Analysis and Design of Information Systems

 Phase 2 Systems Analysis – (Session 6)

 Data and Process Modeling
Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
LEARNING
OBJECTIVES

 Describe data and process modeling concepts and tools,

including data flow diagrams, a data dictionary, and process
descriptions
 Describe the symbols used in data flow diagrams and explain
the rules for their use
 Draw data flow diagrams in a sequence, from general to
specific
 Explain how to level and balance a set of data flow diagrams
 Describe how a data dictionary is used and what it contains
 Describe the relationship between logical and physical models

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
OVERVIEW OF DATA AND
PROCESS MODELING TOOLS

 Systems analysts use many graphical

techniques to describe an information system.
One popular method is to draw a set of data flow
diagrams.
 A data flow diagram (DFD) uses various symbols
to show how the system transforms input data
into useful information.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DATA FLOW DIAGRAMS

 A data flow diagram

(DFD) shows how
data moves through
an information system
but does not show
program logic or
processing steps.
 A set of DFDs
provides a logical
model that shows
what the system does,
not how it does it.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

 DFDs use four basic

symbols that
represent processes,
data flows, data
stores, and entities.
Several different
versions of DFD
symbols exist, but
they all serve the
same purpose.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

PROCESS SYMBOL
 A process receives input data and produces output that has a
different content, form, or both.
 For instance, the process for calculating pay uses two inputs
(pay rate and hours worked) to produce one output (total pay).
 Processes can be very simple or quite complex. In a typical
company,
 processes might include calculating sales trends,
 filing online insurance claims,
 ordering inventory from a supplier’s system,
 or verifying e-mail addresses for Web customers.
 Processes contain the business logic, also called business
rules, that transform the data and produce the required
results.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

PROCESS SYMBOL
 Examples of correct
combinations of data
flow and process
symbols.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

PROCESS SYMBOL
 Examples of
incorrect
combinations of data
flow and process
symbols.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

DATA FLOW SYMBOL

 A data flow is a path for data to move from one
part of the information system to another.
 A data flow in a DFD represents one or more
data items.
For example, a data flow could consist of a single
data item (such as a student ID number)
or it could include a set of data (such as a class roster
with student ID numbers, names, and registration
dates for a specific class).

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

DATA STORE SYMBOL

 A data store is used in a DFD to represent data
that the system stores because one or more
processes need to use the data at a later time.
For instance, instructors need to store student scores
on tests and assignments during the semester so
they can assign final grades at the end of the term.
Similarly, a company stores employee salary and
deduction data during the year in order to print W-2
forms with total earnings and deductions at the end of
the year.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

DATA STORE SYMBOL

 Examples
of correct
uses of
data store
symbols in
a data flow
diagram.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

DATA STORE SYMBOL

 Examples of
incorrect uses of
data store
symbols:
 Two data stores
cannot be
connected by a
data flow
without an
intervening
process,
 and each data
store should
have an
outgoing and
incoming data
flow.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

ENTITY SYMBOL
 A DFD shows only external entities that provide
data to the system or receive output from the
system.
 A DFD shows the boundaries of the system and
how the system interfaces with the outside
world.
For example, a customer entity submits an order to an
order processing system.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

ENTITY SYMBOL
 Examples of
correct uses of
external entities
in a data flow
diagram.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

ENTITY SYMBOL
 Examples of
incorrect uses
of external
entities

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
DFD SYMBOLS

 Examples of correct
and incorrect uses of
data flows.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS

 Context Diagram
 Diagram Level 0
 Diagram Level Rinci:
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Dst..

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS

 During requirements modeling, you used

interviews, questionnaires, and other techniques
to gather facts about the system, and you
learned how the various people, departments,
data, and processes fit together to support
business operations.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 1: Draw a Context Diagram
 The first step in constructing a set of DFDs is to draw a
context diagram.
 A context diagram is a top-level view of an information system
that shows the system’s boundaries and scope.
 To draw a context diagram, you start by placing a single process
symbol in the center of the page.
 The symbol represents the entire information system, and you
identify it as process 0 (the numeral zero, and not the letter O).
 Then you place the system entities around the perimeter of the
page and use data flows to connect the entities to the central
process.
 Data stores are not shown in the context diagram because they are
contained within the system and remain hidden until more detailed
diagrams are created.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 1: Draw a Context Diagram

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 2: Draw a Diagram 0 DFD (Level 0)

 Diagram 0 also repeats the entities and data

flows that appear in the context diagram. When
you expand the context diagram into DFD
diagram 0, you must retain all the connections
that flow into and out of process 0.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 2: Draw a Diagram 0 DFD (Level 0)
 Diagram 0 DFD for
the order system

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams
 Leveling is the process of drawing a series of
increasingly detailed diagrams, until all functional
primitives are identified.
 Balancing maintains consistency among a set of DFDs
by ensuring that input and output data flows align
properly.
 Leveling and balancing are described in more detail in
the following sections.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
CREATING A
SET OF DFDS
Step 3: Draw the Lower-Level Diagrams

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
Example

Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan

 Diagram Konteks (Context Diagram)

Gary B. Shelly, & Harry J. Rosenblatt. (2011). Systems Analysis and Design (Ninth Edit.). 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
Example

Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan

 Diagram DFD
Level 1

Gary B. Shelly, & Harry J. Rosenblatt. (2011). Systems Analysis and Design (Ninth Edit.). 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
Example

Sistem Informasi Perpustakaan

 Diagram DFD
Level 2
Peminjaman

Gary B. Shelly, & Harry J. Rosenblatt. (2011). Systems Analysis and Design (Ninth Edit.). 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
Latihan

 Rancanglah Sistem Informasi Apotek

 Context Diagram
 Diagram Level 0
 Diagram Level Rinci:
 Level 1
 Level 2
 Level 3
 Dst...

Gary B. Shelly, & Harry J. Rosenblatt. (2011). Systems Analysis and Design (Ninth Edit.). 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
SUMMARY

 During data and process modeling, a systems analyst

develops graphical models to show how the system
transforms data into useful information.
 The end product of data and process modeling is a
logical model that will support business operations and
meet user needs.
 Data and process modeling involves three main tools:
data flow diagrams, a data dictionary, and process
descriptions.

Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel
Center Street Boston, MA 02210 USA: Course Technology.
References

 Dennis, A., Wixom, B.H. & Roth, R.M., 2012. System Analysis And
Design Fifth Edit., United States of America: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
 Gary B. Shelly & Harry J. Rosenblatt, 2011. Systems Analysis and
Design Ninth Edit., 20 Channel Center Street Boston, MA 02210
USA: Course Technology.
 Kendall, K.E. & Kendall, J.E., 2011. Systems Analysis and Design
Eighth Edi., New Jersey 07458: Prentice Hall.
 Pressman, R. (2010). Software engineering: a practitioner’s
approach (Seventh.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
 Ralph M. Stair and George W. Reynolds. 2010 . Principles of
Information Systems A Managerial Approach, 9th ed. Boston.
 Valacich, J.S., George, J.F. & Hoffer, J.A., 2012. Essentials of
Systems Analysis and Design Fifth Edit., Boston: Pearson Education
Inc.