Solar Power for Beginners

The Ultimate Guide on Mastering the Basics, Designs, and

Installations of Solar Power Systems

Adams
Jonathan
Copyright © Adams Jonathan
All rights reserved.
It is not legal to reproduce, duplicate, or transmit any part of this document by either electronic
means or in printed format. Recording of this publication is strictly prohibited
Disclaimer
The information in this book is based on personal experience and anecdotal evidence. Although the
author has made every attempt to achieve an accuracy of the information gathered in this book, they
make no representation or warranties concerning the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this
book. Your circumstances may not be suited to some illustrations in this book.
The author disclaims any liability arising directly or indirectly from the use of this book. Readers are
encouraged to seek Medical. Accounting, legal, or professional help when required.
This guide is for informational purposes only, and the author does not accept any responsibilities for
any liabilities resulting from the use of this information. While every attempt has been made to verify
the information provided here, the author cannot assume any responsibility for errors, inaccuracies or
omission.
 Contents
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE
The Basic Terms in Solar Power Systems
CHAPTER TWO
What are the Designs of Solar Power Systems?
Maintenance of Solar System
Occupational Safety and Health Administration Silica Exposure Rules
CHAPTER THREE
Understanding How Solar Panels Generate Electricity
The Origin of the Photovoltaic Effect
Grid Connection and Solar Panels
Other Necessary Components of Solar Systems
CHAPTER FOUR
The Sizes of Solar Panels
Sizing Solar panels
Differences between Residential and Commercial Solar Panels
Weighing Rooftop Solar Panels
How to Measure the Size of Roofs for Solar Panels
The Equator and Solar Systems
How Solar Cells Work
What is the General Formula for Panel Sizing?
CHAPTER FIVE
The Orientations of Solar Panels
Placing your Panels on a Flat Roof
Placing your Panels on a Pitched Roof
Basic features of Pitched Roof Mounting System
Pitched Roof Mounting Components
 Various Types of Pitched Roof Mounting System
Inter-row Spacing of Solar Panels
CHAPTER SIX
How to Choose Solar Panels
Calculate the Cost
Check the Warranty Options
Assess the Technological Efficiency
CHAPTER SEVEN
How to Maintain Solar Panels
How to Choose an Inverter
Phases in a Solar System
What are Hidden Losses in a Solar System?
CHAPTER EIGHT
Solar System Buying Guide
How to Buy Online
How to Buy Offline
CHAPTER NINE
How to Read Solar Panels Technical Data Sheets
Explaining Connection Efficiency
Factors that determine solar panel efficiency
How to Read Inverter Data Sheets
The main features of inverter data sheets
Understanding MPPT
Analyzing MPPT Range
MPPT Solar Charge Controller
Features of MPPT Solar Charge Controller
CHAPTER TEN
Solar System Connectivity
What is Series Connection?
What is Parallel Connection?
Short Circuit System and Fire Hazard
The Main Components of AC and DC Electric Systems
How to Use Protection Devices in a Solar System Set-Up
Fuse and MCB
CHAPTER ELEVEN
How to Connect a String to an Inverter
General Rules for Stringing Solar Panels
Types of Solar Panel Wiring
Series Stringing of Solar Panels
Parallel Stringing of Solar Panels
CHAPTER TWELVE
Analyzing the Main Service Panel
Types of Inverter Technology
CHAPTER THIRTEEN
How to Connect Inverter to MSP
How to connect external switches
CHAPTER FOURTEEN
What are the Sizes of Cables to Use?
How to Determine the Sizes of cables
Types & Sizes of Solar Cables
Connecting Solar Cables
CHAPTER FIFTEEN
The Installation Processes of Solar Systems
Electrical Installations and Connections
CHAPTER SIXTEEN
How to Rack Up the Solar System
Landscape and Portrait
Rails and Rafters
Using Standoff
Mid Clamp and End Clamp in Solar Systems
Installing Clamps on Solar Panels
Features of Mid Clamps for Solar Panels
Features of End Clamps for Solar Panels
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN
What is Racking Websites in Solar System Set Up?
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN
Summary of Solar System Installation Processes
Determining the Size of the Required System
Assessing the Roof
How to Choose a Brand of Solar Panels
 Choosing an Inverter
MSP Upgrade
Selecting a Circuit Breaker
Choosing the Size of Cables
Understanding the Mechanical Requirements
How to Purchase the Items
CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

The Solar Power system in a home is a valuable asset that increases a

home's value and reduces potential energy costs every month. Investing in
solar is a huge investment that can minimize your net worth to about
twenty-eight percent or higher; although, the cost of purchase and
installation could be frightening.
Determining solar installations' total cost is best done using the average
monthly energy consumption in your home. This is often printed on your
regular utility bills. You will also estimate the size of the solar array that can
produce such an amount of energy in your home.
Most homeowners opt for solar systems due to the rising cost of
conventional electricity sources from the general grid. This book will help
you to know the systematic processes of customizing your solar power
stations in the home.
Also, you will know various terminologies associated with solar power
installations in a simple and understandable manner. This is an
environmental-friendly system that gives you access to constant energy.
You can share this natural endowment with friends and neighbors and
export excess solar power in our home to the typical grid. Then, you will be
paid the feed-in tariff.
 CHAPTER ONE

The Basic Terms in Solar Power Systems

A proper understanding of some basic terms in the solar power system will
help you know your solar installations' features. These terminologies
include

Ampere (Amp) – the current flow unit is the unit of electric

current corresponding to a certain number of electrons crossing
a fixed point every second.
Azimuth – an angle measured horizontally in degrees in a
clockwise direction from a reference point. It is usually the
north or south axis of the horizon. It also gets to the point of
intersection by the object's line of elevation.
Electric current – the rate of flow of electricity calculated in
Amperes.
Albedo – is the degree of light reflection from a surface.
Cell – the primary unit of a PV panel.
Altitude – the elevation of the sun over the horizon.
Direct current (DC) – the flow of electric currents only in a
particular direction.
Direct insolation – the radiation of the solar system on the
earth's surface.
Electrical efficiency – electricity output divided by the total
electricity consumption.
Array - interconnected photovoltaic modules providing a
uniform electrical output.
Electric circuit – an electrical path for current, generators,
capacitors, and resistors.
Alternating current (AC) – an electric current reversing its
direction regularly.
Diffuse insolation – the reflection or scattering of solar
radiation by clouds, dust, and other atmospheric elements.
Load – the act of including a device that absorbs power to an
electrical circuit. It also means a device that absorbs power
such as a bulb, refrigerator, television, etc. Another meaning of
load in an electrical system is the energy consumption within
an electrical circuit.
Energy – sources of useful and usable power such as solar
power, electricity, and fossil fuel.
Electrical grid – an interconnection of electrical systems for
proper electricity distribution.
Inverter – an instrument capable of converting direct current
(DC) into alternating current (AC).
Kilowatt – 1,000 watts.
Megawatt – 1,000,000 watts.
Gigawatt (GW) – this amounts to 1,000,000, 000 watts.
Ohm – a measurement of electrical resistance.
Junction box – an enclosed space for electrical wires and
installations.
Insolation – the amount of solar energy received over an area
within a specified period.
Module – means a panel or an interconnection of solar cells.
Photovoltaic (PV) – the conversion of radiation energy into
electrical energy using solar cells.
Silicon – an element for making semiconductors.
Radiance or Solar Radiance – light from the sun.
Remote system – a solar system that is not connected to the
utility grid.
Polycrystalline cell – solar cells generated from processed
liquid silicon. Silicon crystals are produced in multiple forms
during the solidification process, although it is not very
efficient as monocrystalline cells.
Solar – the capability to provide solar power. It also means
generated by energy from the sun.
Photovoltaic system – a system functioning with solar cells,
electrical connections, mechanical components, controllers,
and mounts to converts light into electricity.
Monocrystalline – involves solar panels made from a single
and large silicon crystal, making them highly efficient.
Solar energy – power released from the sun in the form of
radiation.
Photovoltaic efficiency – power generated by solar cells to the
ratio of radiation reaching the cells from the sun. This rate can
vary in the day due to certain factors such as temperature.
Solar thermal – the process of harnessing solar power for
thermal energy.
Thin-film – a semiconductor material with a light coating like
amorphous silicon dropped on a plate of glass directly.
Watt (W) – the unit of electrical power with respect to time. It
is also the amount of work produced in a specified time. An
ampere of current moving at the latent of one volt can generate
a watt of power.
Solar constant – the average density of solar radiation
calculated at the earth's mean distance from the sun and outside
the earth's atmosphere. This rate is equal to 0.140 watts per
square centimeter.
Volt (V) – this is the unit of voltage. If operating on resistance
of one ohm, one volt generates an ampere of electrical current.
Tracking Array – an array of the solar system based on the path
of the sun. In this case, it maximizes the solar radiation
occurring on the surface of your solar panels.
Solar spectrum – the process of distributing energy released by
the sun organized according to wavelengths.
Voltage – electrical power that causes the current to move in a
circuit as it forces the electrons to circulate.
Transformer – a device for the transmission of electricity from
a circuit to another. It can reduce or increase the voltage during
transmission processes.
 CHAPTER TWO

What are the Designs of Solar Power Systems?

Solar system
Green energy has become an alternative source of power in many homes
and businesses. This is done to reduce over-dependence on fossil fuels.
Designing a solar power system is building the unit, choosing the
equipment, and estimating the ratings of the tools used in the structures.
A solar panel is about sixteen square feet and differs in size. They are
designed in a rectangular shape fitted to racking systems.
Solar power systems are made in different ways following some procedures
such as:

1. The Power Usage Statistics

Before purchasing and installing your solar system, consider the power
usage statistics. This depends on the sources of electricity available to the
home unit. Decide if the house will have solar energy as a supplement to
power from the community's power grid.
In most cases, you can decide to go off-grid. That means your building will
not depend on power from the typical grid, but the solar installations will
supply electric energy to your apartment.

2. Sun Hours on the Building

The amount of power a solar system can produce is determined by the sun's
hours. Most buildings don't receive enough sunlight. This will reduce the
sun hours, making installing several solar panels difficult.
You can use a tool such as Google Sunroof in determining how many usable
sun hours your building is receiving in a year. Another method is using
satellite photos of a particular building.

3. Battery Storage
During nighttime hours and cloudy days, it is difficult for the unit to
generate enough power to sustain your household. But on sunny days, your
solar panels can produce the necessary power for your appliances and other
utilities.
Due to this imbalance in power supply, battery storage is necessary,
especially if your home, car, RV, or van is connected to the general grid. It
is impossible to power your small home using the common grid.
If you want to enjoy a constant power supply, you should back up your
home's power supply using a solar battery.

4. Conversion of Direct Current to Alternating Current

Solar panels produce direct current, but an energy converter is used to make
the power use. It serves as a transition point for converting DC energy from
the battery system in your houses or solar panels to usable 110 volts or 240
volt AC power.
You need a large power converter that can convert enough energy to carry
all your home appliances. If you are using a small converter, it may not
convert all the required energy to power your devices.
Maintenance of Solar System

Most solar power systems don't need much maintenance, and they are
sturdy and can withstand inclement weather conditions. They may be
damaged by lightning, hurricanes, tornadoes, and hail. But with insurance
coverage on your home, they may be replaced if there are damages.
As a homeowner, here are maintenance tips for your solar system:

a. Always monitor the PV panels and be assured that the inverters

are blinking green lights.
b. Keep a record of solar panels' daily performance to note their
output on cloudy days and sunny days.
c. Photovoltaic panels may not be affected by rust or breakdown
since they don't have parts.
d. Ensure your solar systems are not shaded by trees or other
structures that could prevent them from absorbing solar energy.
e. You can use sprinkler systems, which are automated cleaners
in cleaning your solar panels if you don't have time to do it
manually.
f. Have monitoring systems that can help you to know how much
feed-in-tariff to benefit from.
g. Use long handle wipers to clean the panels from the ground
surface.
h. Clean the panels when they are wet for a better cleaning
experience.
i. Do not use abrasive soap or sponge in cleaning the surfaces to
prevent scratching the panels.
 j. Always remove dust and dirt from the solar panels to stop them
from absorbing sunlight on the surface of the PV panels.
k. If you must climb the roofs, use safety ropes or harnesses to
avoid sliding off the roof and falling.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration Silica

Exposure Rules

Globally, most solar panels are made of crystalline silicon. This type of
panels are popular and the choice of many homeowners. The reason is that
a crystalline silicon photovoltaic cell can convert solar energy with twenty-
five percent efficiency.
Therefore, OSHA silica exposure rules were established due to exposure to
crystalline silica due to the health challenges caused by exposure. This
substance is known to cause kidney disease and lung cancer. It can also
cause silicosis and COPD.
Workers are exposed to breathable silica substances. They need adequate
protection to reduce the risks of these ailments. It is also recommended that
workers using respirators for more than thirty days a year should undergo a
medical checkups.
 CHAPTER THREE

Understanding How Solar Panels Generate Electricity

Proper knowledge of how solar panels generate electricity will help you
know how to handle the systems. This will make you embrace the system as
an alternative source of energy.
The cells in your solar systems are made of silicon. The element is regarded
as a semi-conductor capable of generating electricity in a process known as
the photovoltaic effect. These panels function by producing direct current
and transforming it to alternating current, which is usable in the home
through the inverter.
At this point, alternating current is distributed throughout the home. PV
cells absorb energy from the sun and convert it to DC electrical energy.
A solar module comprises a metal frame, a circuit system, a glass casing,
and a layer of silicon cells. Silicon is a non-metal but has conductive
properties. This feature enables them to absorb and convert sunlight into
electricity.
Electrons are set in motion by the interaction of light with silicon cells. This
causes electric currents to flow in a process known as the photovoltaic
effect. This is the pivot of the functionality and features of a solar power
system. Excess electric currents are released to the general power grid.
The Origin of the Photovoltaic Effect

The photovoltaic effect was initially discovered by Edmond Becquerel in

1839. It is the feature of semiconductors to produce electricity if exposed to
sunlight. Therefore, the capacity of solar panels to generate electricity is
hinged on this electrical effect.

Grid Connection and Solar Panels

Are you still wondering about how the grid factors into the solar system in
the home? If your apartment is connected to the general grid, your power
supply will provide a utility meter. This is used in measuring the amount of
electricity supplied to your home.
If you install solar panels on your apartment, they will be connected to the
utility meter. The volume of electricity generated by your solar system will
be measured by the metering system too.
You can also acquire net metering. It is a crucial incentive for the solar
system that improves the economics of a PV system. Net metering enables
you to send energy to the power grid if your solar system generates excess
power. This extra power generation happens in the summer months. You
can use this to exchange for credits on your electricity or utility bill.
With these generated credits, you can draw current from the grid in low
power production days such as cloudy days or night time. Net metering
helps you store excess electrical energy with the common grid as credits to
be utilized in days of emergency on your private (solar) power system.
Therefore, solar is an all-in-one energy solution for every home.
You don't have to worry during bad weather because net metering will give
you access to energy from the grid at all times.
Other Necessary Components of Solar Systems
Other necessary parts of a solar system include a glass casing, insulation
layer, protective back sheet, and anti-reflective coating.
Glass Casing
The glass casing protects the silicon cells in the solar panel, making them
durable.

Insulation Layer
The insulation layer is found under the outer parts of the glass. It is vital in
the panel because an increase in temperature will reduce the solar system's
performance and efficiency.
Protective Back Sheet
This feature protects the interior parts of the panel against moisture and
dissipation of heat.
Anti-Reflective Coating
The anti-reflective coating enhances the absorption of light from the sun. It
enables these silicon cells to receive greater exposure to sunlight.
Moreover, silicon cells are produced in two formats, such as polycrystalline
and monocrystalline. Polycrystalline cells are made with pieces of silicon.
Also, monocrystalline cells are made of a single silicon crystal. Electrons
can quickly move around in a monocrystalline format, thereby producing
higher efficiency. But the price tag for mono-formats is higher than poly-
formats.
 CHAPTER FOUR

The Sizes of Solar Panels

Sizing Solar panels

Seeing solar panels on rooftops is a common sight nowadays. But figuring
out the actual size of these panels is difficult. The average size of these
photovoltaic panels is 5.4 feet in length and 3.25 feet in width. This is
about 65 inches by 39 inches. But larger apartments can carry solar panels
measuring about 6 feet in length.
Each solar panel comes with separate PV cells measuring about 156
millimeters by 156 millimeters. In approximation, the size is 6 inches in
length and 6 inches in width. Rooftop solar panels contain 60 solar cells.
But the standard for industrial installations is 72 cells and could increase to
98 cells or even higher.
Differences between Residential and Commercial Solar Panels

a. Residential solar panels contain sixty solar cells, while

commercial solar panels consist of seventy-two solar cells.
 b. The average length of residential panels is sixty-five inches,
while commercial panels are seventy-eight inches.
c. The average depth for residential panels is 15-2 inches, while
commercial solar panels have 15-2 inches.
d. The average width of residential panels is thirty-nine inches
while commercial solar panels measure thirty-nine inches.
However, the number of cells in a panel is directly proportional to its
length. If you compare commercial panels with seventy-two solar cells,
they are thirteen inches longer than the residential ones with sixty solar
cells.
Weighing Rooftop Solar Panels

It is essential to know the weight of solar panels to ensure that your roof can
carry them. You can determine the weight by checking the product
specifications of the panels before buying.
Depending on the brand and type of solar panel you are going for, an
average residential solar panel weighs about 40 pounds. Some brands also
weigh about 33 pounds, while others like Canadian Solar weigh about 50
pounds.
Therefore, if you need two solar panels weighing about 40 pounds on your
roof, ensure that the top can support up to 80 pounds of weight. Also, if you
need five solar panels, meaning that 40 pounds x 5 = 200 pounds of weight
on your roof, etc.

How to Measure the Size of Roofs for Solar Panels

To measure the size of roofs for solar panels, determine how many solar
panels you need in your home. This depends on the amount of electricity
your household consumes. It also depends on the usable surface area of
your roof.
Other factors include the peak sunlight in your locality. Weather conditions
can also determine the size of roofs for solar panels. Consider the wattage,
net metering, and relative efficiency of the PV panels you want to use.
But the best way to know the size of the roof to use for mounting your solar
panels is to consult a solar installation expert.

The Equator and Solar Systems

The Inclination of the Sun and Solar systems

Solar power released on the earth's surface is affected by two factors such
as the thickness of the atmosphere between the sun and a given area; and
the inclination of the rays of sunlight over a given geographical axis.
In the midday, the sun can be at an angle of ninety, over human heads. But
at sunset, it will be at an angle of 0. However, it is never at an angle of
ninety in most places but at a maximum angle where it radiates the highest
energy. The degree of radiance depends on the thickness of the atmosphere
over such a place.
If the atmosphere below the sun is very thick, it will filter the radiation of
sunlight. Then, as the sun goes from a higher point to a lower end, the
energy continues to reduce until the sun is covered on the horizon.
Using the inclination of the rays of sunlight over a particular, you will
observe that the earth's axis of rotation is not perpendicular to the
translation plane of the earth around the sun. This will give us an inclination
angle of 23.5.
Now, the tropics include two lines that are parallel. One is at the north,
while the other is at the southern part of the equator. When the sun gets to
these lines, it is at ninety degrees over the surface of the earth. At this point,
it has got to its highest angle in the solstices, which is usually June 21st . On
this date every year, the sun gets to its highest point in the northern
hemisphere. It also gets to its lowest point in the southern hemisphere. This
angle is directly perpendicular to the Tropic of Capricorn.
Therefore, globally and all year long, the sun smites at angle ninety at the
equator. Solar panels will receive the highest solar energy at this point. This
degree of power does not occur in the northern hemisphere because the
sun's angle reduces as you move from the equator to the north.
At the same inclination, the parallel geographical point gets reduced rays of
sunlight, including solar energy. However, as you proceed northward, the
thickness of the atmosphere between the sun and earth's surface grows
bigger and thicker, making it difficult for the rays of sunlight to effectively
hit your solar panels.
How Solar Cells Work

Solar cells are combinations of N-type silicon with blue color and P-type
silicon with red paint. The solar cells produce electricity using light from
the sun in making electrons.
As sunlight shines on the solar panels, light particles, otherwise called
photons, hit the upper surface. The photons are represented as yellowish
blobs that transfer their energy downwards the cell.
However, the photons surrender their energy to electrons in the P-type layer.
The electrons cross over hurdles to the upper N-type layer and enter the
circuit. These electrons cause the lamp to light up as they flow around.
What is the General Formula for Panel Sizing?
The way to know the size of solar panels you need is with your previous
utility bills. The general formula for panel sizing is multiplying your
household's hourly power consumption by the peak hours of sunlight in
your area. Then, divide the figure you have by the wattage of the panel.
 CHAPTER FIVE

The Orientations of Solar Panels

The orientation of your solar panels matters as much as the type of solar
panels you installed in your apartment. If the rays of sunlight hit the surface
of your panel in a perpendicular position, the panel will absorb more power
for your home's use.
Placing your solar panels in the proper direction where they will have more
tilt is necessary. This will cause them to be positioned towards the sun's
area of intensity. Most persons use the solar tracking system to enhance the
panels' energy production when exposed to the sun's rays.
Solar orientation follows two methods, which are

a. Tilt or Angle – this feature is necessary for solar power

systems. Geographical latitude determines the angle a solar
system should be set to generate more energy within a year.
Setting the tilting angle of your solar panel to the geographical
latitude is a common rule for optimizing your annual energy
production. This means that if the solar array is located fifty
degrees latitude, the optimal tilt angle is also fifty degrees.

If your solar panel is placed closer to the equator, the panel will be
tilted upwards. As the panels are slanting towards the poles, they
should be tilted more towards the equator.
Climatic and environmental factors could, coupled with the angle
of your solar panels, could affect energy output. Slanting your solar
panels wintry seasons, accumulation of snow on the panels could
hinder the rays of sunlight from hitting the panels leading to low or
no power generation. But this effect varies from region to region.
 b. Direction – A standard rule for placing solar panels in the
northern hemisphere is that solar panels should face true south.
But if in the southern hemisphere, the panels should face true
north. This is the best direction since solar panels will get
enough sunlight during the day.

But true south and magnetic south are two different phenomena.
The south that is displayed when a compass is used is known as the
magnetic south. It faces the earth's south magnetic pole. Solar
panels are designed to face solar south or geographic south. This is
the direction towards the South Pole. Due to this analogy, if the
panel is situated in the southern hemisphere, it should face true
north. Depending on your choice, you can slightly slant or rotate
your panel away from the true south, which could be very
beneficial.

You can tilt your panel to face south-west depending on what you
are using the panel to do in some cases. These panels collect more
energy, which is more useful during the day if they face due south.
The rotation causes the panels to generate more electricity
whenever they are needed.
On this note, rotating the solar panel towards sunset is south-west
will make your home receive enough light in the evenings to power
your appliances. But most homes are provided with electricity from
other sources in the morning and midday.
Placing your Panels on a Flat Roof

The type of solar panel installation you choose for your home depends on
the structure of your roof. You can use a solar tracking system to update
your solar panels. Installing panels on flat roofs need some set of tools to
optimize the electricity output.
Installers can move around quickly on flat roofs without special equipment.
They are not required to make holes on the roof before installing the panels.
A ballast system, which is a weighted mounting system, is used for flat roof
installations. It applies the force of gravity to remain on the roof without
boring holes.
But solar panel installation on slanting rooftops requires a penetration
mount used for attaching the racking holding the solar panel.
To place your solar panels on a flat rooftop, you need to orient them to face
south. But they should be mounted at the correct angle, notwithstanding the
direction your home faces. With these, you can easily optimize your panels
for efficient power generation. This entails better performing solar
installation for your apartment.
Placing your Panels on a Pitched Roof

Among the solar mounting categories, pitched roof placement is a sub-type

of these mounting systems. We also have solar shingles and a sloped-roof
mounting system.
But pitched roof mounting system involves installing to the pitched roof
frameless and framed solar panel modules. It is ideal for commercial
buildings and residential buildings.
There are different sub-types of pitched roof installation systems such as
corrugated, raised panel, tile, standing seam, and in-roof.
Basic features of Pitched Roof Mounting System

a. Pre-assembled parts with customized solutions making

installation easy, fast, and popular.
b. Easy to install with interchangeable parts and minimal
components.
c. Installation should be done on the part of the roof with
maximum exposure to sunlight.
d. The roof of such a building should have a pitch of thirty
degrees, facing the south, sunny, and spacious.
e. Designed with light-weight, strong, durable, and corrosion-
resistant aluminum
f. This type of mounting system could be affected by the shape of
the roof, different kinds of pitches, and roofing structures.
g. You can fit modes in landscape or portrait.
Pitched Roof Mounting Components

The mounting components of a pitched roof system include an inter-clamp

kit, rail, rail splice kit, braided earthing strap, grounding washer, end
clamp kit, and grounding lug .

Various Types of Pitched Roof Mounting System

1. SolidRail System

Different load profiles come with various mounting rails. The

system is strong and durable, with greater flexibility for ranges of
widths.
The components of roof fastening in this system include

Solar fasteners – ideal for corrugated fiber cement

roofing or corrugated sheet metal.
Roof hook for slate roofing – has three boreholes for a
secure fit.
Roof hook for plain tile roofing – suitable for double
roofing too.
Vario 1 and 2 roof hooks – for pantiles. You can adjust
the height at battens and under the bracket.
Roof hook for pantiles - designed in various sizes with
durable stainless steel.
Hanger bolts – for sheet roofing with wood as a
substructure. Used for corrugated sheet metal with
customizable height adjustment.
Roof hook for Coppo roofing is adjustable under the
bracket with a flexible position on the rafters.

2. SpeedRail System
This is a long rail system for using a floating suspension with
regulated thermal linear expansion, including the trapezoidal sheet.
It is ideal for high-loading and easy to install.
The roofing components include:

SpeedLock – this lock is necessary for SpeedRail and

useful for thermal expansion. It is designed with a
stainless steel and slot nut.
SpeedRail – for inserting SpeedClips into mounting
rails and available in different lengths.
SpeedConnector – Used as a rail connector for
SpeedRail with three boreholes for quick mounting. It
includes a set of countersunk screws.
SpeedClip – Comes with mounting brackets for
SpeedRail. The trapezoidal sheet metal could be
fastened with self-drilling screws.

3. SingleRail System

This is a fast and low-cost system for direct lateral connections to

the rail. You can easily adjust the height of the structure if you need
it. No need to screw the system into the base plate since it has a
secure snap-in assembly. It is a versatile and durable system if used
together with CrossHook roof hooks.
The Components for Roof Fastening in this system include

SingleHook – for pantiles and suitable for narrow

rafters. It is easy to adjust.
CrossBoard – suitable for nogging and skylights.
CrossHook 4S – for pantiles with three heights
adjustment in the base plate. It is made for narrow
rafters.
SingleHook FT – for flat tiles and pantiles. It is
independent of rafters and used on small rafters.
CrossHook 3S – for pantiles with three height
adjustments in the base plate and suitable for rafters.
 Hanger Bolts SR – suitable for corrugated fiber-cement
roofing with wooden substructures.
Standing Seam Clamps – for different types of the
seam.
SingleHook Vario – for flat tiles and pantiles with
adjustable height at battens and rail connections.

4. MultiRail System

It is simple to mount and features a short rail component with

different lengths.
The necessary components for fastening on the roof include

MultiRail 4200 mm – the long rail is used for making

customized sizes. You can fasten the component using
adhesive with a length of 4200 mm.
MultiRail 250 mm – for high loads with horizontal
module orientation using greater flexibility.
MultiRail 100 mm – the orientation of this module is
horizontal with a length of 100 mm.

5. S-Dome Small System

This system is useful for roofs with an inclined angle of fifteen

degrees. It has a strong holding power and affordable.
Components of this roof fastener include

Dome SD Small – this is a support element for a

narrow module.
FlexClamp Small – It has an adjustable height with
clamping on the long side of a solar module.
MultiRail 250 mm – It has a length of 250 mm with an
inclination angle of fifteen degrees and four boreholes
for mounting.
Dome S 1000 Small – used as a support factor for a
solar module with narrow elevation.

6. Insertion System
Insertion system is easy to assemble with no tools and quick to
install with no clamps. It comes with a continuous, closed surface.
The components of this system include:

Hanger bolts – it is useful for cement roofing or

corrugated sheet roofing. Hanger bolts have a wooden
substructure with an adjustable height.
Insertion rails – offers a solution for installing a highly
effective solar module.
Cross connector – Easy to mount and useful for the
insertion of rail on SolidRail.
Cable management – .you can handle up to five cables
with this system. It features a fast cable connection
under the insertion rail.
Accessories – these accessories include a side stopper,
connector insertion rail, and a horizontal end bracket.
CrossHook 3S+/4S+ - easy to adjust the height and
suitable for narrow rafters.
SolidRail – a robust mounting rail used for large spans
with several load conditions.

7. MiniRail System

It features a smaller and inventive mounting system that can be

mounted easily. This system is a suitable portrait orientation or
ideal landscape with five degrees inclination, optimal module
angle, and improved ventilation.

MiniRail – for landscape and portrait mounting using

MiniClamp.
Self-tapping Screws – designed with sealing washers
and added in MiniRail.
MiniFive front and End – for greater output and
improved ventilation with an optimized module angle,
including a single-sided easy elevation.
MiniClamp 30-50 mm – a rotatable universal module
clamp.
Inter-row Spacing of Solar Panels

Now, you should learn and understand how to estimate inter-row spacing
for ground-mounted PV systems and tilted solar panels. You can increase
the size of the array and prevent shading on the devices.
Naturally, determining the actual spacing between the rows of solar panels
could be difficult. You need to take caution to ensure rows of panels do not
cause shading on each other, especially those behind them. This situation
can cause the system to perform less than expected.
Follow these steps to calculate the inter-row spacing of solar panels:

Determine the height difference from behind the module to the

surface. You can use this formula:

Height Difference is equal to Sin (Tilt Angle) x Module Width

Do not calculate in radians but degrees.
If I decide to use a module designed by SolarWorld, for instance,
with a width of 39.41 inches at a tilt angle of 15 degrees.
The height difference becomes Sin (15) x 39.41
Height difference is equal to 10.2 inches. This could be rounded
down to 10 inches.
You can determine the elevation angle of the sun by visiting this site. Then,
enter the zip code of your location. Also, you can enter the longitude and
latitude of your area for a precise result. The Azimuth angle can also help
you calculate the panels' inter-row spacing on your solar array.
 CHAPTER SIX

How to Choose Solar Panels

Choosing a new solar panel involves some techniques since it is a long term
investment. You need to pick a good brand at an affordable cost carefully.
Calculate the Cost
The first thing to calculate here is the cost of a solar panel. Different factors
culminate to determine the price of a solar panel. These include

a. The size of the panels you want to buy.

b. The brand of solar panels.
c. Durability
d. Warranty or certifications.
e. The size in watts.
However, panels' cost might not be the only deciding factor because costly
ones may not be too efficient.
Consider the quality based on how it is produced, including the quality of
materials used in production. Different producers manufacture solar panels
that are different in price, quality, and effectiveness. These manufacturers
invest much time and resources into research and development to ensure
that their products perform optimally.
Some producers only assemble panels but don't invest in research.
Therefore, check to see if there are satisfied clients before committing your
money.
Another feature to consider is the size. That means the physical size and
size of the wattage. The size of the panel should be big enough to carry all
your electrical appliances. Also, ensure that your space is enough for proper
installation processes.
You need a 4 kilowatt the solar system to power an average household. In
this case, a panel producing 100 watts will have 100-watt hours, while a 4-
kilowatt panel will give you about 4,000-watt hours.
In general, solar panels could cost about $19,000 if you use a 6kW solar
panel made for industrial centers. Also, residential areas with 3kW or 8kW
can cost from $9,300 to $25,000, including the installation
cost.
Check the Warranty Options

Accessing the warranty options is a sign that the product will be durable. A
manufacturer expresses confidence in his products through warranty offers.
Solar panels are designed to have about twenty-five years of warranty. If the
product has a shorter warranty period, it is a sign of inferiority, and you
may not trust such panels.
Proper maintenance of the solar systems will increase their lifespan and
longevity.
Assess the Technological Efficiency

The technical efficiency is based on the amount of light the panel receives,
converted to electrical energy. This also entails the degree of power your
solar system can generate. If the system is more effective, it is a better
option, and therefore, more expensive.
A good recommendation is to get a bigger and more efficient panel to meet
up your energy needs.
 CHAPTER SEVEN

How to Maintain Solar Panels

Here are some maintenance tips for solar panels:

a. Ensure your solar panels are not covered by shadows that can
reduce energy production.
b. You can know the amount of carbon dioxide you are releasing
into the environment and how much feed-in-tariff you should
receive using monitoring systems.
c. Always check your solar systems and ensure that the inverters
are blinking green lights if you do not see the green lights
beaming, no compensation for using your electricity.
d. Solar panels may not suffer mechanical breakdown and rust
and may require little or no maintenance in that area.
e. Install automatic cleaners for cleaning the system if you can't
do it manually. This works like a sprinkling machine.
f. Schedule cleaning appointments with solar panel cleaning
firms for routine maintenance.
g. Information about your solar panel servicing could be showing
on a wall-mounted display.
If you decide to clean your solar panel, here are some tips that can help you
get it done quickly and easily.

1. Solar panel cleaning kit comes with a wiper, a brush with a

handle or a smaller brush, and a biodegradable soap. Pour the
soap into a bucket with water. Put the brush inside the soapy
solution and begin to wipe the panels gently. Stubborn stains or
grime could be handled by wiping the surface with a soft brush
and clean water to avoid scraping the surface. Also, following
 the instructions on the bottle will guide you to clean your
system correctly.
2. Never use hard or harsh materials in cleaning your panels to
avoid damage to the unit.
3. Avoid a build-up of dirt and dust by cleaning the system
regularly.
4. If you must climb the roof, use harness or safety ropes for
support.

5. Try to clean your panels when they are wet.

How to Choose an Inverter

Buying inverters require a careful plan to get a good one to carry your
appliances in the home or business. Here are some things to consider before
buying:

a. Understand the amount of electrical energy that can power

your appliances.
b. Consider the Volt Ampere rating of the inverter you need. This
is regarded as the voltage and current supplied by your inverter
to the home appliances.
c. Select a good battery for your inverter. The battery is the life,
power, and performance of an inverter system. It determines
the backup power of an inverter system and the number of
hours it can carry your home. This is also known as the battery
capacity and expressed in Ampere Hours (Ah).

Inverters on the market have various capacities such as 100 Ah,

150 Ah, etc. You can calculate the battery capacity of your inverter
using the power efficiency of your inverter. If an inverter is
functioning at 100% efficiency, it means the power supply from the
inverter and your appliances' power needs are the same. But
usually, inverters have efficiency ranges from sixty percent to
eighty percent.
 The efficiency of inverters is also known as the Power Factor. It is
the ratio of power needed by the appliances to the power
supplied by the inverter . This power factor ranges from 0.6 to
0.8.
Now, if you need a battery that can give you three hours of back
up. It should be:

Energy requirements at home x Backup hours / Voltage of

Battery = Battery capacity.
Therefore, Power is calculated in watts, Backup hours are
estimated in hours, while Battery voltage is in volts.
Disadvantages of Inverters
Do you think your inverter system could have disadvantages? First of all,
here is a brief analysis of the advantages before we understand the
drawbacks.
Advantages

Cools and heats up efficiently.

Runs on solar panels.
The use of better refrigerants makes it a right choice for green
energy.
Ideal for small or large apartments.
Provides lower power consumption useful for house circuit
system.
Ensures consistent room temperature.
The compressor makes power fluctuation difficult.
An inverter consumes less power compared to a usual AC,
making it about forty percent cheaper to manage.
Disadvantages
But the disadvantages of using inverters include

The inverter's efficiency reduces at noon when the weather is

sweltering above forty-five degrees Celsius.
If the model is underpowered, it may run more often at
maximum output, causing the air to dry up too much.
 Energy consumption increases if the room is not insulated,
causing the electricity bill to grow too.
Achieving the target temperature makes models that are too
powerful for the room's size to run intermittent short cycles.
This will help them to achieve the target temperature result.
This condition could make the room become too hot or too
cold. Also, poor dehumidification could make your apartment
uncomfortable, leading to increased energy consumption, wear
and tear, and more running costs.

Phases in a Solar System

A solar system can have up to three phases, and you can connect them
easily. You can also connect your solar system to the grid in three ways:

a. Using a single-phase solar inverter in connecting your solar

system to one of the supply phases.
b. Using a three-phase solar inverter in connecting your system
into all three phases of your supply.
c. Using three separate single-phase inverters in connecting your
system into all three phases of your supply.
If you are contemplating the plan to set up for your apartment, you should
also understand how to benefit from feed-in-tariffs.
You should know how to balance loads on the three phases to maintain the
demand across the phases. This is necessary to boost the power quality. If
voltage is problematic on any phase, it can cause inverters always to trip
out.
What are Hidden Losses in a Solar System?

In a photovoltaic array, some hidden losses are occurring in the system.

These losses are reducing the global yield. The PVQAT – International PV
Quality Assurance Task Force was established to embark on research to
identify faults in solar panels and address the issues to minimize power
losses.
These problems could be a result of geographical or climatic conditions
such as desertification, temperate conditions, and tropical regions. Other
issues that could cause a loss of power are mistakes during installation.
Another problem is a defect as a result of the degradation mechanism. This
fault is not based on manufacturing processes. This degradation process
causes the system to reduce its original or nominal production capacity.
You also have the problem of mismatch and shading faults. This defect
occurs due to permanent sources and temporary sources. Examples of
permanent origins of mismatch defects include cracking of modules,
degraded performance, and manufacturing tolerance.
Examples of temporary sources of defect occur due to differences in
radiance arising on the panels' surface. These mismatch losses lead to a
reduction of the power generated during the peak hours of the day.
 CHAPTER EIGHT

Solar System Buying Guide

If you have decided to purchase a solar system for your household, here are
some buying tips that can guide you accordingly:

1. Consider the duration of the producer's warranty – understand

the type of guarantee offered by the manufacturer, especially
consider the duration. Reputable manufacturers usually offer
twenty-five years warranty. Therefore, you should expect your
PV panel to last for a longer time.
2. Access the type of panels available before buying – Due to
limited spaces on roofs, you may consider monocrystalline
photovoltaic panels that are efficient but expensive. You may
also decide to purchase thin-film panels or the more advanced
polycrystalline panels. If your roof has enough space, consider
the panel's size and energy output you want to buy. Don't
clutter your roof space with inefficient solar panels.
3. Before mounting the solar panels – ensure that a certified
engineer checks and approves the area you want to mount your
solar panels, even if it is on the roof or ground. This is to
enhance efficiency and prevent shades from affecting the
panels. The solar system should be cyclone-rated and wind-
rated. This is to control your PV panels from being removed
by a wild storm. Ask relevant questions from the dealers
before purchasing.
4. Ask for quotes from different providers – getting quotes from
various solar systems providers will give you other price lists
for a range of products to choose from.
 5. Get recommendations from friends, colleagues, neighbors, and
family – ask your friends, colleagues, or neighbors who had
already installed solar panels, and they will give you tips on
the best brand to buy. You will learn from their experiences
and avoid issues that affected them.
6. Do not succumb to high pressure from salespersons – do not
make buying decisions on your solar panels on the spot. Ask
the salesperson to give you some time. High-pressure sales
method has led many into the pitfall of buying the wrong solar
panels.
7. Consider the solar panel's efficiency – the system that converts
direct current (DC) electricity from your PV panels to
alternating current (AC) is the inverter. It is the box between
the appliances and the panels. Most solar inverters are not
equal and not efficient.

Efficient inverters easily convert direct current to alternating

current without wasting much heat. Evaluate the efficiency of these
inverters before purchasing and beware of generic brands.

8. Get solar panel certifications for possible rebates from the

government – this is necessary for purchases of solar panels.
Each certification indicates the type of testing they have
undergone. Suppose you see a solar panel with this
certification – TUV IEC 61215. it means that the product has
undergone tests by a separate laboratory and trusted
professionals and met the standard requirements or
specifications.
9. Look for solar panels with real prices – don't go for products
with too low prices. This may mean poor installation or low
quality. If you notice that you are paying an amount less than
other products of the same category or specification, endeavor
to ask questions. This will prevent you from buying an inferior
panel that you may regret later.
How to Buy Online

Locate online retailers of solar panels and accessories, including energy

efficiency products, and contact them to select and purchase. They will
guide you in making a right buying decision. Various solar panels come
with different watts, such as

a. 1 - 90 watts – small panels for charging RV batteries and other

smaller off-grid equipment.
b. 91 – 159 watts – for charging RVs, including class-one
Division 2 environments.
c. 160-199 watts – for off-grid systems according to the size of
panels.
d. 200 – 299 watts – PV panels used in older solar arrays.
e. 300 Watts and above – for strong PV panels.
f. Thin-film solar panels – lightweight, durable, and flexible.
g. Pallets of Solar panels – you may get special discounts for
ordering full pallets of solar panels.

How to Buy Offline

If you don't want to buy online, you can locate a solar panel and accessories
store near you to choose from. You may get a 12-volt system, 24-volt
system, and 48-volt system for your off-grid solar system.
Before releasing your bucks, ensure that you check through the product
manual for the necessary information to guide you in making a decision.
Here are some things to consider:

a. Solar panels: for absorbing the rays of sunlight and converting

it into electricity. Examine the voltage, string size, and
amperage. Ensure the panels are compatible with power
centers, batteries, and other accessories on the package.
Finally, understand the warranty offers and ensure that the
system can run uninterruptedly for 24 hours a day. Some
examples of solar panels include Astronergy 320, Heliene 320,
b. Racking system for ground mount or roof mount.
c. Power Center: this is a pre-wired inverter used in off-grid
settings. This center involves an inverter, circuit breakers,
charge controller, and remote control.
d. Add-ons for power centers: these include Kohler 12kW off-
grid generator package, Kohler 28kW off-grid generator
package, Schneider Conext ComBox, and Schneider Conext
Auto Generator Start (AGS).
e. Battery or Power bank: stores energy generated from the
panes. Examples include lithium batteries, flooded lead-acid,
and sealed lead acid (AGM or Gel) such as Crown CR430
flooded lead-acid battery, Fullriver DC400-6 AGM Sealed
Lead Acid battery, and Discover AES Lithium battery.
 CHAPTER NINE

How to Read Solar Panels Technical Data Sheets

A solar panel's technical data sheet comes with various terms and ratings
that a beginner may find confusing and difficult to understand. Some of
these specifications include

a. Normal Operating Cell Temperature (NOCT) – solar panels

on your roof in the summer can heat up well above 100
degrees Fahrenheit. NOCT helps you to get a realistic view of
natural world scenarios. Instead of giving you one thousand
watts per square meter, you can get eight hundred watts per
square meter. This energy rating occurs when there are
scattered clouds over a sunny day.

In this condition, solar panels use an air temperature of twenty

degrees Celsius, not a solar cell temperature. It also involves a
2.24MPH wind cooling the back of a ground-mounted solar panel
seen in larger solar arrays. NOCT rate is more realistic but lower
than STC.

b. Short Circuit Current (Isc) - this is the amount of current or

amps the solar panel generates when the plus or minus of the
wires are directly connected, especially if it is not connected to
a load. You can read the short circuit current by measuring the
system with an ammeter. This Isc is the most significant
current your photovoltaic panels will generate under standard
test conditions. You can determine how many amps a
connected device such as inverters, charge controllers, etc., is
used by the short circuit current and multiplied by 1.25 for
NEC (National Electric Code eighty percent requirements.
c. Standard Test Conditions (STC) – every solar panel is tested
using the same standard test conditions. Depending on the
 intensity of light and temperature, voltage and current can
change. These changes are observable on the solar cell's
temperature of 25 degrees Celsius, the atmospheric density of
1.5, including the sun's angle, which could be directly
perpendicular to the solar panel at 500 feet above sea level.
Also, you can see it in the light intensity of 1000 watts per
square meter.
d. Open Circuit Voltage (VoC) – the number of volts the solar
panel releases without any load. You can read open-circuit
voltage by placing the voltmeter across the minus plus leads.
This result is essential since the maximum voltage the solar
panel can generate in normal test conditions. This rate is
valuable when you want to know the number of solar panels to
wire in series into the charge controller and inverter.
e. Nominal voltage – this is a category of voltage. It is not a real
and measurable voltage. It enables you to know which
equipment can go together with others. For instance, a nominal
solar panel of 12 volts comes with an open-circuit voltage of
22 volts and a maximum power point voltage of 17 volts. This
panel can charge a 12-volt battery.
f. Maximum power point current (Impp) – In normal test
conditions, it is the actual amperage you can see if the solar
panel is connected to the MPPT solar equipment such as
charge controllers, etc. It is the current or amperage you
observe when the output power is at the highest point.
g. Maximum power point voltage (Vmpp) – this voltage occurs
when the power output is at the highest point. You can see the
real voltage if the panel is connected to the MPPT solar
devices such as inverters and charge controllers.
h. Maximum power point (Pmax) – a combination of the volts
and amps on a solar panel power output leading to the highest
wattage. That means Volts x Amps is equal to Watts. The
MPPT electronics try to maintain the volts and amps to
enhance power output. In this case, a solar panel is listed as the
Pmax. Then, Pmax is equal to Vmpp x
Impp.
Explaining Connection Efficiency

Connection efficiency is an estimation of the solar panel's capacity to

transform sunlight into useful electricity. Suppose two solar panels with
different efficiency ratings are exposed to the same amount of sunlight for
the same duration. In that case, the panel with greater efficiency will
generate more power than the other.
The efficiency of solar panels is influenced by the generation of electricity
by solar cells. The composition of these cells, their electrical configuration,
and surrounding components also affect solar panels' efficiency.
Most PV panels have between fifteen percent to twenty percent efficiency.
Some high-quality panels exceed twenty-two percent.
Factors that determine solar panel efficiency

The ability of solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity determines

their efficiency. The factors that determine solar panel efficiency include:

a. Reflection: The reflection of lights away from the solar panels

can reduce its efficiency. Therefore, the layer of glass on
silicon PV panels is essential.
b. The type of material used for making the panel such as
cadmium telluride, monocrystalline silicon, and polycrystalline
silicon.
c. Wiring and busing: this entails arranging wires and busbars on
a solar panel to capture and transmit electricity. This structure
of circuits can impact the efficiency of the
panels.

How to Read Inverter Data Sheets

Inverter datasheets display the specifications of inverters. Reading and

interpreting the specs will determine if you can purchase it for your solar
system or not. Anyone that handles solar panel installation needs to read the
inverter datasheets.
The main features of inverter data sheets

Inverter data sheets have some specifications you need to understand before
you can install and use it, such as:

1. Maximum input current – the maximum direct current

generated by the system. If the system's electric current is over
this limit, all excess current will not be utilized.
2. Maximum output current – the maximum alternating current
the inverter can generate at a time. You need to understand this
feature and choose protection devices such as circuit breakers
and fuses to manage over-current situations.
3. Protection degree – this is shown by IP, including its
protection level against solid objects' entrance into the system,
which is the first digit, and the second digit is waterproof
protection.
4. Maximum power tracking voltage - is the direct current
input voltage range in which the inverter will work in MPPT
regions. The system designer should understand this feature
properly. Therefore, the string voltage will be designed so that
some part of the year, the input voltage of the direct current
can fall within that category.
5. Starting voltage – this is the minimum direct current voltage
needed to start the inverter for grid-tie solar systems.
6. Compliance certificate – this certification displays the tests
and standards in which the inverter complies with UL, CE, etc.
7. Maximum efficiency – this is the highest efficiency derivable
from the inverter system. It varies between ninety-four percent
to ninety-eight percent.
8. Rated output power – the highest intensity you can get from
the inverter. It is measured in Kilowatt or Watt.
9. Rated output voltage is the utility alternating current
voltage, which the inverter will be connected to according
 to the electricity distribution system . It could be one- phase
or three-phase.

Understanding MPPT

MPPT stands for Maximum Power Point Tracking. An algorithm is added

to charge controllers for obtaining maximum energy available from the
photovoltaic modules in some conditions. The voltage at which your solar
module can produce maximum energy is called Peak power voltage or full
powerpoint.
This varies with solar cell temperature, ambient temperature, and solar
radiation. A typical solar module can generate a current with a maximum
power voltage of about 17 volts if measured at a cell temperature of 25
degrees Celsius. On cold days, it can rise to 18 volts, while on hot days, it
can reduce to 15
volts.

Analyzing MPPT Range

MPPT range involves obtaining maximum power available from the solar
modules by causing them to function at the most efficient voltage. This is
also known as the maximum powerpoint.
Therefore, Maximum Power Point Tracking examines the output of the
solar module and compares it to the battery voltage. It harmonizes the best
power the solar module can generate to charge the battery. Also, it converts
it to the best voltage to get the highest voltage into the battery. It supplies
current to a direct current load if it is connected directly to the battery.
From experience, it has been deduced that MPPT is most effective in
conditions such as:
 1. If the battery is well-charged, MPPT can obtain more current
and recharge the battery when the charged power discharges.
2. Hazy days, cold conditions, and cloudy weather. Solar modules
function better in cold weather conditions. MPPT obtains
available extra power from the modules.

MPPT Solar Charge Controller

You can maximize the electric current amount going into the battery from
the solar module using the embedded MPPT algorithm. It is the charge
controller with the direct current to direct current converter functioning by
taking DC input from the solar module and transforming it into an
alternating current. It also transforms it back to another DC voltage and
electric current to fit the battery's solar module.

Features of MPPT Solar Charge Controller

a. It is valuable for any solar power system needed to obtain

maximum power from solar modules.
b. It causes solar modules to function at a voltage close to
maximum power.
c. MPPT solar controller reduces the complexity of the system
while the output of a system is high efficiency.
d. It applies to other renewable sources of energy such as wind-
power turbines, water turbines, etc.
 CHAPTER TEN

Solar System Connectivity

Do you want to increase your solar system capacity? Then, consider

connecting solar panels easily and efficiently. Solar system connectivity
connects extra solar panels to increase the voltage and energy output of
what the system can generate already.
Firstly, decide on the connection method that can give you the desired
result. This entails wiring your different solar panels in a parallel
connection or series connection. With this, you can make larger solar
arrays

What is Series Connection?

Series connection involves the process of increasing the total system

voltage by connecting solar panels in series. This is possible if you have a
grid-connected charge controller or inverter that needs 24 volts or more.
Series wiring is done by connecting the positive terminal to each panel's
negative terminal to give you the total output voltage of the array. Do this
for each panel until you have only a positive and negative connection left
out.
In Series wiring, you can have an array of panels like:

1. Series of solar panels in different voltages – incorporates

different types of solar panels with different power ratings.
2. Series of solar panels with different currents – involves
different types of solar panels with a different ratings. The
separate panels' voltages will add up with the amperage limited
to the value of the lowest panel in the series.
 3. Series of solar panels with the same features – involves the
same type of solar panels with the same power rating. The total
voltage output is the sum of the voltage output of each panel.

What is Parallel Connection?

You can use parallel wiring to connect different solar panels. This is the
reverse pattern of the series connection. It is used to increase the current of
the total system. In this type of connectivity, you connect all the positive
ends together, and all the negative ends. That means positive terminal to
positive terminal and negative terminal to the negative terminal.
After all these connections, you will be left with only a positive terminal
and a negative terminal attached to the batteries and regulators. In a parallel
connection, the voltage output remains the same, just like a single panel.
However, the output current is the sum of the production of each panel.
In parallel wiring, you can have an array of panels such as:

1. Solar panels of the same features in parallel wiring involve the

same type of solar panels with similar power ratings.
2. Solar panels with different currents and voltages in parallel
wiring – in this system, the parallel solar panels add up with
the voltage adjusting to the lowest value. But the panels must
have the same output voltage to be utilized in parallel
connection. Any panel with a higher voltage must shed it to
that of the lower one to align with the system.

Short Circuit System and Fire Hazard

Anyone considering installing a solar system, should know that

photovoltaic plants generate electricity, which is a potential source of fire
hazard if electrical faults occur in the circuit system. This is due to the
presence of direct current and the layout of the system, including the
grounding of the negative pole of the DC.
You should devise means of protection, which are necessary for designing a
system that takes care of fire risk. The main focus of this study is grid-tied
solar systems connected to an independent grid system. It feeds power
directly into a commercial or residential apartment and returns excess into
the grid.

The Main Components of AC and DC Electric Systems

AC and DC electric systems' main components include solar generators,

which are panels connected in parallel or series to form multiple arrays or
single arrays. You also have an inverter, low or high-frequency transformer,
storage facilities like batteries,
Other components include an interface system to the grid, grounding
system, surge protectors, and other devices for protection against over-
current.
If you design your solar system according to technical standards, you may
not overload it. Therefore, no protection device is needed. The photovoltaic
system cables can be affected by current coming from a short circuit,
especially if there is a fault in the systems with a grounded point and
separate systems with a double grounded point.
The differentiating factor between an average plant powered by the network
and a solar system is that a PV system is a generator. Therefore, you can
install a protective device in the junction box if the cable is too small for the
panels' current. With this, you can protect the device from short circuit
currents using fuses and circuit breakers.
You can install Surge protective devices to prevent the occurrence of fire
hazards originating from lightning and
thunderbolts.

How to Use Protection Devices in a Solar System Set-Up

Using protection devices in a solar system requires fulfillment of the

standards of the National Electric Code – NEC. These include:
a. Over-current protection features such as breakers and fuses.
These can be optional on the direct current system, but you
should always apply them for alternating the current systems.
b. DP circuit breaker – is placed on the main service panel where
the wiring from the PV system joins the utility grid.
c. AC disconnect - kept in the area of the main service panel.
d. DC disconnect – it usually comes with most inverters.
e. Net meter socket - one of the requirements by utility firms for
recording electricity
billings.

f. Ground fault protection – the inverter performs the functions of

this feature.
g. A Combiner or Junction Box - used for wire connections
beside the
array.
Fuse and MCB

Fuse and MCB are among the solar safety devices that you can apply for
safeguarding your system.

1. The battery fuse holder for 12V or 24V. It is used as a 12V in-
line fuse holder and ideal for being used from controller to
battery or controller to load. This fuse holder is designed with
waterproof sealing and comes in a red and black finish.
2. MCB means Miniature Circuit Breaker. This device is useful
in low voltage DC battery, solar systems, and wind power
structures. Examples are single-pole PV circuit breaker, double
pole circuit breakers, and Solar or battery MCB box.
 CHAPTER ELEVEN

How to Connect a String to an Inverter

Connecting a string to an inverter can impact the current, power, and

voltage of a solar system. Every installer needs to understand the stringing
processes of a solar array and choose the right inverter for the system,
ensuring the system functions properly.
The electricity output from your solar array will be limited to the maximum
energy generation of the inverter. If your panels' voltage surpasses what the
inverter can carry, it can reduce the lifetime of the inverter. On the same
note, if the voltage from the array is too low for the inverter, the system will
underperform. The inverter may not function until its Start Voltage is
reached. Most times, shade can also affect the performance and output of
your solar array.
You can use solar software called Aurora in managing the stringing process
of your solar array.
Things to Consider before Connecting a String to the inverter include

1. Inverter Specifications – this is seen in the product's

manufacturer datasheet containing the Maximum direct current
input voltage. It also shows the Start Voltage or Minimum
voltage of the inverter. This datasheet displays the maximum
input current of the inverter, including the MPPT of the device.
This tracking system identifies the current and voltage at
which the power will be reduced. But the conditions on the
solar panels must be consistent to avoid reduced efficiency.
2. Data about the solar panels indicating the short circuit current
(Isc ) and open-circuit voltage (Voc ).
These details about your solar panels are based on the performance of the
modules. This is known as Standard Test Conditions (STC). It involves an
irradiance of 1000W per square meter and 25 degrees Celsius.
General Rules for Stringing Solar Panels

If you want to have an effective solar system, consider wiring the panels
together. This will form an electric circuit through which the current will
flow. Wiring the panels to the inverter system will convert electrical energy
produced as direct current in the panels to alternating current use in the
homes, and excess production will be sent back to the grid.
This process of interconnecting solar accessories for optimal power
generation, utilization, and storing is called Stringing. Also, each series of
solar panels connected is called a String. These panels need a string
inverter and not a microinverter to function correctly. Then, each string
inverter is designed with divers voltages for optimum performance.
The basic rules for solar panel stringing include:

a. Make sure that the minimum voltage and maximum voltage

are within the range of the inverter system. Don't allow the
voltage of the strings to surpass the maximum input voltage of
the inverter. Also, it should not go below its Start or
Minimum voltage.
b. Ensure that the voltage is additive in series strings and the
current is additive in parallel strings.
c. Connect strings with similar conditions such as the same
azimuth, tilt, irradiance, and orientation. The reason is that any
disparity in string conditions will affect your solar system's
energy production and efficiency.
d. Strings with different conditions should be connected to other
MPPT ports. These strings should be separated into their
strings and reconnected to different Maximum Power Point
Trafficking (MPPTs) of the inverter.
e. Another advanced strategy is inverter clipping.
f. You can also use Module-Level Power Electronics (MLPE),
such as direct current optimizers, software tools, and
 microinverters. These microinverters are attached to
individual solar panels and make it easier to add more panels to
your array in the future.

Types of Solar Panel Wiring

Solar panel wiring could be done in many ways. These stringing processes
have a great effect on the voltage and current in the circuitry. They include
Series stringing and parallel stringing.

Series Stringing of Solar Panels

Connecting each solar panel to the next in line is the basis of stringing solar
panels in series. Solar panels are designed with positive and negative
terminals. In this case, the wire from the positive end of a solar panel is
connected to the next panel's negative end, and it continues in that
sequence.
Each added panel in the series increases the total voltage of the string.
However, the current in the string remains constant.
A significant disadvantage of choosing series wiring is that if a panel is
shaded, it automatically reduces the current through the whole string. The
current remains the same throughout the string, the current is lowered to
that of the shaded panel with the lowest current.

Parallel Stringing of Solar Panels

In parallel stringing of solar panels, all the panels' negative ends are
connected to a single wire, while the positive ends of all the panels are
connected to another wire. In this system, each added panel increases the
amperage or current of the circuit. But the voltage of the circuit remains
constant and equal to the voltage of each panel.
The advantage of stringing solar panels in parallel is that when one panel is
covered by shades, the other panels will function separately, and the voltage
of the entire array will not be lowered in any way.
 CHAPTER TWELVE

Analyzing the Main Service Panel

In a solar power array, the pane is not the only part that makes the system
thick. There are several components of the entire system, and each of these
parts is from different brands. Therefore, the main service panel includes
solar panels, batteries, racking systems, and inverters.

1. Solar Panels

Solar panels are the most visible part of a solar system and are
usually associated with it. A sight of solar panels on the roofs of
houses will tell you who is using a solar system or not.
These panels generate electricity in the form of direct current when
sunlight hits and stimulates built-in electrons moving through solar
cells in your solar panels. It is the sunlight that produces electricity
and not the heat from the sun. On the other hand, if your panels are
overheated, they become less efficient than overheating in
computer systems.
Therefore, ensure that your choice panels can withstand arid
conditions, including harsh weather elements in your region, for at
least the net twenty-five years.
Solar panels are produced with different technologies such as
monocrystalline panels and polycrystalline panels.
Monocrystalline panels – are made of special large crystals that
are darker in color and beautiful. Due to the way the product is
designed aesthetically, you may not see the corners. These panels
are seen to be superior to the polycrystalline ones and produce
higher peak efficiency. The reason is that large crystal cells quickly
absorb sunlight. The product is more readily available than
polycrystalline panels.
Polycrystalline panels – are made of several smaller crystal
particles that could be light or dark blue. It comes in a variation of
textures some patches lighter than others.
Choose a good brand of solar panels before buying. Some of the
products that may last for you include Hyundai, Canadian Solar,
Phono & Trina, and jinko. Other brands with more extended
warranty periods and regarded as superior to the former ones
include SunPower, Q-Cells, and LG.
However, concentrate on the quality of the photovoltaic panel, the
manufacturer’s trustworthiness, and the product's performance in
the long run.

2. Batteries

Excess power produced during sun peak hours in the day is stored
in the batteries used at night. Also, extra energy generated on sunny
days is used on cloudy days when the weather is not friendly.
The choice of battery for your solar array depends on your feed-in-
tariff and your household's energy needs.

3. Racking System

The racking system or mount is another crucial component of a

solar array. Most brands that provide solar panels and accessories
use high-quality materials in their products considering the lifetime
and warranty that usually accompany solar panels.

4. Inverters

To power your home appliances, you need to install inverters to

convert the direct current generated by solar panels into 240V
 alternating current use in your apartment. It operates throughout the
lifetime of your solar system.
Most times, it could be the only equipment in your solar array that
develops faults. The warranty for inverters is usually ten years.
Purchase high-quality inverters that can be serviced easily.
Examples of these inverters include ABB, SolarEdge, Fronius, and
Sungrow.

Types of Inverter Technology

There are two types of inverters, such as microinverters and string
inverters. Microinverters are installed behind each panel to enable
the panels' power to form separately from each other.
However, in a string inverter system, when shading occurs on a
solar panel, all the panels' performances are affected. But with
microinverters, this issue does not happen. Microinverters are
known as power optimizers in the solar system.
A string inverter is installed onto a wall in a shaded area. It
converts the power from a string of panels for residential systems
into alternating current use for your home or business.
 CHAPTER THIRTEEN

How to Connect Inverter to MSP

Inverters are used for connecting a DC electricity of 12 V or 24 V into a

230 V alternating current. To convert 12 V DC you need a SinePower MSP
162 or MSP 352. Also, to convert 24 V DC electricity, you need a
SinePower MSP 164 or MSP 354. You can cool the MSP devices with a
load and temperature-based fan.
However, inverters MSP 162 and MSP 164 will give an output of 150 Watts
while inverters MSP 352 and MSP 354 provides 350 Watts.
Connecting an inverter to MSP is possible but only extends the connection
line with cables that have a cross-section equal to or more than that of the
connection line. It is not advisable to reverse the polarity because that will
cause a great spark to melt the internal fuses. Note: consult a qualified
electrician to replace the fuses.
How to connect external switches

You can connect an external switch to an inverter with a connection cable

using a Western telephone jack. Check how the PIN is configured on the
plug for the connection cable.
Now, cut the connection cable to suitable sizes following the wiring
diagrams. Another method is to consult a professional to connect the device
for you.
After this step, connect the external switch with the connection cable on the
remote port.
 CHAPTER FOURTEEN

What are the Sizes of Cables to Use?

You need to use a solar cable to string together your solar hardware. Most
solar panels come with standard cables, but you may need to buy your
wires. PV cables are large cables with multiple wires in a protective jacket.
You may need a different cable, depending on the solar system. Solar cables
may be 4 mm or 6mm, which could be thicker and help transmit higher
voltage.
You may also notice some differences in the types of solar cables for direct
current and alternating current.
How to Determine the Sizes of cables

To determine the right sizes of cables for your solar panels, you need to
understand some terms associated with solar wires. One of the most
common sizes of PV wires is called the American Wire Gauge (AWG). A
low AWG covers many areas with reduced voltage drops.
In solar panel wiring, the size of solar panel cables is necessary since it can
affect the whole solar array's performance. Purchasing a smaller cable than
the recommended size can lead to unexplainable drops in voltage across the
wires. This will lead to a loss of power. Also, undersized cables can cause a
surge in power, leading to a fire in the system. Fire eruption on rooftops
resulting from using the wrong sizes of cables for solar panels can spread to
other parts of the house.
But suppose you have a solar cable that is not big enough to carry the
current from the PV panel. In that case, the resistance can lead to less
amount of electrical energy being transferred as the circuit is tiny and may
not contain much flow of power.
The sizes of solar cables are determined using American Wire Gauges, as I
said earlier. If you are using a cable with a lesser gauge (AWG) number,
you may experience lesser resistance, and the voltage from the solar panels
will be released quickly. Each solar cable has different gauge sizes that can
affect the price of the various wires. These gauge sizes come with their
AMP rating. This is the maximum amount of AMP that safely travels
through the cable.
Different cables can allow and transmit a certain amount of voltage and
amperage. If you can understand and analyze the wire charts, you can
quickly determine the right size of cable you may need. You can connect
the photovoltaic panels to the main inverter with different wires while the
inverter is connected to the batteries. The batteries will also be connected to
your battery bank, while the inverter will be connected to the grid directly.
You can determine the sizes of cables using two methods:

1. Calculating the Voltage Drop Index (VDI) of the Solar

Array – some information from the manufacturer that can help
you calculate the voltage drop index (VDI) of the solar system
includes total amperage, voltage drop percentage, and length
of the cable in one direction. The calculation of VDI is
measured in feet, and the formula is:

Amperage x Feet/percentage of voltage drop

2. Calculating Size Using VDI – calculating each cable's size in

the solar array is possible using a VDI. However, the following
chart will help you to discover the size you need for the
application.
S/N Voltage Drop Index Gauge
1. 1 # 16
2. 2 # 14
3. 3 # 12
4. 5 # 10
5. 8 #8
6. 12 #6
7. 20 #4
 8. 34 #2
9. 49 # 1/0
10. 62 # 2/0
11. 78 # 3/0
12. 99 # 4/0

Types & Sizes of Solar Cables

There are two types of solar cables such as direct current cables and
alternating current cables. The most essential cable is DC cables since the
electricity generated from solar panels and used at homes is direct current
electricity. Some solar systems are designed with DC cables that can be
used with proper connectors. The renowned sizes of cables for direct
current include 6 mm, 4 mm, and 2.5 mm.
You can use a smaller or larger cable, but this depends on the solar system's
size and the corresponding electricity produced. Use the strings in the main
connector box to connect the positive and negative cables. DC cables are
connected in external locations such as the top of roofs, including other
areas where the solar panels are installed. Ensure that you separate positive
and negative wires to avoid accidents.
Connecting Solar Cables

Solar cables are connected using a positive cable, which is a red cable for
transmitting electricity. Another one is a negative cable, which is blue.
These cables connect to the main generator box of the inverter and solar
system. If you wrap smaller single-wire cables in insulation, they can be
sufficient for energy transmission.
Installers rarely use AC cables in solar system installation. But they are
used for connecting the central solar inverter to the electricity grid of your
apartment. Solar systems use five-core alternating current cables. In this
case, three wires are used for the phases conveying the current. A wire is
used for keeping electric current away from the device, while another wire
is used for safety or grounding to connect the solar system to the ground.
You can also use three-core cables in connecting your solar panels,
depending on the size of the array. But this procedure is not the same in all
regions since regulations for installing solar panels and cables could differ
from place to place.
 CHAPTER FIFTEEN

The Installation Processes of Solar Systems

As I have said earlier, a solar system comprises solar panels, an inverter, a

computerized controller, and a mounting system. The best place for
installing solar panels is the roof for better exposure to sunlight. Also, you
can install it on the ground in an area with proper access to sunlight.
Here are the processes for installing solar panels:

a. Erect the scaffolding to ensure safety during the whole process

of installation on the roof.
b. Set up the solar panel mounts – with this, you can support the
solar panels' base. Ensure that you tilt the angle between 18
degrees to 36 degrees for better exposure to sunlight.
c. After installing the mounts, set up your photovoltaic panels
and set up your panels on the mounting structure. Ensure that
you tighten all the screws to make it stable on the
roof.
d. Wire the PV panels – After setting up the panels, the next step
is the unit's electrical wiring. MC4 connectors designed for
different types of solar panels are used in the wiring process.
But disconnect the electricity supply to your apartment first
during the process of wiring.
e. Set up the Inverter – connect the solar inverter to the solar
system. It is positioned beside the main panel. You may choose
to place it indoors or outdoors but in a more relaxed place. If
you want to keep the inverter indoors, consider places like the
garage, where it can receive proper ventilation.
f. Connect the inverter to the battery – connecting the inverter to
the battery will create a backup for your system and provide
energy for your home during cloudy days.
 g. Begin to generate electricity by connecting the inverter to the
consumer unit. After generating the electrical current, you can
use a generation meter to access the amount of electricity
produced by the solar panels. A computer or other devices
could be used to check the performance output of your solar
array. You can determine the volume of electricity produced at
various times and know the convenient time to use an electric
cooker.

h. Test the solar system by switching it on – after completing the

solar system installation; the next step is to test the unit.

Electrical Installations and Connections

A solar system is designed with electrical installations and connections

before you can use the system optimally. These include

1. The conduit conveys power from the panels to the house, but it
should be buried. Then, construct a platform using concrete
pillars in 4 by 4 dimensions.
2. Set up the panels after constructing the platform.
3. Determine the accurate angle of the panels using
meteorological data. Then, elevate the back legs and make
them secure.
4. Wire the solar panels and join them at a fuse combiner box or
junction connector.
5. After assembling, angling, and wiring the solar system, you
can then connect the outer wires to the interior control panels.
Then, the solar breaker will be connected to a circuit breaker
disconnect. The electrical power will flow from the disconnect
to a charge controller and proceed to a battery bank for storage.
When the energy is needed in the home, it will flow from the
battery to the circuit breaker, disconnect and proceed to the
inverter.
6. Run the cables from the solar panels to your apartment through
the conduit. Then, connect the wires to the nylon thread for
easy threading and pull through the conduit to inverter panels.
Join the cables at the fuse combiner box at the lower part of the
solar array. But firstly, connect the green wires to the
grounding strip, the red cables to the photovoltaic out positive
terminal block, while the black cables will be connected to the
photovoltaic out negative terminal block
7. Conclude the exterior work by tapping a grounding rod into
the ground close to the array. The longer rod will extend above
the earth by six inches. Then, connect the copper earthing wire
from the rod to the fuse box. Also, run this wire from the solar
panels to the fuse box.

8. Now that you have connected the grounding wire run the
electrical wires properly inside the system. The cables should
be linked from the array to the inverter panel disconnect. Let
the red cable be joined to the positive terminal. Also, the green
cable, which is a grounding cable, should be hooked to the
grounding terminal. Then, the black wire should be joined to
the negative terminal.
9. The battery bank should be placed on top of the new control
panel. But run the conduit through the ceiling into the inverter
panel. Then, connect two-heavy-duty battery cables into the
panel disconnect. Let the other ends of the wires be joined to
the batteries. Ensure that the batteries are installed by
alternating a positive terminal to a negative terminal in series.
Secure the batteries before conducting the final test.
 CHAPTER SIXTEEN

How to Rack Up the Solar System

Solar racking is used to fix the panels onto the roofs safely. It is also used to
hold them securely on the ground for solar panels mounted on the ground.
Solar racking is made of aluminum materials and useful for installing
panels on the roof of apartments.
The components of a solar racking include clamps, mounts, flashings, and
rails.
Landscape and Portrait
Solar panels can be positioned in a landscape orientation or portrait
orientation. These orientations do not affect the number of panels that will
be installed. Also, it does not affect the efficiency of the array on the ground
or a rooftop. But the configuration of your roof determines the size of your
solar array and maximum exposure to sunlight.
Some homeowners can decide to use both orientations on their homes at the
same time. In this case, the installers can use a standard rooftop racking
system. This is highly optimized for vertical mounting systems.
But if you decide to use horizontal orientation, you may add more rows of
solar panels to your array.

Rails and Rafters

Solar racking is an essential aspect of solar systems. After installation, you

can select the rails. But determining where the roof supports are and ensure
that the roof can carry additional weights.
The rafters on your roofs are spaced up to sixteen inches, while the
standoffs are spaced forty-eight inches. Consult a professional if you notice
your roof is not capable of holding the panels.
Before you can select the right rail, you should consider the panels' width in
portrait configuration. Your solar panels have an articulated width of 4 x 40
inches in dimensions, giving you 160 inches. However, every module
should be connected to two rails.
In terms of rails, longer rails are preferable to shorter rails. The rails should
not be longer than 160 inches. If you notice that the rail is longer than the
required dimension after installation, cut off the excess for a perfect fitting.

Using Standoff

Using standoff mounting entails the method of installing solar panels on

sloped roofs. Connecting standoffs do this to the roof's structural system for
supporting and holding the rails. These solar panels are mounted on top of
the rails. The standoff creates a gap of 3 inches or 5 inches between the roof
and solar panels. This space allows a free flow of air between the top and
solar panels to cool off the devices, especially in hot temperatures.

Mid Clamp and End Clamp in Solar Systems

Installing Clamps on Solar Panels

Depending on your choice, you can use mid-clamps or end clamps for
holding your solar panels. These clamps are made with aluminum materials
for positioning and installing your solar panels properly onto the roof.
Features of Mid Clamps for Solar Panels
a. It is designed with accurate dimensions.
b. Mid clamps are easy to install.
c. It is resistant to corrosion.

Features of End Clamps for Solar Panels

a. The installation process is easy.
b. It comes with precise dimensions.
c. It is resistant to abrasion or corrosion.
 CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

What is Racking Websites in Solar System Set Up?

Racking is an essential aspect of a solar system set up. It is fastened onto

the support of your roof. Then, your solar panels are mounted on it.
You may see varieties of racking systems on the market, such as Schletter,
SunLock, Radiant, TITAN Solar, Reddot, Hopergy, and Clenergy.
The racking system helps you in mounting your solar panels faster and
more securely. It can also be anchored to the ground for holding an
extensive array of solar panels.
 CHAPTER EIGHTEEN

Summary of Solar System Installation Processes

Solar system installation processes could be summarized as follows:

1. Begin by setting up the scaffolding.

2. Then, attach solar panel mounts.
3. Connect your solar panels.
4. Wire the photovoltaic panels.
5. Attach your inverter system.
6. Connect the solar battery and solar inverter.
7. Attach the inverter to the consumer unit.
8. Then, switch on and test your solar panels.

Determining the Size of the Required System

To determine how many solar panels you need, multiply your household's
hourly energy needs by your area's peak sunlight hours. Then, divide the
figure by the wattage of a panel.
You can use a low wattage such as 150 Watts and a high Wattage such as
370 Watts to establish a range at this stage.
Assessing the Roof
Assess your roof before mounting solar panels to know if the top can carry
your panels' weight. Here are ways to access your roof before installing
solar panels:

a. Check the condition of your roof.

b. What direction is the slope of your roof facing?
c. What degree of weight can your roof handle?
d. If rains fall, where will the water go?
These are some of the ways to assess a roof before installing your solar
panels.
How to Choose a Brand of Solar Panels
Due to discrepancies in solar panels' features and capacities, you need to
make a choice carefully. Here are various reasons to consider before picking
a solar panel:

a. Select a suitable brand based on the efficiency of such a panel.

b. If you want an environmental-friendly solar panel, choose
polycrystalline panels.
c. For cheap solar panels, consider thin-film options.
d. Amorphous solar panels are made for smaller apartments.
e. Research about manufacturers of solar panels.
f. If you live in low wind areas, decide to buy a ballasted mount.
g. To secure your panels tightly, go for a mechanically-connected
mount.
h. Use fixed mounts if you cannot install your solar panels on the
roof.
i. Consider your electrical needs before buying solar panels.
j. The type of apartment you are living in will determine the kind
of solar panel to buy.
k. Solar panel installation attracts rebates. Check to know if you
will benefit from government rebates before buying panels.

Choosing an Inverter

Before you connect an inverter to your solar system, ensure that it's rating
in Watts corresponds to your solar system. If you can size an inverter
properly, it will guarantee optimum performance for your solar array. On
this note, if your solar array can generate 1000 watts, you need an inverter
with 1000 watts capacity.

MSP Upgrade

To upgrade an existing solar system array, you should add more panels
using your inverter system. Simply get a new and bigger inverter and add
more PV panels to it. Install the new solar panels close to the first ones.
Selecting a Circuit Breaker

Selecting a circuit breaker is determined by the features of electrical

installations, the loads on the system, the environment, including the nature
of telecommunication systems involved, also, the need for a remote-control
system in managing solar installations.
Therefore, choosing a circuit breaker is done based on:

a. The voltage, AC, or DC of the installation at hand.

b. Functional requirements for remote control and indication,
including supporting contacts, connection, and secondary
tripping coils.
c. Assumed short-circuit voltage during installation.
d. Features of loads such as fluorescent lighting, LV/LV
transformers, motors, and LED lighting.
e. The ambient temperature of the environment, weather
conditions, and switchboard enclosure.
f. Co-operation with downstream and upstream device
selectivity.
g. Regulations on installation, including protection against
electric shock and thermal effect.

Choosing the Size of Cables

If you install commercial solar panels that can generate more than fifty
watts of power, you need 10 gauges (AWG) cables. With this structure, you
can produce up to thirty amps of current to flow from a single panel. When
you combine multiple panels in parallel connection, a set of 3 to 88 AWG
combiner wire is needed. With these cables, you can quickly transfer the
electrical energy generated to a charge controller.

Understanding the Mechanical Requirements

The mechanical requirements of solar power systems include the solar

panels, metal racks, rooftops, mounts, clamps, ballasts, and an engineer that
can design the system for optimal profitability.
How to Purchase the Items

You can purchase your solar systems using the following procedures:

1. Purchasing through the recommendations of family and

friends.
2. Check the duration of the manufacturer’s warranty.
3. Have feasible price expectations.
4. Decide on the type of solar panels you want to buy.
5. Look out for some certifications that come with the solar
panel.
6. Decide on how to mount the panels.
7. Check the efficiency of the inverter system.
8. Consult the professionals to get some solar
quotes.
 CONCLUSION

During nighttime hours and cloudy days, it is difficult for the unit to
generate enough power to sustain your household. But on sunny days, your
solar panels can produce the necessary energy for your appliances and other
utilities.
Due to this imbalance in power supply, battery storage is necessary,
especially if your home, car, RV, or van is connected to the general grid. It
is impossible to power your small home using the general grid.
This book has detailed information on how to set up your solar system from
scratch. If you can study this guide, you can stand toe-to-toe with anyone
who claims that he is a professional in the industry. It also explained several
terminologies that can give you clues to ask questions if you engage the
installer's services.