Circular Waveguides

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES
Introduction
• A circular waveguide is a tubular, circular conductor. A plane wave
propagating through a circular waveguide results in a transverse
electric (TE) or transerse magnetic (TM) mode.
Solutions of Wave Equations in Cylindrical
Coordinates
• The scalar Helmholtz equation in cylindrical coordinates is given by
• Using the method of separation of variables, the solution is assumed

in the form of
• where R (r) = a function of the r coordinate only
• ∅(∅)= a function of the ∅ coordinate only
• Z (z) = a function of the z coordinate only
• Substitution of Eq. (4-2-2) in (4-2-1) and division of the resultant by
(4-2-2) yield
• Since the sum of the three independent terms is a constant, each of
the three terms must be a constant. The third term may be set equal
to a constant 𝛾𝑔 .
• The solutions of this equation are given by
• where 𝛾𝑔 = propagation constant of the wave in the guide.

• Inserting 𝛾𝑔 for the third term in the left-hand side of Eq. (4-2-3) and
multiplying the resultant by 𝑟 2 yield
• The second term is a function of ∅ only; hence equating the second

term to a constant −𝑛2
• The solution of this equation is also a harmonic function:
• Replacing the ∅ term by −𝑛2 in Eq. (4-2-6) and multiplying through

by R, we have
• This is Bessel's equation of order n in which

• This equation is called the characteristic equation of Bessel's
equation. For a lossless guide, the characteristic equation reduces to
• The solutions of Bessel's equation are
• Therefore the total solution of the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical

coordinates is given by
• By applying boundary conditions Finally, the solution of the Helmholtz
equation is reduced to
TE Modes in Circular Waveguides
• It is commonly assumed that the waves in a circular waveguide are
propagating in the positive z direction.
• The TEnp modes in the circular guide are characterized by Ez = 0.
• This means that the z component of the magnetic
field Hz must exist in the guide in order to have
Electromagnetic energy transmission.
• A Helmholtz equation for Hz in a circular guide is given by
• For a lossless dielectric, Maxwell's curl equations in frequency domain

are given by
𝐸
• Where 𝑍𝑔 = 𝐸𝑟ൗ𝐻∅ = − ∅ൗ𝐻𝑟 has been replaced for the wave
impedance in the guide and where n = 0, 1, 2, 3, ... And p = 1, 2, 3, 4,
....
• The first subscript n represents the number of full cycles of field
variation in one revolution through 2π rad of ∅.
• The second subscript p indicates the number of zeros of 𝐸∅ .
• The mode propagation constant is determined by Eq
• The cutoff wave number of a mode is that for which the mode
propagation constant vanishes. Hence
• The cutoff frequency for TE modes in a circular guide is then given by
• and the phase velocity for TE modes is

• The wavelength and wave impedance for TE modes in a circular guide
are given, respectively, by
• and
Ex:
• A TE11 mode is propagating through a circular waveguide. The radius
of the guide is 5 cm, and the guide contains an air dielectric
• a) Determine the cutoff frequency.
• b) Determine the wavelength in the guide for an operating frequency
of 3 GHz.
• c) Determine the wave impedance in the guide.
• Sol.
′
• From the table we can get 𝑋11 = 1.841=𝐾𝑐 × 𝑎. The cutoff wave
number is
• The cutoff frequency is
• The phase constant in the guide is
• The wavelength in the guide is
• The wave impedance in the guide

Ex2:
• An air-filled circular waveguide is to be operated at a frequency of 6
GHz and is to have dimensions such that fc = 0.8f for the dominant
mode. Determine:
• a. The diameter of the guide
• b. The wavelength𝝺g, and the phase velocity Vg in the guide
• Sol:
𝑋𝑛𝑝
• 𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑎 𝜇𝜖
9 1.841
• 4.8 × 10 =
2𝜋×𝑎× 𝜇𝜖
1.841×3×108
• 4.8 × 109 =
2𝜋×𝑎
• a= 18mm
• 𝝺𝑔 = 𝝺ൗ 1−(0.8)^2
= 2𝜋
ൗ𝐵𝑔
• 𝐵𝑔 = 𝑤 2 𝜖𝜇 − 𝐾𝑐2
1
• 𝐵𝑔 = 2 2
4𝜋 𝑓 2 − 1022
𝑐
• 𝐵𝑔 = 73.4
• 𝝺𝑔 = 2𝜋ൗ𝐵𝑔 = 0.085𝑚
• 𝑉𝑔 = 𝑤ൗ𝐵𝑔 = 2𝜋𝑓ൗ𝐵𝑔 = 5.1 × 108
Ex3:
• An air-filled circular waveguide has a diameter of 4 cm and is to carry
energy at a frequency of 10 GHz. Determine all TEnp modes for which
transmission is possible.
𝑋𝑛𝑝
• 𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋𝑎 𝜇𝜖
𝑋𝑛𝑝 ×3×108
• 𝑓𝑐 =
2𝜋×2×10−2
• 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑋𝑛𝑝 × 2.38 × 109
• 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑋𝑛𝑝 × 2.3 × 106
• 𝑓𝑐𝑇𝐸01 = 3.832 × 2.3 × 109 = 8.8𝐺𝐻𝑧
• 𝑓𝑐𝑇𝐸11 = 1.841 × 2.3 × 106 = 4.23𝐺𝐻𝑧
• 𝑓𝑐𝑇𝐸21 = 3.054 × 2.3 × 106 =7GHz
• 𝑓𝑐𝑇𝐸12 = 5.331 × 2.3 × 106 =12.26GHz
• 𝑓𝑐𝑇𝐸31 = 4.201 × 2.3 × 106 = 9.6GHz
H.W.
• A circular waveguide has a cutoff frequency of 9 GHz in dominant
mode.
a. Find the inside diameter of the guide if it is air-filled.
b. Determine the inside diameter of the guide if the guide is dielectric-
filled. The relative dielectric constant is Er = 4.

Circular Waveguides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Circular Waveguides

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Circular Waveguides

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CIRCULAR WAVEGUIDES

• Using the method of separation of variables, the solution is assumed

• The solutions of this equation are given by

• where 𝛾𝑔 = propagation constant of the wave in the guide.

• The second term is a function of ∅ only; hence equating the second

• Replacing the ∅ term by −𝑛2 in Eq. (4-2-6) and multiplying through

• This is Bessel's equation of order n in which

• The solutions of Bessel's equation are

• Therefore the total solution of the Helmholtz equation in cylindrical

• For a lossless dielectric, Maxwell's curl equations in frequency domain

• and the phase velocity for TE modes is

• The wavelength in the guide is

• The wave impedance in the guide

You might also like