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Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1: Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

This document contains an exercise sheet on quantum computing concepts with 14 questions. The questions cover topics such as: - Possible qubit states and their measurement probabilities - Operations on multi-qubit systems such as measurement and unitary transformations - Matrix representations of operators like the Hadamard gate and Pauli matrices - Properties of unitary operations and entangled states - Distinguishing quantum states using the Helstrom-Holevo bound - How quantum cloning could violate the no-signalling principle

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141 views2 pages

Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1: Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

This document contains an exercise sheet on quantum computing concepts with 14 questions. The questions cover topics such as: - Possible qubit states and their measurement probabilities - Operations on multi-qubit systems such as measurement and unitary transformations - Matrix representations of operators like the Hadamard gate and Pauli matrices - Properties of unitary operations and entangled states - Distinguishing quantum states using the Helstrom-Holevo bound - How quantum cloning could violate the no-signalling principle

Uploaded by

Juan Diego
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Quantum Computing: Exercise Sheet 1

Steven Herbert and Anuj Dawar

1. Which of the following are possible states of a qubit?

(a) √1 (|0i + |1i)


2
√
3 1
(b) 2 |1i − 2 |0i
(c) 0.7|0i + 0.3|1i
(d) 0.8|0i + 0.6|1i
(e) cos θ|0i + i sin θ|1i
(f) cos2 θ|0i − sin2 θ|1i
(g) 21 + 2i |0i + 21 − 2i |1i
 

For each valid state among the above, give the probabilities of observing |0i and |1i when the
system is measured in the standard computational basis.
What are the probabilities of the two outcomes when the state is measured in the basis
√1 (|0i + |1i), √1 (|0i − |1i)?
2 2

2. A two-qubit system is in the following state


1
√ (|00i + 2i|01i − 3|10i − 4i|11i)
30
The first qubit is measured and observed to be 1. What is the state of the system after the
measurement? What is the probability that a subsequent measurement of the second qubit
will observe a 1?
   
1 1 −1 0 −i
3. Find the eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of √2 and .
1 1 i 0
4. Uniqueness of dimension: Suppose that |v1 i, . . . , |vn i is a basis for V . Let |u1 i, . . . , |un+1 i be
any collection of n + 1 vectors. Show that they cannot all be linearly independent, i.e. one
of them must be expressible as a linear combination of the others.
   
1 1 −1 0 −i
5. Express each of the two linear operators √2 and as a linear combination of
1 1 i 0
outer products of computational basis vectors.

6. Show that the Hadamard matrix and the three Pauli matrices are unitary.

7. If I is the 2-dimensional identity matrix and H is the Hadamard operator, give matrix rep-
resentations of the operators I ⊗ H and H ⊗ I.

8. Let |ψi = α0 + β|1i, if |ψi is measured using measurement operators M0 = |0ih0| and
M1 = |1ih1| verify that p(M0 ) = |α|2 and p(M1 ) = |β|2 .

1
9. Show that unitary operations are norm preserving. That is, if U is unitary, then the norm of
U |ψi equals the norm of |ψi, for all |ψi.

10. For the Pauli matrices X, Y and Z, show that XY = iZ.

11. Suppose a two-qubit system is in the state 0.8|00i + 0.6|11i. A Pauli X gate (i.e. a NOT
gate) is applied to the second qubit and a measurement performed (on each qubit) in the
computational basis. What are the probabilities of the possible measurement outcomes?

12. Show that the entangled state √1 (|00i + |11i) cannot be expressed as a tensor product of two
2
single qubit states.
Hint: start with a general expression of a tensor product of two single qubit states, (α|0i +
β|1i)(γ|0i + δ|1i) and multiply out.

13. We wish to distinguish two quantum states:


√
3
• In the first case, the state is either |0i or 2 |0i + 21 |1i.
√
3
• In the second case, the state is either |0i or 12 |0i + 2 |1i

Which of these cases do you expect to be able to distinguish with higher probability. Verify
your answer using the Helstrom-Holevo bound.

14. Describe (qualitatively) how, if cloning were possible, then the no-signalling principle could
be violated.

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