiar with. You will also learn Arabic script
during training, but with transcription it isn‟t necessary to know it right away.
Throughout the book, therefore, you will always see both the Arabic script and
the transcription. Becoming familiar with the Peace Corps‟ system of
transcription is one of the best things you can do, early on, to help yourself
learn TashlHeet. Practicing the different sounds of TashlHeet until you can
reproduce them is another. This introduction is intended mainly to help you get
started the system with of transcription, and as a result it will mention only
briefly the different sounds of TashlHeet. However, a fuller explanation can be
found on page 204.
Sounds you already know

The large majority of consonants in TashlHeet are similar to sounds that
you have in English. The vowels in TashlHeet are similar to English vowels. In the
following table, each transcription character that represents a sound you
already know will be explained. The sounds are not necessarily what you may
expect, but each character was matched with a sound or good reasons.
Transcription Arabic
Description
Character Character
A Sometimes the /ä/ in “father,”

sometimes the /a/ in “mad”
B the normal English sound /b/
D the normal English sound /d/
the short “e” sound /e/ as in “met” (this

transcription character is not used often,
E
only when confusion would be caused by
using the transcription character “a”)
F the normal English sound /f/
G the normal English sound /g/ as in “go”
H the normal English sound /h/ as in “hi.”
I the long “ee” sound /ē/ as in “meet”
J the /zh/ sound represented by the „s‟ in

TashlHeet  3
“pleasure”
K the normal English sound /k/
L the normal English sound /l/
M the normal English sound /m/
N the normal English sound /n/
the long “o” sound /ō/ as in “bone” (this

O transcription character is not used often,
mainly for French words that have entered
TashlHeet)
P the normal English sound /p/
This is not the normal English “r,” but a

R “flap” similar to the Spanish “r” or to the
sound Americans make when they quickly
say “gotta” as in “I gotta go.”
S the normal English sound /s/
T the normal English sound /t/
U the long “oo” sound /ü/ as in “food”
V the normal English sound /v/
W the normal English sound /w/
Y the normal English sound /y/
Z the normal English sound /z/
Š the normal English sound /sh/ as in “she”
Some vowel combinations

Ay the “ay” as in “say”
Au the “ow” as in “cow”
Iu the “ee you” as in “see you later”
New sounds
There are eight consonants in TashlHeet that you do not have in English. It may
take you some time to be able to pronounce these correctly. At this point, what‟s
important is that you learn the transcription of these sounds. See page 204 for
more information on how to pronounce the sounds in TashlHeet.
Transcription Arabic Sound

Character Character
The TashlHeet These sounds are pronounced
d
emphatic “d” like their non-emphatic
The TashlHeet counterparts, but with a
s
emphatic “s” lower pitch and agreater
The TashlHeet tension in the thongue and
t throat.
emphatic “t”
Like the English /k/ but pronounced further back

q
in the throat
Like the „ch‟ in the German “Bach;” some people
x
use this sound to say yech!
Like the x sound above, but pronounced using your
ġ
voice box; similar to the French “r”
Like the English “h,” except pronounce deep in the
н
throat as a loud raspy whisper.
This sound will be difficult at first. It can be
approximated by pronouncing the „a‟ in “fat” with
the tongue against the bottom of the mouth and
from as deep in the throat as possible
Shedda
If you see a transcription character doubled, that means that a “shedda”
is over that character in the Arabic script. For example, in the following table,
you will see how the transcription changes for “shedda”, and thus the
pronunciation.
English Transcription Arabic Script

This small character,
Translation which looks like a “w,”
is the shedda. That is
To drink su why the transcription
has a doubled “s”.
To water ssu
TashlHeet  5
Notice that these two verbs are spelled differently in the transcription.
The verb “to drink” does not have a shedda on the “s” in Arabic script, and that‟s
why there is only one “s” in the transcription. The verb “to water” does have a
shedda in the Arabic script, and that is why the transcription doubles the letter
“s”. These two verbs are pronounced differently, so you must pay attention
to doubled letters in the transcription. To learn more about how we pronounce
the shedda in Arabic, see page 207. For now what‟s important is that you
understand the transcription.
Other symbols
Sometimes, you will see a hyphen used in the transcription: it indicates
the definite article. For some letters, the definite article (the word “the”) is
made by adding the letter “L”. For others, it is made by doubling the first letter.
In both cases, a hyphen will be used to indicate to you that the word has the
definite article in front of it. See page 208 for more information on the definite
article.
In these instances, the hyphen does not necessarily indicate a change in
pronunciation. The hyphen is there to make it easy for you to see when a
definite article is being used, for example. It is a visual indicator, not an
indicator or pronunciation. Sometimes the rhythm of speech may seem to break
with the hyphen; other times the letters before and after the hyphen will be
pronounced together.
Another symbol you will sometimes see is the apostrophe („). When you
see an apostrophe, it indicates a “glottal stop”, which is the break between
vowels as heard in the English exclamation “uh oh”. That is to say, if you see an
apostrophe you should not connect the sounds before the apostrophe with the
sounds after the apostrophe. Pronounce them with a break in the middle.
Words and syllables without vowels

Sometimes you will see syllables or even whole words without any vowels
written in them. This is normal in TashlHeet. To the English speaker, however,
this seems impossible, since we have always been taught that all words must
contain a vowel sound. Which side is correct? Well, in a sense they both are. In
reality, it is indeed possible to pronounce consonants together without
articulating a vowel sound; you do it a lot in English at the beginning of words.
Think about the word “street”. You pronounce these consonants (s, t, and r)
without any vowels between them. So it is possible. The only challenge with
TashlHeet is that the consonant combinations are new for English speakers (you
don‟t put the /sh/ sound next to the /m/ sound, for example, but in TashlHeet
we do.
However, try for a moment to pronounce only the letters “str”, not the
whole word “street”. In this case, most English speakers will hear something
that sounds like the word “stir”, with certain consonant combinations, that is to
say, it sound to the English speaker like there is a vowel in the middle, even if
there isn‟t. The “vowel” is in reality just the normal sound made as one consonant
sounds transitions to another.
Part o learning TashlHeet is becoming comfortable with new consonants
combinations and practicing those combinations without necessarily placing a
vowel in the middle. The transcription words, you will notice, only include
characters for vowels when there really is a vowel in the word. It may seem
difficult at first, but it is better to accustom yourself to this as early as you
can.
Why not just write “sh”?

A final point about the transcription. At times it may seem overly
complicated to someone beginning TashlHeet. For example, why doesn‟t it just
use “sh” for the /sh/ sound? The answer is this: well, in TashlHeet it is normal
for the /h/ sound to follow the /s/ sound. If we use the “sh” to represent /sh/
sound, there would not be any way to represent /s/ plus /h/ sound, because it
possible to represent /s/ plus /h/ and /sh/ plus /h/ (yes, in TashlHeet both
these combinations are used).
All of this concerns a larger point: the transcription system used in this
book may appear complex at first, but it has been carefully thought out and
in the end it is the easiest system possible. That said, the sooner you can make
the transition to reading Arabic script, the easier it will be to pronounce
TashlHeet correctly.
TashlHeet  7
Greeting
Objective: By the end o this chapter, you will be able to:
Greet people and introduce yourself in TashlHeet.
Cultural points.
Greetings and farewells (goodbyes) are two important aspects of Moroccan life.
Greetings are not to be compared with the quick American “HI”. It takes time
for two people to exchange different questions and answers which interest them
about each other, their families, and life in general. Greetings change from one
region to another, both in the questions posed and in the fashion of the greeting
(i.e. shaking hands, kissing cheeks head or hands, or putting one‟s hand over one‟s
heart after shaking hands).
If you greet a group of people, then the way you greet the first person is the
way you should greet everyone in the group. Don‟t be surprised if you are
greeted by a friend but he does not introduce you to other people with whom he
may be talking. Do not be surprised if you are in a group and you are not greeted
as others are in the group (people may be shy to greet a stranger). It is also not
necessary to give an overly detailed response to a greeting-only the usual
response is expected. For example, “how are you?” requires only a simple “fine,
thanks be to God”.
How do people greet each

other in different cultures?
Vocabulary: Greeting expressions
A: Peace be upon you. s-salamu alaykum
B: Peace be upon you too. Wa alaykum s-salam
A: Good morning sbaH l-xir
B: Good morning sbaH l-xir
A: Good afternoon msa l-xir
B: Good afternoon msa l-xir
Name ism
What‟s your name? madak ism? (m)
madam ism? (f)
ma ysmnk? (m)
ma ysmnm? (f)
My name… isminu…
Your name… ismnk… (m)
ismnm…(f)
His/her name… ismns…
Nice to meet you. mtšrfin
How are you? mamnk a tgit?
Are you fine? labas?
Good, thanks be to God. labas, l-нamdullah
labas, nškrt i rbbi
Goodbye. ay awn rbbi
How are you? manzakin? (m)/manzakmin (f)
is thnna?
Good, thanks. isaqsa gik l-xir (m)
isaqsa gim l-xir (f)

TashlHeet  9
Greetings dialogue
Amina : s-salamu alaykum.
Chris : wa alaykum s-salam.
Amina : mamnk a tgit ?
Chris : labas, l-Hamullah. imma

kmmi ?
Amina : labas, nškrt i rbbi.
Chris : samнiyyi, madam ism?
Amina : isminu Amina, ima kyyi?
Chris : isminu Chris.
Amina : mtšrfin.
Chris : mtšrfin.
Grammatical Points
1. INDEPENDENT PRONOUNS.
I nkki
You (masculine singular) kyyi
You (feminine singular). kmmi
He ntta
She nttat
We nkni
You (masculine plural) knni
You (feminine plural) knninti
They (masculine) ntni
They (feminine) ntnti
2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
In order to express possession in TashlHeet the combination of the preposition
“n, " (of) and a suffix (ending) is added to the end of words.
singular plural
My _nu / inu * Our _nġ
Your (m) _nk Your (m) _nun
Your (f) _nm your (f) _nunt
His _ns Their (m) _nsn
Her _ns Their (f) _nsnt
* “my” (nu) is used for word ending in vowels, while (inu) is used for words
ending in consonants.
Example of a word ending in a vowel:
House tigmmi
TashlHeet  11
My house tigmminu
Your house (M, S) tigmmink
Your house (F, S) tigmminm
His house /Her house tigmmins
Our house tigmminġ
Your house (M, P) tigmminun
Your house (F, P) tigmminunt
Their house (M) tigmminsn
Their house (F) tigmminsnt
Example of a word ending in a consonant:
Book l-ktab
My book l-ktabinu
Your book (M, S) l-ktabnk
Your book (F, S) l-ktabnm
His /her book l-ktabns
Our book l-ktabnġ
Your book (M, P) l-ktabnun
Your book (F, P) l-ktabnunt
Their book (M) l-ktabnsn
Their book (F) l-ktabnsnt
3. MASCULINE AND FEMININE NOUNS.

In general, all nouns beginning with (a), (i) or (u) are masculine. For example:
Man argaz
Satan iblis
Rain anzar
Moon ayyur
Heart ul
In general, all nouns beginning with (t) are feminine. For example:
Bee tizwit
Bride tislit
Bottle taqr it
Nose tinxar
Sun tafukt
Grass tuga
There are many Arabic words that have been integrated into the
TashlHeet language. We divide these words into two categories:
Those which have become part of TashlHeet.
Those which have retained their Arabic form.
- Masculine nouns
a) Arabic nouns that have the same form as TashlHeet nouns (initial
vowel). The Arabic noun is prefixed with the vowel (a):
Soldier a skri
Carpenter anjjar
Welder aнddad/ s-sudur
These nouns behave the same way as the TashlHeet nouns, they follow the same
rules.
b) Nouns which have retained their Arabic form*:
Charcoal l-faxr
Brazier l-mjmr
Glass l-kas
Market s-suq
Box - nduq
Door l-bab
- Feminine nouns
1) For those words already possessing the TashlHeet feminine marker

(t), we change the final Arabic feminine marker (a) to (t).
Broom tašttabt
Cartridge ast
TashlHeet  13
Garden tal t
Bag talxnšt
Bottle taqr it
2) Words that have retained their Arabic form, prefixed with the definite
article.
Threshold l- tbt
Dagger l-kmmiyt
World d-dunit
Gas tank - a
School l-mdrasa
Tape recorder l-musjjala
Court l-mнkama
Brush š-šita
Car - umubil
Room l-bit
- How to form a feminine noun
Generally, we form the feminine of a masculine noun by adding a t ( ) both

at the beginning and at the end of the noun.
Rooster afullus Hen tafullust

Boy afrux Girl tafruxt
Berber (m) ašlнi Berber (f) tašlнit
Nurse (m) afrmli Nurse (f) tafrmlit
Groom asli Bride taslit
isli tislit
Worker (M) axddam Worker (F) taxddamt
Certain feminine nouns are different from their masculine noun

counterparts.
Man argaz Woman tamġart

Bull azgr Cow tafunast
Ram izimmr Ewe tili
Brother (my) gma Sister (my) ultma
Son (my) iwi Daughter (my) illi
4. CONSTRUCTED AND ISOLATED NOUNS.
In TashlHeet, we distinguish between the “constructed” form and the
“isolated” form of certain nouns. By the “constructed” form, we mean the change
of the initial syllable of certain nouns. This is mainly true with words
beginning with (a) ( ). This vowel changes to (u) ( ):
Man argaz  urgaz
For certain nouns, however, the vowel changes from (a) ( ) to (wa) ( ):
River asif  wasif

Water aman  waman
For certain feminine nouns beginning with (ta) ( )or ti ( ), we drop the a ( )r the
i ( )in the “constructed” from:
Woman tamġart  tmġart

House tigmmi  tgmmi
These nouns do not undergo changes when they are used in the isolated
form (by themselves): argaz ( ), asif ( ), tamġart ( ), etc., or when
they act as direct objects: zriġ argaz ( ), zriġ tamġart ( ), but
do undergo changes in the following instances:
1. Under the influence of certain prepositions:
The road of Agadir aġaras n ugadir

I went to the village. ddiġ s uduwwar.
He talked to the man. isawl d urgaz.
She swam in the river. t um ġ wasif.
We went home. ndda s tgmmi.
We rode on a mule. ini f tsrdunt.
She gave it to the woman. tfkat i tmġart.
They went to the shop. ddan s tнanut.
I went to the forest. ddiġ s tagant.
Notice in the last example, the word tagant ( , forest) didn‟t change.
Here are some other nouns that do not change:
TashlHeet  15
Mare tagmart
Back tadawt
Goat taġat
Brazier takat
Fig tazart
Neighbor tadjart
Salt tisnt
Meal tirmt
Eye
Garlic tiskrt
Date tiyni
2. After the number yan/yat ( , one):
One man yan urgaz

One woman yat tmġart
One day yan was
3. As a subject following the verb:
The boy is in the illa ufrux ġ tgmmi.

house.
Where is the house? maniġ tlla tgmmi?
There is straw in the illa walim ġ waman.
water.
The man went to the idda urgaz s
souq. s-suq.
Practice
Exercise 1: Put the dialogue in the right order.
Brahim: mtšrfin
Rashida: ay awn rbbi
Brahim: isminu brahim
Rashida: mtšrfin
Brahim: labas, nškrt i rbbi.
samhiyyi, madam ism ?
Rashida: sbaH l-xir
Brahim: manzakmin, labas?
Rashida: labas isaqsa gik l-xir.
imma kyyi ?
Brahim: sbaH l-xir
Rashida: isminu Rachida.
imma kyyi madak ism ?
Brahim: ay awn rbbi, bslama.
Exercise 2: use the following words with the appropriate possessive pronouns.
Goat taġat
Hand afus
Carpet tazrbit
Book l-ktab
1-Your (m, s) hand 4-their (f) book 7-Their (m) goat
2-Our book 5-your (f, p) carpet 8-Her hand
3-My carpet 6-your (f, s) goat 9-his hand
Personal Information
Objective: by the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
Ask and answer questions about nationalities, cities, age, and

marital status.
Cultural Points
Avoid asking about the salary and age (sometimes) of people, especially
women. Men should not enquire about the wives or other female relations of
someone this could be seen as expressing an inappropriate interest. People won‟t
always tell you about their jobs and other personal concerns if not asked.
Religion can be a sensitive issue and sometimes people are not willing to express
their views.
Vocabulary
TashlHeet  17
Where are you (m) from? g mani tgit?
Where are you (f) from? ult mani tgit?
I am (m) from the US nkki giġ g mirikan.
I am (f) from the US nkki giġ ult mirikan.
I am American (m) nkki giġ amirikani.
I am American (f) nkki giġ tamirikanit.
I am(m) from Morocco nkki giġ g l-mġrib.
I am (f) from Morocco nkki giġ ult l-mġrib.
I am Moroccan (m) nkki giġ amġribi.
I am Moroccan (f) nkki giġ tamġribit.
Where are you from? mani gan tamazirt?
Where are you (m) from in umani tgit ġ mirikan?
the US?
Where are you (f) from in ultmani tgit ġ mirikan?
the US?
Are you ….? is tgit… ?
Are you American? is tgit amirikani /
(m, f) tamirikanit?
And you? (m, f) imma kyyi/kmmi?
City tamdint
State wilaya
Big (f) tmqqur / txatr
Small tmzzi
Excuse me samнiyyi
I am not… ur giġ…
But walakin/walaynni
Married (m, f) itahl/ttahl
No, not yet uhu, urta
Are you a tourist? is tgit turist?
I work with the Peace ar txdamġ d ha‟yat
Corps s-salam.
Dialogue
Steve: samнiyyi, umani tgit?

Brahim: nkki giġ amġribi.
Steve: mani ġ l-mġrib?
Brahim: nkki a, imma kyyi?
Steve: nkki giġ amirikani.
Brahim: mani ġ mirikan?
Steve: Washington
Brahim: is tga Washington tamdint imzzin?
Steve: uhu, washington tga tamdint
imqqurn.
Brahim: samнiyyi, mnnaw isggasn dark?
Steve: 26 usggas, imma kyyi?
Brahim: nkki dari 30 usggas, is tahlt?
Steve: uhu, urta.

Brahim: ula nkki. is tgit turist?
Steve: uhu, nkki ar txdamġ d hay‟at
s-salam.
Brahim: mtšrfin, bslama.
Steve: bslama.
TashlHeet  19
Grammatical Points
1- THE VERB “TO BE”

In tashlHeet, the verb “to be” can take two forms: (ili) and (g).
The 1st denotes “be in a place, to exist”; while the 2nd denotes “state of being,
become, put‟.
“to Be”: to exist, to be in a place.

ili
I am lliġ
You are (m/f, s) tllit
He is illa
She is tlla
We are nlla
You are (m, p) tllam
You are (f, p) tllamt
They are (m) llan
They are (f) llant
“to Be”: state of being, become, put.

g
I am giġ
You are (m/f, s) tgit
He is iga
She is tga
We are nga
You are (m, p) tgam
You are (f, p) tgamt
They are (m) gan
They are (f) gant
Examples:
The donkey is in the field. aġyul illa ġ igr.

The donkey is an animal. aġyul iga l-bhimt.
Samira is in the hospital. Samira tlla ġ s-sbitar.
Samira is a nurse. Samira tga tafrmlit.
He put the water in the
iga amam ġ tqr it.
bottle.
The water is in the bottle. aman llan ġ tqr it.
2- DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS, ADJECTIVES AND INDEFINITE

PRONOUNS
This, that, these, and those are used often in TashlHeet, like in English.
But, unlike in English, in TashlHeet we must be aware of wether they act as
adjectives or pronouns. Think about how we use these words in English.
Sometimes, we use them before a noun. When we use them before a noun, they
are called demonstrative adjectives.
This car is John‟s. I like these towels.
I want that book. Those flowers smell lovely.

Sometimes, we use them by themselves. In this case, they are called
demonstrative pronouns.
This is John‟s. I like these.
I want that. Those smell lovely.
It isn‟t necessary to know their names, but it is necessary to pay attention to

whether they are before a noun or not. Let‟s first look at the pronoun forms in
TashlHeet, which you will use first as beginner.
a- Demonstrative pronouns.
Demonstrative
Masculine Feminine
pronouns
This ġwad xttad
These ġwin xttid
That ġwan xttan

TashlHeet  21
Those ġwin xttin
Examples:
What‟s this? (m) ma yga ġwad

This is a chair. ġwad iga l-kursi.
What‟s that? (f) ma tga xttan?
That‟s a TV. xttan tga t-tlfaza.
Is it this (m) or that (f)? izd ġwad nġd xttan?
I want these and those. riġ ġwid d ġwin.
At first, you may have difficulty knowing whether to use masculine or

feminine forms of this or that. Moroccans should understand you even if you
make an error with gender however.
b- Neutral demonstratives.
Sometimes in English, we use the words this and that to talk about a
general situation, not about specific things.
For example: - some of the students are late for class. I don‟t like that.
In TashlHeet, different expressions are used for these meanings.
This thing / these things ġayad

That thing /those things ġayan
c- Demonstrative adjectives.
These demonstrative adjectives, which indicate place, come always after noun.
This/ these ad
This country is big tamazirtad tmqqur
These girls are beautiful tifrxinad Hlant
These fields are small igranad mzzin
This carpet is nice tazrbitad tHla
That/ those an
That dog is ugly. aydiyan ixšn.
That flower is dead. ajddigan immut.
Those chickens are нan.
healthy.
When ad ( ) or an ( ) comes after a noun that ends with a vowel, we

prefix the (y) ( ) to the ad or an.
d- Demonstrative indefinite pronouns.

The demonstrative indefinite pronoun: “the other, the others”
Demonstrative
Masculine Feminine
pronouns
The other (one) wayya tayya
The others wiyya tiyya
Examples:
I have one and you have tlla dari yat, tayya tlla
the other. dark.
These men plowed the irgaznad krzn igran,
fields; the others went to wiyya ddan s s-suq.
the souq.
One horse is here, the yan wayyis illa ġid, wayya
other one is in the barn. illa ġ r-rwa.
3- THE POSSESSIVE WORD “win/ tin” ( ).

In TashlHeet, you have already learned that possession can be expressed
by adding the possessive pronouns to the end of a word (see page 10). Another
way to express possession is through the word “win” (m)/ “tin” (f) ( ), which
must agree with the gender of the noun. The same possessive pronouns you
learned before are attached to the end of win/tin ( ).
Possessive
Masculine Feminine
pronoun
Mine winu tinu
Yours (m, s) wink tink
Yours (f, s) winm tinm
His/ hers wins tins
Ours winġ tinġ
Yours (m, p) winnun tinnun
TashlHeet  23
Yours (f, p) winnunt tinnunt
Theirs (m) winsn tinsn
Theirs (f) winsnt tinsnt
Examples:
This is my book. ġwad iga l-ktabinu.

This is mine. ġwad iga winu.
These are my fingers. ġwid gan aninu.
These are mine. ġwid gan winu.
Whose is this? (m) win mit a yga ġwad?
This is ours. ġwad iga winġ.
Whose is this? (f) tin mit a tga xttad?
This is theirs. xttad tga tinsnt.
Practice
Exercise 1: substitute the underlined words by the corresponding possessive

pronoun ending.
5. d-dwa n Amanda. -
d-dwayad iga …………………………………
6. - ndala n Nancy d Lisa. -
- ndalayad tga ………………………………..
7. tirmt n Jack d Aicha. -
tirmtad tga ………………………………………….
8. tigmmi n SalH. -
tigmmiyad tga ……………………………………
BERBER WISDOM
Exercise 2: Ask a question about possession for each picture. Then, give the
correct answer. The first one is for you.
Q: win mit iga l- Hassan
bišklit ad?
A: l-bišklit ad iga win
нassan.
Said
Q: _______________?
A: _____________s id.
Q: ________________?
Ahmed
A: ________________aнmd.
?
TashlHeet  25
Q: ___________________? Aziz
A: ______________ aziz.
?
Exercise 3: complete each section of this dialogue.
Useful Expressions
TashlHeet  27
Here are some expressions to help you with homestay, travel, and other
situations where your language may not yet be at a point where you are able to
communicate well in TashlHeet.
MEALTIME EXPRESSIONS
In the name of God. bismillah

(said when you begin an
activity: eating, drinking,
working, studying, traveling,
etc)
Thanks to God. l-Hmdullah
(said ater finishing a meal, or
qfter expressing that all is well
in life)
I don‟t eat … Meat ura šttaġ … tifiyyi
Eggs tiglay
Fish islman
Chiken ifullusn
I drink tea/ coffee ar ssaġ atay / l-qhwa bla

without sugar. skkar
I eat everything. ar šttaġ kulši
I eat vegetables only. ar šttaġ ġir l-xdrt
I don‟t feel like eating. ur gigi mayšttan
I want just / only… riġ ġir …
I don‟t want to have ur riġ ad fdrġ

breakfast.
The food is delicious. tirmt tmmim.
I‟m full. šb aġ.
I want to learn how to

riġ ad t llmġ ad snuġ.
cook.
May God replenish /

reward you. (said after a ayxlf rbbi.
meal to thank the host)
To your health ннa.
( said to someone after eating,
drinking, coming out of the
Hammam, wearing new clothes,
having a hair cut, etc)
May God grant your

health too. lla y - ннa
(response to the above)
THANKING EXPRESSIONS
Thank you. šukran.
May God bless your lla yrHm l-walidin

parents.
(used often when asking for a ayrHm rbbi
service/ information or to l-walidayn
express gratitude to someone)
ak isrbH rbbi. (m)

Thank you.
akm isrbH rbbi. (f)
bla jmil.
You „re welcome.
ur iga jmil
EXPRESSIONS FOR NIGHTTIME/ SLEEPING
I‟m tired. rmiġ.
I want to read a little bit. riġ ad ġrġ imik.
I wane to go to bed. riġ ad dduġ ad gnġ.
Where I am going to sleep? maniġ rad gnġ?
Excuse me I want to go to samнiyyi, riġ ad gnġ.

TashlHeet  29
bed.
I want to go to bed early. riġ ad gnġ zik.
I want to get up early. riġ ad nkrġ zik.
riġ yat l-kašša/

I want a blanket.
- a.
HYGIENE/ CLEANLINESS EXPRESSIONS
I want to wash my hands riġ ad ssirdġ ifassninu s

with soap. s-sabun.
I want to brush my teeth. riġ ad ssirdġ uxsansinu.
I want hot water, please. riġ aman rġanin
I want to take a shower. riġ ad duwwšġ
I want to go to the
riġ ad dduġ s l-нammam.
hammam.
I want to change my
riġ ad bddlġ l-нwayjinu.
clothes.
Where is the toilet? maniġ tlla bitlma?
I want to do laundry. bbnġ l-нwayjinu.
Where can I do laundry? maniġ rad sbbnġ?
OFFERING HELP/ ASKING FOR FAVORS
izd ak awnġ? (m)

Can I help you?
izd akm awnġ? (f)
Excuse me. samнiyyi.
fkiyyi… afak. (m)

Give me … please.
fkiyyi… afakm. (f)
ASKING FOR PERMESSION
Is it ok if I …? is waxxa …?
Is it possible to …? is ymkn ad …?
Am I able to …? arġ ad ..?
BEING SICK
I‟m sick. ġ.
I want to rest a bit. riġ ad sunfuġ.
Do you feel better. arat?/is tjjit?
TRANSPORTATION EXPRESSIONS
I want to go to … riġ ad dduġ s ...
Take me to … please. awiyyi s ... afak.
Stop here, please. bdd ġġid, afak.
Is the meter on ? is ixdm l-kuntur?
Turn on the meter,

ssxdm l-kuntur, afak.
please.
RESPONCES TO PROBLEMS/ DIFFICULTIES/ APPOLOGIES
It‟s not a problem. maši muškil.
There is no problem. ihnna l-нal.
CONGRATULATIONS
Congratulations. mbruk!
Happy holiday. mbruk l- id.

TashlHeet  31
May God grant you grace. l-lah ibark fik.
COMMUNICATIONS
I don‟t understand. ur fhmġ.
I don‟t know. ur ssnġ.
Slowly please. - r, afak.
Repeat please. (to a man) awd afak.
Repeat please. (to a

awd afakm.
woman)
What did you say? ma tnnit?
BERBER WISDOM
Yan ibbi ulgmad ar tissiwid izikr.
The one bitten by a snake is afraid of ropes.
English equivalent: Once bitten, twice shy.
God Phrases
May God bless your
lla yrнm l-walidin.
parents.
(used often when asking for
a service /information or to
express gratitude to
someone)
Our parents and yours. walidina u walidik.

(a response to the above)
May God cure you.

(used to show sympathy ad yawi rbbi š-šifa.
toward a sick person)
May God not show you any

adak ur iml rbbi l-bas.
harm.
(a response to the above) adam ur iml rbbi l-bas.
May God magnify the good

a yrHm rbbi.
deeds.
(used to offer - br.
condolences)for someone‟s
ad as iġfr rbbi.
death)
May God make your child a lн.

good person.
(used to complement a
parent on his /her child)
May God grant you grace. tbark llah lik.

(used when saying goodbye
to a friend or congratulating
him /her on a job well done)
May God grant you grace.

lla ybark fik.
(a response to the above)
I swear to God. ullah.

(expresses that what you
said was true.)
Used to express “excuse me”

нašak.
when someone does
something for you, such as:
hands you socks or shoes,
pours water over your hands
to wash them, etc. It is also
used when the speaker
mentions words like “donkey”
or “trash.”
TashlHeet  33
May God grant you pride zzk llah.
and honor. (used as a
response to the above)
Used on the arrival of
la slamtk.
somebody after a trip.
Response to the above. lla ysllmk.
May God make your life lla yshl.

easier.
(said to beggars)
Other expressions
Would you please help me? awniyi, afak.
I you don‟t mind. iġ ak iga l-xatr. (m)
iġ am iga l-xatr. (f)
It‟s my pleasure. nttat ayzwarn
You‟re welcome. la šukran ala wajib.
God forgives. lla ysamн.
It‟s all right. (no harm

ihnna l-Hal
done).
There is no harm.
ur gis bas
(response to apology)
That‟s fine. thnna l-uqt
I‟m going on… rad dduġ as n...
I‟ll be back on … rad wrriġ as n...
Really?/! irbbi ?/!
It‟s shameful. нšuma
Shame on you. нšuma fllak/fllam.
It‟s none o your business. ur iga šġlnk. (m)
ur iga šġlnm. (f)
Hurry up. srbi.

You are right. dark l-нqq.
I agree with you. ttafqġ didk. (m)
ttafqġ didm. (f)
Watch out! ndak!
Move aside. balak.
How do we say … in mamnk sa nttini... s

TashlHeet? tašlнit?
Is there another word? - ni?
Is there an easy word? is tlla kra n l-klmt irxan?
Numerals
Objective: By the end o this chapter, you will be able to:
Count in Arabic and TashlHeet.

Combine numbers with nouns to indicate amounts.
Ask and answer questions about time.
In TashlHeet we usually use Arabic numbers except for the numbers: one, two
and three. If you want to know about TashlHeet numbers, see page 212.
1- CARDINAL NUMBERS.
Cardinal numbers refer to the normal numbers we use (one, two, three...).
They are different than ordinal numbers (first, second, third...) and fractions
(one-half, one third, one fourth...). For now, we start with the cardinal numbers.
We will work with ordinal numbers and fractions later.
 Numbers 1 through 10.
One (m) yan

TashlHeet  35
One (f) yat
One (Arabic) waнd
Two (m) sin
Two (f) snat
Two (Arabic) juj
Three (m)
Three (f)
Three (Arabic) tlata
Four rb a
Five xmsa
Six stta
Seven sb a
Eight tmnya
Nine ts ud
Ten šra
 Combining TashlHeet numbers with nouns.
For the number 1, we do the following:

number (matched with gender) + singular noun.
one One man (a man) yan urgaz
One woman (a woman) yat tmġart
For the numbers 2 and 3, we do the following:

number + n ( ) + plural noun
Four cows rb a n tfunsasin
Ten dirhams šra n d-drahm

 Numbers 11 through 19.
Eleven нdaš
Twelve naš
Thirteen aš
Fourteen rb aš
Fifteen aš
Sixteen aš
Seventeen sb aš
Eighteen aš
Nineteen ts aš
 Numbers 20, 30, 40 ... 99.
For a multiple of ten (20, 30, 40 etc.) in TashlHeet, we simply use the name for
that number, like in English. For numbers such as 21, 22, or 23, however, it is
not like English. In TashlHeet, the “ones” digit is pronounced first, followed by
the word “and,” then followed by the “tens” digit. For example, in Tashlheet the
number 21 is literally “one and twenty” while the number 47 is literally “seven
and forty.” Here is a list of the multiples of ten, with examples of numbers
between each multiple:
Twenty šrin
Twenty-one
waнd u šrin
literally: one and twenty
Twenty-two
tnayn u šrin
literally: two and twenty
Twenty-three
tlata u šrin
literally: three and twenty
Twenty-four rb a u šrin
Thirty tlatin
TashlHeet  37
Thirty-one waнd u tlatin
Thirty-two tnayn u tlatin
Thirty-three tlata u tlatin
Forty rb in
Forty-one waнd u rb in
Forty-two tnayn u rb in
Fifty xmsin
Sixty sttin
Seventy sb in
Eighty tmanin
Ninety ts in
Ninety-nine ts ud u ts in
For numbers 20 through ∞, we can combine a number and a noun like this:
number +n ( ) singular noun .
Eighteen years aš n usggas
 Numbers 100, 200, 300 ... 999
The Arabic word for 100 is miya. For 200, there is a dual form of miyatayn. For
300 thru 900, we use the short form of the numbers 3 thru 9 plus miya. For
numbers such as 107 or 257, we will use the appropriate multiple of 100 followed
by the word “and” and then the rest of the number.
Numbers Full form Short form
tlt
Three tlata
Four rb
rb a
xms
Five xmsa
stt
Six stta
Seven sb
sb a
tmn
Eight tmnya
Nine ts
ts ud
One hundred miya
One hundred one

literally: one hundred and miya u waнd
one
One hundred two

literally: one hundred and miya u juj
two
One hundred ten

literally: one hundred and miya u šra
ten
One hundred eleven miya u н aš
One hundred twenty-one

literally: one hundred and miya u waнd u šrin
one and twenty
One hundred
twenty-two
miya u tnayn u šrin
literally: one hundred and
two and twenty
One hundred ninety-nine miya u ts ud u ts in
Two hundred miyatayn
Two hundred
fifty-seven
miyatayn u sb a u xmsin
literally: two hundred and
seven and fifty
Three hundred tlt miya
Three hundred tlt miya u xmsa u rb in

forty-five
TashlHeet  39
literally: three hundred and
five and forty
Four hundred rb miya
Five hundred xms miya
Six hundred stt miya
Seven hundred sb miya
Eight hundred tmn miya
Nine hundred ts miya
Nine hundred
ts miya u ts ud u ts in
ninety-nine
 Numbers 1000, 2000, 3000 …
The word for “thousand” has the singular form alf, the dual form alfayn, and the
plural form alaf. The plural form is used with the short form of the numbers 3
thru 10 from “3” thousand to “10” thousand. Then we return to the singular
form (like we do for all Arabic nouns). Like the word for “hundred,” it is
followed by “and” when the number is not an exact multiple of 1000 (e.g. 1027 or
4738). From 1000 onward:
One thousand alf
One thousand one alf u waнd
One thousand fifteen aš
One thousand three

hundred sixty-seven
alf u tlt miya u sb a u
(literally: one thousand and
sttin
three hundred and seven
and sixty)
Two thousand alfayn
Two thousand twenty-

alfayn u tnayn u šrin
two
Three thousand tlt alaf
Three thousand seven tlt alaf u sb miya u

hundred and fifty xmsin
Four thousand rb alaf
Five thousand xms alaf
Six thousand stt alaf
Seven thousand sb alaf
Eight thousand tmn alaf
ine thousand ts alaf
Nine thousand nine ts alaf u ts miya u

hundred ninety-nine ts ud u ts in
Ten thousand šr alaf
Eleven thousand нdaš r alf
Two hundred thousand miyatayn alf
Nine hundred ninety-nine ts miya u ts ud u

thousand, nine hundred ts in alf u ts miya u
and ninety-nine ts ud u ts in
 Larger numbers.
Singular Plural
Million (s) mlyun mlayn
Billion (s) mlyar mlayr
2- ORDINAL NUMBERS.
To form ordinal numbers (first, second, third, etc.) in tashlHeet, for all numbers
except 1, we add wis ( ) if the noun is masculine and tis ( ) if the noun is
feminine.
TashlHeet  41
Masculine Feminine
The first amzwaru tamzwarut
The second wissin tisnat
The third wiskrad tiskrat
The fourth wisrb a tisrb a
The fifth wisxmsa tisxmsa
The sixth wisstta tisstta
The seventh wissb a tissb a
The eighth wistmnya tistmnya
The ninth wists ud tists ud
The tenth wis šra tis šra
The last amggaru tamggwarut
3- F
RACTIONS.
Half n
Third tulut
Fourth rubu / rb
Fifth lxumus
Time
To express time, we use the appropriate number with the Arabic definite article
(see page 208 for more information on the definite article). This means that
for 1:00, 5:00, 10:00, and 11:00, we will use the letter “L” before the number,
while for the others; we will double the first letter.
One l-wHda Seven s-sb a
Two j-juj Right t-tmnya
Three t-tlata Nine t-ts ud
Four r-rb a Ten l- šra
Fove l-xmsa Eleven l-Hdaš
Six s-stta Twelve - naš
For telling time in TashlHeet, we use the Arabic prepositions.
Before ql Twenty tulut

minutes
TashlHeet  43
And U Half
Exactly nišan Quarter llarub

to
Quarter rb Five q m
minutes
Ten q mayn
minutes
Some examples of asking and answering about time:
mnšk aylkmn, afak?

What time is it, please?
mnšk ġ tassa t, afak?
It is … tlkm...
It is exactly one o‟clock. l-wнda nišan.
It is five minutes past

- m.
two.
It is ten minutes past

- mayn.
three.
It is a quarter past four. r-rb a u rb .
It is twenty minutes past

l-xmsa u tulut.
five.
It is twenty five minutes

s-stta u xmsa u šrin.
past six.
It is seven thirty. s-sb .
It is eight thirty-five. tmnya u xmsa u tlatin.
It is twenty minutes to
t-ts ud ql tulut.
nine.
It is quarter to ten. l- šra llarub.
It is ten minutes to
l-нdaš ql q mayn.
eleven.
6:30 A.M - - baн
5:15 P.M l-xmsa u rb n tdggat
Practice
Exercise 1: match the number with the correct translation.
2 xms miya u ts aš
298 xms alaf u tlt miya u

tnayn u šrin
147 ts ud u sttin
519 naš
1012 miyatayn u tmnya u ts in
69 sin (snat)
5322 miya u sb a u rb in
TashlHeet  45
Exercise 2: correctly combine numbers with nouns by filling in the blanks using
the following numbers and any necessary letters: 1, 3, 7, 15, 20, 500, and 1000.
There may be more than one correct answer.
__________ tfrxin (girls) ___________
__________ tgmmi (house) ___________
__________ stilu (pen) ___________
__________ tmġarin (women) ___________
__________ il (hotel) ___________
__________ irgazn (men) ___________
__________ afullus (chicken) ___________
Exercise 3: match the times with the correct translation.
10:30 l-wн m
12:00 l-н aš u qsmayn
1:05 - naš nišhan
2:20 l- šra ql tulut
11:10 l- šra u ns
9:40 j-juj u tulut
Exercise 4: give the time for each clock or watch.

Getting started shopping

Convert between dirhams, ryals, and franks.

Buy items you need from a store.
Cultural points:
No bargaining at the taHanut.

The butHanut guy is a source of information.
Vocabulary:
MONEY l-flus/ iqari n

TashlHeet  47
5
100 20
100 frank 1 dirham 20 ryal
100 20
When converting ryals to dirhams, divide by 20. e.g. 100 ryals: 100 20 = 5 DH.
From franks to ryals, divide by 5. For example, 200 franks 5 = 40 ryals.
From franks to dirhams, divide by 100. For example, 200 franks 100 = 2 dh.
From ryals to dirhams, divide by 20. For example, 40 ryals 20 = 2 DH.
From ryals to franks, multiply by 5. For example, 40 ryals 5 = 200 franks.
From dirhams to ryals, multiply by 20. For example, 2 DH 20 = 40 ryals.
From dirhams to franks, multiply by 100. For example, 2 DH 100 = 200 franks.
AT THE TAHANUT ( )
Vocabulary :
Store taнanut Peanuts kaw kaw
Store
bu tнanut Almonds l-luz
keeper
Soda l-monada Oil z-zit
Bottle of taqr it n
Chocolate š-šklat
water waman
Candies l-нlwa Kleenex kliniks
Toilet pappiyi
Gum l-mska
paper jinik
Tooth
Cookies l-kiks dontifris
paste
Juice l- ir Soap - abun
Bread aġrum Shampoo š-šampwan
Jam l-konfitur Detergent tid
Butter tamudit Bleach jabil
Batteries l-нjrat n
Eggs tiglay
r-radyu
Yogurt danon Razor r-razwar
Tobacco
Milk l-нlib - aka
store
Coffee l-qhwa Cigarettes l-garru
Tea atay Package l-bakit
Money -
Sugar s-skkar
n
Cheese l-frmaj Change - rf
Expressions :
TashlHeet  49
Do you have ... ? is dark...?
Yes, I do (have). yah, dari.
No, I don‟t (have). uhu, ur dari.
Is there ... ? (m, s) is illa...?
Yes, there is. (m, s) yah, illa.
Is there …? (f, s) is tlla...?
Yes, there is. (f, s) yah, tlla.
No, there isn‟t. (m, s) uhu, ur illa/illi.
No, there isn‟t. (f, s) uhu, ur tlla/tlli
Give me ... please. fkiyyi... afak.
What do you want ma‟am / sir? ma trit a lalla/sidi?
How much? mnšk?
Do you have change (m, s)? - rf?
Do you have change for... (m, s)? - rf n ...?
Liter
liter ru
¼ liter rb ru
½ liter ru
1 liter ru
2 liters sin ru
I want ½ a liter of milk. riġ ns itru n l-нlib.
Grammatical points
1- “THERE IS/ARE”:
The words “illa” ( ), “tlla” ( ), “llan” ( ),and “llant” ( ) are actually the
participles for the verb “to be”, “ili” ( ). In tashlHeet, however, we use them
most often in the sense of “there is” or “there are”.
Affirm
ative:
There is (m, s) illa
There is (f, s) tlla
There are (m, p) llan
There are (f, p) llant
Negativ
e:
There is not (m, s) ur illa/illi
There is not (f, s) ur tlla/tlli
There are not (m, p) ur llan/llin
There are not (f, p) ur llant/llint
Examples:
Fatima is at home. ima tlla ġ tigmmi.
Is there water in the is llan aman ġ

fridge? t-tllaja?
There is no electricity in
- u ġ uduwwar.
the village.
2- VERB “TO WANT”.

TashlHeet  51
In tashlheet, the verb “to want” is iri ( ). This verb uses the past tense but
has a present tense meaning. When conjugated in the present tense, iri ( )
means “to like” (see page 140).
I want nkki riġ
you want (s) kyyi/ kmmi trit
he wants ntta ira
she wants nttat tra
we want nkni nra
you want knni tram

(m, p)
you want (f, p) knninti tramt
they want ntni ran

(m, p)
they want ntnti rant

(f, p)
Verb + noun examples:
Mohamed wants coke. MoHamed ira kuka.
Amina wants a bowel of Amina tra yat tajbbanit n

soup. uzkkif
Khadija and Brahim don‟t Khadija d brahim ur rin

want tea. atay
These girls don‟t want tifrxinad ur rint l-kiks

cookies.
Note that we negate “iri” by adding “ur” before the verb.

Practice
Exercise 1: convert the money amounts.
Convert to dirhams:
35 ryal 150 ryal 365 ryal 270 ryal 555 ryal
Convert to ryals:
10 1/2DH 30DH 25DH 125DH 19DH
Exercise 2: read the dialogue and answer the questions below.
Dialogue:
Kate: s-salam u alaykum.
butHanut: wa alaykum s-salam.

ma trit a lalla?
Kate: is dark šklat?
butHanut: yah, yujad a lalla.
Kate: fkiyyi snat l-bakiyat. mnšk?
butHanut: 13 n drhm
Kate: hak, barak llah ufik.
butHanut: bla jmil
Questions:
1. mani ġ tlla Kate?
2. is tsġa l-нjrat n r-radio?
3. ma tsġa dar bu tнanut?
4. mnšk n yat?
5. smnšk?
TashlHeet  53
Exercise 3: make as many sentences as you can.
Mohamed trit pizza
ntnti ran l-Hlib s š- šklat
Fatima rant ppanaši
kmmi tram Atay s n-n na
nkni tramt l- a ir n l-limun
nttat nra l-muna a
knni ira
knninti tra
Exercise 4: add the correct form of « there is /are » to the following

sentences.
1- is ____ Karim ġ tgmmi ?
2- ntnti ur _____ ġ l-mdrasa.
3- nkni _____ ġ l-qism.
4- ntni _____ ġ l-mġrib.
Family
Describe family members.
Cultural points.
Family ties are very strong in Morocco. Children remain in touch or live with the
family even if they get married (taking into consideration space available within
the house). Men are not expected to help in the kitchen. Roles of men and
women may differ in the city and in the country.
Vocabulary: FAMILY MEMBERS
Woman/ wife tamġart My father baba
Man/ husband argaz My mother immi/inna
Girl tafruxt My brother gma
Boy afrux My brothers aytma

/siblings
Girls/ tifrxin My sister ultma

daughters
Boys /sons ifrxan My sisters istma
Children tarwa My jddi

grandfather
The parents l-walidayn My jdda

grandmother
Sisters istmatn My uncle xali

(maternal)
Brothers/ aytmatn My aunt xalti

siblings (maternal)
My niece illis n gma My uncle mmi

(brother‟s (paternal)
side)
My niece illis n ultma My aunt mmti

(sister‟s side) (paternal)
My cousin yiwis n My daughter illi

(m, maternal) xali/xalti
My cousin illis n My son yiwi

(f, maternal) xali/xalti
TashlHeet  55
My cousin yiwis n mmi/ My nephew yiwis n

(m, paternal) (brother‟s gma
mmti
side)
My cousin illis n My nephew yiwis n

(f, paternal) mmi/ mmti (sister‟s ultma
side)
For “father, mother, brother, sister, aunt, and uncle,” the word is almost always
used with a possessive pronoun. Thus, we say “my father” or “his mother” or
“your brother,” but rarely ever use them alone.
My father baba My mother immi
Your father babak Your mother mak

(m, s) (m, s)
Your father babam Your mother mam

(f, s) (f, s)
His/her babas His/her mas

father mother
Our father babatnġ Our mother matnġ
Your father babatun Your mother matun

(m, p) (m, p)
Your father babatunt Your mother matunt

(f, p) (f, p)
Their father babatsn Their mother matsn

(m) (m)
Their father babatsnt Their mother matsnt

(f) (f)
Expressions:
How is Mohamed related mad ak/am iga Mohamed?

to you? (m, f)
How is Amina related to mad ak/am tga Amina?

you? (m, f)
My mom doesn‟t work? immi ur ar txdam
My mom and dad are immi d baba b an

divorced.
I have two twin siblings. dari sin aytma ikunna
How many siblings do you mnšk n aytmak/ aytmam

have? (m, f) dark/ darm?
How many sisters do you mnšk n istmak/ istmam

have? (m, f) dark/ darm?
What‟s your father‟s mad ism I babak/babam?

name?
How old is your brother? mnšk n usggas dar

(m, f) gmak/gmam?
I have a younger dari gma imzzin flli

brother.
My (male, paternal) nkki d yiwis n mmi nga

cousin and I are the yat tgadda
same age.
My older sister is a ultma lli flli mqqurn tga

teacher. lustada
My younger brother goes gma lli flli imzzin ar

to school. yaqra
Grammatical points
1- THE VERB “TO HAVE” (DAR) IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
I have dari
You have (m, s) dark

TashlHeet  57
You have (f, s) darm
He/she has dars
We have darnġ
You have (m, p) darun
You have (f, p) darunt
They have (m) darsn
They have (f) darsnt
Examples:
Tami has two brothers Tami dars sin aytmas
We have electricity in darnġ d-du ġ tigmminġ

our house.
To negate the verb, we use “ur” ( ).
Do you have a car in - omobil ġ

Morocco? l-mġrib?
No I don‟t. uhu, ur dari.
Practice
Exercise 1: describe the relationship between family members for each arrow.
Ex: Fatima ________Samira.

Fatima Aziz

 

 
 
Ahmed Karima


11
Samira 12
Mohamed Younes
13
Rachid
Exercise 2: add the possessive endings to the following (your, our, his, etc)
My sister ultma
My brother gma
My uncle mmi
My aunt mmti
Exercise 3: put the verb “dar” in the correct form.
1-My sister ___ a nice ultma ____tigmmi iHlan

-
house.
2- Samira and Khalid Samira d Khalid ____ -

____ a lot of kids. tarwa ggutnin.
3-The Ait Ali family l-famila n Ait Ali ____ -

____cats. imaššiwn.
4-No, ____time. uhu, _____ luqt. -
Exercise 4: practice text

TashlHeet  59
isminu John. baba ismns Stephen. immi

ismns Judy. aytma: snat
istma d yan gma. gma ismns Brian,
aritxdam ġ yat š-šarika. ultma Kathy
ttahl. dars sin lнšum: yan ufrux d yat
tfruxt. afrux imzziy sul. dars
iyyurn. tafruxt dars tmnya n isggasn
artddu s l-madrasa. ultma lli mzziyn,
Mary, arsul taqra ġ l-jami a
Questions:
1-mad ism I babas n John?
2-mad ism I mas n John?
3-mn šk n aytmatn dar john?
4-mad imzzin ġ l-famila n john ?
5-is txdm illis n ultma n john?
Directions
Objectives: by the end of this chapter, you will be able:
Describe where objects are located.

Give and receive directions to places around town.
Vocabulary: PREPOSITIONS
To/for i - At dar
(someone‟s)
- next to
In/at ġ Till/until ar
To (direction) s Above/on aflla
With (company) d Below/under izdar n
With (means, s Facing imgabal d

manner)
About f In front of l-gddam n
On f/ Next to tama n
iggi n
Of n On the left n
of
From ġ/ zġ On the right afasiy n

of
Without bla In the middle tuzzumt n

of
Except abla Behind tiġrdin n
Between/among gr ... d … Inside agns
Before qbl under ddu /

ddawa
Examples:
The well is in the middle illa wanu ġ tuzzumt n

of the fields. igran.
Meryam‟s house is not ur tlli tigmmi n meryem ġ

next to the hospital. tama n s-sbitar.
She ate everything tšša kulši abla islman.

except fish.
Vocabulary: DIRECTIONS
TashlHeet  61
Hotel - il Hospital/health - ar
center
Post office l-bo a Pharmacy l-frmasyan
Train lagar Mosque timzgid/

station l-jama
Bus station l-maн a n Public phone t-tilibutik

l-kiran
City bus l-maнtta n Srore taнanut

stor t-tubisat
Bank l-banka Avenue š-šari
Public bath l-нmmam Street tazniqt
Restaurant - ora Alley d-drb
Café l-qhwa Far (from) iba df
Cyber café s-siber Close (to) iqrrb s
School l-mdrasa Here ġid/dġid
Weekly s-suq There ġin/dġin

market
Expressions:
Where is ... please? maniġ illa/tlla... afak?
Is there a ... close? is illa/tlla...iqrbn?
Go straight. sir/zayd nišan.
Turn right. gllb/duwr f ufasi.
Turn left. .
Go ahead a bit. zayd šwiya s l-gddam.
Pass the first street. zri z-znqt tamzwarut.
The 2nd street, yes. kšm d z-znqt tissnat.
Dialogue :
Alethea: s-salamu alaykum.
Saïda: wa alaykum s-salam.
Alethea: samнiyyi, riġ a km saqsaġ.
Saïda: iyyah, marнba.
Alethea: is tssnt yat tmirikanit
tzdġ ġid ismns Kathrine?
Saïda: izd kawtar?
Alethea: iyyah, kawtar. is tssnt
tigmmins?
Saïda: zayd nišan ar s-sakayan,
bbi aġaras s uzlmad.
-
- rt.
Alethea: lla yrнm l-walidin.
Saïda: waldina u waldik.
Alethea: a y awn rbbi.
Saïda: amin.
Grammatical points
THE IMPERATIVE.
The imperative is used to give commands: Go to the store! Open the

window! Study TashlHeet! The positive imperative tells someone to do
something, the negative imperative tells someone not to do something. The
imperative acts as the infinitive of verbs in TashlHeet.
TashlHeet  63
In the following table, all the examples are equal to the English command,
“Speak!”
To speak sawl
You (m, f s) sawl
You (m, p) sawlat
You (m, p) sawlamt
When a verb ends with a vowel, “y”( ) is placed between this vowel and
the suffix.
To say/tell ini
You (m, f s) ini
You (m, p) iniyat
You (m, p) iniyamt
To negate the imperative, we can use “adur” ( ) before the verb, which
corresponds to the verb combination that you would usually use:
Don‟t go! adur tddut!
Don‟t speak! adur tsawlt!
Don‟t close the window! adur tqqnt š-šrjm !
Practice
Exercise 1: fill in the blanks with the appropriate preposition.
ima tġra ta rabt__ imik n tašlнit.
- - bla.
3. middn ġid ur snwan __ ikššudn.

4. llan igra ggutnin __ wassif.
5. l-madani ur itxdam kra ygat as __

6:00.
6. sawlġ__fatima__l-mašakil n middn ġ
tmazirt ad.
7. - -
a.
Exercise 2: maniġ tlla takurt?
Exercise 3: using the same map, give each person directions.
1. Dave is in the ar and wants to go to l-b a.
2. Anna is in the maнtta and wants to go to - il.
3. Stephen is in the marši and wants to go to s-siber.
4. Hakim is in the taнanut and wants to go to l-нmmam.

TashlHeet  65
l-н m m a m
r-ristora la gar s-siber
‫الحمّام‬ ‫الريسطورة‬ ‫الگار‬ ‫السيبر‬
l-bar ‫البار‬
l-qhwa l-frmasyan l-banka
‫القهوة‬ ‫الفرمَسيان‬ ‫البَنكت‬
l-mdrasa l-marši j-jrda
‫المدرَست‬ ‫المارشي‬ ‫الجردة‬
t-telebutik
‫التليبوتيك‬ н a n u t
‫حانوث‬
l-ot
̣ i l l-bost
̣ a
j-jam‫ع‬
‫لوطيل‬ ‫البوسطت‬ ‫الجامع‬
maнt
̣̣
t a t l - k i r a n s-sbit
̣a r
‫مَحطت الكيران‬ ‫سبيطار‬
Past Events
Talk about past activities.
Vocabulary: DAYS OF THE WEEK
Day as Tuesday a
Week s-simana Wednesday l-arb

Sunday l-Hdd Thursday l-xmis
Monday l-tnin Friday l-jam
Saturday s-sbt
MONTHS OF THE YEAR
Month ayyur June yunyu
Year asggas July yulyuz
January yanayr August ġušt
February fbrayr September šutnbir
March mars October oktobr
April abril November nuwanbir
May may December dujanbir
THE SEASONS
Summer - if Fall l-xrif
Spring r-rbi Winter tagrst
For information about the months of the Islamic calendar and some of the major
religious events of the year, see “Moroccan Holidays” on page 222.
PAST TIME EXPRESSIONS:
This year asggas
Last year asggas lli yzrin
Last month ayyur lli yzrin
Last week s-simana lli yzrin
Yesterday gam
Today ġassad
TashlHeet  67
On (+ day of the week) as n ...
On Friday as n l-jama
In (+ month)/ (+ time) ġ ...
In August ġ ġušt
At 9:00 ġ t-ts ud
At dawn ġ l-fjr
In the morning baн
In the evening/afternoon ġ tdggat / tazdwit
At night ġ dyyid
At midnight ġ tuzzumt n dyyid
Daytime azal
Lunch time dar imkli
Dinner time dar imnsi
Early zik
On time ġ l-uqt
Before qbl
A while ago gamlli s-sa t lli
A long time ago mnšk ayad

The day before
assfan
yesterday
That day ġaslli
At that time ġakudan
Grammatical Points
1- PAST TENSE.
Verbs in general.
Sit gawr
When learning verbs
Close qn
in a foreign language,
we usually learn the Sit bdd
“infinitive” form of the verb (e.g. to eat), and then learn how to “conjugate” from
that infinitive (I eat, he eats, they eat). In Tashlheet, there are not infinitives
for verbs in this way. Rather, we use the imperative (second person singular
masculine), which is the shortest form of the verb. Therefore, the verb skr
( ) is translated as “to do”, while in reality skr ( ) means do (see
Imperativepage
“imperative” you 65).
form like an
infinitive
Whenever you are given a new verb in this book or by your teacher, it will be
given to you in this form. To this “infinitive” form, you can add prefixes (letters
that we attach to the beginning of a word) and suffixes (letters we attach to
the end of a word) in order to conjugate the verb. Some infinitives with vowels
will be conjugated differently from verbs containing only consonants.
Past tense.
In TashlHeet, there are two patterns of prefixes and suffixes for conjugating
past tense verbs. Unfortunately, there is no rule that tells us when a verb uses
pattern 1 prefixes and suffixes and when it uses those of pattern 2. Anytime
you learn a new verb, therefore, you will also have to memorize its past tense
pattern number (1 or 2).
Within each pattern, there are two categories of verbs. For the first category,
we simply use the infinitive form of the verb with the prefixes and suffixes of
the pattern. In other words, its past tense stem is the same as its infinitive.
For the other category, the infinitive form of the verb must be changed before
it can be used with the prefixes and suffixes. In other words, the past tense
stem is different than the infinitive.
The glossary of verbs at the back of the book will always tell you the pattern
number of a verb and give you its past tense stem.
PATTERN
1.
The prefixes and suffixes for pattern 1 are:
TashlHeet  69
I nkki __ġ We nkni n__
You Kyyi/kmmi You knni

t__t t__m
(m, f) (m, p)
He ntta You knninti

i__ t__mt
(f, p)
she nttat t__ They (m) ntni __n
They (f) ntnti __nt
 Verbs that
follow pattern 1 with “NO CHANGE”.
To eat breakfast r
nkki rġ nkni r
Kyyi/kmmi t rt knni t rm
ntta i r knninti t rmt
nttat t r ntni rn
ntnti rnt
To pass zri
To forget ttu
To climb/go up ġli
To be tired rmi
To cut bbi
To know ssn
To put srs
To taste i
To ask saqsa
To sleep gn
To do skr
To work xdm
To get up nkr
Examples:
Yesterday, I got up early. gam nkrġ zik.
Last week, Mohamed s-simana lli izrin isafr

traveled to Agadir. moнamd s ugadir.
Last year, we worked with asggas lli izrin, nxdm d

Peace Corps. hay‟at s-salam.
 Verbs that follow pattern 1 with “CHANGE”.

Any verb beginning with “a”( ) form its past tense stem by changing the “a” ( ) to
“u” ( ).
To take amz
nkki umzġ nkni numz
Kyyi/kmmi tumzt knni tumzm
ntta * yumz knninti tumzmt
nttat tumz ntni umzn
ntnti umznt
*Notice that in the 3rd person singular masculine form, we insert “y” before the
actual verb instead of “i”.
To send azn
To pick up/carry asi
To steal akr
To hang agl
To recognize akz
To catch/capture amz
To believe amn
TashlHeet  71
Examples:
I sent a letter to my brother. uznġ yat tbrat i gma.
They caught a thief yesterday.

gam.
PATTERN 2.
Pattern 2 verbs use the same prefixes as pattern 1 verbs, but different
suffixes.
nkki __iġ nkni n__a
Kyyi/kmmi t__it knni t__am
ntta i__a knninti t__amt
nttat t__a ntni __an
ntnti __ant
 Verbs that follow pattern 2 with “NO CHANGE”.
To see zr
nkki zriġ nkni nzra
Kyyi/kmmi tzrit knni tzram
ntta izra knninti tzramt
nttat tzra ntni zran
ntnti zrant
To break rz
To buy sġ
To wear ls
To study/read ġr
To kill nġ
To give fk
To drink su
To cook snu
Examples:
Last weak, he bought a s-simana lli izrin isġa yat

nice jellaba. tjllabit iнlan.
What did you read ma tġrit idgam?

yesterday?
I saw my friend last zriġ amddaklinu

week. s-simana lli izrin.
 Verbs that follow pattern 2 with “CHANGE”.

There are four categories:
1- Verbs ending in “u” ( ).

2- Verbs beginning with “i” ( ).
3- Verbs beginning with “a” ( ).
4- Verbs with “a” ( ) in the middle.
 1st category: verbs ending in “u” ( ).
To go ddu
nkki ddiġ nkni ndda
Kyyi/kmmi tddit knni tddam
ntta idda knninti tddamt

TashlHeet  73
nttat tdda ntni ddan
ntnti ddant
To begin bdu
To build dnu
to rent kru
To sew gnu
To lose jlu
To destroy xlu
To empty xwu
To distribute/divide u
To relax/rest sunfu
Examples:
Where did you go manis tddit i gam?

yesterday?
Fatima lost her keys. tjla Fatima tisurans.
Did they build the house? is bnan tigmmi?
 2nd category: verbs beginning with “i” ( ).
To form the past tense stem from the infinitive, we drop the initial vowel and
follow the general pattern for the pattern 2 verbs.
To tell ini
nkki nniġ nkni nnna
Kyyi/kmmi tnnit knni tnnam
ntta inna knninti tnnamt
nttat tnna ntni nnan

ntnti nnant
To want iri
To eat išš
To be ili
To be able to iġi
Examples:
What did you eat for ma tššit ġ imkli ?

lunch?
Do you want to go to the is tram a tddum s
cinema? s-sinima?
 3rd category: verbs beginning with “a” ( ).
To form the past tense stem, we change the initial “a” ( ) to “u” ( ) and follow the
general pattern for the pattern 2 verbs.
To find af
nkki ufiġ nkni nufa
Kyyi/kmmi tufit knni tufam
ntta yufa knninti tufamt
nttat tufa ntni ufan
ntnti ufant
To tie ass
To leave/let ajj
To cry all
Examples:
I found my keys. ufiġ tisuranu.

Did you let him go? is t tujjit a yddu?
TashlHeet  75
She cried yesterday. tulla i gam.
 4th category: verbs with ( ) in the middle.
To form the past tense stem, we change the middle “a” ( ) to “u” ( ) and follow
the general pattern for the pattern 2 verbs.
To pray zzal
nkki zzuliġ nkni nzzula
Kyyi/kmmi tzzulit knni tzzulam
ntta izzula knninti tzzulamt
nttat tzzula ntni zzulan
ntnti zzulant
To move (sth) smas

To swear ggal
To move mmas
To return (give back) rar
To vomit rar
To pray zzal
Examples:
He returned the books to irura l-ktub s l-mktaba.

the library.
Did you (p) pray? is tzzulam?
2- NEGATION.
Normal negative form.
In order to express the negative of a verb (i.e. “didn‟t,” or “don‟t,” or “doesn‟t”),

we add the word “ur” ( ) before the verb and, in some regions in Morocco, we
change the “a” ( ) in the added verb suffixes (i.e. a, am, amt, an, ant) into “i”
( ) (i.e. i, im, imt, in, int).
I slept yesterday. gnġ idgam.

I didn‟t sleep yesterday. ur gnġ idgam.
They (f, p) played soccer. l bnt takurt.
They didn‟t play soccer. ur l bnt takurt.
He went to the souq. idda s s-suq.
He didn‟t go to the souq. ur iddi s s-suq.
She saw her friend. tzra tamddakultns.
She didn‟t saw her
ur tzri tamddakultns.
friend.
They ate couscous. ššan sksu.
They didn‟t eat couscous. ur ššin sksu.
Additional negative forms.
Nothing walu
Nothing нtta yat tġawsa
No one (m) нtta yan
No one (f) нtta yat
Only/just bla
Neither …nor la ... wala
Examples:
I know/knew nothing. ur ssnġ walu.

I ate nothing. ur ššiġ walu.
No one came. нtta yan urd yuški.
He saw no one. ur izri нtta yan.
I have nothing. ur dari нtta yat tġawsa.
He met neither Hassan ur imnaggar la нassan
nor Nadia. wala nadia.
I ate only bread. ur ššiġ bla aġrum.
3- HAVE YOU EVER…/ I‟VE NEVER…

We can use the word “jju” ( ) to express the English equivalent of the present
perfect tense: “Have you ever...?” and “I have never...”.
TashlHeet  77
Have you ever…? is jju…?
I‟ve never…? ur jju…
The verb that follows “jju” is in the past.
Examples:
Have you ever eaten is jju tššit l-pitza?

pizza?
Have you ever gone to is jju tddit s mirikan?
America?
Have you (m, p) ever is jju tswam atay s n na
drunk mint tea in ġ mirikan?
America?
She has never eaten a ur jju tšši l-hamburger.
hamburger.
He has never said these ur jju inni ġayad.
things.
4- PLACE ADVERBS “D” ( ) AND “N” ( ).

The place adverbs “d” and “n” are always attached to some verbs, and should not
be confused with the unattached conjunction “d” (and) or unattached preposition
“n” (of).
The adverb “d” normally translates to “here”.
The adverb “n” translates to “there”.
Examples:
He sent (to here) a letter gam.

yesterday.
He sent a letter to us. yuznaġd yat tbrat.
He worked in the US for ixdmn ġ mirikan sin
two years. isggasn.
In the negative, “d” and “n” are attached to the negative indicator “ur”
( ) and are not attached to the end of the verb.
Examples:
He didn‟t come in. urd ikšm.

He didn‟t take anything
urn yusi walu ġid.
from here.
In questions, the adverbs are also not attached to the verbs. Rather, we
attach “d” or “n” to the end of the question words.
Examples:
Who came in? mad ikšmn?

What did he bring? mad yiwi?
Whet did they steal? mad ukrn?
Did he send the money? izd yuzn iq n?
Some verbs that always use the place adverb.
To go out fġ
To pass zri
To enter kšm
To send azn
To take asi
To empty xwu
To work xdm
To ask saqsa
To steal akr
To hang agl
To catch amz
To buy sġ
To kill nġ
To give fk
To begin/start bdu
Unlike other verbs, the verb “ašk” (to come) always uses the place adverb
“d”. Because you always use the place adverb, you can think of this verb as
meaning either “to come” or “to come here”. It is conjugated like pattern 2
verbs, with the “d” following the past tense suffixes.
To come here ašk *

TashlHeet  79
nkki uškiġd nkni nuškad
Kyyi/kmmi tuškid knni tuškamd
ntta yuškad knninti tuškamdd
nttat tuškad ntni uškand
ntnti uškandd
*In the imperative, we may add an “i” between “ašk” and “d”.
Come here! aškid s ġid!
Examples:
I came (here) to Morocco uškiġd s l-mġrib ayyur lli

last month. izrin.
They came (here) to uškand s r-rbat baš
Rabat to see the doctor. bib.
Why did you come
max lliġ d tuškam?
(here)?
He didn‟t come to study. urd yuški baš ad iġr.
When “ašk” is used with “n”, it roughly means “to come there”. For English
speakers, this is confusing since we would never use the verb “come” with the
adverb “there”. In TashlHeet, the expression is used when the subject “comes”
(i.e. moves/goes toward another person) but the place is not near the speaker.
To come there aškin
nkki uškiġn nkni nuškan
Kyyi/kmmi tuškitn knni tuškamn
ntta yuškan knninti tuškamtn
nttat tuškan ntni uškann
ntnti uškantn
*In the imperative, we may add an “i” between “ašk” and “n”.
Examples:
Come there! aškin!
(This is like English “meet me there” and is said by someone who is not yet at the
place of meeting.)
Driss came (to me) there yuškan dari dris idgam.

yesterday.
(Driss came to my house (there yesterday, but I‟m not at my house anymore.)
5-OBJECT PRONOUNS.
In English, we have pronouns for the subject of a sentence: I, you, he, she, we,
and they. But we also have object pronouns that we use after verbs, which can
be either direct or indirect:
Direct: He hit me. I wrote a letter.
I saw her. I wrote it.
Indirect: Ask him a question. I talked to Hassan.
We gave them some cake. I talked to him.
So far, you have learned the independent pronouns (see page 10) and the
possessive pronouns (see page 10). Here are the direct and indirect object
pronouns that we use after verbs in TashlHeet:
Direct object pronouns Indirect object pronouns
me iyyi iyyi
you (m, s) k ak
you (f, s) km am
him / it t as
her / it tt as
us aġ aġ
you (m, p) kn awn
you (f, p) knt awnt

TashlHeet  81
they (m) tn asn
they (f) tnt asnt
Examples:
I wrote a letter. ariġ yat tbrat
I wrote it. ariġ tt
I talked to Jeff. sawlġ i jeff.
I talked to him. sawlġ as.
I ate bread. ššiġ aġrum.
I ate it. ššiġ t.
He sent a letter to
yuzn tabrat i malika d
Malika and her
urgazns.
husband.
He sent them a letter. yuzn asn tabrat.
He sent it to them. yuzn asn tt.
I told you not to go. nniġ ak ad ur tddut.
How much did Mike pay mnšk as isġa mike

for the jellaba? tajllabit?
He bought it for 1400 isġa tt s 1400 d ryal.

ryals.
Did he buy it for 1200? is tt isġa s 1200 ryal?
No, he didn‟t buy it for uhu, ur tt isġi s 1200 ryal.

1200 ryals.
6-QUESTION WORDS.
Some of these you already know. Some will be new for you.
Where is manza
Where is your husband? manza argaznm?
Where is the house of manza tigmmi n umar?

Omar?
where mani
Where are you going? mani trit?
Where did you eat pizza? mani ġ tššit l-pitza?
What ma
What did you (m, p)do gam?

yesterday?
What did you tell the ma tnnit i l-mudir?

director?
How mamnk/manik
How are you? mamnk a tgit?
How did you come? manik as tuškit?
When managu/manuk
When did it rain? r unzar?
When did he say this? managu inna ġayad?
Why max lliġ
Why did you steal? max lliġ tukrt?
Why were they late? max lliġ matln?
Whose (m) win mit
Whose book is this? win mit iga l-ktabad?
Whose (f) tin mit
Whose cow is this? tin mit tga tafunastad?

TashlHeet  83
On what maf
On what did he put the maf isrs l-kas?

glass?
Where in maġ
Where (in) did you put maġ tgit aman?

the water?
Where (in) are the n?

money?
With what mas
How (with what) did you mas trzmt tiflut?

open the door?
With whom madda/maddi
With whom did you talk? madda tsawlm?
With whom did you eat dinner? maddi tššit imnsi?
To whom mamu/mami
To whom did you give the mamu tfkit

car? - umubil?
Is…?, are…? is / izd
Do you want couscous? is trit sksu?
Is he traveling is ra ysafr askka?

tomorrow?
Is it you or she? izd kyyi nġd nttat?

Which man
Who ma
The verb following these question words takes a participle form in the past.
(see page 218)
Who hit this boy? ma yutn afrux ad?
Who took the money? n?
Which people went to the man middn iddan s s-suq?

souq?
Which woman prepared man tamġart iskrn imkli?

lunch?
Which one/who (m, s) manwa
Which one/who (f, s) manta
Which one/who (m, p) manwi
Which one/who (f, p) manti
Which one do you want? manwa trit?
Who (m, p) went to the manwi yddan s tagant?

forest?
How much/how many mnšk / mnška
The question word mnšk ( ) may be followed by the preposition “n” ( ).
How much time? mnšk n l-uqt?
How much milk? mnšk n l-Hlib?
How much is this shirt? mnšk l-qamija yad?
How much did you pay mnšk as tn tsġit?

for them?
TashlHeet  85
BERBER WISDOM
Imik s imik ar ikššm aram s ugdur
Little by little the camel enters the pot
English equivalent: Rome is not built on one day.
Practice
Exercise 1: put the verbs in parentheses in the correct form.
Ali: gam zik?
Omar: uhu!
Ali: max?
Omar: (ggawr) d l-familanu, (sawl)
didsn imik. mn b d {nkki} (fġ).

lliġd (wrri), (l - a,
(tfrj) ġ t-tlfaza. mn b d
{nkki} (kšm) s l-bitinu (gn).
l-нdd lli izrin, ( -

- rt.
1) baн r) (fġ). ġ
uġaras (mnaggar) amddaklinu Brahim.
{nkni} (ddu) s tagant, (xdm) ġin ar
tadggat (wrri). ġ diyid (išš) imnsi. ntta
(ddu) s tigmmins, nkki (ġr) imik, (gn).
g - . (sird)
udminu d uxsaninu mn b d (ls)
l-нwayjinu, (fġ) ġ sb a.
3) asggas lli izrin, (ili) ġ mirikan (zdġ) ġ

l-wilaya n New York. tamazirtinu
tmqqur bahra. (ġr) ġ l-jami a n Boston.
4) ayyur lli izrin (aškid) s l-mġrib.

awwi -
(ġr) imik n ta rabt.
5) ġ tmnya (ara) yat tabrat, mn b

- a (azn)tabrat i baba. ġ
l- (ġr) tašlн - (išš)

imkli.
9. 1- is (fk) Amina l-ktab i Jamal?
10. 2- gam ġ l-нfla?

TashlHeet  87
11. 3- (rz) Kamal l-magana lli as {nkki}

(fk).
Exercise 4: conjugate the verbs in parentheses in the negative form.
1) nkni (gn) zik, ašku (išš) imnsi zik.
gam (ġr) l-ktabinu ašku rmiġ.
ima s l-xdmt.
4) {ntni} (išš) imkli ašku šba n.
5) {knni} (su) atay.
1) is (bdu)l-xdmtnk nġd urta?
2) {ntni} (kru) yat tgmmi iнlan.
- amns.
4) {ntni} (xlu) tigmmi taqdimt.
Exercise 6: replace the underlined nouns by the corresponding pronouns.
1. fkiġ - o i nadia.
2. suiġ aman.
3. tqqn ima tiwallinns.
4. issua moнamed igran.
5. znziġ - umubil i driss.
6. is tzrit l-film lli f ak sawlġ?
7. ifka jamal yan l-ktab i нassan.

8. ttun tisuransn ġ tigmmi.
9. i awn xalid gmak ġ l-нsab.
Exercise 7: write a paragraph from these pictures.
Daily Routines
Objective: by the end of this chapter you will be able to:
Talk about your daily activities.
Vocabulary: Time expressions
Always bdda/dayman
Sometimes l-b n t-twal
kra n tikkal
Once a … yat tikklt ġ

TashlHeet  89
yan - ur ġ
Once a year yan - ur ġ usggas
Once a month yan - ur ġ wayyur
Everyday kra ygat as
On (day of the week) as n …
On Saturday as n s-sbt
Every … kra ygat …
Every morning kra ygat baH
Every Friday kra ygat l-jam
Now ġilad/ġila/dġik
At this time ġ l-uqtad
Grammatical Points
1-THE PRESENT TENSE.
In TashlHeet, the present tense normally expresses both habitual and
progressive actions.
Habitual actions: I eat couscous everyday.

Progressive action: I am eating couscous every Friday.
It is difficult to set up rules for the formation of the present tense. It is

merely a matter of practice and use. Generally, a verb in the present consists of
“ar” ( ), which is the present indicator, and the imperative continuous as its
stem (see the glossary of verbs page 228). To this construction we add prefixes
and suffixes.
* In Ourzazate region, the present indicator is “da” ( ) instead of “ar”.
To eat išš Infinitive/imperative simple.
Keep eating štta Imperative continuous.

I am eating nkki ar šttaġ
You are eating kyyi/kmmi ar tšttat
He is eating ntta ar ištta
She is eating nttat ar tštta
We are eating nkni ar nštta
You are eating knni ar tšttam

(m, f)
You are eating knninti ar tšttamt

(f, p)
They are ntni ar šttan

eating (m)
They are ntnti ar šttant

eating (f)
Infinitive/imperative simple Imperative continuous
To drink su ssa
To play l b tl ab
To work xdm txdam
To like jb t jab
To go ddu tddu
To have f r tf ar
breakfast
Examples:
Tim speaks TashlHeet well. ar isawal tim tašlнit

mzyan.
Aicha drinks milk every ar tssa iša l-нlib kra

morning. ygat baн.
Malika and her husband malika d urgazns ar

TashlHeet  91
travel to England every tsafarn s n-ngliz kra
year. ygat usggas.
I eat fish. ar šttaġ islman.
2-NEGATION.
To negate the present tense, we use “ura” ( ) before the actual verb.
Examples:
I don‟t speak Arabic. ura sawalġ ta rabt.
She doesn‟t work on ura txdam as n l-Hdd.

Sundays.
Do you play soccer? is ar tl abt takurt?
No, I don‟t play soccer. uhu, ura tl abġ takurt.
Anymore urasul
He doesn‟t smoke anymore. urasul ikmmi.
She doesn‟t travel a lot urasul tsafar bahra.

anymore.
3-USING ONE VERB AFTER ANOTHER.

Sometimes, we use a verb directly after another. This is true in English.
I want to read. He likes to cook.

We forgot to call you. She began to study yesterday.
As the examples show, in English we use the infinitive after a verb (to read, to
cook, to call, to study), But in TashlHeet, as you recall, there isn‟t actually an
infinitive for verbs (see page 70). Instead, we use the imperative with past
prefixes and suffixes proceeded by “ad” ( ). This will serve as equivalent of
the infinitive when we use one verb after another.
I want to go. nkki riġ ad dduġ
You want to Kyyi/kmmi trit a tddut

Notice go.
that t
and n
assimile
the d.
d+t=t
d+n=n
He wants to ntta ira a yddu

go.
She wants nttat tra a tddu

to go.
We want to nkni nra a nddu

go.
You want to knni tram a

go. (m, p) tddum
You want to knninti tramt a

go. (f, p) tddumt
They want ntni ran ad ddun

to go. (m)
They want ntnti rant ad

to go. (f) ddunt
Examples:
I hope to speak TashlHeet ar tmnnaġ ad sawlġ

well. tašlHit mzyan.
He helped him plow the i awn t a ykrz igranns.

fields.
She forgot to bring her tttu a tawi l-ktabns.

book.
Using with other expressions:
The same construction is used after other words and expression. The most
important of these is “baš” ( ). This word is the equivalent of the English “in
order to”.
Examples:
Malika went to the post - a baš

office in order to send a a tazn yat tbrat.
letter.
TashlHeet  93
I went to Agadir to see ddiġ s ugadir baš ad zrġ

my friend. amddaklinu.
4-RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
That, who, which lli
Where is the money that

- lġ?
I lent you?
Where is the girl who manza tafruxt lli iznzan

sells the carpets. tizrbay?
The woman who opened tamġart lli irzmn tiflut,

the door is beautiful. tнla.
The house which I

tigmmi lli sġiġ tmzzi.
bought is small.
What/who ma
I want to see what he has

riġ ad zrġ ma ysġa.
bought.
I heard what you said. sfldġ ma tnnit.
I saw what he stole from her

zriġ ma yukr ġ tgmmins.
house.
She wanted to know who went

tra a tsn ma yfġn
out.
In which lliġ
The house, in which, they

tigmmi lliġ zdġn tmqqur.
live is big.
The glass, in which he

l-kas lliġ iffi atay irka.
poured tea is dirty.
To which llis
The souq, to which he ar it mmar s-suq llis ra

went is always crowded. yddu.
The country, to wich he tamazirt llis ra yddu

will go, is too far. taggug bzzaf.
The one (m) who ġwalli
I know the one who did this. snġ ġwalli iskrn ġayad.
The ones (m) who ġwilli
He saw the ones who left. izra ġwilli ifġn.
The one (f) who xttalli
I know the one you are

snġ xttalli f tsawalt.
talking about.
The ones (f) who xttilli
The ones who ate dinner xttilli iššan imnsi

went to bed. ddant ad gnt.
5-CONJUNCTIONS.
If is
I want to know if he is at riġ ad ssnġ is illa ġ tgmmi

home.
I want to know if you‟ve riġ ad snġ is tġrit l-ktab

read this book. ad.
He asked if he is going isaqsa is ra dids iddu s

with him to the forest. tagant.
*we often complete these sentences by adding “nġd uhu ?” (or not?)
Tell me if you are free or iniyyi is tsalat nġd uhu

not.
TashlHeet  95
That is
I know that she is here. ssnġ is tlla ġid.
He thought that they iġal is ddan s wasif.

went to the river.
*is becomes izd before a noun or a pronoun.
I thought that it was you. ġalġ izd kyyi.
I heard that it was this sfldġ izd tamġartad a

woman who said that. ynnan ġayan.
When/since lliġ
Since you have a lot of lliġ dark l-xdmt bzzaf,

work, why did you go to the max lliġ tddit s
cinema? s-sinima?
I didn‟t see them when ur tn zriġ lliġ ddan.

they left.
When you left this morning lliġ tddit sbaнad,

you forgot your bag. - aknk.
Until aylliġ / arkiġ / ard
*aylliġ (accomplished action)
He hit this man until he yut argazad aylliġ immut.

died.
He waited for him until ar srs itqql aylliġ irmi.

he was tired.
*arkiġ/ard (unaccomplished action)
Leave the clothes in the ajj l-нwayj ġ tafukt arkiġ

sun until they‟re dried. zwan.
I will not sleep until you ur rad gnġ ard twrrit.

come back.
As soon as adukan
As soon as it rains, the r unzar, bdun

farmers begin to plow. ifllaнn ar kkrzn.
As soon as she comes in,

adukan tkšm, trglt tiflut.
lock the door.
In order to afad / baš (ad)
I study TashlHeet in ar aqraġ tašlнit baš ad

order to understand fнmġ middn.
people.
Sleep early in order to gn zik baš ad tnkrt zik.

get up early.
I came to help people. uškiġd afad ad awnġ

middn.
Because ašku
He didn‟t go to school ur iddi s l-mdrasa ašku ur

because he didn‟t wake up inkr zik.
early.
He escaped because he irwl ašku iksud.

was afraid.
But walaynni / walakin
I want to help you but I riġ akm awnġ walaynni ur

can‟t. zdarġ
When/whenever kudnna / agudnna
Whenever I‟m upset I kudnna qllqġ ar allaġ.

cry.
When you eat wash your kudnna tššit, ssird

TashlHeet  97
hands. ifassnk.
When you arrive call her. agudnna tlkmt, skr as

t-tilifun.
Although/even though waxxa / mqqar
Even though it‟s cold, I‟ll mqqar ikrm l-нal, rad

go to the souq. dduġ s s-suq.
Although John is not a waxxa ur igi John

Muslim, he fasts. amuslm, ar ittazum.
Without bla
He talked without sawlnt bla ad fkkrnt.

thinking.
He shaved without water. iнssn bla aman.
Or nġd
Send him a letter or call aznas tabrat nġd skras

him. t-tilifun.
BERBER WISDOM
Wanna yran tammnt i br i tiqqr t n tizzwa

Practice
Exercise 1: describe the following activities in the present tense.

TashlHeet  99
Exercise 2: put the verbs between parentheses in the correct form, then
arrange the sentenses in the correct order.
12. A- (ls l-Hwayjinu).
13. B- (ssird) udminu d uxsaninu, mn

b d (snkr) tarwa.
14. C- nkki (nkr) ġ s-sb a.
15. D- u) nġd (xmml)

tigmmi.
16. E- nkki (xdm) ar l- naš u ns mn

b d (išš) imkli.
17. F- - ur.
18. G- nkni (išš) imnsi kullutnġ.
19. H- nkki ur (gn) ar l-нdaš.
20. I- - ubis ġ t-tmnya

baš (ddu) s l-xdmt.
21. J- tarwa (gn) ġ t-ts ud.

TashlHeet  101
Exercise 3: put the verb in parentheses in the correct form, then answer the
questions.
Pat
dari yan umuš isms Pat. l-b n t-twal
(ddu) s igran (н
ayn ula ibxxuyn. (su) l-нlib, (išš) ġir
s-srdin. Pat (rmi) bahra. (gn) zġ l-fdur
ar imkli. waxxa irmi Pat ({ntta} wnns
{nkki}). (mun) didi aynna s ddiġ. iġ gnġ,
({ntta} l b) s l-ktubinu.
iнla Pat, walaynni ur t нmln wadjarn,
({ntni} ut) ur as akkan walu. yan was ifġ
Pat baš (нwws), (l b) aylliġ irmi. mn
b d, idda s tama n yat tašjrt ign. imik
(aškid) yan urgaz (bbi) tašjrt. ur izri
Pat. yusi aglzim (ut) CHOK... CHOK...
CHOK!!!
Pat ign, (warg), ur issn aylliġ t tut
tašjrt. immut Pat igllin. ({nkki} mdl
{Pat}) ġ tama n ijddign lliġ ar itl ab kra
ygat as. ursar t ttuġ ašku i zza dari
bahra.
Questions:
1. max lliġ ar iggan Pat bzzaf? -1

2. mas a ytl ab Pat? -2
3. is izra Pat argaz? max? -3
4. max lliġ ar itddu Pat s igran? -4
5. ma yštta Pat? -5
6. max lliġ ign Pat ddu tašjrt? -6
Exercise 4: combine the following words into sentenses, using the proper
conjugations of verbs and pronouns.
1-Hayat/ ddu/s l-bos a/ baš/ sġ/ -

lakar n t-tilifun.
2-ntta/ iri/ ddu /s mirikan/ baš/ ġr. -

3-nkki/ aškid/ s l-mġrib/ baš/ awn/ -
middn/ ssn tn/ ula ntni/ ad/ ssn (nkki)/
mzyan.
Exercise 5: answer the following sentenses in the negative form.
1. is ar isawal tim ta rabt mzyan?
2. is ar tssa iša atay kra ygat sbaн?
3. is ar tsafar malika d urgazns s

fransa kra ygat usggas?
4. is ar tšttat sksu?
Exercise 6: fill in the blanks with the appropriate conjunction from the list.
nġd lliġ bla
is walaynni waxxa
arkiġ adukan aylliġ
ašku baš ad
1. ur rad safrġ ___ twrrit.
2. riġ ad duwšġ ___ sunfuġ.
3. ran ad snn ___ tlla kra n l-mdrasa

ġid.
bib.
TashlHeet  103
5. ur isafr ___ ur dars iqar n.
6. is trit atay ___ l-qhwa?
7. ar ištta ___ a yssird ifassn.
8. ___ tqlq, ar iyyi tsflid.
9. nttu ___ isafr s mrrakš.
10. rad zrġ ___ gis llan waman.
11. ___ as sawlġ ar tlla.
12. ran ad umn ___ krmn waman.
Exercise 7: write a paragraph out of this set of pictures.

Bargaining
bargain for basic items.

Describe the colors of items.
Describe differences between items.
Cultural points: General bargaining informations.
In Morocco, bargaining is a part of life. It can sometimes be tiring for

people not used to it, but with some cultural and language skills, it can become
much easier. Some informations about bargaining can also make the process
simpler.
First of all, you need to know what items should be bargained for, and
what items normally have fixed prices, even for Moroccans. This is not always
easy to determine, since the place where you buy some things may determine
whether the price is fixed or not. For example, some items that are sold at
fixed prices in a taнanut (e.g. laundry soap, vegetables, eggs) may be bargained
for in the souq or from a street vendor. Ask your host family or watch other
Moroccans in order to find out. Here are some general guidelines for whether
prices are fixed or not:
Usually Bargained For Seldom Bargained For

 Any article of clothing  Things which are literally bought
 Any household or kitchen every day: mint, parsley, bread,
utensil, appliance, coriander
or furniture  Refill on a butagas
 Rent for a house or apartment  Cigarettes and alcohol
 Taxi fares on unscheduled runs  Meals or beverages in restaurants
 Anything bought in a souk (e.g.  Bus fares between scheduled stops
grains in bulk, animals, rugs,  Taxi fares on regular runs
etc.) Price controlled staple foods:
 Anything bought from a street sugar, oil, tea, flour, milk, butter,
vendor who etc.
has no regular shop  Anything bought in a pharmacy
 Petit taxi fares if the meter Meat and vegetables, if the price
TashlHeet  105
does not work per kilo is posted
 Anything used or second-hand  School supplies
Domestic help and services
(maid, plumber, electrician, etc.
Determine the price before
the work is done.)
It is also good to be aware of some of the standard tactics that are used
between the buyer and the seller in Morocco. If you watch Moroccans, you will
see many of these.
The Buyer‟s Tactics The Seller‟s Tactics

 Not showing too much enthusiasm  Not showing too
for buying much enthusiasm for selling
 Walking away when the seller has  Turning away
named the “lowest” price when the buyer has named the
“highest” price
 Pointing out defects in the  Noting the
merchandise superior quality in the merchandise
 Quoting a lower price for an  Insisting that
identical item in another shop goods in other shops are not of the
same quality
 Claiming not to have enough money  Claiming that in
to meet the seller's “lowest” price selling at the buyer‟s “highest” price
he would be taking a loss
 Complimenting or flattering the  Complimenting or
seller (on his shop, merchandise, flattering the buyer (on his or her
children, friendliness) language ability, friendliness,
expertise in bargaining)
The Buyer‟s Tactics The Seller‟s Tactics

 Acting insulted by the seller‟s price  Acting insulted
by the buyer‟s offer
 Arguing that the difference  Arguing that
between the seller‟s price and the the difference between the buyer‟s
price offered is insignificant; i.e. price and his price is insignificant
the seller should come down to the and the buyer should come up
offered price
 Pulling out one's money as if the  Wrapping up
offered price has been agreed upon the purchase as if the asking price
has been agreed upon
When you are looking to buy an item that you know you will have to bargain for,
there are a few things that you should probably try to avoid. These include:
Showing too much interest in, or too great a need for, a particular item
Carrying large sums of money, carrying expensive, previously-bought
items, looking like a tourist
Having no idea what an item is really worth, or what is a fair price for that
type of item
Being in a hurry
Buying with a guide (he gets a percentage of what you pay).
Always be prepared to pay a price you have named. Do not get too far into
bargaining for something if you do not intend to buy it. If you are not clear on
the currency in which you are bargaining (i.e. ryals), proceed slowly. In the end,
don‟t let a bargaining scenario ruin your day. Most of us go unbothered by the
sometimes huge markups on big-ticket items in America, yet we can be easily
frustrated by a Moroccan merchant who makes an extra dollar or two off of us.
Remember that one‟s peace of mind is worth something, too.
Vocabulary: bargaining expressions
It‟s too expensive iġta/ tġla bzzaf (M, F)
Lower the price. šwiya.
Give me a good price. dl didi t-taman.
I won‟t add even a ryal. urad ak zaydġ нtta ryal.
I won‟t add anything. urad ak zaydġ walu.
It‟s too much for me. iġla flli/flla.
A good price. t-taman i dln.
ma ygan t-taman
What‟s the last price?
amggaru?
How much will I get it

smnšk as rad iyyi t tflt?
for?
That‟s what I have ġayad ad dari!

TashlHeet  107
(money)!
That‟s my last price! ġwad aygan t-tamaninu!

Clothing
Clothes l-Hwayj/ihdumn
Clothing vocabulary:
1-sufi ma 11-fista
2-djin 12-tjaki a
3-srwal 13-pijama
4-qamija n kmm 14-kbbot
5-qamija 15- m a
6-grafat 16-tišurt
7-jili 17-šor
8-kustim 18-šan
9-triko 19-slip
10-triko kul V 20- aya
1. l-kswa 11. sbrdila
2. z-zif 12. l-butyu
3. tajllabit - bbat
4. l-fuqiya - ndala
5. liba 15. l-mššayat
6. sutyanat 16. l-xatm
7. ligat 17. tixursin
8. š-šabbu / - rbuš 18. iqqayn
agiya 19. s-snslt
10. tqašr - l
Clothing expressions:
Give me size ... please. fkiyyi n-nmra... afak.
Try this one on. arm ġwad / xttad.
Do you want another - nin?

color?
I prefer this color. riġ l-lun ad.
It goes well with you. tuškad didk/didm (m, f)

TashlHeet  109
Colors
Colors l-lwan
Colors Masculine singular Feminine singular
White umlil tumlilt
Black asggan tasggant
Green azgzaw tazgzawt
Yellow awraġ tawraġt
Red azggaġ tazggaġt
Blue azrqi tazrqit
Pink awrdi tawrdit
afanidi tafanidit
Brown aqhwi taqhwit
Masculine plural Feminine plural

Colors
White umliln tumlilin
Black isggann tisgganin
Green izgzawn tizgzawin
Yellow iwraġn tiwraġin
Red izggaġn tizggaġin
Blue izrqin tizrqiyin
Pink iwrdin tiwrdiyin
ifanidin tifanidiyin
Brown iqhwin tiqhwiyin

Dialogue:
Dan: s-salamu alaykum.
Ms ud: wa alaykum s-salam.
Dan: is llant kra n tjlluba?
Ms ud: yah llant.
arm xttad. tbark l-lah tuškad

didk nišan.
Dan: - nin?
Ms ud: yah, illa gis azgzaw, umlil d

usggan.
Dan: riġ ad armġ tumlilt afak.
Ms ud: waxxa, hak a sidi.
Dan: mnšk atga xttad?
Ms ud: xttad tga 8000 ryal.
Dan: tġla bzzaf, rad ak fkġ 3000

ryal.
Ms ud: t bzzaf. awit s

7000 ryal.
Dan: uhu, ur tnaqst walu. bslama.
Ms ud: aškid, aškid. fkiyyi 6000 ryal.
Dan: radak fkġ 3500 ryal. iġ ur trit

afi.
Ms ud: ara 3500 ryal. ihnna l-нal.

TashlHeet  111
Grammatical points
1- ADJECTIVES :
In TashlHeet, adjectives are conjugated the same way as verbs. They take the
regular past tense pattern. They can come either before or after the noun they
modify. There are some examples:
The city is big. tamdintad tmqqur
This flour is good. ifulki aggurnad
These clothes are wet. ihdumnad bdign
These cows are ditry. rkant tfunasinad
Adjectives Masculine singular Feminine singular
Pretty iнla tнla
Bad/ugly ixšn txšn
Happy ifrн tfrн
Clean inqqi tnqqi
Dirty irka trka
Late l l
Hard išqqa tšqqa
Lazy irxa trxa
Full i mmr t mmr
Empty ixwa txwa
Tall iġzzif tġzzif
Short igzzul tgzzul
Spicy iнrra tнrra
Crasy inufl tnufl
A lot/much iggut tggut
Rare idrus tdrus

Small/young imzziy tmzziy
Big/old imqqur tmqqur
Soft ilggaġ tlggaġ
Harsh iqqur tqqur
Dry izwa tzwa
Wet r r
Delicious immim tmmim
Good ifulki tfulki
Wide yus a tus a
Narrow/tight iyq iyq
Expensive iġla tġla
Heavy izzay tzzay
Light ifssus tfssus
Old iqdm tqdm
Strong нa нa
Weak f f
Clear fa fa
ibayn tbayn
Hot irġa trġa
Cold ikrm tkrm
Adjectives Masculine plural Feminine plural
Pretty Нlan нlant
Bad/ugly xšnn xšnnt
Happy frнn frнnt
Clean nqqin nqqint
Dirty rkan rkant

TashlHeet  113
Late ln lnt
Hard šqqan šqqant
Lazy rxan rxant
Full mmrn mmrnt
Empty xwan xwant
Tall ġzzifn ġzzifnt
Short gzzuln gzzulnt
Spicy нrran нrrant
Crasy nufln nuflnt
A lot/much ggutn ggutnt
Rare drusn drusnt
Small/young mzziyn mzziynt
Big/old mqqurn mqqurnt
Soft lggaġn lggaġnt
Harsh qqurn qqurnt
Dry zwan zwant
Wet bdign bdignt
Delicious mmimn mmimnt
Good fulkin fulkint
Wide us an us ant
Narrow/tight iyqn iyqnt
Expensive ġlan ġlant
Heavy zzayn zzaynt
Light fssusn fssusnt
Old qdmn qdmnt
Strong нan нant
Weak fn fnt
Clear fan fant
baynn baynt
Hot rġan rġant
Cold krmn krmnt
To negate an adjective, we use “ur”( ). If the adjective normally ends with “a”
( ), it chages sometimes to “i” ( ).
For example:
affirmative negative
iHla ur iHli
Examples:
This year, the river in my asggas ad assif ur izwi ġ

village did not dry. tmazirtinu.
Are there a lot of - awwi in ġ

volunteers in Morocco? l-mġrib?
Exceptions:
Normal TashlHeet adjectives can be conjugated in a way thet the verb “to be”
is implied. (i.e. “Mark ifrH”, Mark is happy). Adjectives borrowed from Arabic,
on the other hand, must have the “to be” verb „g‟ specifically added.
Examples:
It is important. iga muhim
It is obligatory. iga daruri
It is dangerous. iga xa ar
He is optimistic. iga mutafa‟il
He is pessimistic. iga mutaša‟im
Note: the verb “to be”, „g‟ must agree with the subject.
2-COMPARATIVES AND SUPARLATIVE ADJECTIVES.

TashlHeet  115
We use comparative adjectiveswhen we are comparing two objects based upon
some quality or characteristic. For example, in English we can say: I am taller
than John. “taller than” is the comparative form for the adjective “tall”.
In TashlHeet, the comparative form is derived by adding “f” ( ) to the

adjective. For example, “I am taller than John” translates to “ġzzifġ f John”.
Examples:
Tajine is more delicious - ajin immim f sksu.

than couscous.
This house is older than tigmmiyad tqdm f xttad.
this one.
Ifrane is colder than ifran ikrm f warzazat.
Ouarzazate.
Besides “f” ( ), there are three other comparison words that are used
depending on the comparison type. They are conjugated in the past tense just as
pattern 1 verbs (see page 70).
a- “af” * ( ): to be
better than (quality).
b- “ati” ( ): more than
(quantity).
c- “agr” ( ): more than
(size, dimension and age).
1. af* (quality)
Cow milk is better than l-нlib n tfunast yuf l-нlib
powdered milk. n l-ġbra.
Your horse is better
ayyisnk yuf winu.
than mine.
Meat is better than
tifiyyi tuf aġrum.
bread.
My goats are better
tiġatininu ufnt tink.
than yours.
*Not to be confused with the verb “af” ( ) (to find).
2. ati (quantity)
In Jam l-fna, there are
ġ jam l-fna ibrranin utin
more foreigners than
imrrakšin.
people from Marrakech.
He has more sheep than wullins utin winu.
I do.
We have more horses
isanġ utin wins.
than he does.
3. agr (size, dimension, age)

I am older than my nkki ugrġ ultma.
sister.
This frying pan is bigger l-mqlayad tugr xttad.
than this one.
These roads are larger iġarasnad ugrn ġwid.
than these ones.
Comparing Like Objcts :
In order to express that two things/people/etc. are the same size, dimension
and/or age, we use “anšk n” ( ). The same / alike is “zund zund” ( )
or “kif kif” ( ) or “bHal bHal” ( ).
Examples :
My brother is the same gma anšk n ufruxad ġ
age as this boy. l- mr.
This swimming pool is the lappisin ad anšk n ġwan.
same size as that one.
Which is better: a blue Ma yufn: l-qamija tazrqit
or a green shirt? nġd txdrit?
They are the same. zund zund / kif kif.
Superlative adjectives.
The superlative adjective in TashlHeet can be formed by conjugating the
adjective in the third person masculine singular (past tense) and adding “n” () to
the and of the adjective (see participle “n” () page xxx) and inserting “a(d)”
before the adjective.
He is clean. ntta inqqi

He is the cleanest. ntta a ynqqin
She is the most nttat a yHlan
beautiful.
Practice
Exercise 1: write a dialogue for the following pictures.

TashlHeet  117
Exercise 2: read the text and answer the questions.
ġssad, saïda dars t-tsbin iggutn:

- a
n iwis. l-kswa tazggaġt d l-liba tawraġt
n illis. l-ppijama tazrqit d z-zif armadi
ns.
Questions:
1. tin mit tga l-qamija tumlilt?
a n djin?
3. man l-lun tga l-kswan n illis n
saïda?
4. man l-lun tga l-ppijama d z-zif n
saïda?
Exercise 3: describe the following pictures using adjectives.
1. l-kmm ad imzziy
2. l-kmm ad _______
Exercise 4: compare each pair using comparative adjectives.

TashlHeet  119
Driss Hassan
- umubil n Mary - umubil n Mike
tigmmi n Mohamed tigmmi n Judy
š-škla aġrum
Exercise 5: answer the following questions besed upon the drawing.

1-ma yġlan: a il nġd l-banan?

2-ma yrx n: d-dllaH nġd a il?
3-ma yufn: d-dllaH nġd l-banan?
4-ma ymmimn: d-dllaH nġd a il?
5-izd a il ayġlan f l-banab?
6-ma yrx n ġ l-fakitad?
BERBER WISDOM
aynna tkrzt, tmgrt.

English equivalent: As you sow, will you reap.
SHOPPING FOR FOOD

TashlHeet  121
Shop for produce, meats, and spices.
Vocabulary: Fruits and Vegetables
At the green grocer„s dar ux ar
Vegetables l-x rt
1. xizu 11. ibawn
2. š-šiflur 12. l-fjl
3. lquq 13. txsayt
a 14. tiskrt
5. ififl 15. azalim
6. d-dnjal 16. l-barba
7. lxyar 17. tirkmin
8. iša 18. l-mkuwr
9. j-jlbana 19. l-lubya
- 20. taxsayt
Quince s-sfrjl Parsley l-m dnus

Gourd aslawi Mint n-n na
Okra l-mluxiya Absinth š-šiba
Coriander - bur Verbena l-lwiza
dar bu l-fakit
fruits l-fakit
il 9. bu wid
2. l-limun 10. t-tut
3. t-tfaн 11. lavoka
4. l-friz
5. l-brquq 13. d-dllaн
6. l-banan 14. нblmluk
7. l-xux 15. š-šhdiya
8. l-н
Japanese
Pomegranate r-rmman l-mzaн
plums
Apricots l-mšmaš Kiwi l-kiwi
Units of measurement.
Scale l-mizan
Gram gram
Kilogram kilu
¼ kilogram rab a
TashlHeet  123
½ kilogram kilu
¾ kilogram kilu lla rob
2 kilograms juj kilu
expressions:
Give me a kilo of ... fkiyyi kilu n...

Weigh me ... briyyi...
Give me some ... fkiyyi kra n...
More ... please zaydiyyi imik n... afak.
How much is a kilo of ..? mnšk a yskar kilu n...?
What do you need? an?
What else? ni?
I need ... ayyi...
No, that‟s enough. Only uhu, baraka. ġir kilu
1 kilo, that‟s all! safi!
Dialogue:
Shopping l-mq it
Susan: s-salamu alaykum.
wa alikum s-salam.
- rt:
- r a lalla?
Susan: riġ juj kilu n btata, d kilu
n matiša, d ns kilu n
l-barba. xtariyyi kra
yнlan afak... briyyi kilu
u rb n uzalim.
- rt: afi a lalla?
Susan: mnšk ayga t-tffaн?
- rt: aš n drhm.
Susan: waxxa,
...ttuġ, fkiyyi kra
l-qzbur d l-m dnus.
- rt: hak a lalla.
Susan: mnšk a yga l-xirad.
- rt: ts miyya u sttin ryal
a lalla.
Susan: mnšk n d-drahm?
- rt: tmnya u rb in drhm.
Susan: hak a sidi, ak i awn rbbi.
- rt: llay xlf a lalla.
Spices and Meat
Dar u ar
Spices l- triya
Salt tisnt turmeric l-xrqum
Black tififlt
l-bzar hot pepper
pepper iнrran
red hot
Ginger skinjbir tassudanit
pepper
Cumin l-kammun cloves l-qrunfl
Cinnamon l-qrfa basil l-нbaq
Oregano azuknni paprika t-tнmira
Nutmeg l-guza saffron z-z fran
At the butcher‟s Dar ugzzar
Butcher agzzar
Meat tifiyyi
TashlHeet  125
Lamb l-ġnmi
Beef l-bgri
Goat meat l-m zi
Liver tasa
Ground meat l-kfta
Meat w/o
l-hbra
bones
Chicken afullus
Practice
Exercise: you have guests for dinner and you want to serve them tea with cakes,
then a tajine. List the items you need for preparing tea/cakes and a tajine and
write your shopping list. Then write a shopping list for an American dish.
FOOD AND DRINK

Use the correct words and expressions concerning food

and drink.
Express likes and dislikes using ( jb/i zza) (to please).
Express necessity or obligation with (xssa) (to need/to
have to).
Vocabulary: FOOD AND DRINK
l-makla /
Food Fish islman
tirmt
Breakfast - ur Beans l-lubya
Lunch imkli Lentils l- ds
l-нmms /
Dinner imnsi Chick peas
l-нimz
Steamed
pasta with
Tajine - ajin s-sffa
cinnamon and
sugar
Salad šlada Vermicelli š-š riya
French - Moroccan
taнrirt
fries a iqlin soup
Olives z-zitun Soup askkif
Vegetable
Pastilla - ila - ubba
soup
TashlHeet  127
tifiyya /
Meat Rice r-ruz
tifiyyi
afullus /
Chicken Couscous sksu
ašišaw
Pizza l-ppitza
AT THE CAFE
The waiter l-garsun

Black coffee l-qhwa tasggant
Half coffee, half milk
Hot milk l-нlib irġan
Weak coffee l-qhwa ixfifn
Strong coffee l-qhwa iqsнn
Coffee with a little milk qhwa mhrsa
Orange juice l- ir n l-limun
Apple & milk shake l- ir n t-tfaн
Banana & milk shake l- ir n l-banan
Almond & milk shake l- ir n l-luz
Pot of tea l-brrad n watay
Glass of tea l-kas n watay
... with mint ... s n-n na
Not very sweet. -adur izid bzzaf.
-aggis ur yili
s-skkar bzzaf.
Some sugar, please. imik n s-skkar, afak.
A glass of cold water yan l-kas n waman brdnin
AT THE RESTAURANT
The menu l-minu

Please bring me ... afak awiyyid...
Do you have ... ? is darun...?
What do you have? mad darun...?
Is there any food is tlla kra n l-makla bla
without meat? tifiyya?
I want a tajine without
riġ yan t-tajin bla tifiyya.
meat.
What do you have for
mad darun ġ d-disir?
dessert?
We want a table for - bla n (rb a n
(four people). middn).
Outside brra
Inside agns
The bill, please. l-нsab afak.
To your health. ннa.
To your health
l-lay - ннa.
(response).
How do you like the
is tнla l-makla?
food?
I have no complaints. ur dari mad nniġ.
The food is delicious. tirmt fut.
Dialogue:
Chris d Amy ġ r-ristura

l-garsun: mrнba bikum.
Chris: šukran. is tlla kra n t-tbla
n sin middn?
l-garsun: tlla, mani ġ tram a
tggawrm?
Chris: - bla tama n
š-šrjm.
l-garsun: ma tram a tššm?
Amy: ma ddarun?
l-garsun: ha l-minu.
Amy: nkki riġ š-šlada d sksu s
l-ġnmi.
l-garsun: waxxa a lalla. ima kyyi a
sidi?
Chris: nkki ar šttaġ ġir l-xdrt, is
tlla kra n l-makla bla
tifiyya?
TashlHeet  129
l-garsun: yah, tlla l-lubya.
Chris: waxxa. awiyyid š-šlada d
yan t-tbsil n l-lubya.
l-garsun: is tram a tsum kra?
Amy: nkki riġ yat kuka ibrrdn.
Chris: nkki riġ ġir aman afak.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Chris: l-нsab afak.
l-garsun: 70 drhm.
Chris: hak a sidi.
l-garsun: lla yxlf. is kn t jb l-makla?
Amy & tmmim, t jbaġ bzzaf.
Chris:
l-garsun: ннa u r-raнa.
Amy & lla y - ннa.
Chris:
Grammatical points
1- THE REFLEXIVE VERB “TO PLEASE/TO LIKE“

In TashlHeet, it is not common to say literally “I like something“.
Rather, we use the construction: “something pleases me“. In reality, this phrase
would traslate into English “I like something“, but what is important is that you
understand that the “person who likes“ is actually the object of the sentence,
and the “thing liked“ is the subject. At first, iit will seem backward; in fact, it is
(from an English speaker‟s perspective). In time you will use this construction
naturally.
How to conjugate “to please“.
The verb “to please“ is ( jb). It can be tricky to conjugate because, as we said,
the subject of the verb is actually the object that is “liked“. And the object is
the person who “likes“. Thus, if i want to say “he likes them“, i literally need to
say “they please him“. Also, as a result of this, the verb must always agree in
gender and number with the subject, that is the thing “liked.” The verb uses the
past tense, but it may have a present meaning. The conjugation of the verb can
be outlined in the following manner:
Past Tense.
Object
Subject Verb
Pronouns
iyyi
k
km
i jb (m, s)
t
t jb (f, s)
tt
jbn (m, p)
aġ
jbnt (f, p)
kn
knt
tn
tnt
Examples:
It (m, s) pleases me. i jbiyyi

(i.e. I like it.)
I like couscous i jbiyyi sksu
It (f, s) pleases us. t jbaġ
(i.e. We like it.)
We like this story t jbaġ l-qist ad.
They (f, p) please you. jbntk
(i.e. You like them (it
TashlHeet  131
plural).)
You like these pictures. jbntk t-tsawr ad.
Do you like buttermilk? is k i jb uġu?
No, I don‟t. uhu, ur iyyi i jb.
Notice that in questions and negations, the object pronouns (iyyi, k, km …) and
placedbefore the verb.
Present tense.
When jb is conjugated in the present tense, it means that “something was/is

always liked“ it can be conjugated in the following manner:
Present Direct object Subject (the
tense pronouns thing liked) &
indicator the verb
“t jab“
iyyi
k
km
it jab (m, s)
t
tt jb (f, s)
tt
ar t jabn (m, p)
aġ
t jabnt (f, p)
kn
knt
tn
tnt
Examples:
jb with masculine singular subject.

He likes tea. ar t it jab watay
They like tajine. ar tn it - ajin.
I like chocolate. ar iyyi it jab š-šklat.
jb with feminine singular subject.
I like french fries. ar iyyi t a
iqlin.
Do you like soda? is ar k t jab l-munada?
She doesn‟t like pizza. ura tt t jab l-pitza.
jb with masculine plural subject.
Do you (p) like kids? is ar kn t jabn tarwa?
Yes, we like them. yah, ar aġ t jabn.
He likes books. ar t t jabn l-ktub.
jb with feminine plural subject.
I like small goats. ar iyyi t jabnt tiġadin.
Do you (p) like the village is ar kn t jabnt
women? timġarin n udwwar?
We don‟t like them. ura aġ t jabnt.
jb followed by another verb.
When “ jb” is followed by another verb, it is conjugated in the present tense

and always takes the masculine singular form “it jab”. The second verb is in the
infinitive but follows the general pattern of Pattern 1 verbs and is preceded by
“ad” ( ) (see page 70).
Examples:
I like to play soccer. ar iyyi it jab ad l bġ

takurt.
She doesn‟t like to wake ura tt it jab a tnkr zik.
up early.
What do you like to do on ma k it jab at tskrt ġ
the weekend? l-wikand?
We like to listen to -ar aġ it jab a nsfld i
music. l-musiqa.
i zza dar
“i zza dar” does not only mean to like something, but also to love something or
somebody (not romantic love). It is always conjugated in the past with present
meaning. The pronoun referring to the subject is prefixed to “i zza”.
Subject verb Object pronoun
dari
dark
i zza (m, s) darm
t zza (f, s) dars
zzan (m, p) darnġ
zzant (f, p) darun
darunt
darsn
darsnt
Examples:
TashlHeet  133
I like Isabella. t zza dari isabilla.
Do you like popcorn? is darun zzant tirufin?
They like chicken. zzan darsn ifullusn.
To negate “i zza dar“, we use “ur“ + “dar“ + “i zza“, and the final “a“ changes to
“i“.
Examples:
s/he doesn‟t like butter ur dars i zzi aġu.

milk.
They don‟t like karim. ur darsn i zzi karim.
2- THE VERB “TO NEED, TO HAVE TO, MUST,

SHOULD”
The verb a ( ) translates into all of the following in English: “to need” or
“to have to” or “must” or “should.” It is conjugated by adding the object
pronouns (see page 83) to the end of the verb. It is conjugated in the past tense
but has a present meaning:
Subject verb Object pronoun
iyyi
k
km
i a (m, s)
t
t a (f, s)
tt
an (m, p)
aġ
ant (f, p)
kn
knt
tn
tnt
When “ a” is followed by a noun, it only means “to need”.
Examples:
I need yeast. ayyi txmirt.
T need eggs. antiyyi tiglay.
I need medicine. ayyi d-dwa.
Like other reflexive verbs, “ a” can be followed by another verb and it
means “have to”, “must” or “should”.
Examples:
I have to learn tashlHeet ayyi ad t llmġ tašlнit
well. mzyan.
You should be on time. akm a taškt ġ l-uqt.
You have to go. i ak a tddut.
You shouldn‟t drive. ugt.
To negate “ix a”, we use “ur” + object pronoun + subject verb.
Examples :
You shouldn‟t smoke . ur k ixssa a tkmit

You shouldn‟t eat in the ur k ixssa a tššt ġ uzniq ġ
street in Ramadan. rmdan
3- THE VERB “TO WANT, TO LIKE”.

The verb iri translates into the English “to want” and “to like.” When conjugated
in the past tense, the verb expresses “to want,” but with a present tense
meaning (see page 93). When conjugated in the present tense, the verb
expresses “to like,” also with a present tense meaning.
Examples:
I like mint tea. ar ttiriġ atay s

n-n na .
When the verb is used with object pronouns (see page 83) in the present
tense, it means “to love” or “to like” someone.
Examples:
I love you/I like you. ar k ttiriġ.

I love him/I like him. ar t ttiriġ.
I love her/I like her. ar tt ttiriġ.
When this verb is followed by another verb, the second verb is always in
the infinitive form with the prefixes of Pattern 1 verbs.
Examples:
I like to drink coffee in ar ttiriġ ad suġ l-qhwa ġ

the morning. s-sbaн.
He likes to read before ar ittiri a yġr qbl a ygn.
going to bed.
TashlHeet  135
Practice
Exercise 1: make correct sentenses using “ jb“.
km t jb l-ktub nk
is t i jb l-xdmt n ?
tt jbn adwwar nun
t jb a
yah i jb tn
jbn t
Exercise 2: make as many sentenses (affirmative and negative) as you can with
“ jb“ or “i zza dar“ using these pictures.
Suzy
Ahmed
Ronny
&
Nancy
Aicha
Exercise 3: write the expressions that go along with these signs using the verb
a.
Exercise 4: for each meal, write at least three sentenses in which you express
Moroccan food you like or dislike for breakfast, lunch and dinner.
- ur imkli imnsi
1. ar ttiriġ tiglay ġ 1. 1.
TashlHeet  137
- ur.
2. 2. 2.
3. 3. 3.
Exercise 5: answer the following questions in TashlHeet.
- an a tskrt baš a tgt -

mutatawwi / mutatawwi a injнn?
MEDICAL AND BODY

Describe in TashlHeet body parts and common illnesses.
Vocabulary: BODY PARTS

1. udm . awrz
2. imi 16. ar
3.taqsmart 17. tifdnt
18. azzar
5. taġru 19. ignzi
6. idmarn 20. amzzuġ
7. afus 21. l-Hnk
8.tiġmrt 22. tinxar
9. afus
1 24. timiwt
11. iskr 25. uxsan
12. aнlig 26. ils
. am ad 27.axmum
14. afud 28. - aš
29.tamart
HEALTH PROBLEMS.
What‟s wrong with you

mak yaġn?
(m, s)?
What‟s wrong with you
makm yaġn?
(f, s)?
What ails you? nt?
illa gi zkum
I have a cold.
gigi r-rwaH.
I‟m allergic to... tlla gi l-нasasiya.
I have a headache. nġ agayunu.
My ear aches. nġ imzganinu.
I feel dizzy. llant gi timlillay.
I‟m injured. briġ
I‟m burnt. jdrġ
nġ yan uzrg.
I have a toothache.
udnġ ya waxs.
My ... hurts. nġ... / inġayyi...
I‟m vomiting / throwing
ar traraġ.
up.
TashlHeet  139
I need to see a doctor. riġ ad zrġ adbib.
PRACTICE
Exercice 1: read the text and answer the questions.
Dialogue:
Latifa: makm yaġn, yam labas?

Amy: nġ aнliginu.
Latifa: is gim azbbar bzzaf?
Amy: yah, bzzaf!
Latifa: br šwiya, rad am snuġ yan
l-kas n izri. dġya tjjit.
Amy:
a ad suġ l- šub.
Latifa: waxxa, mamnk as ra km
awnġ?
Amy: ut n-nmra yad n hay'at
s-salam baš ad iyyi ġrin.
Latifa: nttat ayzwarn. ay fu rbbi.
Amy: amin.
adam ur iml rbbi l-bas.
Questions:
n Amy?
ifa kra n d-dwa?
3. max lliġ ur tri Amy a tsu l- šub?
4. is tdd bib?
Exercice 2: what might you say if you were the person ineach picture.
TashlHeet  141
SITE VISIT EXPRESSIONS

Here are some useful expressions you may need during your site visit.
My name is ... I am a
isminu ... giġ mutatawwi
volunteer with Peace
ġ hay'at s-salam.
Corps.
I will be working here rad xdmġ ġġid sin
for two years at ... isggasn.
I‟m going to spend two
rad didun gawrġ sin
days with you (to host
ussan.
family).
Where is the youth
maniġ tlla dar š-šabab?
center?
Where is the hospital /
maniġ illa s-sbitar?
delegation?
Where is the health maniġ tlla l-mndubiya n
delegation? - aHt?
What is the name of the
bib mqqurn?
chief doctor?
Where is the agriculture maniġ illa l-mrkz n
office? l-filaнa?
Where is the water and maniġ illa l-mktb n
forest office? l-miyah d l-ġabat?
Where is the “handicraft maniġ illa l-mujmma
center”? - ina a t-tqlidiya
Where is the post
- a?
office?
Please, I want to open a riġ ad rzmġ yat l-bwat
post box. ppustal.
What do I have to do? mad iy an?
How much do I have to mnšk a i
pay? ġ?
Where is the bank,
maniġ tlla l-banka?
please?
I want to open a bank riġ ad rzmġ yan l-нsab ġ
account. l-banka.
Where is the Gendarme/
maniġ llan jandarm?
police station, please?
Give me your phone fkiyyi afak n-nmra n
number, please. (m/f) tilifunnk / tilifunnm.
I want to get a “cart de
riġ lakart d sijur.
sejour.”
Is there a pharmacy
is tlla l-frmasyan ġġid?
here?
Is there a teleboutique
is tlla tilibutik ġġid?
here?
Do you sell cell phone i n
cards? t-tilifun?
Which service is
is illa miditil nġd t-tisalat
available here: Meditel
l-mġrib?
or Maroc Telecom?
Is there cell phone
is illa r-rizu?
reception / coverage?
Is there CTM (the bus
is illa s-satyam?
company)?
What day/time is
man ass ittili l-mrkub?
transportation available?
Is there a cyber café
is illa kra n s-sibir ġġid?
here?
How far is it from here? mnšk as iba d f ġġid?
Which day is the souk? man as illa s-suq?
Is there any association is tlla kra n j-jam iya
here? ġid?
Ask your LCF for any other words or expressions you think you may need for
site visit.
TRAVEL
TashlHeet  143
Talk about future plans.
Identify means of transportation and use appropriate expressions
for travel.
Vocabulary: FUTURE TIME EXPRESSIONS
Tomorrow askka
Day after tomorrow naf askka
Tomorrow morning baн
Tomorrow
askka (ġ) tadggat
afternoon/evening
Next Saturday l-нd ad yuškan
Next week s-simana yad yuškan
Next month ayyur ad yuškan
Next year asggas ad yuškan
Next summer - if ad yuškan
One day / some day yan was / kra n was
After lunch / dinner b d imkli / imnsi
Examples:
Will you go to work is ra tddut s l-xdmt
tomorrow? askka?
No, I‟m not going to go. uhu, urad dduġ.
I‟m going to sleep a rad gnġ imik.
little bit.
Someday, I will speak kra was rad swalġ
tashlHeet well. tašlнit mzyan.
GRAMMATICAL POINTS
FUTURE TENSE.
To form the future tense, take the imperative simple form, add the prefix “rad”
and add the past tense ending of pattern 1verb:
rad + imperative simple (infinitive) + past tense ending
Forming the future tense.

The only future tense pattern is as follows:
nkki rad__ġ nkni *ra n__

kyyi/ *ra knni *ra
kmmi t__t t__m
ntta *ra y_ knninti *ra
t_mt
nttat *ra t_ ntni rad __n
ntnti rad
__nt
* Remember that the “t” assimilate the “d” and the “n”, and in this case, the “i”.
i.e.: d+t=t; d+n=n ; d+i=y
Example:
To travel safr
nkki rad nkni ra nsafr
safrġ
kyyi/ ra knni ra
kmmi tsafrt tsafrm
ntta ra ysafr knninti ra
tsafrmt
nttat ra tsafr ntni rad
safrn
ntnti rad
safrnt
Negation of the future tense.
To form the negative of the future tense, add “u” before the future indicator
“rad”.
Examples:
Will you travel? is ra tsafrt?
No, I will not travel. uhu, urad safrġ.
She is not going to eat
ura tšš islman.
fish.
To express “will never,” we do not use the future tense, but rather ursar
( ) and the past tense.
I will never smoke. ursar kmiġ.
TashlHeet  145
We will never travel at
ursar nsa .
night.
He will never enter my
ursar ikšm s tgmminu.
house.
To express “not yet” when speaking about the future, use urta ( ) with the
future tense.
We will not go to bed
urta ran ngn.
yet.
I will not get married
urta ra tahlġ.
yet.
Aren‟t you traveling yet? is urta ra tsafrt?
Sometimes we use the verb to want “iri” ( ) with another verb or noun to
express the future.
Are you going to the souq
is trit s-suq ġassad?
today?
Where are you going? mani trit?
I‟m going to the cinema riġ ad dduġ s s-sinima
this afternoon. tadggat ad.
TRAVEL
GENERAL TRAVEL INFORMATION.
Public transport in Morocco is both inexpensive and easy to use. Between major
cities, trains are the quickest and most comfortable means of travel, although
they can be crowded at certain times of year. Buses are the cheapest choice and
can vary in terms of speed and comfort.
TRAVELING BETWEEN CITIES.

 CTM: this is the national bus line, very comfortable, on schedule; seats are
reserved and can be purchased in advance in most places. Unaccompanied
baggage can be sent via CTM.
 Souk Buses: in each large town there is a bus station, such as “qamra” in
Rabat. One can buy a ticket one day in advance and fares are set. Sometimes
the ticket is for a reserved seat, other times it is for whatever seat is open
when the bus goes through town. A ticket does not necessarily mean there is
a real seat either. Sometimes there are additional places set-up in the aisle.
You have to bargain for the price you pay for your luggage if this gets
stored on top of the bus. The price depends upon the size of the piece. It is
advisable to carry smaller pieces of luggage you can store in the bus itself.
Souk buses do not always leave or arrive on time. They may stop in the
middle of nowhere. They may also stop in towns along the way looking for
additional passengers.
 Train: there are two classes: first and second. The price of any train car
with air conditioning will be higher. Sometimes there are schedule changes,
but no available printed timetables. Check to be sure that the time you wish
to travel is still accurate. Train tickets can be bought in advance, and this is
the only form of local transportation on which you can buy a round trip
ticket.
 Grand Taxis: this is for travel between large towns and cities. They carry 6
passengers and since the fare is per seat, if you want you can pay for empty
seats so that the taxi leaves earlier. Ask the other passengers in the car
what the regular should be, do not ask the driver first. If you want to take
the entire taxi for yourself, ask for a taxi “korsa”. Baggage does not cost
extra in a taxi.
 Pick-up Truck (kamio): in some areas where no public transportation is
available, people use their personal trucks to carry supplies to their douars,
they also take passengers at a rate they determine themselves.
 Airport Transportation: there are airport buses and trains which run from
Rabat Ville to the Casablanca airport. There are also airport buses which
connect the airport to Casablanca, but from Rabat/Sale airport, there are
only taxis.
TRAVEL WITHIN CITIES.
 Petis Taxis: every city has petit taxis which can carry up to three
passengers. The fare is calculated by meter. When you get in the taxis, ask
that the meter be turned on. If there is no meter, or if it does not work, ask
the price before you begin. Since the taxi can carry 3 passengers, if you are
the only one getting in, he can pick up other passengers. If you are the
second or thirdperson entering the taxi, ask the price for your trip. At night
(usually by 8 p.m) until sunrise, the fare is 50% more than the daytime fare.
TashlHeet  147
 Chariots: in very small villages, the chariots are used to get people to the
weekly souk or to towns on the main road, where larger transportation is
available for fartherdistances.
TRAVEL EXPRESSIONS.
Taxi - aksi
mani ġ tlla l-maнta n
Where is the taxi stand?
t-taksiyat?
Please take me to... awiyyi afak s...
I want to go to this
riġ ad dduġ s ladrisa yad.
address.
Please wait a minute for
qql sri yat dqiqa afak.
me.
How much, please? mnška dari?
Turn on the meter,
ssxdm l-kuntur, afak.
please.
Stop here, please. bdd ġid afak.
Small taxi (petit taxi,
aksi mzzyn
inside city)
Large taxi (grand taxi,
aksi mqqurn
b/w cities)
Is there a seat to ... - t s...?
Yes, there is. iyyah, tlla.
How many seats are
mnšk n l-blays dark?
reserved so far?
Four and you are the rb a, kyyi wis xmsa. (m)
fifth. rb a, kmmi tis xmsa. (f)
I want to pay for 2
riġ ad xlsġ snat l-blays.
seats.
Taxi driver - aksi
Taxi driver š-šifur n t-taksi
Baggage l-bagaj
Trunk l-kufr / l-kuf
City bus - ubis

City bus depot / stop l-maнtta n t-tubisat
Where does bus #... - ubis
stop? nmra...?
- ubis
Does bus #... stop here?
nmra.. ġid?
- ubis
Does this bus go by ... ?
taman...?
Which bus do I need to - ubis rad amzġ iġ
take if I want to go to ..? riġ ad dduġ s...?
Can you stop here? is imkn a tbddt ġid?
Last stop / terminus t-tirminus
Driver š-šifur
Ticket taker r-rusuvur
Bus (between cities) l-kar

Bus station l-maнtta n l-kiran
Which bus is going to...? man l-kar itddun s...?
When does the bus leave
managu itffaġ l-kar s...?
to ... ?
When does the bus
man l-uqt ilkm l-kar s...?
arrive to ...?
I want a ticket to ... riġ yat tawriqt s..?
How much is the ticket
mnšk tawriqt s...?
to ... ?
I want to keep my bag riġ ad flġ s-sakinu ġ
TashlHeet  149
with me. tamanu.
Tell me when we arrive
iġ nlkm...tnit iyyit.
to ...
Driver š-šifur
Driver‟s assistant l-grisun
How long will you stop mnšk n l-uqt ra tbddt
here? ġġid?
Is this seat empty? - t ad?
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: put the verbs in parentheses in the future tense.
Moha: ma (skr) askka?
Chris: (ddu) s yan uduwar taman

wšsif.
Moha: managu (nkr)?
Chris: (nkr) ġ 6:00, (fdr) (fġ).
Moha: ma (skr) ġin?
Chris: (sawl) i middn f kra n

- aнt.
Moha: managu (wrri)?
Chris: (ili) ġ tigmmi qbl tiwtši

inšallah.
Moha: ak i awn rbbi.
Chris: ak i awn rbbi.
Exercise 2: read the dialogue and write down Amy‟s plan for the week (write
down the times using numbers, not words). Then write your own schedule for the
up coming week. What will you be doing each day? At what time?
Dialogue:
Omar: managu ra tddut s l-fišta?
Amy: as n l-tnin ġ s-sb .
Omar: man l-uqt ra tmnaggart

l-ustadnm?
Amy: as n - a ġ j-juj u ns.
Omar: managu ra tl bt t-tinis?
Amy: as n l-xmis ġ r-rb a llarub.
Omar: bib.
Amy: as n s-sbt ġ l-xmsa ql qsm.
Omar: man l-uqt ra yfġ t-tran lliġ

rat tsafrt?
Amy: as n l-Hdd ġ l- šra ql qsmayn. .
Exercise 3: read the following dialogue and answer the questions below.
ma ra tskrt ?
Hind: ma ra tskrt s-simana yad
yuškan?
Dave: riġ ad safrġ s mrrakš.
Hind: mamnk as ra tsafrt?
Dave: t-tran nġd s-satyam (CTM).
Hind: man l-uqt ra tfġt ġ r-rbat?
Dave: rad fġ ġ t-tmnya u ns n

s-sbaн.
Hind: mani ġ ra tgawrt ġ mrrakš?
Dave: ġ lutil.
Hind: ma ra tskrt ġin?

TashlHeet  151
Dave: riġ ad нuwwsġ: rad dduġ s
jam - r l-bdi
Hind: waxxa ak islkm rbbi la xir.
Dave: amin.
Questions:
1. ma ra yskr Dave
2. is ra yddu s fas (Fes)?
3. is ra ysafr ġ l-kar?
4. mani ġ ra yggawr ġ mrrakš?
5. mani ġ illa jam l-fna?
AT THE HOTEL
Look for and use hotel accommodation.

Use conditional sentences to express possible and
impossible conditions.
HOTEL ACCOMODATION;
Hotels are classified into categories from 0 (non-classified) to 5-star

hotels. There is a reduction of 25% on the second day for Moroccans and
foreign residents in Morocco, but only in classified hotels.
Vocabulary and Expressions.
The hotel il
The reception desk larisipsyun
Room l-bit
Is there an inexpensive n
hotel around here? ġġid?
mani ġ illa kra n lutil
Where is a clean hotel?
inqin?
Please take me to a hotel
il, afak.
(to a taxi driver).
A room for one person (a
yat l-bit singl.
single).
A room for two people. yat l-bit dubl
Do you have a room
is darun kra n l-bit?
available?
Is there a shower with
is illa d-duš irġan?
hot water?
What‟s the price for the
mnšk t-taman?
room?
Can I see the room? izd waxxa zriġ l-bit?
Which floor? aj?
Bed n-namusiya
is ikšm l-fdur ġ l-нsab n
Is breakfast included?
l-bit?
I‟ll stay for 2 nights. rad gawrġ snat l-lilat.
TashlHeet  153
Wake me up at ... please. snkriyyi ġ ..., afak.
GRAMMATICAL POINTS
THE CONDITIONAL.
There are two basic types of conditional sentences in TashlHeet depending on
whether the “IF clause” represents a possible condition or a contrary-to-fact/
impossible condition.
1- TYPE I CONDITIONAL: a possible condition in the

present/future.
The word “iġ” ( ) is equivalent to the English “if.” It introduces a possible

condition only. This type of conditional sentence is composed of the simple past
plus the future, or sometimes the simple past plus the imperative. This is used
in the same context as English to express a future probable condition.
Examples:
If the weather is nice iġ iнla l-нal askka,

tomorrow, I‟ll go to the rad dduġ s laplaj.
beach.
If I see him, I‟ll tell (it iġ t zriġ, rad as t nniġ.
to) him.
If you work hard, you‟ll iġ txdmt mzyan,
succeed. ra tnjнt.
If you visit Marlene, say iġ tkkit dar Marlene, sllm
hi to her. fllas.
If you start early, you‟ll iġ tbdit zik, ra tsalat zik.
finish early.
If you want money, work iġ trit iqaridn, xdm
hard. mzyan.
2- TYPE II CONDITIONAL: an impossible condition in

the past present.
The word mtadis* ( ) is used in the second type of conditional. It also is

equivalent to the English “if.” This word introduces two different types of
contrary-to-fact conditionals. The first kind refers to past circumstances
which did not occur. For example, “if we had worked,” which implies that we did
not work. The second refers to present but unreal circumstances. For example,
“if I were rich,” which implies that I am not rich. General context is the
decisive factor in determining whether present or past contrary-to-fact
conditions are referred to.
Examples:
If I had a map, I would - a ikun

lend it to you. fkiġ ak tt.
If he hadn‟t known the mtadis ur isn aġaras
TashlHeet  155
way, he would have been ikun ijla.
lost.
If I had the money, I‟d mra dari l-flus ikun ddiġ
go with you didun.
If it were not for her, mlad urd nttat, mlad
we wouldn‟t have lunch. nqqim bla imkli.
If it hadn‟t been for me, mladis ur gis lliġ, ikun
he would have drowned. iġrq.
*Other words that introduce this type of conditional: mra.. ikun/ mladis..
ikun/ mlad.. mlad
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: read the dialogue and answer the questions below.
Dialogue:
Chad d Christine ġ lutil

Chad d: s-salamu alaykum.
Christine
il: wa alaykum s-salam.
Chad: is tlla kra n l-bit?
il: yah, tlla tin yat n-namusya
mqqurn, tlla tin snat
n-namusyat.
Chad: nra tin yat n-namusya, agis
yili l-нmmam.
il: mrнba.
Chad: mnšk i l-lila?
il: 130 drhm.
Christine: is нman waman?
il: yah a lalla.
Christine: waxxa. fkaġ l-bit.
il: mrrat l-wraq ad.
Chad: hak a sidi.
il: šukran, ha tasarut n l-bit,
160 ġ litaj amzwaru.
Questions:
1. mani s idda Chad d christine?

2. mnnaw n l-byut ad ran?
3. mnšk a yga t-taman n l-bit?
il ad?
an a t skrn baš ad
gawrn ġ lutil?
1. iġ ({ntta} azzl), (lkm) ġ l-uqt.

2. iġ ({kyyi} zr) aнmd (ini) as
ad iyyi iskr t-tilifun.
3. iġ ({kmmi} qllb) s fatima, (af) ġ
l-mktaba.
4. iġ ({ntni} sn) aġaras, (ddu).
Exercise 3: substitute “iġ” with “mtadis/mlad/mra/mladis” and make the

necessary changes.
TashlHeet  157
1. iġ safrġ, rad gawrġ ġ lutil.

- a, awiyyid sin
tnabr.
3. iġ ikmml l-xdmt ġ l-uqt, rad as
n.
- abun.
5. iġ trit l-нlib, aškid zik.
AT THE POST OFFICE

Buy stamps and send letters and parcels.
GENERAL INFORMATIONS
Stamps are available at tobacco stores in addition to the post office. It is best
to mail your letters at the mail slot outside the post office since pick-ups can be
infrequent at other mail boxes. When sending packages out of the country, you
are required to fill out a customs declaration form. Be sure to leave the package
open because an official is required to see the contents before it is sealed.
Vocabulary:
Post office - a Address ladrisa
Envelope jjwa Post card

al
Money
Letter tabrat - a
order
Stamp tanbr Package kulya
Stamps tnabr Normal adi
Registered tabrat Express ikspres
letter rikomandi
Postman l-faktur Customs d-diwana
Post box Tape s-skotš

al
Box (for a unt
Glue aqa
package) - una
Verbs:
To send / azn To close / qqn

seal
To paste q To receive amz
To fill in (a mmr
form)
Dialogue:
ġ l-busta
Judy: riġ sin t-tnabr, afak.
- af: mani s ra taznt tibratin
ad?
Judy: riġ ad aznġ yat rikumandi
s mirikan d yat adi ġir
ġid ġ l-mġrib.
- af: waxxa a lalla, darm 22.50
drhm.
Paul : nkki riġ ad aznġ yat
l-kulya s mirikan.
- af: mliyyi ma gis, afak.
Paul: hak a sidi.
- af: - bu ad, afak.
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
- af: is ra tt taznt adi nġd
TashlHeet  159
ikspris?
Paul: ġir adi afak.
- af: waxxa a sidi, dark 250
drhm.
Paul d Judy: šukran, bslama.
- af: ay awn rbbi.
GRAMMATICAL POINTS
USING PREPOSITIONS WITH PRONOUN ENDINGS AND VERBS
Learning how to use prepositions correctly can sometimes be tricky. First,

the prepositions don‟t always correspond directly to English prepositions. Thus,
at different times in TashlHeet we will use different prepositions for what
would be the same preposition in English. Second, prepositions sometimes chage
in meaning depending upon the verb they are used with. This is true in
English,too.
She spoke on the rights of homeless people. (on means

“on the subject of”).
I put the book on the table.(on means “on top of”).
With these challenges, it may take a while for you to be a master of

TashlHeet prepositions. But with continued use and exposure, they will become
natural for you, just as greetings are now natural for you. In this section, we will
look at two aspects of prepositions: 1- how to connect prepositions with pronoun
endings, and 2- which verbs use certain prepositions.
Some prepositions you have already learned (such as win) simply add the
normal pronoun endings (ex. winu, wink, winm …etc). The following prepositions,
however, change slightly when pronoun endings are added:
With d
On / About f
In ġ
To s
1- The preposition “d‟.

The preposition d ( ) always translates into the English “with”. To add the
pronoun endings:
With d
With me didi
With you (m, s) didk
With you (f, s) didm
With him/her dids
With us didn
With you (m, p) ddun
With you (f, p) didunt
With them (m) didsn
With them (f) didsnt
Some verbs that go with this preposition:
Laugh with a (d) Meet with mnaggar (d)
Play with Argue with
l b (d) mmaġ (d)
Fight with
Accompany Shake
mun (d) sllm (d)
with hands with
Stay with gawr (d) Travel with safr (d)
Examples:
I met (with) Rkiya in the mnaggarġ d rqiya ġ

post office. - a
I met with her. mnaggarġ dids.
I accompanied Fatima
munġ d fatima d нlima s
and Halima to the
l-нmmam.
hammam.
I accompanied (with)
munġ didsnt s l-нmmam.
them to the hammam.
Do you want to stay with is trit ad didnġ tgawrt
us for a while? imik?
I didn‟t talk with them. ur didsn sawlġ.
2- The preposition “f”.
The preposition “f” is used with many verbs and expressions, and as a result it
translates into many English prepositions, including: “on”, “about”, “to”, “at”, and
others.
On (and others) f
On me flli
TashlHeet  161
On you (m, s) fllak
On you (f, s) fllam
On him / her fllas
On us fllaġ
On you (m, p) fllaun
On you (f, p) fllawnt
On them (m, p) fllasn
On them (f, p) fllasnt
Divide among uf Put on srs f

Talk about sawl f Pour on ffi
Lie about skdub f Cross out ut f
Defend daf f Agree on ttafq f
Examples:
I put a cup on the table. srsġ l-kas f t-tbla.

I put a cup on it. srsġ fllas l-kas.
I crossed out the phone
utġ f n-nmra n t-tilifun.
number.
I crossed it out. utġ fllas.
I divided cookies among
iġ fllasn l-kiks.
them.
3- The preposition “ġ“.
The preposition “ġ“ changes into “g” when it is used with a pronoun. In English, it
may mean “in”, “of”, “at”.
In (and others) ġ
In me gigi
In you (m, s) gik
In you (f, s) gim
In him / her gis
In us giġ
In you (m, p) gitun
In you (f, p) gitunt
In them (m, p) gitsn
In them (f, p) gitsnt
Take care of thllu (ġ) Cook in snu (ġ)
Watch in tfrrj (ġ) Trust g t-tqa (ġ)
Travel in safr (ġ) Look at smaqql (ġ)
Examples:
They looked at us. smqqaln giġ.

They swam in a swimming umn ġ lappisin.
pool.
They swam in it. umn gis.
I watched the movies. tfrrjġ ġ l-aflam.
I watched them. tfrrjġ gitsn .
I wash my clothes in the bbanġ ihduminu ġ
river. wassif.
I wash my clothes in it. ar gis t bbanġ.
4- The preposition “s“.
The preposition “s“ does not only have the meaning of “to” (direction), but it also
has the other meanings: “with (using)”, “into”, “for” when used with pronouns.
To (and others) s
To me sri
To you (m, s) srk
To you (f, s) srm
To him / her srs
To us srnġ
To you (m, p) srun
To you (f, p) srunt
To them (m, p) srsn
To them (f, p) srsnt
Someverbs that go with this preposition:
Wait (for) qql s Wash (using) ssird s

Plough (using) krz s Warm (using) ssrġ s
Translate (into) trjm s Close (using) rgl s
Examples:
She washed with Tide. tssird ihdumns s t-tid.

She washed with (using) tssird srs ihdumns.
it.
They are waiting for ar srs ttqln.
her/him.
TashlHeet  163
I locked the door with a rglġ tiflut s tsarut.
key.
I lock the door with rglġ srs tiflut.
(using) it.
PRACTICE
Exercise 1: replace the underlined words using prepositions with pronoun

endings.
1-ar bdda ittl ab d imddukalns. -

2- munġ d Khadija s l-marši. -
3- kšmn s tgmmi sllmn f irgazn gawrn -
ar sawaln f l-mašakilnsn.
4- i um ġ l-bHr. -
5- tsnua imkli ġ l-gamila mqqurn. -
6- ntni ura tsafarn ġ l-kar. -
7- ar tqql s tmddakltns aylliġ trmi. -
8- trgl tigmmins s tsarut. -
Exercise 2: make as many sentences as you can using the following words. You
may need to add some of your own words.
tdda tra sġ lman a

tddit trit l-kulia
s
ddant ašku rant azn mirikan
l-bo a
ndda nra amz

ppu al
idda ira
ddiġ riġ tnabr
DESCRIBING THE PEACE CORPS MISSION

Talk about the three goals of Peace Corps.

Describe your job in Morocco.
PEACE CORPS.
ma ygan hay'at s-salam?
- -
- awwi in s kra
n tmizar:
1. baš ad awn middn.
2. baš imirikanin ad fhmn mzyan
middn n tmizar ad ddun sawln fllasn ġ
mirikan.
3. ula middn n timzarad ad ssn mad
gan imirikanin.
Vocabulary and Expressions
Organization l-mun ama

TashlHeet  165
Countries timizar
Peoples middn
The three goals of Peace Corps
1. To help people of interested counties

and areas in meeting their needs for
trained men and women ;
2. To help promote a better understanding
of the American people on the part of
the peoples served;
3. To help promote a better understanding
of other peoples on the part of the
American people.
ENVIRONMENT SECTOR
isminu Laura, ar txdamġ d l-brnamj n
l-bi'a n hay'at s-salam. l-muhimmanu
tga ad zrġ mamnk as a t
- abi a. ar ttiniġ i middn d t-turis
lli d ittaškan s l-park adur tluнn z-zbl
ġ kra ygat mani, нafdn f l-bi'a. ar asn
ttiniġ adur tbbin šjari baš ad нafdn
tagant. ar didasn tqllabġ s kra n
t-turuq yadnin baš ad snwan bla ad
st maln bzzaf n ikššudn. ar skarġ kra
n l-mašari d l-jm iyat f mamnk
ntнafad f l-bi'a.
Vocabulary and Expressions:
Environment l-bi‟a Forest tagant
Program l-brnamj Ways - uruq
To deal Firewood
t aml (d) ikššudn
(with)
Nature - abi a To cut bbi

Trash z-zbl To use st ml
To protect нafd f Trees šjari
HEALTH SECTOR
Dialogue:
TashlHeet  167
Khadija: s-salamu alaykum.
Kim: wa alaykum s-salam.
Khadija: zriġkm idgam ġ s-sbitar, is
tgit tafrmlit?
Kim: uhu, nkki ur giġ tafrmlit ur
giġ tadbibt.
Khadija: ma ygan l-xdmtnm?
Kim: ar sawalġ i middn f
s-saн - aнt n
tarwansn.
Khadija: is asn takkat d-dwa?
Kim: ura akkaġ d-dwa ula ar kkatġ
tisgnit. ar ttiniġ i middn ma
tn ixssan ad skrn baš ad ur
tmridn ntni wala tarwansn.
ar asn sawalġ bzzaf f d-dwa
n wanu d win uнlig, d bit
l-ma.
Khadija: mzyan, ima tamddakltnnm ma
tskar?
Kim: ar ttini i tmġarin ad ašknt s
s-sbitar iġ ar ttarunt baš a
tnt izr udbib. ar asnt ttini
ad awint tarwansnt ad jlbn.
ar asnt tsawal f ma rad
skrnt baš a bdda ur ttarunt.
Khadija: mzyan, trabk l-lah fllawnt.
Kim: l-lah ibark fik.
Health The (water)

- aнt anu
well
Health To immunize
- ar jlb
clinic
Nurse afrmli To give birth aru

tafrmlit
m, f)
Doctor bib Pregnant

ar ttaru
(m, f) bibt
To be sick The shot tisgint
Medicines d-dwa Well anu
SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT

Dialogue:
TashlHeet  169
Scott: s-salamu alaykum.
l-m llm: wa alaykum s-salam.
Scott: samнiyyi ad ak qddmġ ixfinu.
l-m llm: l a sidi.
Scott: isminu Scott nkki giġ
mutatawwi d hay'at
s-salam uškiġd baš ad awnġ
l-muqawalat timzyanin.
l-m llm: mamnk s ra tnt t awnt?
Scott: ġ bzzaf n tġawsiwin, zund
l-нisabat d l-išhar d mamnk
as rad tsuwwaqn s-sli
vizit i l-muqawla nfkas yat

smiyt nskr l-išhar i s-sli tns
ġ l-intirnit.
l-m llm: ifulki ġayad, walaynni ma ra
tstafd l-muqawala yad?
Scott: ra tstafd ašku ra tznz
s-sli t ns ġ l-mġrib ula
l-xarij.
l-m llm: mzyan, ak i awn rbbi.
Scott: nkki ula kiyyi.
Enterprise/firm l-muqawala Products l-mntuj
Accountancy l-Hisabat Merchandise s-sli t
Advertisement l-„išhar Abroad l-xarij
To advertise skr l-„išhar
RENTING A HOUSE
Speak about renting a house.
Vocabulary: FINDING A HOUSE

Building/block
imara
of flats
Apartment ma
House tigmmi
iskufal /
Stairs
d-druj
Elevator sansur
Balcony balkun
Rental agent
ar Shower d-duš
(in cities)
Living room rit Kitchen l-kuzina
Bedroom bit n-n as Neighbor adjar

-
Bathroom Neighbors adjarn
Courtyard asarag Roof azur

riy/
Guestroom
l-bit n Bath l-нmmam
- yaf
Expressions:
I‟m looking for a house to ar siggilġ s yat tigmmi n

rent. l-kra.
Can you show it to me? mliyyit afak.
Where is it located? maniġ tlla?
Give me directions to it. n tiyyi maniġ tlla.
Can I see it? riġ as tt zrġ afak.
How many rooms does it
mnšk n l-byut gis?
have?
Is the roof for common
is itawšrak azur?
use?
Dialogue:
TashlHeet  171
Brian: s-salamu alaykum
l-нaj: wa alaykum s-salam
Brian: is tlla kra n tgmmi n l-kra?
l-нaj: is trit kra n tgmmi imzzyn
nġd a tmqqur?
Brian:
rit d bit n-n as d
d-duš d l-kuzina, ar sis
tkššm tafukt.
l-нaj: tlla yat, walaynni t-tamanns
25.000 ryal.
Brian: uhu, bzzaf flli, ašku giġ ġir
uнdiyyi. ur z arġ ad xl ġ
t-taman ad.
l-нaj: mnšk a trit a txlst?
Brian: 15.000 ryal.
l-нaj: iwa, s-sa t ad ur tlli kra n
tgmmi s t-taman ad. wrrid
dari t nin, iġ ufiġ
kra rak lmġ.
Brian: waxxa a sidi, l-lah yrнm
l-waldin.
l-нaj: waldina u waldik.
Vocabulary: FURNISHING A HOUSE
House furniture:
Radio/tape
Table - bla l-musjjala
recorder
Chair l-kursi Television t-tlfaza
Bed Electric
n-namusiya l-priz
outlet
Pillow l-mxdda/l-usada Light bulb l-bola
Electric -
Floor mat agrtil
cord - u
Rug tazrbit Candle tašm t
Carpet - Iron - luн
Blanket - a/l-kašša Key/switch tasarut
Curtain l-xamiya Broom tašttabt
Sheet lizar Squeegee l-krrata
Moroccan Water
l-punj š-šufu
sofa heater
Couch s-sdari Heater š-šufaj
Kitchenware:
l-m ilqa/
Refrigerator tllaja Spoon
taġnjawt
Oven afrran Knife l-mus
Blender muliniks Fork l-fršita
Saucepan l-gamila Glass l-kas
Cooking pot - awa Teapot l-brrad
Plate - bsil Coffe pot lbriq

l-mjmr /
Brazier Tray iniya
takat
Grill š-šuwaya Bowl tajbbanit
Strainer - ffaya Kettle l-mqraj
Pressure Pitcher
l-kukut aġrraf
cooker
Sifter Couscous
tallunt tasksut
pot
Frying pan l-mqla Ladle aġnja
Faucet r-rubini
TashlHeet  173
Practice
Exercise 1: put the household items in the correct “room”.
agaz
kursi
l-kuzina
namusiya
bla
abun l-gamila
m lqa
mus
bit n-n as
l-gamila
ktab
aman
- u
bsil bit l-ma
l-mxdda
robini
Exercise 2: describe in TashlHeet the house you want to rent.
SAFETY AND SECURITY

Objective: by the end of this chapter,you will be able to:
List some safety and

security problems you may face during your service.
Describe some strategies
for dealing with these issues.
Use TashlHeet to implement
these strategies.
1- SEXUAL
HARASSMENT
Vocabulary:
To follow
Gazelle* l-ġzala tab
someone
The beautiful* z-zwina To get in
naqqr
someone‟s way
The beauty* z-zin To harass ngg
A strawberry t-tuta
TashlHeet  175
(girl)*
*These words are used by men to harass women.
Expressions:
Sexual harassment taнrruš jinsi
He followed me itab iyyi.
What do you want? ma trit?
Go away. zayd s šġalnk.
Get away (far) from me. fkiyyi s t-tisa .
Let go of me. rzmiyyi
Don‟t touch me. awr iyyi tslit.
Don‟t follow me again. awr sur iyyi tab t.
Go or you will regret it. zayd nġd ra tndmt.
I will tell the police. ra tiniġ i l-bulis.
I will call the gendarme. ra tiniġ i jadarmya.
Respect yourself. нtarm ixfnk.
He doesn‟t want to get

ur iri ad iyyi ifk s t-tisa .
away (far) from me.
I told you: get away (far)

nniġ ak fkiyyi s t-tisa .
from me.
Text-TashlHeet
Text-Transcription
Jen tfġd ġ dar š-šbab

- - umubil ibid ġ taman l-bab n
dar š-šbab. mlliġ tra Jen a tzri innyas urgazan: "ġli a z-zin akm slkmġ", tnnayas
Jen: "zayd s šġlnk, is trit kra n yan a ytab ultmak?" tdda Jen itab
- umubil, tbbi djin aġaras s ljiht yadnin, tuddr iyugayyuns, tkmml aġarasns. wis
sin wssan, i -
- umubil: "iġ sul iyyi tab t rad diklariġ dar l-bulis." i awd itab
- - -
- - umubil, ġrn i Jen. idalb urgazan i Jen ad as tsamн, iltazm baš a sul
as ur it nin.
Questions :
1. mani tkka Jen?

2. mani - umubil?
- umubil i Jen?
- umubil?
5. ma tskr Jen lliġ tt itab bu
- nin?
- umubil lliġ t umzn
l-bulis?
Text-English translation
Jen coming out of the youth center

When Jen was coming out of the youth center, there was a man in his car
by the side of the road. As she passed by him, he told her: “Get in gazelle, I
will take you home.” Jen said: “Go away. Is it okay with you if someone
harasses your sister?” Jen kept walking and the man was following her with
his car. She crossed the road, ignoring him, and continued on her way. The
next day, the same thing happened with that man. The following day Jen told
the man: “If you follow me again I will tell the police.” In fact, he did follow
her again and so she went to the police station. She told them what happened
and gave them the license plate number. The police arrested the man and
called Jen. The man apologized to Jen and promised not to get in her way
again.
TashlHeet  177
2- AT THE TAXI
STAND.
Vocabulary:
Seat - t Windshield j-jaj
Tire - a Cracked istġ
Smooth To be
twamsaн k
afraid
To happen aq /jru
Expressions:
Drive slowly please. ug ġir s lнil, afak.
Dialogue:
ġ l-maнtta n t-taksiyat
l-kurti: -
- a.
Stephen: nkki riġ tata.
l-kurti: ġli.
Stephen: bllati, ad zrġ t-taksi b da.
ur riġ a dduġ ġ t-taksi yad.
l-kurti: max?
Stephen: - kullu twamsaнnt, d
j-jaj lgddam istġ.
l-kurti: ġir ġli, ur tksut, ur ra yuqq
walu.
Stephen: -
nin, afak.
l-kurti: ak a tqqlt imik.
Stephen: l-uqt maši muškil. rad qqlġ.
Questions :
1. maniġ illa Stephen?

2. mani yra?
3. max lliġ ur iddi ġ t-taksi lli yzra?
alb i l-kurti?
English translation
At the taxi stand:
l-kurti: A seat to Tata, a seat to Tata.
Stephen: I am going to Tata.
l-kurti: Get in.
Stephen: Wait. Let me see the taxi first… I don‟t want to go in this taxi.
l-kurti: Why?
Stephen: The tires are smooth and the wildshield is cracked.
l-kurti: Come on, don‟t worry. Nothing is going to happen.
Stephen: Find me a good taxi, please.
l-kurti: You will have to wait a little bit.
Stephen: Time is not a problem. I‟ll wait.
3- AT WORK.
Vocabulary:
To lock to
To bring in škšm qqn d
(something)
To take out ssufġ A lock l-qfl
To steal akr To be stolen ityakar
Dialogue:
ġ l-xdmt
lomolog: s-salamu alaykum. zik
ġassad.
Oliver: wa alaykum s-salam. šwiya.
TashlHeet  179
lomolog: ma yad tskrt? max lliġ d
tskšmt l-bišklit s l-biru?
Oliver: ira a ytyakar iġ tin flġ ġ brra.
lomolog: - tn
l-bišklitat.
Oliver: yah, walakin ma rad skrġ?
lomolog: gas l-qfl i l-bišklit, tqqnt d
l-bab n brra.
Oliver: l-fikra ifulkin aynna, ur gis
fkkrġ.
lomolog: is dark illa l-qfl?
Oliver: yah illa dari, rad fġ ġilad a
tin qqnġ d l-bab n brra.
lomolog: qqn a taft ma trzmt.
Oliver: l-lah yrнm l-waldin.
lomolog: waldina u waldik.
Questions:
1. max lliġ iskšm Oliver l-bišklit s

l-biru?
2. ma ynna lomolog i Oliver?
3. ma yskr Oliver?
English translation
At work.
Counterpart: Peace be upon you. You came in early today.
Oliver: Peace be upon you too. A little bit.
Counterpart: What‟s this? Why did you bring your bike into the office?
Oliver: Oh. It will be stolen if I leave it outside.
Counterpart: But this is not the place for bikes.
Oliver: Yes, but what should I do?
Counterpart: Use a lock with the bike, and lock it to the gate.
Oliver: Good idea. I didn‟t think about that.
Counterpart: Do you have a lock?

Oliver: Yes, I have one. I‟ll take it outside now and lock it to the gate.
Counterpart: Lock now what you will find later.
Oliver: God bless your parents.
Counterpart: Our parents and your parents.
4- FORGETTING A
WALLET IN A TAXI/ FILLING A REPORT.
Vocabulary.
Police l-bulis To lose jlu
Police l-kumisariya To forget ttu

station
Wallet l-bz am To save tq

someone
Expressions:
Help me. awniyyi
I lost my passport. jliġ l-ppaspurinu.
I forgot my wallet in … ttuġ l-bztaminu ġ...
Where‟s the police

maniġ tlla l-kumisariya?
station?
Help me!
(use only in extreme tqu r-ruн!
danger)
Dialogue:
TashlHeet  181
Brian: s-salamu alaykum.
abulisi: wa alaykum s-salam.
Brian: samнiyyi, ttuġ l-bztaminu ġ
yat t-taksi.
abulisi: waxxa, ma ysmnk?
Brian: isminu brayan.
abulisi: ma yllan ġ l-bztam?
Brian: -
viza d 500 drhm.
abulisi: is t - - aksi?
Brian: 52.
abulisi: -
- l mn
b d.
Brian: šukran.
abulisi: lla šukran ala wajib.
Questions:
1. manis idda brayan?

- am?
English translation
Brian: Peace be upon you.
Police: Peace be upon you too.
Brian: Excuse me, I forgot my wallet in a taxi.
Police: Okay, what‟s your name?
Brian: My name is Brian …
Police: What was in the wallet?
Brian: My passport, a Visa card, and 500 dirhams.
Police: Do you remember the taxi‟s number?
Brian: 52.
Police: Okay, leave me your phone number, we‟ll call you later.
Brian: Thanks.
Police: It‟s my duty.
5-BUTAGAZ
Vocabulary:
Butane gas Metal regulator

tank - a between gas l-magana
tank and hose
Gas l-gaz To test jrrb

CO detector d-ditiktur To close tank qqn
Battery l-нjra To open (tank) rzm
Gasket To turn on
-
(rubber ssxdm
- a To make work
ring)
Torn ibbi / tbbi To change bddl
Hose t-tiyu To tighten ziyyr
Odor/smell u To smell u
Ring l-xatm
Expressions:
There is a gas smell. - a.
Turn on the detector. ssxdm d-ditiktur
Test the butagas tank -

with water and soap. - abun.
- - a iġ
Change the rubber ring
tbbi.
TashlHeet  183
if it‟s torn.
Dialogue:
Hind dar Jessica

Hind: ahlan manik tgit?
Jessica: labas, l-нamdullah, mrнba

bikm.
Hind: a srm irннb l-xir, kdiġ adu n
l-buta.
Jessica: iġ walu, dari d-dittiktur
n l-gaz, walaynni ur gis
l-нjrat.
Hind: akm a t sxdmt, ġayad ur
gis l-mzaн, bllati a nzr j-jlda
n l-buta b da.
Jessica: waxxa.
Hind: - -
- abun.
Jessica: waxxa, llay rнm l-waldin.
Hind: waldina u waldik.
Questions:
1. max lliġ ur tsxdm Jessica

d-dittiktur n l-gaz?
2. ma ygan l-muškil ġ l-buta n
Jessica?
an Hind d Jessica a
tskrnt?
English translation:
Hind: Hello, how are you?

Jessica: Fine, thanks be to God. Welcome.
Hind: Thanks. I smell gas.
Jessica: I don‟t smell it. I have a gas detector but it run out of batteries.
Hind: You should always have it on. This is no game. Let‟s look at the rubber
gasket ring first.
Jessica: Okey.
Hind: You see, the rubber ring is torn. This is dangerous. We have to change
it, then test it with water and soap.
Jessica: Okey, may God bless your parents.
Hind: Our parents and yours.
6-HASH.
Vocabulary:
Hashish l-нšiš To use st ml
Kalitti
Quality -Sticking to q
ng a
-Bothering
To smoke kmi brzt
someone
Dialogue:
Aziz: aškid, is ar tqllabt s l-нšiš?
Andy: uhu, zayd s šġalnk, nkki ura

st malġ l-Hšiš.
Aziz: aškid, dari yat l-kalitti ur a
tduwwar.
Andy: nniġ ak fkiyyi s t-tisa . nkki
ur a kmmiġ.
TashlHeet  185
Aziz: ra didk skrġ yan t-taman
iнlan.
Andy: šuf a ssi, iġ iyyi sul tlsqt ra
tiniġ i l-bulis, nkki ur a
kmmiġ.
Aziz: - afi ak i awn rbbi.
Question:
1. mad imnaqqar Andy?

2. ma gis ira Aziz?
3. is isġa Andy l-нšiš?
4. max lliġ iksud Aziz?
English translation
Aziz: Come here, are you looking for hash?
Andy: No. go away. I don‟t use it.
Aziz: Come on. It‟s good stuff.
Andy: I said go away. I don‟t smoke.
Aziz: Look, I‟ll give you a good price.
Andy: You look; if you keep bothering me I‟ll callthe police.
Aziz: Police! Okey, may God help you.
7-THEFT.
Vocabulary:
amxxar
Thief (f) tamxxart Thief (m)
sli
Danger - ar To touch
Medical samнiyyi
šahada To forgive
certificate/ tibbiya /
report srtafika
Make a diklari He attacked it dda flli
statement/
fill a report me
fiyyi
Summons l-istid a' He snatched
my …
Witness š-šahd He slapped me imrrqiyyi
yutiyyi
Testimony š-šahada He hit me
issufs gigi
Police l-bulis He spit on me
yumziyyi ġ.
Police l-inspiktur He grabbed
inspector me from
isbaiyyi
Police car - He cursed me
yukriyyi
Report r-rappur He stole my …
Law l-qanun He insulted i ayriyyi

me
ġr i
Human нuquq To call (the
(l-bulis)
rights l-'insan police)
l-mнkama
Lawyer l-muнami Court
Expressions:
Where‟s the closest maniġ tlla kra n

police gendarme station, l-kumisariya / l-brigad n
please? j-jundarm iqrbn, afak?
I want to make a
riġ ad blġġ f yan urgaz ar
statement about a sexual
flli itbssal.
harassment (incident).
What police station man l-kumisariya s rad

should I go to? dduġ?
Take me to the closest awiyyi s kra n

police station, please. l-kumisariya iqrbn, afak.
Pay attention. kun la bal.
Come with me to the yallah a nddu s dar l-bulis

TashlHeet  187
police.
Dialogue:
John: s-salamu alaykum.
abulisi: wa alaykum -
an?
- ak.
John:
abulisi: waxxa, fkiyyi l-ppaspurnk.
John: dari ġir lakar d sijur, hak.
abulisi: maši muškil, man l-uqt ak idda

s-sak?
John: ġ 3:00 n tdggat.
abulisi:
- ak?
John: iġzzif, ilsa djin d yan tišurt

azggaġ.
abulisi: ma gis illan ġ s-sak?
- - a d yan
John:
l-ktab d yat l-musjjala
(walkman) d 200 drhm.
abulisi: waxxa, a sidi. ra nskr yan

l-bнt mn b l.
afi, ġir ad dduġ?
John:
abulisi: uhu, šuwr ar tawit yat n-nsxa

n r-rappur.
John: waxxa šukran.
abulisi: l mn b d. kun
nin.
English translation
John: Peace be upon you.
Police officer: Peace be upon you, too. Can I help you?

John: My bag was stolen.
Police officer: Okey, your passport please.
John: I have only my “carte de sejour”. Here you are.
Police officer: That‟s okey. When was it stolen?
John: At 3:00 in the afternoon.
Police officer: Can you describe the thief?
John: He was tall and was wearing jeans and a red T-shirt.
Police officer: What did you have in the bag?
John: A cell phone, a towel, a book, a walkman, and 200 dirhams.
Police officer: Okey, sir, we‟ll do our investigation and we‟ll get in touch with
you later.
John: That‟s it? Can I leave?
Police officer: Wait a minute, you‟ve got to take a photocopy of the report.
John: Okey, thanks.
Police officer: Here you are. We‟ll get in touch with you. Be careful in the
future.
8-HOUSE SECURITY/ DOORS AND WINDOWS.

Vocabulary:
Lock l-qfl Sliding metal z-zkrum

bolt for
locking doors
Welder s-sudur Iron bars l-barrat n

l-Hdid
Latch/bolt s-saqta Hardware d-drogri

store
Dialogue:
TashlHeet  189
Jamal: s-salamu alaykum.
Carlos: wa alaykum s-salam. mrнba

bik.
Jamal: ma tskart ġ tgmmi?
Carlos: walu, ġir ggiwrġ.
Jamal: yallah a nfġ.
Carlos: waxxa.
Jamal: -
н - a baš a
tqqnt ġ ugns.
Carlos: mani ġ ra tn sġġ?
Jamal: ġ d-drugri. ula s-srjm ad

xssant l-barrat n l-нdid baš a
thnnat. yallah a nddu s dar
- awb š-šrjm ad
b ak ġir a tamzt
l- barns.
Carlos: waxxa, llay rнm l-waldin.
Questions:
1. ma yskar Carlos?
2. ma ygan l-muškil ns?
an a t iskr?
4. maniġ ira ad isġ l-qfl d s-saqta?
5. maniġ ira a ysawb l-barrat?
English translation
Jamal: Peace be upon you.
Carlos: Peace be upon you, too. Welcome.
Jamal: What are you doing at home?
Carlos: Nothing, jist sitting around.
Jamal: Let‟s go out.
Carlos: Okey.
Jamal: What isthis? This lock is not strong. You need a strong one. You also
need a sliding metal bolt in order to lock the door from the inside.
Carlos: Good idea. Where can I get these from?
Jamal: From the hardware store. Alsothis window needs iron bars for you to
feel safe. Let‟s go to the welder‟s to fix this window now. You need to
measure it.
Carlos: Okey, may God bless your parents.
9-POLITICAL HARASSMENT.
Vocabulary:
To end sbd / нbs Population š-š b
War l-нrb People
Citizen in Against udd
Normal adi To kill nġ
Freedom l-нuriya Subject u
Democracy - iya
Dialogue:
iggiwr Ben ġ l-qhwa ar yaqra

"Newsweek", ilin middn ar tfrrajn ġ
"Al Jazeera." yan urgaz innayas i
Ben:
in: sawl d Bush a yнbs l-нrb
ad.
Ben: nkki giġ ġir muwatin adi ġ
mirikan, uškiġd s l-m rib
baš ad awnġ middn, ġayad
TashlHeet  191
ad snġ.
in: walaynni ar ttinim darun
l-нurriya d d-dimuqratiya.
Ben: нa, walaynni
nkki ġir yan ġ š-š b ad giġ.
in: kulukun zund zund, ar
ttirim l-нrb ġ mirikan. ktr
mn 50 n middn ttafqn d
l-нrb. ula kiyyi tgit gisn.
Ben: uhu, nkki giġ ġ 50% lli ur
irin l-нrb.
in: mamnk s ra nssn?
Ben: mamnk s rak qn ġ?
in: ur snġ, walaynni mirikan ur
sul tnqqa ibadllah.
Ben: ttafqġ didk.
tqamad yat rbi
- u ad ar smuqquln ġ Ben.
inkr Ben ixlls l-qhwa iddu bнalt.
Questions:
1. maniġ illa Ben?

2. ma yskar?
3. mad skarn middn?
4. ma yskar Ben ġ l-mġrib?
idd l-нrb?
6. ma yskr Ben lliġ ar sawaln middn
f l-нrb?
English translation
Ben was sitting in the café reading “Newsweek”. Some people there were
watching “Aj-jazira”. One of the men at the café said to ben:
Moroccan: Talk to Bush about stopping this war.

citizen
Ben: I‟m just a normal citizen from America. My job is to help people in
Morocco. That‟s all I know.
Moroccan: But in America you say you have freedom and democracy.
citizen
Ben: That‟s true, but I‟m just a normal American.
Moroccan: You are all the same. You all like war. In America more than 50% of
citizen the people are for the war.
Ben: No, I am with the other Americans against the war.
Moroccan: How are we going to know?

citizen
Ben: How can convince you?
Moroccan: I don‟t know but America must stop killing people.

citizen
Ben: I agree.
A group of people in the café kept talking about the subject of the war. They
were looking at Ben. Ben paid for his coffee and left.
BERBER WISDOM
iġ gguten l-m llmin ar itfraġ uġrab.

Too many masons spoil the wall.
English equivalent: Too many cooks spoil the broth.

TashlHeet  193
APPENDICES
PRONUNCIATION OF TASHLHEET
Despite what you may think at first, it is indeed possible for you to learn how to
pronounce the sounds of tashlheet. Learning to pronounce tashlHeet sounds
correctly entails two things: first, becoming aware of how to make the different
sounds and, second, practicing with a native speaker. This chapter will help you
with the first task.
UNDERSTANDING
HOW SOUNDS ARE MADE.
Before we move directly into how to pronounce tashlHeet sounds, let‟s first
understand how sounds are made in general. Then we can use this knowledge in
order to work on Arabic sounds.
 Fricatives and stops
Make the /s/ sound. Notice how air is being forced through the space between
your tongue and the gum ridge in your mouth. When a sound is produced like
this, by forcing air between some small opening, that sound is called a fricative.
Make the /f/ sound. This sound is also a fricative, because in order to make it
we must force air between our teeth and our bottom lip. Some sounds in English
that are fricatives are: /s/, /z/, /sh/, /th/, /f/, /v/, and others.
Now make the /t/ sound. Here, we are not forcing air through a small opening at
a constant pressure, but rather we completely block the air flow for a moment,
and then release the air stream in one big burst. A sound that is produced by
blocking the air flow, and then releasing it, is called a stop. Make the /k/ sound.
This is another “stop” because again, you will notice how we build up a lot of
pressure with air, and then release it. Some stops in English are: /t/, /k/, /g/,
/b/, /p/, and others.
 Voiced and voiceless sounds
We can also categorize consonant sounds according to whether we use our voice
box or not. Make the /s/ sound. While making the sound, hold your hand over
your throat. Now make the /z/ sound, still holding your hand to your throat.
You‟ll notice that with /s/, we don‟t use our voice box, but with /z/, our voice
box vibrates. Sounds like /s/ are called voiceless, since we don‟t use our voice
box. Sounds like /z/ are called voiced, since our voice box vibrates. Make the
sound /t/. Is it voiceless or voiced? Now make the sound /d/. Voiceless or
voiced?
Let‟s look now at some of the difficult tašlнit sounds, using what we know about
sounds in general.
PRONUNCIATION OF NON-ENGLISH CONSONANTS

 The sound “q” ( ).
The “q” sound is similar to the “k” sound. Both are voiceless “stops” that are
made by releasing air forcefully after completely blocking the air flow
momentarily. The only difference is where in the throat the speaker blocks the
air flow. The “q” sound will be made further back in the throat than the k sound.
Try the following exercise.
First, take a minute to become more familiar with your throat muscles. Open
your mouth and say aah, as if you were at the doctor‟s office. Your tongue
should be flat in your mouth. Without raising your tongue, pull it back so that
the base of your tongue closes off air by pulling back against the throat. At this
point, you should not be able to breathe through your mouth, although it is wide
open. Practice doing this first without making a sound. After performing this
exercise several times, make a sound by releasing the air forcefully. The result
will be the sound “q”.
 The sound “x” ( ).
The sound “x” is a voiceless fricative formed around the same place as the sound
“q”. It is found in many European languages: the Russian “x”, the Scottish
pronunciation of loch, and the German ch as pronounced after a back vowel as in
Bach. Some people use this sound to say yech! To pronounce “x”, make the
sound “q” and pay attention to where the back of your tongue hits the back of
the roof of your mouth and blocks your windpipe. Instead of closing off the
windpipe with the back of your tongue completely, block it part way, and you will
produce this sound.
 The sound “ġ” ( ).
The /t/ sound is voiceless and the /d/ sound is voiced. Both are “stops.”
TashlHeet  195
The sound “ġ” is the same sound as the sound “x”, except it is “voiced.” In other
words, if you can make the sound “x”, all you need to do is vibrate your voice box
at the same time, and you will produce “ġ”. Think of the correspondence
between the sounds “k” (kite) and “g” (game): “k” is voiceless and “g” is voiced.
Pronounce “k” and “g” several times, paying attention to how your voice changes
when you say “g”. Now say “x” several times, and then “voice” it. The result is
“ġ”.
Alternatively, you may think of “ġ” as similar to the sound you make when
gargling. Gargle for a minute and pay attention to the muscles you use. The
sound “ġ” is pronounced using these same muscles in similar fashion.
 The emphatic sounds “s” ( ), “d” ( ), and “t” ( ).
The sound “ ” is the emphatic counterpart of the sound “s”. Pronounce the
sound “s” aloud, and note the position of your tongue. It should be toward the
front of the mouth and high, close to the roof. Now, starting at the back of
your teeth, move your tongue back along the roof of your mouth. You will find a
bony ridge just behind the teeth, before the upward curve of the roof. Put your
tongue against this ridge. The rest of your tongue will drop lower inside your
mouth. The emphatic or velarized consonants in tašlнit are pronounced by
placing the tip of your tongue in this spot and dropping the rest of the tongue as
low as you can. Thus, the sounds “ ”, “ ”, and “ ” are all made with the tongue in
this position.
All the emphatic sounds are lower in pitch than their non-emphatic counterparts.
They are pronounced with greater muscular tension in the mouth and throat and
with a raising of the back and root of the tongue toward the roof of the mouth.
You can notice this contraction of the throat easily by prolonging the „l‟ in “full.”
 The sound “H” ( ).
The sound “н” is a voiceless fricative pronounced deep in the throat. It has no
equivalent in English. In order to practice this sound, first take a few minutes
to become better acquainted with some of your throat muscles that you use
often, but not to speak English. The following exercises are designed to make
you aware of what these muscles can already do, so that you can use them to
speak Arabic. Practice them for a few minutes every day, as often as you can.
1. With your mouth closed, block off your windpipe at your throat. Put your
hand on your throat at the Adam‟s apple and constrict the muscles on the
inside. You should be able to feel the muscles contracting. Alternately
tighten and relax them for a few minutes.
2. Repeat this with your mouth open. Try to breathe out through your mouth—if
you can, you are not closing off the windpipe entirely.
3. Constrict those same muscles so that air can just barely squeeze through
your throat. Imitate someone fogging a pair of glasses to clean them. The
sound of the air coming through your constricted throat muscles is “н”. By
now, you should be aware of what your throat muscles are doing.
Bend your head down so that your chin rests on the top of your chest, and
repeat exercise 3. This position should make it easier for you to feel what
you are doing.
Pronouncing “н” takes practice, first to pronounce the letter alone, and then to
pronounce it surrounded by other letters in a word. You must learn to pronounce
it properly to be understood, and at first, this will take some concentration on
your part. However, the more you practice now, the sooner you will be able to
say it easily.
 The sound “ ” ( ).
We now come to one of the most distinctive sounds in tashlHeet: . when
pronounced correctly, has its own unique beauty and can be a very expressive
sound. It is not as difficult to pronounce as one may first think, but you need to
exercise your throat muscles, the same ones that you use to pronounce н. You
should continually be doing the exercises you learned above for “н”, in which you
constricted your throat muscles as if you were blocking off the air passage from
the inside. You can feel this by putting your hand on your throat. Say “н”, and
feel the muscles contract. Now pronounce the same sound and “voice” it. That
is, say the say sound while vibrating your voice box, changing the breathy sound
of “н” into the deep, throaty sound of “ ”. The sounds “н” and are only
different because “н” is voiceless and is voiced.
Some trainees think that sounds like a vowel, but it is not a vowel. Because we
constrict our throat muscles and force air through the passageway, the sound
is a fricative. Vowels do not force air through a partially blocked passageway,
and thus cannot be fricatives.
 The TashlHeet “r” ( ).
The sound r in tashlHeet is not the same as the English “r.” It is not difficult,
like some of the other sounds above may seem at first. But because it is new,
we include here a short description of it. The sound is a flap, like the Spanish or
Italian “r.” You already know how to make this sound: it is the sound American
English speakers make saying gotta as in gotta go. Say gotta several times in a
row very quickly and pay attention to what your tongue is doing. You should feel
it flapping against the roof of your mouth behind your teeth. Now pronounce
the sound alone. Another good exercise is to practice making a whirring sound:
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrr. Do these exercises daily until you have mastered this sound.
PRONUNCIATION OF SHEDDA
TashlHeet  197
In tashlHeet, a “shedda” is a pronounced stress upon a letter in a word. In
transcription, this stress is indicated by a doubling of a consonant (see page 4).
When there is shedda, it indicates that the consonant is to be held twice as long
as a normal consonant. That is, it should be pronounced for twice the length of
time. This is easy with fluid sounds like “z” or “r”. With sounds like “b” or “d”,
however, you must begin to say them and pause in the middle of pronouncing
them for a second. This may take some practice at first.
In English, this doubling of a consonant sound never occurs in the middle of
words, but is very common from the end of one word to the beginning of
another. Compare the difference between the single “d” in “lay down” and the
double “„dd” in “laid down.” Noticing the difference between the single “d” and
double “dd” in this example will give you some idea of how a shedda affects
pronunciation.
It cannot be stressed enough that shedda affects not only the pronunciation
of a word, but also its meaning, especially for verbs. Recognizing when
shedda is used and learning to pronounce it correctly yourself is an important
task in your study of tashlHeet.
THE DEFINITE ARTICLE.

In English, the “definite article” is the word “the”. It is different from the
“indefinite articles,” which are “a” and “an.” In English, the definite article
speaks about something specific: “I washed the dog today” (you know which dog
I‟m speaking about). The indefinite articles talk about something non-specific:
“I saw a dog today” (you don‟t know the dog I‟m speaking about).
In Arabic, the definite article is not always used exactly as in English. When
written in Arabic script, it is composed of two letters, “al” ( ), attached to the
beginning of a noun or an adjective. Here is the Arabic script for “the book”:
The definite article
These two letters are always written in Arabic script for a definite article, but
they are not always pronounced. In TashlHeet, the first letter, a ( ), is never
pronounced. Two possibilities exist, therefore, for pronouncing the definite
article. Sometimes, the second letter, “l” ( ), is pronounced. Other times,
instead of pronouncing the “l” ( ), the first letter of the word is doubled with a
“shedda.” Whether the definite article is pronounced with “l” or by doubling the
first letter with shedda is determined by which letter is the first letter of
the word. Let‟s look at these two different possibilities.
It is worth noting that all the Tashlheet words that bear”al” as definite article
are borrowed from Arabic ( see pages 12; 13).
 The moon letters.

In the first possibility, the Arabic definite article is pronounced with an “l” ( )
at the beginning of a word. All words that begin with the following letters
follow this rule:
i u
h m k q f ġ x H b a
y w
These letters are called moon letters, because the Arabic word for moon,
qamar, begins with one of the letters in the group. Notice in the following
examples that the definite article is pronounced by adding an l to the word:
A book ktab A shirt qamija

The book l-ktab The shirt l-gamija
A door bab A glass kas
The door l-bab The glass l-kas
 The sun letters.

In the second possibility, the Arabic definite article is pronounced by doubling
the first letter of a word with a “shedda.” All words that begin with the
following letters follow this rule:
n l d s š s z r j t
These letters are known as sun letters, because the Arabic word for sun, šms,
begins with one of the letters in the group. Notice in the following examples
that the definite article is pronounced by doubling the first letter of the word
by using “shedda.”
A brush šita A market suq

The brush š-šita The market s-suq
A car umubil A box snduq
The car - umubil The box s-snduq
TashlHeet  199
THE TASHLHEET ALPHABET: TIFINAGH

TashlHeet has its own alphabet, tifinagh. The Amazigh language, of which
TashlHeet is a dialect, has recently been introduced as an instructional language
in some schools. According to IRCAM (Institute Royal de la Culture Amazighe),
tifinagh is as follows, with examples:
SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR LESSONS

These are lessons you can work on by yourself or with your tutor once you arrive
at your site. It is unlikely you will be able to complete them during stage, unless
you already have some experience with Arabic.
1- TASHLHEET
NUMBERS
As previously explained, most speakers of tashlHeet use Arabic numbers.
However, we do have tashlHeet numbers, which are below. It is important that
you learn these numbers, as well, because in some areas, both Arabic and tašlнit
numbers are used interchangeably.
Numbers Masculine Feminine
One yan yat
Two sin snat
Three krad kra
Four kuz kust
Five smmus smmust
Six sdis sdist
Seven sa sat
Eight tam tamt
Nine tza tzat
Ten mraw mrawt
Eleven yan d mraw
Twelve sin d mraw

TashlHeet  201
Thirteen d mraw
Fourteen kuz d mraw
Fifteen smmus d mraw
Sixteen is d mraw
Seventeen sa d mraw
Eighteen tam d mraw
Nineteen tza d mraw
Twenty šrin
Twenty-one šrin d yan
Twenty-two šrin d sin
Twenty-three šrin d krad
Twenty-four šrin d kuz
Twenty-five šrin d smmus
Twenty-six šrin d sdis
Twenty-seven šrin d sa
Twenty-eight šrin d tam
Twenty-nine šrin d tza
Thirty šrin d mraw
Foufty sin ida šrin
Fifty sin ida šrin d mraw
Sixty ida šrin
Seventy ida šrin d mraw
Eighty kuz ida šrin

Ninety kuz ida šrin d mraw
One hundred miya
One thousand alf
2- MAKING TRANSITIVE
VERBS INTO TRANSITIVE
Intransitive verbs are verbs that do not reauire a direct object such as:
To come in kšm To remember kti
To arrive lkm To drink su
To laugh To
ssa fhm
understand
To fall r To get up nkr
To win rbн To be late l
To work xdm To stand uo bdd

To stop
To go out fġ
All these verbs can be made transitive by prefixing an s ( ) to them. The

new transitive verb normally has the meaning “to make someone do something.”
Look at how the meaning changes when the intransitive verbs fhm “to
understand” and ssa ( ) are changed into a transitive verb.
Examples:
You understand. tfhmt
Make me understand. sfhmiyyi
You laugh/are laughing ssat
You make me laugh. a sat
Here is a list of verbs commonly used in their transitive form:
To make (so/sth) enter/to skšm

TashlHeet  203
bring in.
To make (so/sth) laugh s sa
To remind (makes so
skti
remember)
To drop/to throw down (i.e

s r
to make sth fall).
To make (so/sth) work. sxdm
To water (i.e to make sth

swu
“drink”).
To make (so) understand/to

sfhm
explain.
To make (so) get up/to

snkr
wake (so) up.
To make (so) arrive. slkm
To make (so) win. srbн
To make (so) be late. s l
Examples:
skšmġ yan wiydi s tgmmi

I bought in a dog to the
walaynni issufġt baba.
house but my father
took it out.
snkr gmak.
Wake up your brother.
Turn on the TV, please. sxdm t-tlfaza, afak.
3-PASSIVE VERBS
Transitive verbs can be made passive by adding “t” () to them, as shown below:
To write ara
To be written (m, s) ityara
To be written (f, s) ttyara
To be written (m, p) tyaran
To be written (f, p) tyarant
To understand fhm
To be understood (m, s) itufham
To be understood (f, s) ttufham
To be understood (m, p) tufhamn
To be understood (f, p) tufhamnt
To buy sġ
To be bought (m, s) itwasġa
To be bought (f, s) ttwasġa
To be bought (m, p) twasġan
To be bought (f, p) twasġant
To steal akr
To be stolen (m, s) ityakar
To be stolen (f, s) ttyakar
To be stolen (m, p) tyakarn
To be stolen (f, p) tyakarnt
Examples:
TashlHeet  205
Hassan wrote the lesson. yura нassan d-drs.
The lesson was written. d-drs ityara.
The students understood

fhmn t-tlamd l-luġz.
the riddle.
The riddle was

l-luġz itwafham.
understood.
The thief stole the books. yukr umxxar l-ktub.
The books were stolen. l-ktub tyakarn.
Fatima bought three

tsġa fatima krat l-ksawi.
dresses.
The dresses were bought. l-ksawi twasġant.
Practice:
Exercise: put the sentences below in the passive form.
bbn Nadya l-нwayjns.

2. ijrн Omar adadns s l-mus.
3. kra n yan ikra tigmmi yad.
- umubil.
5. l gam.
6. swiġ aman.
3- THE VERB “USED TO”
Used to ikkattin
nkki kkittin nkni nkkattin
Kyyi/kmmi tkkittin knni tkkamttin
ntta ikkattin knninti tkkamttint

nttat tkkattin ntni kkanttin
ntnti kkanttint
Examples:
I used to swim a lot. kkiġtin ar t umġ bzzaf.
He used to work in this ikkatin ar itxdam ġ

hospital. s-sbitar ad.
They used to speak kkantin ar sawaln

French very well. tafransist mzyan.
I used to smoke a lot. kkiġtin ar kmmiġ bzzaf.
Practice:
Exercise: put the sentences below in the passive form.
bbn Nadya l-нwayjns.

2. ijrн Omar adadns s l-mus.
3. kra n yan ikra tigmmi yad.
- umubil.
5. l gam.
6. swiġ aman.
4- VERB PARTICIPLES
Verb participles are adjectives derived from verbs. They agree in gender and
number, like all adjectives, but not in person (I, you, he) or tense (past, present).
Transitive verbs have two participles, an active and a passive participle.
Intransitive verbs have only an active participle.
Singular participle (3rd person (m, s) past tense + n).
3rd person (m, s)

Verb Participle form
past tense
To talk sawl isawl isawln

TashlHeet  207
To sleep gn ign ignn
To be g iga igan
To give fk ifka ifkan
To take asi yusi yusin
To send azn yuzn yuznn
To do skr iskr iskrn
To steal akr yukr yukrn
To break rz irza irzan
To see zr izra izran
To eat išš išš iššan
Plural participle (past tense + in).
3rd person (m, p)

Verb Participle form
past tense
To talk sawl sawln sawlnin
To sleep gn gnn gnnin
To be g gan ganin
To give fk fkan fkanin
To take asi usin usinin
To send azn uznn uznin
To do skr skrn skrnin
To steal akr ukrn ukrnin
To break rz rzan rzanin
To see zr zran zranin
To eat išš ššan ššanin

Adjectives form their participle in the same way:
Adjective Adjective 3rd person (m, s) Participle form
Nice iнla iнlan
Ugly/bad ixšn ixšn
Old/big imqqur imqqurn
Small/young imzzy imzzyn
Tall/long iġzzif igzzifn
Short igzzul igzzuln
Hot irġa irġan
Cold ibrrd ibrrdn
Rare idrus idrusn
Adjective Adjective 3rd person (m, p) Participle form
Nice нlan нlanin
Ugly/bad xšnn xšnin
Old/big mqqurn mqqurnin
Small/young mzziyn mzziynin
Tall/long ġzzifn gzzifnin
Short gzzuln gzzulnin
Hot rġan rġanin
Cold brrdn brrdnin
Rare drusn drusnin
Examples:
TashlHeet  209
Which one is yours? manwa igan wink?
Who robbed the bank? ma yukrn l-banka?
Who broke the glass of ma yrzan j-jaj n š-šrjm

the window? ad?
Who has eaten my pizza? ma yššan l-ppitzanu?
Who took the money -

from the wallet? - am?
I bought a nice rug. sġiġ yat tzrbit iнlan.
Give me a cold coke, fkiyyi yat kuka ibrdn

please. afak.
Practice:
Exercise: in the sentences below, supply the proper formof the participle of the
verb or adjective written in parentheses.
1. ma (sawl) sul d l-austad nk?

2. manwa (azn) tabrat ad i l-mudir?
3. timġarin ad (igzul, iнla)
4. riġ imik n waman (irġa)
5. ma (snu) imkliy ad?
6. manwa gitun (fk) l-flus i нmid?
MOROCCAN HOLIDAYS
Holidays in Morocco are extremely important and festive occasions.
Women and girls have henna parties and come out of their houses to celebrate.
Visitors are entertained and gifts are exchanged among friends. Particular
religious rites are performed. Special sweets and foods are washed down by
glass after glass of mint tea as everyone gets caught up in the socializing and
celebrating.
RELIGIOUS HOLIDAYS
There are both religious and civil holidays in Morocco. The Gregorian calendar,
based on solar computation, is used for civil purposes. This is the calendar
Westerners generally use.
The Islamic calendar, based on lunar computation, divides the year into twelve
months which reoccur in varying relationship to the Gregorian year and complete
their cycle every thirty years of 355 days. These thirty-year cycles consist of
nineteen years of 354 days and eleven years of 355 days. Thus, the Islamic
calendar gains 10 to 11 days a year on the Gregorian year.
This calendar is called the Hegiran calendar because its starting point was the
hegira, when Mohamed fled from Mecca in 622 of the Gregorian calendar. This
calendar is used for religious purposes in Morocco.
Transcription
Month Arabic Festivals
Name
st 10th of the month:
1 muнarram
ta šurt / am šur
2nd afar
12th of the month: id

3rd rabi l-luwl
l-mulud
4th rabi t-tani
5th jumada l-luwla
6th jumada t-tanya
7th rajab
8th š ban
9th an
1st of the month: l- id

10th šuwal
mzzin
11th du l-qi da
th 10th of the month: l-

12 du l-нijja
id mqqurn / tafaska
Here are sescriptions of the major festivals:
 t ašurt / am šur
TashlHeet  211
muнarram, the first month of the Islamic year, is in Morocco called ayyur
t ašurt, the month of the t ašurt. It has derived this name from the feast on
the tenth day of the month. This day, called as t ašurt is the Islamic New Year‟s
Day. It is said that Allah created Adam and Eve, heaven and hell, and life and
death on the 10th.
The Day of Ashura ( translit: ašura, also Aashoora and other
spellings) is on the 10th day of Muharram in the Islamic calendar and marks the
climax of the Remembrance of Muharram but not the Islamic month. For Shi'a
Muslims, it commemorates the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of
Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala in the year 61 AH (AD 680), and is a day for
mourning.
Ashura is also commemorated by Muslims as the traditional date on which

Noah's ark came to rest, the prophet Ibrahim (Abraham) was born and the Ka'ba
was built in Mecca. Ashura corresponds to the Jewish festival of Yom Kippur,
which was held by the Jews of Medina
Good food has a place in the rejoicing of t ašurt, in accordance with the
traditional saying of the Prophet, “Who give the plenty to his household on the
t ašurt day, God will bestow plenty upon him throughout the remainder of the
year.” Cow, bullock, goat, sheep, dried dates, and eggs are fixed according to
local custom. Visits to the graves of relatives and alms-giving are common at this
time.
Of great interest are the fire and water rites practiced at t ašurt, to which
purificatory and other beneficial effects are ascribed. On t ašurt eve, “the
bonfire night” fires are built throughout the town and the people sing and dance
around them. The chief object of the rite is to purify men and animals or to
protect them from evil influences, since there is “baraka” (blessings) from those
fires.
Similar effects are attributed to the water rites which even more
frequently are practiced on the following morning. It is a general belief that
there is baraka in all water on this morning. To take a bath on the morning of the
t ašurt day is a very wide-spread custom, and in many cases it was expressly said
that it must be done before sunrise. Children are traditionally involved in this
festival. They dress-up, play small drums, and are given gifts during this holiday.
 id l-mulud
In Morocco, the third month of the Islamic year is called ayyur l-mulud, the
month of the mulud. These names are given because of the feast celebrating the
birth of the Prophet which commences on the twelfth day of the month and lasts
for several days. The mulud is a particularly blessed month and all children born
during it are considered fortunate.
The Prophet‟s Birthday has more significance in Morocco because Morocco is
a Kingdom rather than a republic, and King Mohamed VI is a descendant of the
Prophet. The anniversary is brilliantly celebrated at the Imperial Palace in Rabat
and in the evening in Sale a great procession of candles takes place.
In Meknes the Aissaoua brotherhood has its own unique celebration worth
seeing. Followers of the holy man, l-hadi Ben Aissa throng to Meknes and play
music, dance, celebrate and make what is called “the small pilgrimage” to nearby
saints‟ tombs.
 laylatu l-qadr
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic year. The most important
feature of Ramadan is the complete abstinence from food, drink and sexual
activity from daybreak to sunset. Every Muslim who has reached the age of
puberty must fast. Pregnant women, menstruating women, travelers, and those
who are ill are exempt from fasting, but should make it up at a later date.
According Islam, there is one night in Ramadan which is more important
than any other, namely, laylatu l-qadr, “the night of power.” The Koran is sent
down to the Prophet on that night. This night is one of the last ten nights of
Ramadan, but its exact date has not been discovered by anyone but the Prophet
himself. It is said to be one of the odd nights—the 21st, 23rd, 25th, 27th, or
29th—and in Morocco it is celebrated on the 27th day.
On the night of the 27th, the Muslims go to the mosque to pray. From
sundown to daybreak, the imam (the prayer leader) reads the Koran. The
complete Koran is read before the sun rises. It is believed by some that the sky
will open up during this night and wishes will ascend directly to Allah and be
granted. During the night, special meals of couscous are prepared and brought to
the mosques. Those unable to go to the mosque eat specially prepared meals at
home. Each family gives part of the meal to the poor.
 l- id mzzin / amzyan
Immediately following Ramadan is l- id mzzin, or “the little feast.”

Everyone stays up very late to hear the announcement that the new moon has
been sighted and Ramadan and fasting are over. When it has officially been
sighted, a three-day festival ensue in which alms-giving plays a major role. The
TashlHeet  213
alms (zakat l-fitr) usually consist of food items like wheat or barley, and each
family does the best it can and it is given just the day of l- id. The chief
religious rite of the feast is a prayer service at the mosque in the morning.
 l- id mqqurn / tafaska
On the tenth day of the month du l-нijja, the last month of the year, the
Islamic world celebrates its yearly sacrificial feast. In Morocco it is known as
l- id mqqurn or “the great feast.” This is the central feast in Islam, comparable
to and derived from the feast of the atonement, Abraham‟s substitute sacrifice.
Hence, the animal sacrificed must be mature and without blemish.
Every family must have its own sheep just as Americans need turkeys for
the proper celebration of Thanksgiving. Those who cannot afford a sheep buy a
lamb or another less expensive animal. In Morocco, the animal cannot be slain
until the King has killed his sheep. Then in each household, the head of the
family kills the sheep (sometimes a butcher is asked to come to the house and
perform the ritual). The sheep is eaten in an orderly fashion determined by local
custom. For example, on the first day, the liver, heart, stomach, and lungs are
eaten. On the second day, normally the head and feet are eaten. However, the
head and feet can be eaten on the first day if that is the local custom. There
are purification and sanctification customs and rites that prepare the people for
the holy feast and its principal feature, the sacrifice. People must purify and
sanctify themselves in order to benefit from the holy feast and its sacrifice.
Personal cleanliness should be observed. Men and boys visit the barber and
often make a trip to the hammam as well.
Henna is used as a cosmetic. Women paint their hands with it and, in many
cases, also their feet. Among some ethnic groups, henna is also applied to
domestic animals.
Alms-giving and prayer are two other purification rites practiced during
the great feast. Gifts are exchanged between family members and a portion of
the meal is given to the poor. The day begins with prayer. The chief praying
ceremony takes place in the morning at the mosque.
MOUSSEMS
Many Moroccan communities commemorate local saints, or “marabous,” in a
yearly festival or “moussem.” Most moussems are held near the tomb of the
marabou and involve music, dancing and fantasia. For a very famous marabou‟s
moussem, people will come from very far away. Some very famous moussems
celebrate Moulay Bouchaib (near El Jadida), Moulay Brahim (near Marrakech),
Moulay Ya qub (Fes), and Moulay Idriss (Fes). Many towns have their own
moussems known only to those in the region.
NATIONAL HOLIDAYS
In addition to the religious holidays, some important civil holidays
commemorating significant events in Morocco‟s recent history are celebrated.
The most important of these are Independence Day, the Throne feast, Green
March Day, and King Mohamed‟s birthday.
The Festival of the Throne, or id l- rš, is the biggest of the civil
holidays. This festival commemorates the coming to power of the King on July
30, 1999. Celebrations including parades with nationalistic anthems usually occur
in the cities with local government officials, like the governor, making
appearances. Traditionally during this holiday, country people come to visit their
city relatives, who are expected to feed and house them for the duration of the
festival. There is often a special emphasis on improving the appearance of the
town prior to this holiday. City employees clean streets and paint walls, and
townspeople are sometimes required by government officials to paint their doors,
whitewash their houses, and display flags.
Green March Day is also celebrated by large parades in most of Morocco.
This day commemorates one of the greatest achievements of King Hassan II: the
mobilization of 350,000 Moroccans for the march into the Sahara territory. On
November 6, 1975, the first Moroccan marchers, under the leadership of the
then Prime Minister Ahmed Osman, set out from Tarfaya and entered the
Spanish territory. During the celebration, those who went on the actual march
once again dress up in green and re-enact the march.
Independence Day, or id l-istiqlal, commemorates the November 18,
1956 return of Mohamed V from his French-imposed exile in Madagascar. This
day gives rise to receptions at the Imperial Palace and parades and celebrations
all over Morocco.
The last of these major national holidays celebrates the King‟s Birthday,
August 21, 1962. There are many organized celebrations in Rabat and
broadcasts on the radio praising the King.
REGIONA
L FESTIVALS
There are also many regional festivals which are centered around a
particular product in which a region specializes. The product is displayed and
sold; music and other activities take place in an atmosphere similar to a country
fair.
Some famous regional festivals are the Cherry Festival in Sefrou, the
Date Festival in Erfoud, the Rose Festival in El-Kelaat M‟Gouna (near
TashlHeet  215
Ouarzazate), the Marrakech Folklore and Music Festival, and the Immouzer
Idawtanan Honey Festival (near Agadir).
One of the most interesting festivals in Morocco is the re-enactment of
an ancient market in the High Atlas Mountains. At one time, these very isolated
High Atlas tribes would gather yearly at a specific point near Imilchil where
many mountain paths met for the yearly “market.” Provisions for many months
were bought and sold and at one time one of the reasons for coming was to
acquire a bride. Men would meet a girl for the first time and pay her dowry then
take her home. Some say this practice still exists and others say it is just a
re-enactment for tourists, but in any case, it is a large market where many
Berbers still buy many of the coming year‟s provisions.
Religious, civil, and regional festivals are an excellent chance to get out
and see interesting things, meet people on an informal basis, and have fun. Dates
of these celebrations can be obtained from the national tourist office branches
in many cities, but people in your community will usually provide you with the
information about your region.
It should be noted that the same festival may be celebrated somewhat
differently in various sections of the country. For example, in Errachidia
Province, a far greater emphasis is put on Green March Day than in other
sections of Morocco because that province provided the first contingent for the
march.
Be sure to check out the expectations of your community for a particular
holiday, particularly in terms of visitation, entertaining, gift-giving, and
participation, so you can get as involved as possible and enjoy the holidays.
GLOSSARY OF VERBS
This glossary provides both the present tense and the past tense conjugations
for the subject “I”, making it possible for to determine how to conjugate verbs
of the second category.
A
English Simple Continuous Past tense stem Past

imperative imperative tense
pattern
(infinitive)
qbl tqbal qbl 1

Accept
mun tmun mun 1

Accompany
(so)
myar timyar/ myar 1

Accustom
timyur
zayd tziyad zayd 1
Add
/ 1
Afraid,
tiksud
to be
ttafq ttafaq ttafq 1

Agree
(with)
qllq tqllaq qllq 1

Angry,
to be
dd dda dd 1
Annoy
jawb tjawab jawb 1

Answer
bayn tbiyan bayn 1

Appear
нbs tнbas нbs 1

Arrest
(sb)
lkm tlkam lkm 1

Arrive
slkm slkam slkm 1

Arrive,
to make
ġli aqlay ġli 1

Ascend
saqsa saqsa saqsa 1

Ask
siggl siggil siggl 1

Ask, (in
marriage)
rkkb trkkab rkkb 1

Assemble
TashlHeet  217
(parts)
hjm thjam hjm 1

Attack
нadr tнadar нadr 1

Attend
B
tflla tflla tflla 1
Banter
tнmmim tнmmam tнmmim 1

Bathe
g tgga g 2
Be
nru tnru nr 2
Beat sb
(in game)
ddukl tdukkl ddukl 1

Befriend
alb alab alb 1

Beg
bdu bddu/ bd 2
Begin
tbdu
sgrr sgrra sgrr 1
Belch
Burb
amn ttamn umn 1

Believe
(sb)
amn s ttamn s amn s 1

Believe
in
Benefit stafd stafad stafd 1

(from)
xun txun xun 1

Betray
aru ttaru uru 1

Birth,
to give
bbi tbbi bbi 1

Bite
ssuf tssuf ssuf 1

Blow up
(with air)
bbaqqi tbbaqqay bbaqqi 1

Blow up
(explode)
ssis tssis ssis 1

Boil
lul tlul lul 2

Born,
to be
l l l 1
Borrow
sllf tsllaf sllf 1
knu knnu kn 2
Bow
rz rzza rz 2
Break
sunfs sunfus sunfs 1

Breathe
awid ttawid iwi _ d

Bring
mšd tmšad mšd 1

Brush
(hair)
bnu bnnu bn 2
Build
Hrg/ tнrag/ Нrg 1

Burn
jdr jddr jdr
stġ tstaġ stġ 1

Burst
(a pipe)
l al l 1
Bury
sġ ssaġ sġ 1
Buy
C
ġr i aqra ġr 2
Call
hddn thddan hddn 1

Calm,
to be
xiym txiyam xiym 1

Camp
TashlHeet  219
amz ttamz umz 1
Capture
thlla thlla thlla 1

Care of,
to take
asi ttasi usi 1

Carry
nqš tnqqaš nqš 1

Carve
(wood)
srrf tsrraf srrf 1

Cash
amz ttamz umz 1

Catch
sbbeb tsbbab sbbeb 1

Cause
bddl tbddal bddl 1

Change
rrf rraf rrf 1

Change
(money)
badl tbddal badl 1

Change
(weather)
Charge tkllf s tkllaf s tkllf s 1

of,
to be in
ġuššu tġuššu ġušš 2
Cheat
nql tnqal nql 1

Cheat
(exam)
fzz tfzz fzz 1

Chew
sti stti sti 1

Choose
sndu sndaw snd 2

Churn
snqi snqay snq 2

Clean
ġli aqllay ġli 1

Climb
qqn tqqn qqn 1

Close
sbrrd sbrrad sbrrd 1

Cold,
to make
smun smunu smun 1

Collect
aštka f ttaštka aštka f 1

Complain
f
about
kmml tkmmal kmml 1

Complet
xrbq txrbaq xrbq 1

Confuse
mšiwir d tmšiwir mšiwir d 1

Consult
d
(with)
l al l 1
Contact
snu snwa snu 2

Cook
t awn t awan t awn 1

Cooperate
with (d)
ttusu ttusu ttusu 1

Cough
нasb tнasab нasb 1

Count
Crazy, nufl tnuful nufl 1

to be
snufl snuful snufl 1
Crazy,
to make
tbbi bbi 1
Cross
bbi
road
lqqm tlqqam lqqm 1
Cross-
breed
alla alla alla 2
Cry
ssalla ssalla ssull 2
Cry,
to make
dawa tddwa dawa 1

Cure
jji tjji jji 1

Cured,
TashlHeet  221
to be
bbi tbbi bbi 1

Cut
нssn tнssan нssn 1

Cut (hair)
l al l 1
Cut
(a pattern
from cloth)
D
r ssxsar sxsar 1
Damage
štн tštaн štн 1

Dance
rkz trkaz rkz 1
1
Decrease
hdu hddu hd 2
Dedicate
nru tnru nr 2
Defeat
daf f tdafa f daf f 1

Defend
l al l 1
Delay
нrm tнram нrm 1

Deprive
ggz tggiz ggz 1

Descend
f af f 1
Describe
staнqqa tstaнqqa staнqqa 1

Deserve
mmut f tmtat f mmut f 1

Desire
strongly
xlu xllu xl 2
Destroy
ssufġ ssufuġ ssufġ 1

Develop
(film)
mmut tmtat mmut 1

Die
mxillif tmxillif mxillif 1

Differ
(from)
ġza qqaz ġz 1
Dig
rku trku rk 2
Dirty,
to make
srku srkaw srk 2

Dirty,
to get
ġbr tġbar ġbr 1

Disappear
rbba/ trbba/ rbba/ 1

Discipline
rbbu trbbu rbbu
jmm a tjmma jmm 1
Discuss
(a topic)
(ur) нml (ur) (ur) нml 1

Dislike
(use ttiнmal
negative)
Dissolve sduwb sduwab sduwb 1

sth
b u u/ 2
Divide
attu
llq llaq llq 1
Divorce
duwx tduwax duwx 1

Dizzy,
to get
sduwx sduwax sduwx 1

Dizzy,
to make
skr skar skr 1

Do
jurru tjurru jurru 1

Drag
agm ttagm ugm 1

Draw up
(water
from well)
warg twarga warg 1

Dream
ls lssa ls 2
Dress
TashlHeet  223
tfrks tfrkas tfrks 1
Dress up
(slang)
su ssa sw 2
Drink
ssu sswa ssw 2

Drink,
to make
ug wag ug 1
Drive
r/ ar/ r/ 1
Drop up
luH tluH luH
ġrq tġraq ġrq 1
Drown
skr tskar skr 1

Drunk,
to get
Dry, zzwu zggu zw 2

to get
jffif tjffif jffif 1
Dry
(a wet
floor)
bġ baġ bġ 1
Dye
E
uwr uwar uwr 1
Earn (money)
srxu srxaw srx 2

Easy,
to make
išš štta šš 2
Eat
fdr tfdar fdr 1

Eat
breakfast
d ad d 1
Economize
ntaxb tntaxab ntaxb 1

Elect
sнššm sнššam sнššm 1

Embarrass
(sb)
нššm tнššam нššm 1

Embarrassed,
to be
nng t nnag nng 1

Embrace
slm tslam slm 1

Embrace
Islam
hajr thajar hajr 1

Emigrate
muddu tmuddu muddu
xwu txwu xw 2
Empty
šjj tšjja šjj 1

Encourage
brr tbrra brr 1

Enjoy sth
tsjjl tsjjal tsjjl 1

Enroll
kšm kššm kšm 1

Enter
нsd tнsad нsd 1

Envy
mнu tmннay mн 2
Erase
rwl rggl rwl 1

Escape
qddr tqddar qddr 1

Estimate
sbadl sbaddal sbadl 1

Exchange
fġ tffaġ fġ 1
Exit
Experience jrrb tjrrab jrrb 1
xsr txsar xsr 1

Expire
F
mgabal tmgabal mgabal 1
Face
srxu srxaw srx 2

Facilitate
sxf tsxaf sxf 1

Faint
TashlHeet  225
r ar r 1
Fall
r ar r 1
Fall,
luH tluH luH 1
to make
zwwr tzwwar zwwr 1

Fake
skuzzi skuzzi skuzzi 1

Fart
zwwr tzwwar zwwr 1

Falsify
azum ttazum azum 1

Fast
ttiksud 1
Fear
swaš swašša swaš 1

Feed
Hssu tHssu Hss 2

Feel
xmmr sxmar xmmr 1

Ferment
mmaġ tmmaġ mmaġ 1

Fight
(physically)
mmr t mmar mmr 1

Fill
qwwm tqwwam qwwm 1

Finance
af ttafa uf 2
Find
kmml tkmmal kmml 1

Finish
awb awab awb 1

Fix
lн laн lн 1
alġ ttalġ alġ 1
Flatter
(a female)
rwl rggl rwl 1

Flee
sgllb sgllab sgllb 1

Flip
ayyl ttaylal uyyl 1

Fly
ffarri tfarray ffarri 1
tab ttaba tab 1
Follow
mn tmna mn 2
Forbid
zwwr tzwwar zwwr 1

Forge
(signature)
ttu tettu ttu 1

Forget
samн tsamaн samн 1

Forgive
lq luq lq 1
Free
qli tqllay qli 1

Fry
Full
šba tšbaa šba 1
(of food),
to be
fjjij tfjjij fjjij 1

Fun,
nšt tnšat nšt 1
to have
G
rbн trbaн rbн 1
Gain
qmmr tqmmar qmmr 1

Gamble
smun smunu smun 1

Gather
jtam tjtama jtam 1

Gather
squrri squrri squrri 1

Gaze
amz ttamz umz 1

Get
gz tgz gz 1
Get down
ġli aqlay ġli 1

Get on
1
Get sick
nkr nkkr nkr 1

Get up
myar ttimyar myar 1

Get used
to
TashlHeet  227
fk akka fk 2
Give
slkm slkam slkm 1

Give
a ride
Give b ab b 1
a speech
rar trara rur 2
Give back
q aq q 1
Glue
ddu tddu dd 2
Go
zwur zgguru zwur 1

Go ahead
of
(In front
of)
zri zray zri 1

Go by
fġ tfaġ fġ 1
Go out
zri ġ rzay ġ zri 1

Go
through
ġli aqlay ġli 1

Go up
sawl f Sawal f Sawl f 1

Gossip
нkm tнkam нkm 1

Govern
amz ttamz umz 1

Grab
ks kssa ks 2
Graze
sllm tsllam sllm 1

Greet
šwu tšwu šwu 1

Grill
a zzad 1
Grind
mn man mn 1
Guarantee
sses t ssas sses 1

Guard
H
zzri zzray zzri 1
Hand
agl ttagl ugl 1

Hang
fsr tfsar fsr 1

Hang
to dry
wq tuqa wq 1
Happen
jru tjru ijra 2
frн tfraн frн 1
Happy,
to be
sfrн sfraн sfrн 1

Happy,
to make
mgr mggr mgr 1

Harvest
1
Hatch
krh tkrah krh

Hate
dar - - - 1
Have
sfld sflid sfld 1

Hear
Heat srġ srqqa srġ 2
awn t awan awn 1

Help
snfi snfay snfi 1

Hide sth
Hdu tHdu Hd 1
Hide
(oneself)
kru krru kr 2
Hire
(a car)
ut kkat ut 1
Hit
ttut - - ttut 1
Hit,
to be
TashlHeet  229
amz ttamz umz 1
Hold
tmnna tmnna tmnna 1

Hope
nnq t nnaq nnq 1

Hug
gummr gummr gummr 1

Hunt
zrb tzrab zrb 1

Hurry
I
1
Ill,
to make
qlld tqllad qlld 1

Imitate
bzzez tbzzaz bzzez 1

Impose
zayd tzayyad zayd 1

Increase
ada t ada ada 1

Infect
lm t lam lm 1
Inform
wrt twrat wrt 1

Inherit
jrн tjraн jrн 1

Injure
skšm skšam skšm 1

Install
rkkb trkkab rkkb 1
ayr t iyar ayr 1
Insult
t 1
Invite
ssu sswa ssw 2

Irrigate
sqlq sqllaq sqlq 1

Irritate
qllq tqllaq qllq 1

Irritated,
to be
J
a a a 1
Joke
tflla tflla tflla 1
нkm tнkam нkm 1
Judge
rqqz trqqaz rqqz 1

Jump
K
gabl tgabal gabl 1
Keep
(house)
ut kkat ut 1
Kick
(ball)
ssudn ssudun ssudn 1

Kiss
jn t jan jn 1
Knead
ssn ttisan ssn 1

Know
L
l al l 1
Late,
to be
l al l 1
Late,
to make
ssa ssa ssa 1

Laugh
ssadsa ssadsa ssadsa 1

Laugh,
to make
srs srus srs 1

Lay
down r ar r 1
t llm t llam t llm 1

Learn
fġ tffaġ fġ 1
Leave
rнl trнal rнl 1

Leave
(city)
TashlHeet  231
sllf tsllaf sllf 1
Lend
l l l 1
ajj ttaj ujj 2
Let
xxa txxa xxa 1
skirkis skirkis skirkis 1
Lie
skdub skdub skdub 1
asi ttasi usi 1
Lift
ssrġ ssrġ ssrġ 1

Light
jb t jab jb 1
Like
zdġ tzdaġ zdġ 1

Live
(reside)
rgl rggl rgl 1

Lock
zr zrra zr 2
Look
gabl tgabal gabl 1

Look
after
rwas trwas rwas 1

Look
alike
нgr tнgar нgr 1

Look
down
qllb s tqllab s qllb s 1

Look for
Look bayn tbayyan bayn 1

like zund
agg ttagga ug 2
Look out
(window)
jlu jllu jl 2
Lose
iri ttiri ri 1
Love
mmut f tmtat f mmut f 1
zzugz zzuguz zzugz 1
Lower
tnaqqas 1
M
skr skar skr 1
Make
1
Maltreat
(destroy)
tнkkm tнkkam tнkkm 1

Manipulate
n na n 1
Manufacture
tahl ttahal tahl 1

Marry
stahl stahal stahl 1

Marry off
(daughter)
kssl tkssal kssl 1

Massage
(Hammam)
br t bar br 1
Measure
mnaggar tmnaggar mnaggar 1

Meet
maqqar tmaqqar maqqar 1
dwwb tdwwab dwwb 1
Melt
fsi fssi fsi 1
нfd tнfad нfd 1
Memorize
zzig tzzig zzig 1

Milk
ġlt tġlat ġlt 1

Mistake,
to make
xld txlad xld 1

Mix
smas smassa smus 2

Move (sth)
mmas tmassa mmus 2

Move
rнl trнal rнl 1

Move
(residence)
nġ nqqa nġ 2
Murder
TashlHeet  233
N
нtajja tнtajja нtajja 1
Need
dd dda dd 1
Noise,
to make
O
bzziz tbzzaz bzziz 1
Oblige
hdu thdu hd 2
Offer
rzm rzzm rzm 1

Open
ftн tftaн ftн 1

Operate
(surgical)
ddb t ddab ddb 1

Oppress
alb alab alb 1

Order
(sth)
amr ttamr umr 1

Order (so)
tfar tfar tfar 1

Owe
mlk tmlak mlk 1

Own
P
smun smun smun 1
Pack
sbġ tsbaġ sbġ 1

Paint
šark tšarak šark 1

Participate
zri zray zri 1

Pass
njн tnjaн njн 1

Pass (exam)
br bar br 1
Patient,
to be
1
Pay
1
Paid,
to be
qššr tqššar qššr 1

Peel
samн tsamaн samн 1

Permit
wwr wwar wwr 1

Photograph
wwr tswwar wwr 1

Pgatograph,
to be
kks tkks kks 1

Pick (light
fruit)
sgudi sguduy sgudi 1

Pile up
zzu tzzu zz 2
Plant
l b tl ab l b 1
Play
krz kkrz krz 1

Plow
af tttf af 1
Possess
ffi tffi ffi 1

Pour
zzal tzalla zzul 1/ 2

Pray
zwar tzwar zwar 1

Precede
sujad sujad sujad 1

Prepare
b ba b 1
Print
mn tmna mn 1
Prohibit
zbr tzbar zbr 1

Prune
jbd tjbad jbd 1

Pull
tнi tнay tнi 1

Push
TashlHeet  235
srs srus srs 1
Put
Q
zi tzi zi 1
Quarrel
fs tfis fs 1
Quit,
to be
sfis sfssa sfis 1

Quit,
to make
R
all talla ull 2
Raise
lkm lkkm lkm 1

Reach
ġr aqra ġr 2
Read
amz ttamz umz 1

Receive
(letter)
akz ttakz ukz 1

Recognize
sjjl tsjjal sjjl 1

Record
naqs tnaqqas naqs 1

Reduce
agi ttagi agi 1

Refuse
ndm tndam ndm 1

Regret
frн tfraн frн 1

Rejoice
sunfu tsunfu sunf 2

Relax
lq luq lq 1
Release
uwl t uwal uwl 1

Rely on
ġama tġama ġama 1

Remain
qama tqama qama 1
aql t aqal aql 1
Remember
kti ktti kti 1
skti sktay skti 1
Remind
kks tkks kks 1

Remove
jdded tjdded jdded 1

Renew
kru krru kr 2
Rent
dl t dal dl 1
Repair
awd t awad awd 1

Repeat
tub ttub tub 1

Repent
jawb tjawab jawb 1

Reply
alb alab alb 1

Request
rwas trwas rwas 1

Resemble
staql staqal staql 1

Resign
нtarm tнtaram нtarm 1

Respect
jawb tjawab jawb 1

Respond
sunfu tsunfu sunf 2

Rest
wrri turri wrri 1

Return
(to place)
rar trara rur 2

Return
(sth)
ni tnay ni 1
Ride
slil slili slil 1

Rinse
ġli aqlay ġli 1

Rise (sun)
nkr nkkr nkr 1

Rise
(wake up)
TashlHeet  237
xsr txsar xsr 1
Rot
wwr wwar wwr 1

Round,
to go
нukku tнukku нukk 2

Rub
azzl ttazzal uzl 1

Run
rwl rggl rwl 1

Run away
zrb tzrab zrb 1

Rush
S
qn tqna qn 1
Satisfy
нbu нbbu hb 2
Save
smun smunu smun 1

Save
(money)
ini ttini nni 2

Say
kmz kkmz kmz 1

Scratch
sġuyu sġuyu sġuy 1

Sceam
ziyr tziyyar ziyr 2

Screw
zr zrra zr 2
See
mmzr tmzra mmzr 2

See one
another
znz znza znz 2

Sell
azn ttazn uzn 1

Send
u bd 2
Separate
u
ruн truн ruH 1
Set (sun)
rkkb trkkab rkkb 1

Set up
gnu gnu gn 2
Sew
rgig trgig rgig 1

Shake
(palsy)
sllm d tsllam d sllm d 1

Shake
hands
with
ssus tsus ssus 1

Shake out
u bd 2
Share
u
ks kssa ks 2
Shepherd
tswwq tswwaq tswwq 1

Shop
(weekly
market)
u u qd 2
Shop
(food)
sġuyu sġuyu sġuy 1

Shout
ml mmala ml 2
Show
dwwš tdwwaš tdwwaš 1

Shower
qqn tqqn qqn 1

Shut
fs tfssa fs 1
Shut up
ssif ssifif ssif 1

Sift
нuws tнuwas нuws 1

Sightsee
sni snay sni 1

Sign
ssrxu ssrxaw ssrx 2

Simplify
irir ttirir rir 1

Sing
ġrq tġraq ġrq 1

Sink
skkiws tskkiwis skkiws 1

Sit
gawr tgawar gawr / 1
TashlHeet  239
ggiwr
azu ttazu uz 2
Skin
ssiki tssiki ssiki 1

Skip
mrrq tmrraq mrrq 1

Slap
(face)
ġrs aqqrus ġrs 1

Slaughter
gn ggan gn 1
Sleep
sgn sgan sgn 1

Sleep,
to make
zlg tzlag zlg 1

Slip
jllx tjllax jllx 1

Smear
u u 2
Smell
Smell, jju tjju jj 2

to be
kmi kmmi kmi 1

Smoke
lHHm tlHHam lHHm 1

Solder
sawl sawal sawl 1

Speak
1
Specialize
rrf rraf rrf 1

Spend
(money)
kl klla kl 2
Spend
(day)
ns nssa ns 2
Spend
(night)
Spend zzri zzray zzri 1

(time)
llm tllm llm 1
Spin
ssufs ssufus ssufs 1

Spit
ruš truššu ruš 1

Splash
bidd tbddad bidd 1

Stand
bdu bddu bd 2
Start
skkiws tskkiws skkiws 1

Stay
ggawr tgawar ggawr 1
shr tshar shr 1
Stay
up late
akr ttakr ukr 1

Steal
akl ttakl ukl 1

Stepon
qqs tqqs qqs 1

Sting
jju tjju jj 2
Stink
нrrk sнrrak нrrk 1

Stir
bidd tbddad bidd 1

Stop
нbs tнbas нbs 1
Stop
zi tzi zi 1
speaking
with
skar skr 1
Strike
- rab
(work)
ġr aqra ġr 2
Study
njн ġ tnjaн njн 1

Succeed
at
ssum ssumum ssum 1

Suck
mrrt tmrrat mrrt 1

Suffer
t ddb t ddab t ddb 1
iš t iš iš 1
Survive
TashlHeet  241
lqi lqqi lqi 1
Swallow
ggal tgalla ggul 2

Swear
rg t rag rg 1
Sweat
šttb tšttab šttb 1

Sweep
bzg tbzag bzg 1

Swell
um t um um 1
Swim
ssns ssns ssns 2

Switch
off sxsi sxsay sxsi 1
ssrġ srġa ssrġ 2

Switch on
T
amz ttamz umz 1
Take
kks tkks kks 1

Take off
thlla thlla thlla 1

Take
care of
tkllf tkllaf tkllf 1

Take
charge of
sawl sawal sawl 1

Talk
sjjl sjjal sjjl 1

Tape
(record)
q aq q 1
Tape
(scotch)
i tmday i 1
Taste
ssġr ssaqra sġr 2

Teach
s llm s llam s llm 1
bbi tbbi bbi 1
Tear (sth)
qššb tqššab qššb 1

Tease
tflla tflla tflla 1
ini ttini nni 2
Tell
fkkr tfkkar fkkr 1

Think
xmmim txmmam xmmim 1
ġal izd ttiġal ġal 1
Think that
hddid thddid hddid 1

Threaten
srut srwat srut 1

Thresh
luн tluн luн 1

Throw
skr hrr skar hrr Skr hrr 1

Tickle
qqn tqqn qqn 1

Tie (belt)
ziyr tziyar ziyr 1

Tighten
rmi rmi 1
Tired, to be
srmi srmay srmi 1

Tired,
to make
s ddb s ddab s ddb 1

Torture
ggr tggr ggr 1

Touch
sli slay sli 1
sdrrb sdrrab sdrrb 1
Train
trjm trjam trjm 1

Translate
safr tsafar safr 1

Travel
šmt tšmat šmt 1

Trick
нawl tнawal нawl 1

Try
(attempt)
jrrb tjrrab jrrb 1

Try
(experience
to do sth)
qiys tqiyas qiys 1

Try on
TashlHeet  243
wwr wwar wwr 1
Turn
wwr wwar wwr 1

Turn around
snaq 1
Turn down
(volume)
sgllb sgllab sgllb 1

Turn over
(sth)
s uwwj s uwwaj s uwwj 1

Twist
U
fhm tfham fhm 1
Understand
sfhm sfham sfhm 1

Understand,
to make
sqllq sqllaq sqllq 1

Upset
tqllq tqllaq tqllq 1

Upset,
to be
st ml st mal st ml 1
Use
lн laн lн 1
Use to,
To be of
myar ttimyar myar 1

Used to,
to become
nf tnfa nf 1
Useful,
to be
V
kk tkka kk 2
Visit
rar trara rur 2

Vomit
W
qql tqql qql 1
Wait
snkr snkar snkr 1

Wake
(so)
nkr nkkr nkr 1

Wake up
zzigz zzigiz zzigz 1

Walk
ssudu ssadaw ssudu 2
нuwws tнwwas нuwws 1
Walk
around
iri ttiri ri 1
Want
ssrġ ssrġa ssrġ 2

Warm
heat
rġ rqqa rġ 2
Warm,
to be
ssu sswa ssw 2

Water
ssird ssirid ssird 1

Wash
bbn bban bbn 1

Wash
(clothes)
siyq tsiyaq siyq 1

Wash
(floor)
iy iya iy 1
Waste
tfrrj tfrraj tfrrj 1

Watch
šiyr tšiyar šiyr 1

Wave
ls lssa ls 2
Wear
alla alla ul 2
Weep
br t bar br 1
Weigh
rннb trннab rннb 1

Welcome
sudi tsuday sudi 1

Weld
TashlHeet  245
jji tjji jji 1
Well,
to be
tfrrj tfrraj tfrrj 1

Watch
šiyr tšiyar šiyr 1

Wave
ls lssa ls 2
Wear
alla alla ul 2
Weep
br t bar br 1
Weigh
rннb trннab rннb 1

Welcome
sudi tsuday sudi 1

Weld
jji tjji jji 1

Well,
to be
sbdig sbdig sbdig 1

Wet,
to make
bdig addig bdig 1

Wet,
to be
ffr ffar ffr 1

Whistle
ig ig ig 1
sus sus a sus 1
Widen
rbн trbaн rbн 1

Win
jffif tjffaf jffif 1

Wipe
(dry
floor)
msн tmsaн msн 1

Wipe
off mнi tmнay mнi 1
sxf tsxaf sxf 1

Wiped
out,
to be
tmnna tmnna tmnna 1
Wish
šahd tšahad šahd 1

Witness
xdm txdam xdm 1

Work
tštn tštan tštn 1

Worry
Worth, swu tswu sw 2

to be
jrн tjraн jrн 1

Wound
ara ttara ur 2
Write
Grammar index
TashlHeet  247
Adjectives Passive verbs, 215
Comparative, 119 Past tense,
Demonstrative, 22 1st category pattern 1 verbs, 71
Masculine and feminine, 115 1st category pattern 2 verbs, 74
Singular, 115
Plural, 116 Verbs, 70
Superlative, 120 2nd category pattern 1 verbs, 72
Comparative adjectives, 119 2nd category pattern 2 verbs, 75
Comparing like objects, 120 Possession
Conditional, 161 Pronouns, 8
Conjunctions, 98 “win/tin”, 25
Definite article, 208 Possessive pronouns, 8
Demonstrative adjectives, 23 Prepositions, 62
Demonstrative indefinite pronouns, 24 With pronoun endings, 167
Demonstrative pronouns, 23 With verbs, 167
Future tense, 150 Present tense
Negation, 151 Verbs, 93
Have you ever…, 79 Pronouns
I‟ve never…, 79 Demonstrative, 23
Imperative, 65 Indefinite, demonstrative, 24
In order to, 96 Independent, 7
Independent pronouns, 7 Object, 83
Infinitive, 70 Possessive, 8
Intransitive verbs Question words, 85
Making intotransitive verbs, 214 Sun letters, 209
Moon letters, 209 Superlative adjectives, 120
Nouns TashlHeet alphabet, 210
Constructed and isolated, 14 Tifinagh, 210
Feminine, 13 TashlHeet numbers, 212
Feminine, how to form, 14 There is/are, 52
Masculine, 12 Time, 45
Masculine and feminine, 11 Using one verb after another, 95
Numbers Verbs
1 through 10, 37 Participles, 218
100, 200, 300…999, 40 Pattern 1 past tense form, 71
1000, 2000, 3000… , 42 To be, 21
11 through 19, 38 To have, 45
20, 30, 40 … 99, 39 To need/have to/should, 139
Cardinal, 37 To please, 135
Fractions, 44 To want, 52
Ordinal, 43 To want/like, 140
Object pronouns, 83 Using one verb after another, 95
Participles, 218 “win/tin”, 25
“illa”, 52
Vocabulary index
TashlHeet  249
Adjectives, 115 Months, 68

Bargaining, 108 Nationalities, 18
Body parts, 143 Nighttime, 30
Bus, 152 Numbers
Butagaz, 191 Cardinal, 37
Butcher, 129 Numerals, 37
Buying produce, 125 Peace Corps, 173
Café, 132 Places in town, 63
Cities, 18 Police station, 189
City bus, 154 Political harassment, 200
Clothing, 111 Post office, 165
Colors, 113 Prepositions, 62
Communication, 33 Question words, 85
Congratulations, 32 Restaurant, 132
Days of the week, 68 Seasons, 68
Directions, 63 Sexual harassment, 183
Doors and windows, 198 Shopping, 50,125,126
Drinks, 131 Sick, 32,144
Environment sector, 174 Site visit, 147
Family, 56 Sleeping, 30
Finding a house, 178 Small business development, 177
Food, 50,125,126,129,131,132 Spices, 129
Fruit, 126 Taxi, 152,153,154,185
Furniture, 180 Thanking, 30
God phrases, 34 Theft, 195
Greetings, 7 Time Expressions
Health, 144 Future, 149
Health sector, 175 Past, 69
Help, 31 Present, 92
Hotel, 159 Toiletries, 31
Household items, 180 Transportation, 32
Hygiene, 31 Travel, 152
Islamic calendar, 222 TaHanut items, 50
Kitchenware, 180 Units of measurement, 127
Marital status, 18 Vegetables, 125
Mealtime, 29 Verbs, 65,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,
228
Meat, 129 Pattern 1, 71
Money, 49 Pattern 2, 74

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TashlHeet  1

Sounds you already know

A Sometimes the /ä/ in “father,”

D the normal English sound /d/

the short “e” sound /e/ as in “met” (this

F the normal English sound /f/

G the normal English sound /g/ as in “go”

H the normal English sound /h/ as in “hi.”

I the long “ee” sound /ē/ as in “meet”

J the /zh/ sound represented by the „s‟ in

L the normal English sound /l/

M the normal English sound /m/

N the normal English sound /n/

the long “o” sound /ō/ as in “bone” (this

This is not the normal English “r,” but a

T the normal English sound /t/

U the long “oo” sound /ü/ as in “food”

V the normal English sound /v/

W the normal English sound /w/

Y the normal English sound /y/

Z the normal English sound /z/

Š the normal English sound /sh/ as in “she”

Some vowel combinations

Au the “ow” as in “cow”

Iu the “ee you” as in “see you later”

Transcription Arabic Sound

Like the English /k/ but pronounced further back

English Transcription Arabic Script

Words and syllables without vowels

Why not just write “sh”?

How do people greet each

A: Peace be upon you. s-salamu alaykum

B: Peace be upon you too. Wa alaykum s-salam

A: Good morning sbaH l-xir

B: Good morning sbaH l-xir

A: Good afternoon msa l-xir

B: Good afternoon msa l-xir

What‟s your name? madak ism? (m)

madam ism? (f)

Your name… ismnk… (m)

His/her name… ismns…

Nice to meet you. mtšrfin

How are you? mamnk a tgit?

Are you fine? labas?

Good, thanks be to God. labas, l-нamdullah

labas, nškrt i rbbi

Goodbye. ay awn rbbi

How are you? manzakin? (m)/manzakmin (f)

Good, thanks. isaqsa gik l-xir (m)

isaqsa gim l-xir (f)

Amina : s-salamu alaykum.

Chris : wa alaykum s-salam.

Amina : mamnk a tgit ?

Chris : labas, l-Hamullah. imma

Amina : labas, nškrt i rbbi.

Chris : samнiyyi, madam ism?

Amina : isminu Amina, ima kyyi?

Chris : isminu Chris.

You (masculine singular) kyyi