PART A – Micro-Project Proposal

Analyse the case study of “Transistor as the Switch“

Brief Introduction
Basically transistor is a type of semiconductor device. These devices consist of three
numbers of terminals. The interaction among the two terminals will be in such a way that two junctions are
formed in it. These junctions and altogether the terminals are responsible for the generation of the current
either the current controlled or the respective voltage-controlled devices are designed. This article discusses
below about Transistor as a Switch along with its working and applications.

The basic application one can see frequently is in use is the device working as a switch. The basic
concept behind its functioning is dependent on the operating modes of it. A device that prefers a low
value of the voltage of DC can be switched either ON or OFF by using transistors.

Basically as per the generations of the electronic circuits gets revolutionized and improved
for better and comfortable living the transistors played a prominent role by replacing themselves with
vacuum tubes.

This leads to an improvement in efficiency and compression in size. The main

functionality of the transistor can be observed either by making it be used for amplification or to the
basic application in the digital circuitry of switching.

The main reason behind using this transistor for the purpose of the switch is that the current at the
base controls the current present at the collector directly. If the current at the base exceeds the
minimum cut-off value of voltage then the behavior of the transistor is like a close switch otherwise
it will remain in open switch condition.

Aim of the Micro-project :.

 This Micro-projects aims to-

Analyse the case study of the “ Transistor as the Switch“

 Intended Course Outcomes :
 Interpret the working of the junction transistor in the electronic
circuits.
 The characteristics of NPN transistor in Common Emitter mode.
 Checking characteristics of NPN transistor in Common Base mode.
 Checking characteristics of NPN transistor in Common Collector
mode.

Literature Review :

transistor’s collector current is proportionally limited by its base

current, it can be used as a sort of current-controlled switch. A relatively
small flow of electrons sent through the base of the transistor has the ability
to exert control over a much larger flow of electrons through the collector.
The choice between NPN and PNP is really arbitrary. All that matters is
that the proper current directions are maintained for the sake of correct junction
biasing (electron flow going against the transistor symbol’s arrow).

Going back to the NPN transistor in our example circuit, we are faced with the
need to add something more so that we can have base current. Without a
connection to the base wire of the transistor, base current will be zero, and the
transistor cannot turn on, resulting in a lamp that is always off. Remember that
for an NPN transistor, base current must consist of electrons flowing from emitter
to base (against the emitter arrow symbol, just like the lamp current).

Perhaps the simplest thing to do would be to connect a switch between the base
and collector wires of the transistor
Proposed Methodology :-

• Understand topic given to us

• Discuss about topics with group members.

• Divide the topic throughout each members of group.

• Collect the information from member and verify from our lecturer.

• Prepared the main report of our micro-project.

Resources Required :-

Sr. Name of Specification Quantity Remarks

No. resources
1 Transistor 2N3904 2

2 Resistance 330 ohm 2

3 Conducting Wire --------- ----

 Action plan :

Sr .No Details of activity Planned Planned Team

start date Finished Members
date

To discuss and get the 05-04-2021 12-4-2021 All

topic of microproject
1

Start planning on topic of 12-4-2021 19-4-2021 All

microproject
2

Collect information 19-4-2021 26-04-2021 All

about our topic
3

Distribute work within 26-04-2021 03-05-2021 All

group members
4

To start creating with 03-05-2021 10-05-2021 All

main copy of
5
microproject.

Editing process must be 10-05-2021 17-05-2021 All

done before hard copy .
6

To start creating copy 17-05-2021 24-05-2021 All

properly
7

Check the soft copy 24-05-2021 31-05-2021 All

8
 To present soft copy 31-05-2021 07-06- All
Via G-mail
9 2021

Represent the hard copy 10-06-2021 All

of main microproject
10

Group Members :-

Sr No. Student name signature

1 Shreyash P.Yadav

2 Santosh G. Kandalkar

3 Tilak R. Bijwe

4 Priyanshu S. Raut

5 Abrar Shekh. Shabbir.

 A
MICRO -PROJECT-REPORT ON

“ Prepare A report on Working And Performance of

Transistor as a switch circuit”
In the partial fulfillment of diploma in computer Engineering
{ 2nd Semester }

In the subject on
Basic Electronics
Submitted by

Sreyash P. Yadav

Santosh G. kandalkar

Tilak R. Bijwe

Priyanshu S. Raut

Sheikh Abrar shabbir

Submitted to

Maharashtra State Board Of Technical Education , Mumbai(M.S)

Under guidance of

Ms. R. kherdekar Mam

Lecturer at Computer Engineering

Department of Electronics Engineering
Government Polytechnic , Arvi , Dist.-Wardha
Declaration
We under signed hereby declare that the micro project report entitled “
Prepare A report on Working And
Performance of Transistor as a switch circuit” . We
further declare that contents of this report are properly cited and well
acknowledged . This present report is not submitted to any other
examination of this or any institute for the award of any Diploma.

Place Arvi: Signature:

Date:
__________________

Government Polytechnic Arvi

 Government Polytechnic
Arvi.
Department of computer engineering

This is to certify that student whose name mention below of

second semester deploma in computer engineering has
satisfactorialy completed the micro project entitled
information of Prepare A report on Working And
Performance of Transistor as a switch circuit for the academic
year 2021-2022 as prescribed in MSBTE curriculum.

SR.NO. NAME ENROLLMENT NO. EXAM SEAT

1. Shreyash P. Yadav 2001320184

2. Santosh G. kandalkar 2001320187
3. Tilak R. Bijwe 2001320188
4. Priyanshu S. Raut 2001320189
5. Sheikh Abrar shabbir 2001320194

Subject Teacher Head Of Department

 Working of Transistor as a Switch
In this Transistor tutorial, we will learn about the working of a Transistor as a
Switch. Switching and Amplification are the two areas of applications of
Transistors and Transistor as a Switch is the basis for many digital circuits. We
will learn different operating modes (Active, Saturation and Cut-off) of a
Transistor, how a transistor works as a
switch (both NPN and PNP) and some practical application circuits using
transistor as a switch.

Introduction
Transistors is a three-layer, three-terminal semiconductor device, which is often used in
signal amplification and switching operations. As one of the significant electronic devices,
transistor has found use in enormous range of applications such as embedded systems,
digital circuits and control systems. You can find Transistors in both digital and analog
domains as they are extensively used for different application usage like switching
circuits, amplifier circuits, power supply circuits, digital logic circuits, voltage regulators,
oscillator circuits and so on. This article mainly concentrates on the switching action of
the transistor and gives a brief explanation of transistor as a switch.

A Brief Note on BJT

There are two main families of Transistors: Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) and Field
Effect Transistors (FETs). The Bipolar Junction Transistor or simply BJT is a three-layer,
three terminal and two junction semiconductor device. It consists of two PN Junctions
coupled back-to-back with a common middle layer

Whenever we say the term ‘transistor’, it often refers to BJT. It is a current

controlled device, where the output current is controlled by
the input current. The name bipolar indicates that two types of charge
carriers i.e., Electrons and Holes conduct current in the BJT, where
holes are positive charge carriers and electrons are negative charge
carriers.

The transistor has three regions, namely base, emitter and collector. The
emitter is a heavily doped terminal and emits electrons into the base. Base
terminal is lightly doped and passes the emitter-injected electrons on to the
collector. The collector terminal is moderately doped and collects electrons
from base. This collector is large when compared to the other two regions so it
can dissipate more heat.
BJTs are of two types: NPN and PNP. Both these function in the same
way but they differ in terms of biasing and power supply polarity. In PNP
transistor, N-type material is sandwiched between two P-type materials
whereas in case of NPN transistor P-type material is sandwiched between two
N-type materials.
These two transistors can be configured into different types like
common emitter, common collector and common base configurations.
If you are looking for working of MOSFET as a Switch, then first learn the
basics of MOSFET

Transistor as a Switch
A transistor can be used for switching operation for
opening or closing of a circuit. This type solid state switching
offers significant reliability and lower cost when compared to
conventional relays.
Both NPN and PNP transistors can be used as switches.
Some of the applications use a power transistor as switching
device, at that time it may necessary to use another signal
level transistor to drive the high-power transistor

NPN Transistor as a Switch

Based on the voltage applied at the base terminal of a
transistor switching operation is performed. When a sufficient
voltage (VIN > 0.7 V) is applied between the base and emitter,
collector to emitter voltage is approximately equal to 0.
Therefore, the transistor acts as a short circuit. The collector
current VCC / RC flows through the transistor.
Similarly, when no voltage or zero voltage is applied at
the input, transistor operates in cutoff region and acts as an
open circuit. In this type of switching connection, load (here
an LED is used as a load) is connected to the switching output
with a reference point. Thus, when the transistor is switched
ON, current will flow from source to ground through the loaPNP
PNP Transistor as a Switch transistor works same as
NPN for a switching operation, but the current flows from
the base. This type of switching is used for negative ground
configurations. For the PNP transistor, the base terminal is
always negatively biased with respect to the emitter. In this
switching, base current flows when the base voltage is more
negative. Simply, a low voltage
• When the switch is closed, base current starts flowing through the
transistor and then drives into saturation, which results in LED to
turn ON
 . • Resistors are placed to limit the currents through the base and
LED. It is also possible to vary the intensity of LED by varying the
resistance in the base current path.

Conclusion
A complete tutorial on using Transistor as a Switch. Learn
the basics of Bipolar Junction Transistor, regions of operation
of a Transistor, working of NPN and PNP Transistors as Switch,
practical application of switching transistor
We learn form this report that the working transistor and
its types and construction.
References
•
Basic Electonics ;book of first year .
•
https://www.electronicshub.org/transistor-as-a-switch